Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUBMITTED BY: AKHILESH MITTAL ARVIND JAIN BIPIN SINGH KARAMJEET SINGH PAWAN KUMAR (MBA II SEMESTER, 2008-2010)
1.1 BEVERAGE
Any type of liquid specifically prepared for human consumption. Beverages in addition to basic need form part of the culture of human society. Different types of beverages are as follow 1.1.1 WATER Despite the fact that most beverages, including juice, soft drinks, and carbonated drinks, have some form of water in them; water itself is often not classified as a beverage, and the word beverage has been recurrently defined as not referring to water but the bottled water that is processed through proper filtration and purification comes under the beverage category. 1.1.2 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol, although in chemistry the definition of an alcohol includes many other compounds. Ethanol (alcohol) is a psychoactive drug that has a depressant effect. Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes: Beers: The two main types of beer are ale and lager; each type has a distinct production processes. Mass-produced beer is typically aged for only a week or two after its fermentation and has an alcohol content of 4%6% ABV. Other kinds of beer may be fermented and aged for several months. Wines: Wine involves a longer (complete) fermentation process and a long aging process (months or years) that results in an alcohol content of 9%16% ABV. Sparkling wine can be made by adding a small amount of sugar before bottling, which causes a secondary fermentation to occur in the bottle.
Spirits: Unsweetened, distilled, alcoholic beverages that have an alcohol content of at least 20% ABV are called spirits. Spirits are produced by distillation of a fermented product; this process concentrates the alcohol and eliminates some of the congeners. 1.1.2 NON-ALCOHOL BEVERAGES A non-alcoholic beverage is a beverage that contains no alcohol. Non-alcoholic mixed drinks (including punches, "virgin cocktails", or "mock tails") are often consumed by children; people whom wishing to enjoy flavorful drinks without alcohol. Non-alcoholic beverages contain no more than .5 percent alcohol by volume. It also includes drinksthat have undergone an alcohol removal process such as non-alcoholic beers and de-alcoholized wines. Non-alcoholic variants: Low Alcohol Beer Non-Alcoholic Wines Sparkling Ciders 1.1.3 SOFT DRINKS A soft drink is a beverage that does not contain alcohol. The name "soft drink" specifies a lack of alcohol by way of contrast to the term "hard drink". The term "drink", while nominally neutral, sometimes carries connotations of alcoholic content.Beverages like colas, flavored water, sparkling water, iced tea, lemonade, squash, and fruit punch are among the most common types of soft drinks. Many carbonated soft drinks are optionally available in versions sweetened with sugars or with non-caloric sweeteners. 1.1.4 HOT BEVERAGES Coffee-based beverages: Cappuccino, Coffee Espresso, Caf au lait, Frappe, Flavored coffees (mocha etc) Hot chocolate: It is a heated beverage that typically consists of shaved chocolate or cocoa powder, heated milk or water, and sugar.
Hot cider: It is an alcoholic beverage usually made from the fermented juice of apples, although pears are also used. In the United Kingdom, pear cider, which has no apple content, is known as Perry. Tea-based beverages: Tea, Green Tea, Flavored Tea, Pearl Milk Tea Herbal teas: An herbal tea, tisane, or ptisan is an herbal infusion made from anything other than the leaves of the tea bush (Camellia sinensis). Originated from both China and Middle East 1.1.5 OTHERS Some substances may either be called food or drink, and accordingly be eaten with a spoon or drunk, depending on solid ingredients in it and on how thick it is, and on preference: Soups: Soup is a food that is made by combining ingredients such as meat and vegetables in stock or hot/boiling water, until the flavor is extracted, forming a broth. Yogurt: yoghurt is a dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. Fermentation of the milk sugar produces lactic acid, which acts on milk protein to give yoghurt its texture and its characteristic tang. Soy yoghurt, a dairy yoghurt alternative, is made from soymilk. Buttermilk: It is a fermented dairy product produced from cows' milk with a characteristically sour taste. The product is made in one of two ways. Originally, buttermilk was the liquid left over from churning butter from cream. In India, buttermilk, widely known as "chaas" is known to be the liquid leftover after extracting butter from churned curd.
At the core of the beverage industry is the carbonated soft-drink category. Soft drink holds 51% (majority of market share) of the total beverage market. Soft drink can be further divided into carbonated drinks (Coca-cola, Pepsi, Thumbs up, Diet coke, Diet Pepsi etc.) and non-carbonated drinks (Orange, Cloudy lime, Clear lime and Mango). The dominant players in soft drink market are Coca Cola and Pepsi, which own virtually all of the North American markets most widely distributed and best-known brands. They are dominant in world markets as well. These companies products occupy large portions of any supermarkets shelf space, often covering more territory than real food categories like dairy products, meat etc.
