GHU NG LNH

Thng 12 I Gii thiu chung v nghu: Cc loi nghu: nghu v trng, nghu v nu, nghu la.

Nghu v trng.

Nghu v nu.

Nghu la. Mi trng sng: c nui nhiu cc tnh ven bin nht l vng BSCL nh C Mau, Bc Liu, Tin Giang, Kin Giang, Sc Trng, Bn Tre v Tr Vinh. Nghu sng vi trong y ct bn ca vng triu, ch yu gii triu gia v di triu, c th gp su 4m. Trong t nhin cha gp loi ny vng y bn, y rn chc. Sinh sn: Nghu l loi phn tch c, ci ring, cha gp hin tng lng tnh. Ma ca chng l quanh nm, tp trung v o thng 6,chim n 60% c th chn mui. S trng trong non so trung bnh trong mt c th l 5362000. Nghu c v ci phun tinh trng v trng vo nc, trng c th tinh pht trin thnh u trng, u trng ca chng sng tr i ni trong nc mt thi gian th hnh thnh v ri chm xung y. u th nghu ln ln thnh nghu cm b bng na ht go, v mng, dp, nng 0,04-0,07g/con (15.000-25.000 con/kg) vi su khong 1cm, nghu cm theo triu ln kim n nn thng b sng cun v dng triu a i tng i xa, c khi ln b phi kh m cht. Khong hn 1 thng sau nghu cm ln thnh nghu ging, nng 0,16-0,20g/con (5.000-6.000con/kg), v tng i cng, c th em ng cc bi. Tp tnh n: l loi ng vt n lc. Trong ng tiu ha: 75-90% l m bn hu c, cn li l cc sinh vt ph du ch yu l cc loi to silic ph du. Sinh trng: trong iu kin thun li nghu pht trin qua 3 giai on: trng n nghu cm: 2 thng. nghu cm n nghu ging ( 800-1000con/kg): 6 8 thng.

 nghu ging n nghu tht (c 50 con/kg): 10 -11 thng. Tng thi gian t khi nghu c sinh ra n lc thu hoch l 18 20 thng, c chiu cao v t 4 71mm. Khng nn nghu qu ln mi thu hoch v n s lm gim nng sut. gi tr kinh t: dng lm ging, sn xut v ch bin nhm p ng nhu cu trong nc v xut khu. Vi c tnh tng din tch nui vo nm 2015 l 15950 ha vi sn lng 142700 tn, kim ngch xut khu t 114,16 triu USD. Nm 2010, cc tnh BSCL thu hoch 25000 tn nghu, s tht v khong 1 t con nghu ging nhn to cung cp cho ngi nui cc a phng. cch ch bin: nghu thng c ch bin nhanh, cng nh cc loi hi sn khc, thng c v tanh c trng. Phi kho kt hp vi cc loi gia v nng nh t, s, ring hay l chanh nghu mi c v thm ngon v ngt tht. C nhiu cch ch bin v d nh: nu canh, nu lu, xo, hp thi, hp s, b l, nu sa t, nng, cch bo qun: trc tin gi nguyn v v ti nc ln cung cp m cho nghu, gi ni rm mt, trnh nng, trnh ma l c th c trong vng 1 2 ngy. bo qun trong i sng: ng lnh ( dng t lnh ). bo qun trrong cng nghip: sy kh trong chn khng ( 0 -600C ); sy kh thng hoa ( < 00C ); ng lnh ( < -180C ). Thnh phn ha hc c bn ca tht nghu khc nhau khi c nghu khc nhau v vng nui khc nhau: Bng 1: TPHH theo c nghu: Thnh phn ha hc (%) C nghu (g) 20 25 33 50 Protein 11.94 0.14 12.86 0.15 13.12 0.16 12.64 0.15 Lipit 2.40 0.01 2.57 0.01 2.92 0.01 2.63 0.01 Khong tng 3.25 0.03 3.59 0.03 4.24 0.03 3.70 0.04 Nc 80.41 1.15 80.98 1.13 79.67 1.12 81.02 1.12

Bng 2: TPHH ( 40con/kg ) theo vng nui: Thnh phn ha hc (%) Vng thu mu Bi nui Long Ha Bi nui Tn Thnh Protein 12.57 0.20 12.88 0.20 Lipit 2.51 0.01 2.48 0.01 Khong tng 3.08 0.03 3.61 0.03 Nc 80.76 1.12 81.03 1.01

