Development of Thermoacoustic Engine Operating by Waste Heat from Cooking Stove

B.M Chen, Y. A. Abakr, P.H Riley and D.B Hann

Monday October 03, 2011

International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

Research Background

Photographs courtesy Practical Action

2 billion people cook on an open fire with no electricity[1] :

Total for South Asia = 613.9M Too remote to benefit from grid electrical supply

Over-use of scarce wood supply Many stove designs [1]

Made without technical advancements Open fires cooking Extremely low efficiency Inside a dwelling and creating smoke
International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

Monday October 03, 2011

--------Wood or dung burning stove that also generates electricity for use in developing countries [2]

The Score Stove Mission

--------For 20 it will cook and generate electricity to help over 2 billion rural poor people world wide, Powered by wood, dung or other fuel
Monday October 03, 2011 International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

The SCORE project [2,3,4,] :

The Charity Practical Action and the Universities of City, Manchester, Nottingham (lead), Queen Mary 2M research
fuel burning Stove that can cook, generate electricity and provide cooling for use in Developing Countries.

5 years started in 2007

research to 2010 thereafter exploitation part funded until 2012

Both High Technology and Social Science content

Two way learning is an important element in research

Target of 100 Watts electrical for 20 in 1 million quantities

with half the wood and no smoke

World-wide interest
in 60 publications, over 10 different languages Score Community Launched engaging with 10 developing countries and growing Score Centres of Excellence proposed

Monday October 03, 2011

International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

Thermoacoustic technology and Thermo-Acoustic Engine (TAE) [2,3]

Exciting new technology
No moving parts
Stirling engine with no pistons Relies on acoustic waves Making it cheap and reliable

Challenge to design but low cost manufacture Use environmentally gases

The pipe is heated with fuel, solar etc.

A specially shaped pipe gets hot Another part of the pipe is cooled This generates sound (typically 50 to 180 Hz)
very noisy inside >170 dBA Outside whisper quiet hum

Then a Linear Alternator turns the sound into electricity

Can be used for waste heat recovery

Or TAE heat used for cooking, heating water (CHP) etc.
Monday October 03, 2011 International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

Thermoacoustic technology and Thermo-Acoustic Engine (TAE) [3,12]

Discovered by Byron Higgins (1777) A century later Lord Rayleigh
explained the phenomenon qualitatively

demonstrated a spontaneous generation of sound waves in a pipe

In the 1970s Ceperley

postulated an acoustic wave travelling in a resonator could cause the gas to undergo a thermodynamic cycle similar to that in a Stirling engine

Used by Los Alamos (G Swift) and S. Garrett [5,6,7]

space probe electrical generation Cooling 400 gallons per day methane Garrett introduced thermoacoustic refrigerator for space application

Chinese Academy of Science

Record of 1kWe 18% efficiency using pressurised Helium

Aster Thermoakoestische Systemen (The Netherlands) [8,9]

Low-onset temperature TAE Waste heat recovery etc.

Score [10,11]
Low-cost World record for wood burning Thermo-Acoustic Engine (TAE)
Monday October 03, 2011 International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

Review on two types of TAE developed by SCORE

A Propane driven, electricitygenerating cooking Score-Stove

A wood burning, electricitygenerating cooking Score-Stove

International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

Monday October 03, 2011

Propane driven TAE

Schematic diagram of the TAE and linear alternator with push pull configuration
Monday October 03, 2011 International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

Specification of the regenerator Wire diameter 95 um Wire spacing 250 um Volumetric Porosity: 0.783 Solid fraction: (1-) 0.217 Hydraulic radius 86 um Regenerator width 155 mm Regenerator length 180 mm Regenerator thickness 9 mm Specification and Thiele&Small parameters of the loudspeaker Nominal 170 mm Qms 11.7 Diameter Fs 75 Hz S 132 cm2 Bl 10.8 Txm Xmax +/- 6 mm Le 0.6 mH Mms 14 g Re 5.4 Ohm Km 0.36 mm/N Qes 0.31 Rm 0.64 kg/s
Monday October 03, 2011 International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

Summary diagram of heat flow of the system

= 1+ 2 =

( )

100%

1+ 2

( ) = ( ) =
Monday October 03, 2011

( )