Coca-Cola, started out as an insignificant one-man business and over the last one hundred and ten years has grown into one of the largest companies in the world. Dr. John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist, invented Coca-Cola. He concocted the formula in a three-legged brass kettle in his backyard on May 8, 1886. He mixed a combination of lime, cinnamon, coca leaves, and the seeds of a Brazilian shrub to make the fabulous beverage. Coca-Cola debuted in Atlanta's largest pharmacy, Jacob's Pharmacy, as a five-cent noncarbonated beverage. Later on, the carbonated water was added to the syrup to make the beverage that we know today as Coca-Cola.In the mid-1970, more than half Coca-Cola sold was outside of the U.S. Coca-Cola products outsell closest competitor by more than two to one. One in every two cola and one in every three soft drinks is a Coca-Cola product. The best-known trademark in the world is sold in about one hundred and forty countries to 5.8 billion people in eighty different languages. This is why Coca-Cola is the largest soft drink company in the world. For more than 65 years, Coca-Cola has been a
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sponsor of the Olympics.Advertisements for Coca Cola started on the radio in the 1930s and on the television in 1950. Currently Coca-Cola is advertised on over five hundred TV channels around the world.
For more than a century, Coke has consistently delivered the simple promise of CocaCola. This has enabled Coke to sustain a long track record of growth. Amidst all the years of success, the most pivotal moments in Cokes history came when they had to change their business dramatically. They had to do this to meet new challenges of the evolving world. But each time, Cokes predecessors sustained growth momentum because of three consistent factors: The Company remained focus on the basic promise of Coca-Cola, which has not only endured, but also indeed carried Coke. Coca-Cola has been Cokes consistent theme throughout the 115-year history. Working with strong ideals, always striving to behave in ways consistent with the brand itself. Cokes leaders had the vision, foresight and the courage to innovate and adapt the mechanics of business to be enabled to thrive within the business conditions of each particular day.
opportunity existed to bottle Pepsi so that people could drink it anywhere. The business began to grow, and on June 16, 1903, "Pepsi-Cola" was officially registered with the U.S. Patent Office. That year, Caleb sold 7,968 gallons of syrup, using the theme line "Exhilarating, Invigorating, Aids Digestion." He also began awarding franchises to bottle Pepsi to independent investors, whose number grew from just two in 1905, in the cities of Charlotte and Durham, North Carolina, to 15 the following year, and 40 by 1907. By the end of 1910, there were Pepsi-Cola franchises in 24 states. Pepsi-Cola's first bottling line resulted from some less-than-sophisticated engineering in the back room of Caleb's pharmacy. Building a strong franchise system was one of Caleb's greatest achievements. Local Pepsi-Cola bottlers, entrepreneurial in spirit and dedicated to the product's success, provided a sturdy foundation. They were the cornerstones of the Pepsi-Cola enterprise. By 1907, the new company was selling more than 100,000 gallons of syrup per year. Growth was phenomenal, and in 1909 Caleb erected a headquarters so spectacular that the town of New Bern pictured it on a postcard. Famous racing car driver Barney Oldfield endorsed Pepsi in newspaper ads as "A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race." The previous year, Pepsi had been one of the first companies in the United States to switch from horse-drawn transport to motor vehicles, and Caleb's business expertise captured widespread attention. He was even mentioned as a possible candidate for Governor. A 1913 editorial in the Greensboro Patriot praised him for his "keen and energetic business sense." Pepsi-Cola enjoyed 17 unbroken years of success. Caleb now promoted Pepsi sales with the slogan, "Drink Pepsi-Cola. It will satisfy you." Then came World War I, and the cost of doing business increased drastically. Sugar prices see sawed between record highs and disastrous lows, and so did the price of producing Pepsi-Cola. After seventeen years of success, Caleb Bradham lost Pepsi Cola. He had gambled on the fluctuations of sugar prices during WORLD WAR I, believing that sugar prices would continue to rise but they fell instead leaving Caleb Bradham with an overpriced sugar
inventory. Pepsi Cola went bankrupt in 1923.In 1931, the Loft Candy Company Loft president, Charles G. Guth who reformulated the popular soft drink, bought Pepsi Cola. In 1940, history was made when the first advertising jingle was broadcast nationally. The jingle was "Nickel Nickel" an advertisement for Pepsi Cola that referred to the price of Pepsi and the quantity for that price. "Nickel Nickel" became a hit record and was recorded into fifty-five languages. In 1965 Pepsi-cola company and Frito-Lay, Inc. merged which result in the formation of today know PepsiCo, Inc.
MARKETING STRATEGY
OF
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A market segment consists of a group of customers who share a similar set of needs and wants. Rather than creating the segment the marketers task is to identify them and decide which one to target. Leading soft drink companies Coca-Cola and Pepsi follow the similar segmentation strategy for target marketing.