Bi nui Phong Thanh

12.78 0.21

2.57 0.01

3.53 0.04

80.32 1.11

Gii thiu chung v phng php bo qun ng lnh (p dng cho cc loi thy sn ni chung) : Nguyn tc: h nhit thc phm xung di 80C, nc trong thc phm s ng kt li, nhit h cng thp, nc ng kt cng nhiu v thc phm s bo qun c cng lu di. Trc tin cn cp ng thc phm ti nhit nh cng nhanh cng tt gi cht lng ca nguyn liu, sau em bo qun nhit cn thit vi thi gian theo yu cu ca mi loi nguyn liu. Ch bin lnh c tin hnh trong mi trng lnh. Trong qu trnh x l phi gi nhit 1 -50C, sau nhanh chng a sn phm i cp ng h nhit trung tm ca sn phm xung t nht l -120C. Tip theo, a sn phm i bo qun nhit -180C -240C. Mc ch: h thp nhit , lm chm s h hng ca nguyn liu cho n khi r ng nguyn liu sau thi gian bo qun lnh th cht lng ca nguyn liu thy sn ng lnh c gng gn nh nguyn liu ti ban u. L sn phm thy sn xut khu thng c bo qun lnh ng v tr ng. Dng phng php ny cho php sn phm thy sn c phn phi n mi th trng trn ton th gii. C s ca k thut lnh ng: nc trong nguyn liu thy sn. c ch ng bng trong qu trnh lm lnh ng. lm lnh ng chm v lm lnh ng nhanh.

Nghu ng lnh

c nhiu loi nghu ng lnh : nghu nguyn con luc ng lnh, nghu tht luc ng lnh, nghu tht bm ng lnh, nghu na mnh luc ng lnh, nghu la tht luc ng lnh, II. Quy trnh ch bin nghu ng lnh:

Thuyt minh quy trnh: 1. Tip nhn nguyn liu v ra 1: - Nguyn liu c chuyn v nh my bng xe thng kn sch. Thi gian vn chuyn khng qu 8h. - L bin nhn phi c chng nhn xut x hp l, ngy v s lng khai thc phi ph hp vi thc t. - Nghu cn sng, t ct, t l dp nt khng qu 1%. - Nghu c ra bng nc sch trong tng st nha v chuyn sang cng on tip theo. - Cng on ny rt quan trng v nhm loi b nhng l hng khng t cht lng cm quan, hay khai thc khng hp l. - Ra sch bn ct ngoi v nghu loi b vi sinh vt gy bnh bm trn b mt v.

2. Cng on ngm, ra 2 : Mc ch: - Nng mui thch hp v lng khng kh st vo h ngm to u cho nghu sng v nh ct bn trong. - Ra li lm sch bn, ct m nghu nh ra trong khi ngm loi bt vi sinh vt trn b mt v. - Nghu sau khi ra nh nhng vo h ngm nc mui c h thng st kh. - dy ca nguyn liu khng qu 50 cm. - Sau khi ngm 4 6h tin hnh kim tra ct trong tht nghu bng cch dng dao tch v nu nghu sch ct th tt bm st kh x van y h cho cn nc, xc nghu vo st nha, ra nghu li mt ln na bng nc sch trc khi a vo luc. 3. Cng on luc:- Nghu sau khi ra nh nhng vo bng chuyn luc. Nhit bung luc duy tr ln hn hoc bng 100oC, t 1 n 3pht. Nghu sau khi luc chn c a i lm ngui. 4. Cng on lm ngui: - Nghu sau khi ra khi bng chuyn luc tip tc vo bng chuyn lm ngui c gin phun nc sch lm gim nhit trc khi chuyn sang cng on tch non. - Thi gian lm ngui 2-3 pht . Sau khi lm ngui nhit khong 35- 45oC - Lm ngui nghu c th thc hin cng on tch non d dng. Thit b luc & lm ngui kiu mi

+ Np liu + Luc + Lm ngui s b bng phun nc + Lm lnh bng b nc c hoc c dn lnh t trc tip trong b lnh th hai c bm tun hon. C b iu chnh vn tc bng ti xc nh chnh xc thi gian hp. Thit b c thit k d dng v sinh, ph hp vi tiu chun HACCP/FDA. Cng sut thit k theo yu cu ca khch hng. Ton b thit b ch to bng thp khng r m bo tui th cao, vn hnh khng s c. 5. Cng on tch non: Mc ch - Nhm t yu cu sn phm : khng st mnh v, khng rch t c tht.

