15 TH THUT VI WINDOWS XP

Nguyn Vit Khoa - ai hoc Bch khoa H Ni

- Email: vietkhoabk@hotmail.com
Chuyn sang dng Windows XP (XP) t Windows
95/98 (Win9x) cng ging nhu chuyn sang
dng Windows 95 t Windows 3.1 nm nm truc
dy. XP duoc xy dng trn nn tang cua
Windows NT v 2000 vn c d n dinh cao hon
nhiu so vi Win9x. Ngoi ra, XP cng su
dng h thng file gng nhu cua NT v 2000.
iu ny khin cho XP tro thnh mt h diu
hnh (HH) da ngui dng thc s cho PC gia
dnh. V XP l mt HH cn kh mi me, cho
nn bi vit ny c gng dua ra mt s thu
thut nhm gip ngui dng thng thung tn
dng mt
cch tt nht kha nng cua HH ny.
Thu thut 1: HY DNG HE THNG FILE NTFS
Tht may mn, XP h tro ca 2 h thng file
FAT32 (duoc Win9x h tro) v NTFS (duoc NT
v 2000 h tro). iu ny cho php ngui
dng la chon h thng file ph hop vi yu
cu cng vic cua mnh. Tuy nhin NTFS cung
cp nhng mc d bao mt tt hon nhiu so
vi FAT32. Vi FAT32 trong Win9x, ai cng c
th xm nhp vo PC cua ban v lm bt c
diu g m ho thch. Vi NTFS, ban c quyn
cho hay khng cho ai d su dng my tnh cua
ban. V ngui duoc php su dng PC cua ban
cng chi c th hoat dng trong khun kh m
ban cho php.
kim tra xem ban dang dng NTFS hay
FAT32, chon da cng trong My Computer,
nhn chut phai v chon Properties. Nu dang
dng FAT v mun chuyn sang dng NTFS, ban
hy thc hin vic chuyn di ny t du
nhc DOS trong XP m khng phai lo ngai g
v vic mt mt d liu. chuyn di sang
NTFS t FAT, ban chon Start - All Programs -
Accessories, and Command Prompt. Tai du
nhc, ban g convert x: /fs:ntfs (x l tn
da m ban chon). Cng cn luu rng, mt
khi d chuyn sang NTFS, ban s khng th
quay tro lai dng FAT tr phi ban dinh dang
(format) lai da
Thu thut 2: TAO TAI KHON HAN CH
C 2 loai ti khoan ngui dng (user
account) trong XP: ti khoan ngui quan tri
h thng (administrator account) v ti
khoan ngui dng han ch (limited account).
Sau khi ci dt XP thnh cng, ban nn ngay
lp tc thit dt mt ti khoan ngui dng
han ch d phc v cho cc cng vic hng
ngy nu nhu ban dang dng h thng file
NTFS.
tao mt ti khoan ngui dng han ch, ban
phai dng nhp vo ti khoan cua ngui quan
tri h thng (theo ngm dinh XP tao ra ti
khoan ny khi ban ci dt HH). Sau d, chon
Start - Control Panel - User Accounts -
Create A New Account. t tn cho ti khoan
mi ny ri nhn Next. Trong hp thoai mi,
chon Limited Account. Mi khi mun tao mi
hay thay di thuc tnh cua cc ti khoan,
ban nht quyt phai dng nhp vo ti khoan
ngui quan tri h thng.
Thu thut 3: S DNG MT KHU
Su dng mt khu (password) l mt hnh thc
bao mt thng tin truyn thng v hiu qua.
Mc d Win9x c cung cp cho ban ch d bao
v bng mt khu, nhung di vi da s ngui
dng th tnh nng ny khng c mt cht
hiu qua no. Cn XP lm cho vic su dng
mt khu th hin dng ngha cua n.
Trong XP, vic bao v cc ti khoan bng mt
khu khng c tnh bt buc. Tuy nhin, theo
ti, ban nn su dng mt khu vi cc ti
khoan, t nht l vi ti khoan ngui quan
tri h thng.