3.2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL
3.2.1.1 REGION Both companies treat hot countries such as Asia, Middle East and African differently in comparison to cold countries. As in tropical countries, consumption of soft drinks is 70% in summer and 30% in winter season while in EUROPEAN countries its consumption is almost uniform. So soft drink companies prefer different marketing strategies in Asian and European countries. In countries like India and Pakistan, these companies invest huge resources in the season of summers, and their target area is domestic users, restaurants, school and college canteens and even rural chaupals. While in winter season their target is mainly party users and high-income group consumers.
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3.2.1.2 RURAL VS. URBAN MARKET Coca-Cola Company is one of the first global majors to have spotted the potential spin offs from the countrys rural market. Population of Rural sector is more conscious more about the price whereas Population of Urban sector is more conscious about the quality and brand name of the product. so Coca cola and PepsiCo in Year 2002 bring the 200 ml bottle at Rs.5 specifically targeted at the rural sector so that soft drink can take place of the local drink like lemon, sugarcane juice and Tea etc. Both the companies Coca-Cola and PepsiCo have adopted different marketing strategy for rural and urban areas
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Both the cola majors have a variety of products available in their kitty. They have a wide range of product line. They keep coming on with new products to attract the customers and to have a major share of the market. So the product portfolio of these companies is as follows:
The Coca-Cola Company has more than 2800 products in over 200 countries. From Inca Kola, a sparkling beverage found in North and South America, and Samurai, energy drink available in Asia; to Vita, an African juice drink, and BonAqua, water found on four continents, their product variety spans the globe
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The various products of Coca-Cola available in India are: Coca-Cola: Coca-Cola is the most popular and biggest-selling soft drink in history, as well as the best-known product in the world. Available in the following flavors: Cola, Cola Green Tea, Cola Lemon, Cola Lemon Lime, Cola Lime, Cola Orange and Cola Raspberry.
Diet Coke: Diet Coke was born in 1982. Diet Coke is the drink for people who want no calories, but plenty of taste. Known as Coca-Cola light in some countries, it's now the No. 3 soft drink in the world. Available in the following flavors: Black Cherry Cola Vanilla, Cola, Cola Green Tea, Cola Lemon, Cola Lemon Lime, Cola Lime, Cola Orange and Cola Raspberry
Fanta:Fanta was introduced in the United States in 1960. Consumers around the world, particularly teens, fondly associate Fanta with happiness and special times with friends and family. This positive imagery is driven by the brand's fun, playful personality, which goes hand in hand with its bright color, bold fruit taste and tingly carbonation.
Kinley: Kinley is a carbonated water that comes in wide array of variants such as tonic, bitter lemon, club soda and a myriad of fruit flavors. Available in the following flavors: Apple Peach, Bitter Grapefruit, Bitter Herbal, Bitter Lemon, Bitter Water, Blueberry Pomegranate, Club Soda, Ginger Ale, Lemon and Raspberry
Limca: This thirst-quenching beverage features a fresh, light lemon-lime taste and funloving attitude. It's a homegrown, national treasure in India, that is acquired by the CocaCola Company in 1993. Limca continues to build a loyal following among young adults
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who love the lighthearted way it complements the best moments of their lives. This drink is available in lemon flavor.
Sprite: Introduced in 1961, Sprite is the world's leading lemon-lime flavored soft drink. Sprite is sold in more than 190 countries and ranks as the No. 4 soft drink worldwide, with a strong appeal to young people. Millions of people enjoy Sprite because of its crisp, clean taste that really quenches your thirst. But Sprite also has an honest, straightforward attitude that sets it apart from other soft drinks. Sprite encourages you to be true to who you are and to obey your thirst.
Available in the following flavors: Bitter Lemon Citrus Grapefruit, Citrus, Lemon and Lemon Lime
4.1.2 PEPSICO
Pepsi has been bringing fun and refreshment to consumers for over 100 years. From its humble beginnings over a century ago, Pepsi-Cola has grown to become one of the bestknown, most-loved products throughout the world. Today, the company continues to innovate, creating new products, new flavors and new packages in varying shapes and sizes to meet the growing demand for convenience and healthier choices. The various product of Pepsi available in India are: Pepsi: Pepsi is the most saleable product of PepsiCo. It is popular in the younger generation all around the world.
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Diet Pepsi:With its light, crisp taste, Diet Pepsi gives you all the refreshment you need with zero sugar, zero calories and zero carbs, Light, Crisp, refreshing.
Mirinda: Mirinda was originally produced in Spain. Mirinda is a brand of soft drink available in fruit varieties including orange, grapefruit, and apple, strawberry, pineapple, banana, and passionfruit and grape flavors. The orange flavor of Mirinda represents the majority of Mirinda sales worldwide.