- Nhit thch hp gip hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy bnh. - Nghu chn sau khi lm ngui c a n bn vi s liu thch hp, tch non nh nhng khi v, loi b cc mnh v b, v nghu chuyn sang cng on ph phm. - Cng nhn s dng tay c eo gng tch tht nghu ra khi v. Tht nghu c chuyn n cng on k tip sau. - Trong qu trnh tch non, non nghu c cha trong r t trong thao nc lnh nhit < 7oC.6. Cng on ra nc mui : Tht nghu c ra qua nc mui nng 18 22%. Tht nghu ni ln c vt i, v nghu v cc loi tp cht nng s c loi b cng on ny. Trong mi ln ra thi gian nh hn hoc bng 1 pht, c 15 pht x 1 ln, b sung thm mui v nc duy tr nng theo yu cu. Thay nc mui sau mi 2 gi lin tc. 6. Cng on ra nc mui: Mc ch - Nc mui nng 18 22 % c t trng cao gip tch ly ct ra khi non. - Nghu sau khi tch non nh nhng vo bn nc mui ( nng 18 22 % ) loi b tp cht v mnh v. - Trong mi ln ra thi gian nh hn hoc bng 1 pht. C 15 pht x mt ln b sung nc v mui duy tr nng theo yu cu. - Thay nc mui sau mi 2 gi lin tc. 7. Cng on ra 3: Mc ch: - Lm sch ct, tp cht cn st li trong nghu , loi b bt vi sinh vt v gim nng mui. - Nghu sau khi ra bng nc mui c ra tip trong bn nc lnh 3 ngn c vi chy lin tc. B sung vy thng xuyn m bo nhit nc nh hn hoc bng 5oC . Khong 30 pht thay nc mt ln. 8. Cng on sc kh: Mc ch - Lm sch ct v tp cht c trong nghu

- Nc lnh lm hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy bnh. - Nghu cha trong tng st inox t trong bn nc lnh c dn ng sc kh lin tc. - Thi gian sc kh 10 15 pht. Dng vy gi nhit nc nh hn hoc bng 10oC. - nghu t st li sang st nha sang cng on phn c - Khong 30 pht x cn nc, ra sch bn thay nc mi. 9. Cng on phn c : Vi mc ch: sn phm t ng u v c loi ht tp cht, ming cn st li. Phn loi nghu vn, nghu b rch tht. nghu c p hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy bnh, phi thng xuyn b sung thm vy gi nhit nghu 50C. Ty theo yu cu khch hng, cng nhn s cho phn c nh : 300/500, 500/800, 800/1000 con / kg. 10. Cng on ra 4: Mc ch : - Lm sch ct cn st li trong nghu - Nghu sau khi phn c c nhng ra trong bn 3 ngn c vi nc cha lin tc, c b sung vy thng xuyn m bo nhit nc <= 50C - Mi r cha khng qu nhng ra ln lt qua 3 ngn theo th t ngc dng nc chy. - Thi gian ra qua 3 ngn khng qu 1 pht. - Khong 30 pht thay nc mt ln. 11. Cp ng IQF: Bng chuyn IQF c vn hnh trc 1 gi t nhit -350C Nghu sau khi ra c ro trong 3 pht . Sau ri ln bng chuyn theo tng c nghu. Thi gian cp ng 8 14 pht theo tng c nghu. Nhit trung tm sn phm sau khi cp ng phi t -18oC nhm ngn nga s pht trin vi sinh vt gy bnh, bo qun lu di, gi c cht lng sn phm.

My cp ng IQF: - Sn phm trn bng ti i qua vng c nhng khe gi thi tc cao, cc

khe gi c b tr thi t trn xung trc tip vo sn phm v t di ln lm lnh bng ti, v c tip tc c thi gi lin tc t hai pha trong sut chiu di bung ng. - Bung ng c thit k mi khe gi khi thi n sn phm u to c hiu ng COANDA, hiu ng ny lm cho lung gi tip xc c xung quanh b mt sn phm lin tc, nn sn phm c ng nhanh v ng u, cht lng thnh phm t mc ti u vi nhit tm sn phm t mc 180C. - Hiu ng COANDA vi lung gi tc cao s lm cho sn phm c lm lnh cng (kh )nhanh xung quanh b mt ngoi ngay t lc bt u vo bung ng nn hn ch c tht thot nc trong sn phm.

12. Cng on cn, m bng, bao gi PE - Nghu sau khi cp ng c cn theo tng kch c ng 1kg 1 ln

cn. M bng phun sng vi nhit nc <=30C, cho vo ti PE sau hn kn ming ti li - Khi lng sn phm trn ti PE v t l m bng c th ty theo yu cu ca khch hng. - Nhit nc m bng phi thp khng lm tng qu mc nhit sn phm c cp ng. - Hn kn ming ti PE ngn chn vi sinh vt gy bnh xm nhp vo sn phm.