Theo ngm dinh, XP coi tt ca cc ti khoan
ngui dng tao ra khi ci dt HH l ti
khoan ngui quan tri h thng v khng yu
cu mt khu khi ngui dng dng nhp vo h
thng. thay di diu ny, ban cn phai
tao mt khu mi. Trong User Accounts, chon
Change An Account v nhn vo ti khoan ban
mun dng mt khu d bao v. Trong ti
khoan ny, chon Create A Password v g mt
khu 2 ln. vic su dng mt khu c hiu
qua hon, theo chng ti ban khng nn dng
ch d goi nhc mt khu (password hint)
v ngui dng khc c th cn c vo nhng
g ban ghi o dy d don ra mt khu cua
ban. Sau khi nhn nt Create Password, XP s
hi xem ban c mun d cho ngui dng khc
tip cn cc thu mc v cc file trong ti
khoan cua ban hay khng. Nu mun ring tu
hon na, ban hy tra li KHNG vi cu hi
nu trn.
Thu thut : DNG TNG LA
Khc vi cc phin ban truc, XP c km theo
mt chuong trnh tung lua (Firewall) d bao
v ban an ton khi duyt Web. Bc tung lua
ny dung nhu l dng tin cy, boi v cho
ti nay chua thy c ngui su dng no phn
nn v tnh nng mi me ny trong XP
C l ban d tng t hi: lm sao bit duoc
bc tung d d duoc dng ln chua km
tra, ban vo Control Panel - nhn chut phai
vo biu tuong Network Connections - chon
Properties - nhn Advanced, v chon Internet
Connection Firewall.
Thu thut 5: CHAY CHNG TNH BNG UYN
CA NGI UN T HE THNG
XP c ch d Fast User Switching, ch d cho
php ngui dng chuyn di qua lai gia cc
ti khoan m khng phai thot ra v dng cc
ng dng dang chay. ch d ny hoat dng,
ban mo User Accounts v chon Change The Way
Users Log On Or Off. Trong hp thoai mi ban
chon ca Use The Welcome Screen v Use Fast
User Switching.
chuyn di qua lai gia cc ti khoan
ngui dng, ban chon Start - Log Off -
Switch User. chay mt chuong trnh vi
quyn cua ngui quan tri h thng, ban nhn
chut phai vo biu tuong cua chuong trnh
ri chon un As. Trong hp thoai mi, chon
tn cua ti khoan quan tri h thng v nhp
mt khu, v chuong trnh s khoi dng ngay
lp tc. Ban cng cn luu , c mt s
chuong trnh di hi ban nhn thm phm
Shift cng vi chut phai.
Thu thut : C NHN HO THC N STAT
So vi cc phin ban truc, XP cung cp
nhiu kha nng thay di thc don Start hon.
Ban c th thm, bt hay thay di theo
mnh bt c thnh phn no cua thc don
Start. lm diu ny, ban nhn chut phai
vo thc don Start v chon Properties. Trong
hp thoai Task Bar and Start Menu
Properties, nhn nt Customie. Tai dy, ban
c th la chon dng biu tuong to hay nh,
cho php hin thi bao nhiu chuong trnh va
chay, v dua chuong trnh duyt Web cng
chuong trnh e-mail ua thch vo thc don
Start. Trong nhn Advanced ban c th chon
cch m nhng thnh phn nhu My Documents,
My Computer, v Control Panel vv... xut
hin cng nhu nhiu tu chon khc m ban
khng th c duoc o cc phin ban Windows
truc dy.
Nu nhu khng thch cch m thc don Start
cua XP xut hin, ban c th quay tro v vi
thc don truyn thng bng cch chon Classic
Start Menu trong hp thoai Task Bar and
Start Menu Properties.
Thu thut : S DNG TNH NNG KHI PHC HE
THNG
Ging nhu Windows ME, XP cng cung cp kha
nng khi phc h thng v dim truc mt s
kin ny d (ci dt mi phn mm hoc xung
dt h thng...) tao mt mc khi phc,
ban mo (All) Programs trong thc don Start,
chon Accessories - System Tools - System
estore. Trong cua s System estore, nhn
Create A estore Point, nhn Next, nhp tn
cho dim khi phc h thng, ri nhn
Create. dua h thng tro lai mt thi
dim no d, trong cua s System estore,
chon estore My Computer To An Earlier Time,
ri chon mt dim ph hop d tin hnh khi
phc h thng. Sau khi nhn Next 2 ln, h
thng cua ban s bt du khi phc v thi
dim ban chon. u trnh ny chi hon tt
sau khi HH t khoi dng lai.