7up: 7 Up is a brand of a lemon-lime flavored non-caffeinated soft drink. The rights to the brand are held by Dr Pepper Snapple Group in the United States, and PepsiCo (or its licensees) in the rest of the world.
Mountain Dew: Mountain Dew (also known as Mtn Dew as of late 2008) is a soft drink distributed and manufactured by PepsiCo. Mountain Dew (and its energy drink counterpart known as AMP) often incurs the disapproval of health experts due to its relatively high caffeine content for a soft drink or energy drink.
Pepsi Blue: Pepsi Blue is a berry-flavored soft drink produced by PepsiCo. It was launched in India near the cricket world cup to associated the Pepsi with the Indian people as Blue is official colour of Indian cricket team. The flavor of Pepsi Blue was thought by drinkers to be similar to cotton candy with a berry-like aftertaste (it resembled that of blueberries or raspberries).
Slice: Slice is a line of fruit-flavored soft drinks manufactured by PepsiCo and introduced in 1984. Varieties of Slice have included Apple, Fruit Punch, Grape, Passion fruit, Peach, Mandarin Orange, Pineapple, Strawberry, Cherry Cola, "Red", Cherry-Lime, and Dr Slice.
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A firm can lengthen its product line by adding more items within the present range. There are several motives behind line filling: Reaching for incremental profits Trying to satisfy dealers who complain about lost sales because of missing items in the line Trying to utilize excess capacity Trying to be the leading full-time company Trying to plug holes to keep out competitors. Pepsi and coca-cola, both the company uses this type of line filling strategy.Time to time in different seasons Pepsiand Coca cola launches different type of products. Zerocoke (launched on the occasion of release of James bond movie QUANTUM OF SOLACE) by Coca Cola comes under this type of product filling marketing. However in absolute terms there is no any difference in the product ingredients, but their presentation is different and both the companies present their product as if this is a new product.
To be able to market its product properly, a business must be aware of the product life cycle of its product. The standard product life cycle tends to have five phases - DEVELOPMENT - INTRODUCTION - GROWTH - MATURITY - DECLINE In America carbonated soft drink market is currently in the maturity stage, which is evidenced primarily by the fact that they have a large loyal group of stable customers but
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in the developing countries like carbonated soft drinks are in growth stage, which is evidenced by looking at the per head consumption of 6 bottles in India is lagging behind the us astounding 700 bottles per head consumption.
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CHAPTER 5 BRANDING
Brand is defined as a name, term, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors. A brand is thus a product or service that adds dimension that differentiate it in some way, from other products or services designed to satisfy the same need. These differences may be functional, rational, or tangible, related to product performance of the brand. They may also be more symbolic, emotional or intangible related to what brands represent.
5.2 PACKAGING
Coca cola and Pepsi are very innovated in the packing of their product. These companies introduced different concept of packing. The Airtight bottle concept is given by the Coca cola, which has revolutionized the bottling and packaging industry. These Cola giant also introduced the different size of returnable glass bottle like 200ml, 300ml and nonreturnable plastic bottle like 600 ml, 1.5 litre, 2 litre according to the need of the targeted customer. They also pioneer in bring Cans and Frosted bottles in the market. Packing helps the brand to capture the desire target like 600ml packing is launched, as express pack so this is targeted to touring population and this segment need non-returnable bottles. The
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Coca cola is innovative in design of bottle like Fanta, Aquafin (500ml & 1 litre) having curve shaped bottle that are easy to hold.
5.3 LABELING
Pepsico has associated it self to rich deep blue colour as blue colour represents eternal youthness and openness that is appropriately consistence with the youth segment they are targeting. Pepsico under the name of Project Globe Campaign spent 637 million dollars over 5 years, to introduce the new rich deep blue colouring. So labeling helps the brand to get attach with the targeted segment.
According to a study done by scholars of HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW the worlds strongest brands share following 10 ATTRIBUTES: 1. The brand excels at delivering the benefits consumers truly desire. 2. The brand stays relevant 3. The pricing strategy is based on consumer perceptions of value. 4. The brand is properly positioned. 5. The brand is consistent. 6. The brand portfolio and hierarchy make sense. 7. The brand makes use of and coordinates a full repertoire of marketing activities to build equity. 8. The brands managers understand what the brand means to consumers. 9. The brand is given proper sustained support. 10. The company monitors sources of brand equity.
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STRONG BRAND
PERFORMANCE(CAN IT DELIVER)
In the above explained brand dynamics pyramid, If any brand involves all the characteristic then it is a strong brand whereas if it does not having any of the characteristic then it is a weak brand. If we take Coca cola and Pepsi, they both maintain high level of strong relationship. It means there is an image in the mind of consumers that both the companies offer something better than others and that no nothing else can beat it.
