Hydraulics & Hydraulic Machines Lab

Lab Manual

DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR OF PIPE LINES

Aim:To determine Darcy Friction Co-efficient and to study the flow of liquids in pipes Apparatus:1 ) Theory:, closed conduit of any cross section used for flow of liquid is +nown as a pipe -hen water flows throu.h a pipe/ a certain amount of ener.y %or pressure ener.y( has to be spent to o0er come the friction due to rou.hness of the pipe surface This rou.hness or frictional effect depends upon the material of the pipe and scale formation/ if any -hen the surface is smooth/ the friction effect is less The frictional losses also 0ary with the 0elocity of flow or dependin. upon the flow conditions that is laminar/ transition or turbulent The resistance is of two types dependin. upon the 0elocity of flow 1 $iscous resistance and ) Frictional resistance/ due to different diameters Description:The test ri. consists of a pipin. circuit of four different diameters made of " # & ! $ C The pipes are parallel 1sin. the .ate 0al0es pro0ided in each pipeline/ water is made to flow in one pipeline at a time There is a 1-Tube manometer within a stabili2in. 0al0e to measure the pressure difference across the tapin.s/ one at either end of the pipeline fitted with a 3all 0al0e The equipment also consists of a constant steady supply of water with a means of 0aryin. the flow rate usin. Centrifu.al pump , measurin. tan+ is pro0ided to measure the flow rate 4otameter is used for the direct measurement of water flow rate throu.h pipes Formu ae:Darcy5s formula for findin. the loss of head in a pipe is/
h= 6 f 1v ) ) gd

!ipe line of four different diameters of " # & ! $ C %&'perimental set up( *top cloc+

-here/ h 7 the loss of head due to friction 71) 89H

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Lab Manual

l7the len.th of the pipe f7 frictional factor or Co-efficient H 7 Differential head in mm of H.

)hd. 6 l $)

$7

: m;sec a

where

,4 m<;sec 1==' t 4 is raise in water in cm 7 t is time in seconds a 7 cross sectional area of pipe in m)

Data:,rea of measurin. tan+/ , Len.th of pipe Density of water/ / l 7 7 7 = 1)> sq m 1>m 1=== ?.;cu m @ A1 m;sec) )B/ @/ 1) >mm %" #(/ )>mm %! $ C(

,cceleration due to .ra0ity/ . 7 Diameter of pipe/ Proce&ure:1( )( <( 6( >( 8( d 7

*elect the required !ipeline Cpen the appropriate pressures coc+s and close all other pressure coc+s %ball 0al0es( ,dDust the flow throu.h the control 0al0e of the pump $ent the manometer to remo0e the air bubbles Eote down the differential head readin. in the manometer Collect the water in the collectin. tan+ and close the butterfly 0al0e to note down the collectin. tan+ readin. a.ainst the +nown time B( Chan.e the flow rate and repeat the e'periment for different diameters of the pipe

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Lab Manual

Ta'u ar Form:Dia;type of pipe mm 1 ) < 6 1 ) < 6 1 ) < 6 1 ) < 6 Precautions:1 Do not start the pump if 0olta.e is less than 1A=$ ) $ent the manometer < Frequently .rease the rotatin. parts Resu t:Manometer readin. H1 H) Meters Meters Head loss H Meters Time for 1= cm rise t sec Flow rate : Cu m;sec Darcy5s Constant f

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