100% 100%
International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

( )

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Temperature vs. Time of the system when the engine is running

International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

Monday October 03, 2011

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General power/losses summary of the system

Burner (net power) Engine housing losses Heat to the Pans Chimney losses
Heat to the TAE TBT losses
Monday October 03, 2011

4657.71 W 519.24 W 1170.69 W 430.00 W

2537.78 W 269.74 W

Rejected Heat Acoustic power (Heat) Electricity power Stove efficiency TAE Efficiency (Heat to Acoustic power(Heat)) TAE and Generator Efficiency (Acoustic power (Heat) to Electrical power)

1807.39 W 460.65 W 15 W 25.13%

18.15% 3.2%
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International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

Wood burning TAE

The General Design Outline of the Low-cost, Wood Burning Electricity Generator integrated with the Score Stove
Monday October 03, 2011 International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

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The general outline of the TAE design assembly (a) View from the front (b) View from the rear
Monday October 03, 2011 International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

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Unloaded Engine

loaded Engine

Measured acoustic loop power over onset temperature curve of the unloaded engine
Monday October 03, 2011

Measured acoustic loop power over onset temperature curve of the engine loaded with the loudspeaker
International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

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Conclusion
the SCORE project (www.score.uk.com) Thermoacoustic technology and Thermo-Acoustic Engine Review on two types of TAE which are operating by waste heat from cooking stove a. Propane driven TAE -. Heat flow diagram -. Stove efficiency 25.13% -. TAE efficiency (Heat to Acoustic power(heat)) 18.15% -. TAE efficiency (Acoustic power(heat) to electrical power) 3.2% b. Wood burning TAE -. Maximum Acoustic loop power of 83W was found when unloaded condition -. Maximum electrical power of 22.7W generated at 12 load resistances when the system is pressurized at 50kPa gauge -. Electrical power of 12.6W is obtained at 24 load resistances under atmospheric pressure

Monday October 03, 2011

International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

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References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. People with no electricity (millions) in 2008, Afghanistan = 23.3, Bangladesh = 94.9, India = 404.5, Nepal=16.1,Pakistan = 70.4, Sri Lanka =4.7, Total for South Asia = 613.9, http://www.iea.org/weo/electricity.asp www.score.uk.com Riley P. H Thermo-acoustic technology in low-cost applications Riley, P.H., Saha, C., and Johnson, C.J., Designing a Low-Cost, Electricity Generating Cooking Stove, Technology and Society Magazine IEEE, summer 2010. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MTS.2010.937029, 19324529/10/$26.00 2010IEEE Backhaus, S., G. W. Swift, Traveling-wave thermoacoustic electric generator. Applied Physics Letters, 85[6], pp. 1085-1087, 2004 Scott Backhaus, Condensed Matter and Thermal Physics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory Thermoacoustic Electrical Cogeneration ASEAN-US Next-Generation Cook Stove Workshop Garrett, S.L., T.J. Hofler, and D.K. Perkins. Thermoacoustic refrigeration. 1993. K. De Blok Aster Thermoakoestische Systemen, Smeestraat 11, NL 8194 LG Veessen, NetherlandsLow operating temperature integral thermo acoustic devices for solar cooling and waste heat recovery, Acoustics 08 Paris. K. De Blok Aster Novel multistage traveling wave thermo acoustic power generators ASME August 1 August 2010, Montreal Yu Z, Jaworski A J, Backhaus S. In Press. "A low-cost electricity generator for rural areas using a travelling wave looped-tube thermoacoustic engine". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers - Part A: Journal of Power and Energy. Catherine Gardner and Chris Lawn Design Of A Standing-Wave Thermo-acoustic Engine, The sixteenth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Krakow 5-9 July 2009. Mohd Ghazali, N., et al., Environmentally Friendly Refrigeration With Thermoacoustic. 2006.

Monday October 03, 2011

International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

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Thank you!

Monday October 03, 2011

International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

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Support materials

Summary of the (idealized) fourstep cycles the fluid parcels undergo as they oscillate along the walls of the stack pores of a standing-wave prime mover or refrigerator and the regenerator pores of a travelling-wave prime mover or refrigerator
Monday October 03, 2011 International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids (IMAT 2011) Melaka, Malaysia.

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