Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5 Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2009
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5 Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2009
Culture: the sum total of the beliefs, rules, techniques, institutions and artifacts that characterize human populations or the collective programming of the mind.
Socialization Process: The process of enculturation or the adoption of the behaviour patterns of the surrounding culture.
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Key Terms
Culture Savvy A working knowledge of the cultural variables affecting management decisions
Cultural Sensitivity or Cultural Empathy An awareness and an honest caring about another individuals culture.
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
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Culture
The acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior Cultural knowledge forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behavior Characteristics of culture include: Learned Shared Transgenerational Symbolic Patterned Adaptive
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
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Key Terms
Culture of a society Comprises the shared values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that are learned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society, and passed on to succeeding generations. What would be occasion in Pakistan that you considered cultural?
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
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Key Terms
Self reference criterion The unconscious reference point of ones own cultural values
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
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Key Terms
Parochialism Occurs when a Frenchman, for example, expects those of French origins in another country to automatically fall into patterns of behavior common in France Ethnocentrism Describes the attitude of those who operate from the assumption that their ways of doing things are best no matter where or under what conditions they are applied
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Elements of culture
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Table 5.1
Language
Language is critical to culture because it is the primary means used to transmit information and ideas. Knowledge of local language can:
permit a clearer understanding of a situation; provide access to local people; allows the person to pick up nuances, implied meanings, and other information that is not stated outright.
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Religion
Religions influence lifestyles, beliefs, values and attitudes and can have a dramatic effect on the way people in a society act toward each other and towards those in other societies. Religion also influences:
the work habits of people; the work and social customs (from the days of the week on which people work to their dietary habits); politics and business.
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Corporate culture
Corporate culture is a term used to characterize, how the managers and employees of particular companies tend to behave. Corporate culture is also used by human resource managers and senior management in their attempts to proactively shape the kind of behaviour (innovative, open, dynamic, etc.) they hope to nurture in their organizations. Promoting a distinctive corporate culture is also expected to enhance the sense of community and shared identity that underpins effective organizations.
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Ethics
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Figure 5.2
Source: Hofstede, G. (1983). The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories, Journal of International Business Studies, Fall, p. 92. Copyright Geert Hofstede
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
whether individual rights and values are dominant or subordinate to those of the collective society. 3. Neutral culture vs. emotional culture:
Neutral culture: A culture in which emotions are held in check. Emotional culture: A culture in which emotions are expressed openly and naturally.
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
and generosity.
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Organizational Culture
A pattern of basic assumptions - invented, discovered, or
That has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
organization's environment may determine internal organizational culture Globalization also affects organizational culture
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
behavior.
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Culture-Free Approach
It argues that technology, policies, rules, organizational structure, and other variables that contribute to efficiency and effectiveness make national culture irrelevant for management.
McDonalds fast food service World Disney IKEA
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
McDonald's Restaurants
Pakistan
Types of the restaurant Food adaptation Service adaptation Perceptions of jobs Workplace culture Employee commitment
U.S.
Fast food life style Convenience Temporary jobs High turnover rate Standard food items
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Organizational culture
Narrower Manageable Secondary socialization Subcultures
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009
Alan M Rugman and Simon Collinson, International Business, 5th Edition, Pearson Education Limited 2009