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The idea was to position Coca cola as a generic brand for cold drinks. The campaign was launched to supports Coca cola rural initiative. However, the poor rural infrastructure and consumption habits that are very different from those of urban people were two major obstacles to cracking the rural market for coca-cola
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5.6.1.2 INDIA B: THANDA MATLAB COCA COLA INDIA B included small towns and rural areas, comprising the other 96% of the nations populations. This segments primary need was out-of-home thirst quenching and the soft drink category was undifferentiated in the minds of rural consumers. With an average Coke costing Rs.10 and an average days wage around Rs.100, Coke was perceived as a luxury that few could afford. So when coca cola launched chota coke at Rs.5, it bought out a commercial featuring Bollywood actor Aamir khan to communicate the message of price cut and represents the Coke as a generic name Thanda Thanda matlab Coca cola was also the successful and relevant tagline found in coca cola advertisement to this audience
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This positioning strategy they followed up to 1960 and after analyzing that it is very difficult to capture whole population as whole. So Pepsi after 1960 started targeted marketing. Pepsi targeted the youth section and position there product as a necessity for youth and Pepsi advertisement slogan after 1960 try to position Pepsi as the brand for youth which are clearly visible from there advertisement as follow
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now its Pepsi for those who thing young come alive, youre in Pepsi generation you,re got a lot to live and Pepsi yehhaiyoungistaanmerijaan (in india) taste the once thats forever young
In the 1960s and early 1970s, PepsiCo was a much more aggressive and innovate company than coke. In this period Pepsi outflank coke to survive. In early 1975s Pepsi introduced the Pepsi challenge marketing campaign where PepsiCo set up a blind tasting between Pepsi-cola and Coca-cola. In this Pepsi started direct road show taste competition in which two glass of soft drink one is Pepsi and another is Coke is given to person not known by him which glass contain which soft drink and after tasting both the glasses they ask which soft drink is having better taste. In this competition Pepsi said 80% of people like Pepsi taste over Coke. PepsiCo took this a great advantage of the campaign with television commercial reporting the test results to the public. So through this competition Pepsi is able to position itself in the mind of customer that Pepsi have better the taste than coke. Coca cola follows Push Strategy to advertise and sell their product in the market. Coca cola usually giving higher discount to the retailer fills their selves space with their product and when the consumer see only coca cola in the market they are forced to buy there product only. In India both Coca-cola and PepsiCo have shown the door to older celebrity endorsers and are betting big on emerging stars. PepsiCo was parted ways with Shah rukh khan, Sachintendulkar, Rahuldravid, Souravganguly, Mahender singh dhoni, Ranbirkapoor, Deepikapadukone, Ishantsharma, Rohitsharma, Shreeshant and Virendersehwag to strengthen its youngistaan brigade. PepsiCo signed Asin (of Ghajini fame) to take war to orange flavor category. PepsiCo had
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tied up with Chennai super kings for its 7up brand, which is the most preferred drink there. PepsiCo has also signed on Telegu movie actor Ram charanteja as part of its youngistaan campaign to endorse Pepsi in Andhra Pradesh.
Coca cola try to positions themselves as the happiness bringing drink and drink for every community as visible from above advertisement. As this is well judged by their advertisement and their slogans. Their are different advertisement, which depicts thats coca cola, is the need for party or coca cola brings more joy and taste to the party. Coca cola has roped in GautamGambir as brand ambassador for the company new coca cola open happiness campaign ahead of IPL seasons. While the single ad campaign works
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wonders, giving the difference in consumption patterns in the south, the coca cola majors had customized their advertisement for the four southern states. Coca cola, on the other hand identified the southern market as a great testing ground for its new brands, so much so that both its pulpy orange drink, minute maid and Fanta apple were first launched, marketed and advertised them before a pan India roll-out and a national campaign.
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cola and 10% sales increase of popcorn. The choice of movie theater is because in movie theaters there are very less thing to distract mind of the person. Pepsi is also now advertise their product with snacks like sandwich, south Indian food etc so that when the consumer ask or eat that snack the picture of Pepsi come to their mind and they will ask for the Pepsi. This is know as Sub-minimal effect in which consumer did not get the idea how advertisement is influencing them.