Cng dng:

Gim thiu gy, vn sn phm. Lm bng, p b mt sn phm. Trnh lm kh sn phm trong qu trnh tr lnh. Ngn nga sn phm co ngt trong bao gi. Cu to Thit b c thit k d dng v sinh, ph hp vi tiu chun HACCP/FDA.

Cng sut thit k theo yu cu ca khch hng. Ton b thit b ch to bng thp khng r m bo tui th cao, vn hnh khng s c. C b iu chnh vn tc bng ti xc nh chnh xc t l m bng. My hn ming bao

Bng ti c th iu chnh cao thp bng tay quay,iu chnh tc bng nm xoay. Thanh dn c th iu chnh c nhit v khong cch ph hp vi cc loi ti khc nhau nh PP, PE, Foil. My in c tranh b thit b iu chnh v tr ch in trn bao b. My c cu to bng thp khng g . 13. Cng on d kim loi: - m bo cht lng sn phm n tay ngi tiu dng. - Nhng mnh kim loi c kch thc ln gy hi n h thng tiu ha khi ngi tiu dng s dng phi. Do trit loi b sn phm b nhim kim loi - Sn phm sau khi gi PE c a tng ti qua my d kim loi. Nhng ti b my d bo pht hin c mnh kim loi >= 2mm s c

loi ra.

Tnh nng sn phm: v v v v nhy d kim loi c th iu chnh cho c kim loi mu v khng mu Sn phm c kim tra tt nht l thc phm ng lnh, hi sn v cc loi thc phm dng p My c thit k c kh nng chng n mn ca nc mn Tho lp khung my rt d dng, thun tin cho qu trnh bo dng

Cng dng

Gim thiu gy, vn sn phm. Lm bng, p b mt sn phm. Trnh lm kh sn phm trong qu trnh tr lnh. Ngn nga sn phm co ngt trong bao gi. Cu to Thit b c thit k d dng v sinh, ph hp vi tiu chun HACCP/FDA. Cng sut thit k theo yu cu ca khch hng. Ton b thit b ch to bng thp khng r m bo tui th cao, vn hnh khng s c. C b iu chnh vn tc bng ti xc nh chnh xc t l m bng.

14. Cng on ghi nhn bao gi carton: - Trn thng carton phi ghi y tn thng mi, tn khoa hc, c s trng lng tnh - Ngy sn xut, m s l hng, m vng thu hoch, m s nh my, tn a ch nh my, thi hn s dng - Sn phm sau khi d tm th c cho vo thng carton bng 4 giy , thi gian cho nhp vo kho ca tng thng carton khng qu 10 pht 15. Cng on bo qun: Mc ch - Bo qun trong kho lnh t0 =< -180C nhm khng ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy bnh. Hn ch ti a thi gian nhp kho m bo sn phm khng vt qu nhit bo qun. - Sp xp hp l li i thun li vic kim tra xut hng d dng. - To khong trng m bo tt lu thng khng kh lnh trong kho nhit n nh. - Sn phm sau khi bao gi carton nhanh chng a vo bo qun trong kho lnh nhit <= 180C - Sn phm c xp thnh tng l, phi c khong cch hp l gia cc sn phm vi nn, vch, trn kho, c li i thun li. - Thi gian bo qun lnh khng qu 24 thng. IIIYu cu: Ch tiu cm quan sn phm: Mu: trng n trng ng, khng c mu l hoc khc mu. Mi: mi c trng ca nghu, khng c mi l. V: ngt c trng, khng c v l. Trng thi: c tht sn chc, c u, bng phi c m u trn b mt sn phm, khng b dnh nhau. Khng cha tp cht.

ch tiu ha hc:

Hm lng tng s Nit baz bay hi 30mg/100g sn phm. Hm lng thy ngn 0.5mg/1kg sn phm. Hm lng ch 0.5mg/1kg sn phm. Hm lng Cadimi 1.0 mg/1kg sn phm. Hm lng c t gy mt tr nh (ASP) nh lng bng sc k lng cao p 20 g axit Domoic/100g sn phm. 3.Ch tiu vi sinh ca sn phm phi theo ng mc quy nh Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh chu nhit trung bnh (300C), tnh bng s khun lc trong 1g sn phm m = 50.000 M = 500.000 n=5 c=2 Vi sinh vt ch th v sinh - Staphylococcus aureus, tnh bng s khun lc trong 1g sn phm m = 100 M = 1000 n=5 c=2 - Coliform phn (44oC trong mi trng c), tnh bng s khun lc trong 1g sn phm, m = 10 M = 100 n=5 c=2 Hoc E. coli (trn mi trng c), tnh bng s khun lc trong1g sn phm m = 10

M = 10 Mt s hnh nh v nghu dng lnh c bn trn th trng