Thu thut 8: KHNG CAN CHNH LAI NG H
Ngui dng PC thung phn nn v vic dng
h h thng chay sai sau mt khoang thi
gian no d, v phai chinh sua lai thi gian
cho dng mt cch thu cng. iu ny s
khng th xay ra trong XP nu ban thc hin
cc buc sau d dng b ho dng h h thng
vi dng h quc t (vi diu kin ban c
kt ni Internet).
Ban dng nhp vo ti khoan quan tri h
thng, kt ni Internet, ri nhn dp vo
biu tuong dng h trn thanh cng c. Chon
nhn Internet Time trong hp thoai Date and
Time Properties. nh du kim vo
Automatically Synchronie With An Internet
Time Server v chon mt dng h thch hop t
thc don tha xung, ri nhn nt Update Now.
Thu thut 9: KIEM TA TNH TNG THCH
Khng phai chuong trnh no cng chay tt
trong XP. Nu khng r v tnh tuong thch,
ban hy thu dng Program Compatibility
Wiard. Chon Start - All Programs -
Accessories - Program Compatibility Wiard.
XP cung cp cho ban nhiu kha nng d thu
tnh tuong thch cua chuong trnh. Nu
chuong chnh chay tt o mt diu kin no
d, XP s goi ban dng cc thit dt ph
hop nht d chay chuong trnh. Tt nhin, XP
cng cho ban bit liu chuong trnh c hoat
dng cng HH khng.
Thu thut 10: TAO A MM KHOI ONG CHO XP
Tao mt da khoi dng trong Win9x khng h
kh khn cht no. Nhung Microsoft d loai
b tnh nng ny trong Win 2000 v XP. Ban
cn c mt da mm khoi dng d khi phc
lai h thng trong cc trung hop nhu hng
rnh khoi dng (boot sector), hng bang ghi
khoi dng chnh (Master Boot ecord), bi
nhim virus, mt hoc hng file NTLD,
NTDETECT.COM, hoc d khoi dng trong trung
hop XP khng th khoi dng duoc ca o ch d
Safe Mode.
tao da mm khoi dng trong XP (v
Win2000), ban lm nhu sau: Chun bi mt da
mm d duoc dinh dang. Chuyn ti da C:\,
chp cc file sau boot.ini, ntldr,
ntdetect.com, bootsect.dos, NTBOOTDD.SYS
(nu c) sang da mm.
Thu thut 11: THIT AT LAI BO NH O
Cho d ban c bao nhiu AM di na th
Windows vn tao ra thm b nh ao (paging
files) trn da cng d ti uu ha hoat dng
cua h thng. Ti uu ha cc file paging
bng cch c dinh dung luong s lm cho tc
d tm d liu trn da cng nhanh hon, HH
cng khng phai dt lai dung luong b nh
ao, giam thiu qu trnh phn manh, v tit
kim duoc da cng.
bit ban cn dnh bao nhin megabyte cho
b nh ao, ban hy chay mt s chuong trnh
thung dng, ri mo Task Manager (nhn Ctrl
- Alt - Del), nhn vo nhn Performance, v
xem s megabyte o khung Commit Charge l bao
nhiu. y l s luong b nh m h thng
cua ban cn lc ny. Dung luong b nh ao
ti thiu s l s megabyte ny cng thm
vi 32 MB (nhung nhiu ngui cng thm vi
MB). Thit dt hop l nht l dung luong
ti thiu v ti da cua b nh ao phai bng
nhau d XP khng dt lai dung luong b nh
ny na.
thc hin vic dt lai dung luong b nh
ao, ban nhn chut phai vo My Computer,
chon Properties - nhn Advanced - nhn vo
Settings cua khung Performance - chon
Advanced trong hp thoai Performance
Options. Ban nhn tip vo nt Change - chon
da thch hop - nhp dung luong b nh ao
ti thiu v ti da, ri nht Set. Ban lp
lai cc buc nu trn vi cc da
cn lai v cc thay di s c hiu lc sau
khi h thng khi dng lai.