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brand back with misty eyes. The younger lot just shrugged. Among soft drinks, Coke was stronger than Pepsi among the older people (evidently nostalgia was at work) while Pepsi obviously scored above Coke with'Generation next'. Coke was the official drink for the
Wills World Cup but Pepsi blew officialdom to bits with its cheeky 'Nothing official about it'. After losing the world cup rights to Coke, Pepsi launched an aggressive campaign signing up leading Indian cricketers. In 1998, Coke's teen strategy finally moved into
place. It signed on SauravGanguly and Srinath and came up with the peppy 'Eat crickets, sleep cricket, drink only Coca-Cola'. A near winner was 'Peetikya Coca-Cola?' The aim was to fix the brand's message in consumer mind space. Just as Coke ads were finally telling stories the way Indian consumers like it, aided by Aamir-appeal, Hrithik-mania and Aditi-gaze, comes a damp squib about four friends growing up with Coke, too desperate and too dull. The stakes are high and the two Cola giants are slugging it out for every bit
of this market share, even if it means bitter tactics at times. Between Coke and Pepsi they have signed on nine players of the Indian cricket team and Bollywood seems to be the next hot spot they want to cool. For now, it's Shah Rukh, ManishaKoirala, RaniMukherjee, Kajol, PreityZinta and Superstar AmitabhBachchan in the blue (Pepsi) corner and KarismaKapoor, Rambha and Amir, Hrithik, AditiGowatrikar and Aishwarya, in the red (Coke). The battle continues with Aamir Khan and AishwariyaRai both wooed away from Pepsi by tempting offers from Coke. However this is just the beginning and things are likely to get even hotter.
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Price is not just a number tag. Price comes in many forms and performs many functions. It is one of the factors that affect the sales in a drastic ways.
Pepsi gained popularity following the introduction in 1936 of a 12-ounce bottle. Initially priced at 10 cents, sales were slow, but when the price was slashed to five cent, sales increased substantially. Pepsi encouraged price-watching consumers to switch referring the coca cola standard of six ounces a bottle for the price of five cents (a nickel), instead of the 12-ounces Pepsi sold at the same price. In 1936 alone 500 million bottles of Pepsi were consumed. For 1936 to 1939, Pepsi profit doubled and there is also a dramatic increase in sales of Pepsi. This case of Pepsi presents the live example how the pricing makes difference in marketing process of a firm.
There is the time (2002-2003) when Coca cola and Pepsi tried to appeal to the masses through a 200ml bottle priced at Rs.5. It brought down the average price of its product to Rs.5 thereby bridging the gap between soft drink and other local option like tea, milk, and sugarcane juice or lemon water and it also make the price point of the soft drink within the reach of high potential rural market.
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Coca cola and Pepsi in the market place now start with the basic introductory pack, which is a 200 ml returnable glass bottle priced at Rs.8 and is available across low income and rural areas. The next pack size is 300 ml at Rs.10 and is focused on those willing to pay more within the immediate consumption arena. Coca cola and Pepsi recently introduced an on-the-go pack as research showed it that the next pack of 600ml (mobile) was too much to consume on the go. The new on-the-go consumption pack is called the express pack and doing well in channels such as travel, malls, so on, where people want a single serve and it is priced at Rs.20. Can packing (250 ml) of Coca cola and Pepsi is priced at Rs.15. The company also introduced the party pack of 2 liter of the consumption in the party and is priced at Rs.55. The average price of this packing is cheap than other packing as to increase the consumption of soft drink in the market. PepsiCo India priced SoBe Adrenaline Rush (premium product) at Rs.75 for the can of 245ml. SoBe Adrenaline Rush is a maximum energy supplement aimed at helping consumers perform at their peak by energizing their body and mind and charging up energy an alertness levels. As this is a premium and launched drink with energy booster so it is priced at higher price as compare to other drink. PepsiCo also introduced their sport drink in 500 ml packing for Rs.35. As this drink is specially introduced for the specifically sports segment so it is costlier as compare to other drinks. It also introduced its Nimbooz in packing of 200ml at Rs.10. Tropicana of PepsiCo comes in packing 200ml at Rs.15 and in packing 1liter at Rs.65. Coca cola also introduced its pulpy orange drink (Juice), Minute Maid, in India at Rs20 in the 500ml.
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Distribution (or place) is one of the four elements of marketing mix. Frequently there may be a chain of intermediaries, each passing the product down the chain to the next organization, before it finally reaches the consumer or end-user. This process is known as the 'distribution chain' or the 'channel. So we say that a set of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product available for the use or consumption is know as Distribution channel. Each of the elements in these chains will have their own specific needs, which the producer must take into account, along with those of the all-important end-user.
offered twice weekly against payment by demand draft. On their part, the hubs appointed smaller distributors (Spokes) ) in adjoining areas. The smaller distributors undertook fixed journey plans on a weekly basis and supplied against cash. The smaller distributors also hired rickshaws (cycle operated vans) that travelled to villages daily.
BOTTLING PLANT
HUB
SPOKES
RETAILERS
RETAILERS
RETAILERS
BENEFITS This model has been utilized by soft drink companies like Pepsi and coca cola to reach rural market. This system allows for larger loads to travel long distances and smaller loads to travel short distances. Thus making the mechan mechanism ism cost effective coca cola supplies to large distributors from the company depots twice a week and the distributors in turn supply to the smaller distributor once a week.
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BOTTLING PLANT
RETAIL STORES
CONSUMERS
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Sociality responsible work doesnt help companies for creating a brand image of socially responsible person only but it helps in other manner also. Socially responsible work creates a good image in the mind of consumers that is communicated to other generations without any serious effort by the company. Thus social corporate responsibility is also a type of investment, which helps the company in their positioning.
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Political and legal environment are some important factors that influences the marketing strategy of soft drink companies. Take the example of India, inIndia coca-cola came in early 1970 after the janaty party came into 1977 they oppose the strategy adopted by coca cola. The janaty party banned the coca cola operation in India because of the not entering 100% stake of the foreign company in India of the not essential product based company. This hurtled the company operation in India. Soft Drink CompanyPepsi co began its operation with LEHAR and opted the market strategy according to political and legal scenario of the country. The case of Coke and Pepsi in India is a lesson that all marketers can observe, analyze and learn from, since it involves so many marketing aspects that are essential for all marketers to take into consideration. Both companies had many difficulties, especially Coca-Cola, and it's useful to observe how it dealt with the different aspects, stating from the political environment of the Indian market and the trade barriers it faced, going through the market entry and penetration strategies considered and the flexible marketing mix used and how it was placed to increase consumption and market share, ending with the change in the environment and market due to boycott campaigns for different reasons.
Until the early 1990s, India was considered unfriendly to foreign investors, especially in consumer goods sector. If an item could be obtained within the country, imports of similar items were forbidden. Due to this environment, Coca-Cola had withdrawn from the Indian market in 1977. Coke's refusal to give the formula and withdraw from the market wasn't a clever decision, because as a big company, coke must expect to face many challenges. It should have believed in it marketing capabilities and its ability to position its brand as a unique one,
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different from others even if they claim they are the same. And using the huge resources it has worldwide, it could have planned a strategy to overcome this problem and stay in the market and even gain market share as a unique multinational brand. .
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choose COFCO (Chinese national cereals, oil, food import export corporation) which monopolized the food import export business .and the ministry of light industry, which oversaw the development of the domestic food and beverages industry. Coca cola did not have equity majority, so it had limited management control of the bottling joint ventures. 1988 when the regulation of bottling joint ventures was followed the company moved. The company moved quickly to acquire stakes from its partners to establish majority equity position and to gain management control. Coca cola did not stop here its shifted entire partner strategy at the same time by three partners CITIC (china international trust and investment cooperation), Swire pacific and Kerry group into its bottling ventures. Those strategic partnership coca cola was actively positioning for the future. Coca cola partner serve the no. of company critical objective. They share its investment risk in the bottling plant and at the same time it is able to leverage the political influence its partners to get government approval for new bottling plants. But most important these new partners give coca cola management control through equity majority ownership of the joint ventures. Pepsi cola in contrast did not seek equity majority and management control until 1993 so when it comes to Chinese market Pepsi cola lake lustier performance shows how even experienced marketer miscalculate the critical factor of success. Pepsi cola had not even begun to wrestle with the question of partnership in the early 1990. When coca cola already taking importance strides towards investment in a direct distribution system. Though this company was a able to provide better service to retailers, perform merchandising and point sale activities, motivate retailers, mange inventory level and increase profitability by capture wholesaler margin. These strategies gave an age to coca cola and the result are/ with direct distribution in place today 65% to 70% to coke sale are managed through its own sales force compared with only 20% of Pepsi . Coca cola is able to cover then 90% of the urban area compared with Pepsi cola 60%. Problems will emerge however as soon as the two competitors try to expand in to smaller cities when the volume potential justify only one plant with sufficient scale to break even. The government has already announced that it will grant just one license in these cities. As a result huge entry barriers established. Once a plant is built in small cities. Although coca cola was invested $500 million in china it recently announced that it wills double its investment in 1 billion
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over the 5 years. So if its announced plans are realized coca cola will continue to lead Pepsi cola in market share by a margin of three to one.
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12.1 STRENGTHS
Pepsi and Coke has been a complex part of world culture for a very long time. The products image is loaded with over-romanticizing and fun, this is an image many people have taken deeply to heart. Pepsi and Coke are the extremely recognizable brand, which is the greatest strength of them. Additionally there Bottling system is one of their greatest strengths. This allows them to the conduct business on a global scale while at the same time maintain a local approach. The bottling companies are locally owned and operated by independent business people who are authorized to sell product of these cola giant. PepsiCo and Coca cola are having the largest distribution network in the world, which is also there one of the greatest strength.