Thu thut 12: S DNG SYSTEM CONFIGUATION
UTILITY
Nu ban khng mun mt chuong trnh no d
khoi dng cng vi XP, mun tng tc d khoi
dng cua HH, mun loai b nhng dich v h
thng khng cn thit, mun tm hiu nhng
trc trc cua h thng... v nhiu diu
khc, th ban hy su dng tin ch System
Configuration.
Nu d su dng Win 98 v khai thc tnh nng
System Configuration Utility th ban c th
bn khon tai sao XP lai khng c tnh nng
tuyt vi ny. Cu tra li l XP c nhung
Microsoft khng d tin ch ny trong System
Information v khng mun ngui su dng can
thip qu su vo h thng.
Mun khoi dng System Configuration Utility,
ban chon Start - un - g mscomfig hoc
chon Start - Help and Support - chon Use
Tools to view your computer information and
diagnose problems trong cua s mi. - dui
hp Tools, chon System Configuration Utility.
Thu thut 13: S DNG T IEN THUT NG CA
WINDOWS
Nu ban khng hiu ban cht mt thut ng
chuyn ngnh no d, v ban khng tm thy
hoc khng tha mn vi giai thch cua cc
t din khc, th t din thut ng cua XP
(Windows Glossary) c th lm ban hi lng.
su dng t din, ban chon Start - Help
and Support - nhn vo bt k mt chu d no
dui Pick A Help Topic - Windows Glossary -
g thut ng cn duoc giai thch vo hp
Search. Ban cng c th chon Start - Help
and Support - g thut ng cn duoc giai
thch vo hp Search v XP s lit k mt s
thnh phn lin quan ti thut ng d, bao
gm ca t din (Glossary).
Thu thut 1: LOAI BO MSN MESSENGE
t nhiu ngui su dng XP khng dng v
cng khng thch dich v MSN Messenger. t
tic Microsoft lai khng ngh vy, v thm
ch cn khng cung cp cch g ci dt
chuong trnh ny, Tuy nhin, vn c cch d
khng phai kh chiu vi MSN Messenger. Ban
lm nhu sau: Tm ti file SYSOC.INF trong thu
mc Windows\INF (ch : ca file v thu mc
du o ch d Hidden). Mo file ny bng
Notepad, tm ti dng
msmsgs=msgrocm.dll,OcEntry,msmsgs.inf,hide,
v xa ch hide di. Luu file v khoi dng
lai PC, ri tm ti Control Panels - Add and
emove Programs - Add/emove Windows
Components. Lc ny ty chon cho php g ci
dt MSN Messenger d xut hin.
Nu cch trn hoi rc ri v dang su dng
ban XP Professional, th ban hy lm theo
cch sau: chon Start - un - g GPEDIT.MSC
d mo Group Policy - chon Computer
Configuration - Administrative Templates -
Windows Components - Windows Messenger. Tai
dy, ban c th ngn dich v ny hoat dng
hoc la chon cho php n hoat dng theo yu
cu cua ban. Theo cch ny, ban cn luu ,
mc d dich v d bi v hiu ha, nhung mt
s chuong trnh khc cua Microsoft (Outlook,
Outlook Express) vn c th khin dich v
hoat dng.
Thu thut 15: TNG TC CHO XP
Mo egistry Start - un - g regedit v tm
ti kha
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWAE\Microsoft\Window
s\CurrentVersion\Explorer\emoteComputer\Nam
eSpace
Chon nhnh {D2990-CA-11CF-8D8-
00AA000F5BF} v xa n di. Tuy nhin, truc
khi xa nhnh ny ban nn sao luu lai phng
trung hop h thng c vn d. lm vic
ny, ban nhn chut phai vo nhnh cn sao
luu, v chon Copy Key Name ri luu vo mt
file vn ban.
Kha trn di hi XP phai tm kim tt ca
cc chuong trnh lm vic theo lich
(Scheduled Tasks). iu ny khin cho tc d
duyt cua XP bi chm lai. Mc d thu thut
trn nhm tng tc d duyt cho cc h thng
chay Win2000 v XP trong mang LAN, nhung n
cng cai thin tc d duyt mt cc bt ng
cho Windows ngay trn my tram. Thay di ny
c tc dng tc th v chng ta c th cam
nhn duoc s cai thin tc d ngay lp tc.