12.2 WEAKNESSES
Weaknesses for any business need to be both minimized and monitored in order to effectively achieve productivity and efficiency in their business activities. Although the international sales are increases but there is getting a saturation evident through the stability in cola drink in USA market and moreover all over the world the customer preference for cola drink is shifting towards the healthy drink is taking place. Being addictive of cola drink is also a health problem, because drinking of carbonated soft drink daily has an effect on your body also.
12.3 OPPORTUNITIES
Brand recognition is the significant factor affecting Pepsi and Coke competitive position. Pepsi and Coke brand is known well throughout 94% of world today. As in developing countries the per head consumption of cola drink is very less which evident from taking example of India. In India per head consumption is only 6 bottles as compare to 700 bottles in USA and in Indian market only 5% of the beverage come under packaging. So looking
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at these data we can that for these two giant a lot of potential is there in developing market which is now also untapped.
12.4 THREATS
Currently, the threat of new viable competitors in the carbonated soft drink industry is not very substantial. The threat of Substitute, however, is a very real threat. The soft drink industry is very strong, but consumers are not necessarily married to it. Possible substitutes that continuously put pressure on both Pepsi and Coke include tea, coffee, juice, milk and hot chocolate. Eventhrough the Coca cola and Pepsi control nearly 40% of the entire beverage market, the changing health consciousness of the market could have a serious affect. Of course, both have already diversified into these markets, but still theseSubstitute will remain threat to them. Consumer buying power is also represents a key threat to the Pepsi and Coke.
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CHAPTER 13 REFERENCES
1. Philip Kotler, Kelvin Lane Keller, Abraham Koshay and Mithileshwar Jha, MARKETING MANAGEMENT A SOUTH ASIAN PERSPECTIVE, 13TH Edition PEARSON Prentice Hall 2. David L. Loudon and Albert J. Della Bitta, CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR, 4TH Edition TATA McGraw-HILL 3. Rick Yan, THE LITMUS TEST FOR SUCCESS IN CHINA, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW ON DOING BUSINESS IN CHINA, P.83-86 4. Craig Smith, THE NEW CORPORATE PHILANTHROPY, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW ON CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, P.180 5. Adam M. Brandenburger and Barry J. Nalebuff, THE RIGHT GAME: USE GAME THEORY TO SHAPE STRATEGY, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW ON MANAGING UNCERTAINTY, P.75 6. Adrian J. Slywotzky and Richard Wise, THE GROWTH CRISES AND HOW TO ESCAPE IT, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW ON LEADING IN TURBULENT TIMES, P.27 7. Andrall E. Pearson, TOUGH-MINDED WAYS TO GET INNOVATIVE, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW ON THE INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISE, P.32,33,40,45 8. Douglas M. Lambert and A. Michael Knenuyes, WERE IN THIS TOGETHER, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW ON SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT, P.11 9. Kevin Lane Keller, THE BRAND REPORT CARD, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW ON MARKETING, P.11 10. David A. Aaker AND Erich Joachiwsthaler, THE LARE OF GLOBAL BRANDING, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW ON MARKETING, P.96-97 11. Jeffrey H. Dyer, Prashant Kale and Harbir singh, WHEN TO ALLY AND WHEN TO ACQUIRE, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW ON TOP-LINE GROWTH, P.91-92
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12. Olli-Pekka Kallasuuo, Gary Jackson, Franz Humer, Arthur Gensler, Sergey Petrov, Alan Klapmeier, Alexander B. Cummings and Duleep Aluwihare, MOMENT OF TRUTH GLOBAL EXECUTIVE TALK ABOUT THE CHANLLENGES THAT SHAPED THEM AS LEADERS, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW ON THE TEST OF A LEADER, P.101-103 13. Nicolas Checa, John Maguire and Jonathan Barney, THE NEW WORLD DISORDER, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW ON LEADERSHIP IN A CHANGED WORLD, P.64-65 14. Max H. Bazerman and Dolly Chugh, DECISION WITHOUT BLINDER, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW ON MAKING SMARTER DECISION, P.90 15. Constantines C. Markides, TO DIVERSIFY OR NOT TO DIVERSIFY, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW ON STRATEGIES FOR GROWTH, P.85 16. David J. Collis and Cynthia A. Montgomery, CREATING CORPORATE ADVANTAGE, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, P.29 17. C.K.Prahalad and Kenneth Lieberthal, THE END OF CORPORATE IMPERIALISM, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW ON CORPORATE STRATEGY, P.103
18. http://www.slideshare.net/rajsinghprofessional/cocacola-in-rural-india 19. http://www.sirpepsi.com/pepsi11.htm 20. http://www.agriculture-industry-india.com/agricultural-commodities/soft-drinks.html 21. http://www.indiabschools.com/marketing_018.htm 22. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blpepsi.htm
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