Gio trnh k thut thit

b phn ng ha hc

MC LC
PHN I :K THUT PHN NG ........................................................................................4
I

PHN LOI CC PHN NG HO HC .................................................................4

II

CC KHI NIM C BN CA QU TRNH CHUYN HO HO HC ......... 5

II.1
CC KHI NIM C BN ....................................................................................5
II.1.a
Phn loi h........................................................................................................5
II.1.b
Phng trnh t lng .........................................................................................5
II.1.c
Bc phn ng ()..............................................................................................6
II.1.d
Hiu sut chuyn ho Xi.....................................................................................6
II.1.e
chn la (Si) ca cht tham gia phn ng Ai chuyn ho thnh sn phm
7
Ai
II.1.f Hiu sut tnh cho tng sn phm (Ri)...................................................................7
II.2
NG HO HC ..................................................................................................11
II.2.a
Vn tc phn ng ho hc................................................................................11
II.2.b
Phng trnh ng hc.....................................................................................12
II.2.c
Mt s v d ......................................................................................................13
II.3
NHIT NG HA HC.....................................................................................15
II.3.a
Nhng nguyn l c bn ca nhit ng hc ...................................................15
II.3.b
Phng trnh trng thi....................................................................................15
II.3.c
Nhit phn ng .................................................................................................16
II.3.d
Cn bng ho hc.............................................................................................17

PHN II : THIT B PHN NG .......................................................................................20

I

I CNG...................................................................................................................20
I.1
PHN LOI THIT B PHN NG ...................................................................20
I.1.a Theo pha ca h....................................................................................................20
I.1.b iu kin tin hnh qu trnh ...............................................................................20
I.1.c Theo iu kin thy ng......................................................................................20
I.2
PHN LOI CC THIT B PHN NG THEO PHNG THC LM
VIC 21
I.2.a Thit b phn ng gin on : ..............................................................................21
I.2.b Thit b phn ng lin tc : ..................................................................................21
I.2.c Thit b phn ng bn lin tc : ...........................................................................22
I.3
NHIM V THIT K THIT B PHN NG .................................................22
I.4
CN BNG VT CHT V CN BNG NHIT TNG QUT..................... 22
I.4.a Cn bng vt cht.................................................................................................22
I.4.b Cn bng nhit .....................................................................................................23

II

M T MT S DNG THIT B PHN NG NG TH C BN............... 23

II.1
THIT B PHN NG LIN TC ....................................................................................23
II.1.a
Thit b phn ng dng ng : ...........................................................................23

K thut - Thit b phn ng

ThS. L th Nh

2
II.1.b
Thit b phn ng dng khuy trn l tng ....................................................26
II.1.c
Thit b phn ng nhiu ngn (tag) ..............................................................29
II.2
THIT B PHN NG GIN ON..................................................................................30
II.2.a
Thit b phn ng khuy trn hot ng gin on :.......................................30
III

P DNG PHNG TRNH THIT K...............................................................33

III.1 SO SNH CC THIT B PHN NG N .....................................................33

III.1.a Thit b phn ng khuy trn hot ng n nh v thit b phn ng dng ng
vi phn ng bc mt v bc hai......................................................................................33
III.1.b nh hng ca s bin i t l nng ban u ca tc cht trong phn ng
bc hai 35
III.2 H NHIU THIT B PHN NG......................................................................38
III.2.a Thit b phn ng dng ng mc ni tip v / hoc mc song song ................ 38
III.2.b Thit b phn ng khuy trn bng nhau mc ni tip (thit b phn ng nhiu
ngn)
39
IV

HIU NG NHIT .............................................................................................42

IV.1
IV.2
IV.3
V

KHI NIM V HIU NG NHIT ............................................................42

THIT B PHN NG KHUY TRN HOT NG N NH ................... 43
THIT B PHN NG DNG NG....................................................................44

THIT K H PHN NG D TH ..........................................................................46

V.1
PHN LOI H PHN NG D TH.................................................................46
V.1.a
Phn ng kh - rn : .........................................................................................46
V.1.b
Phn ng lng - rn : .......................................................................................46
V.1.c
Phn ng kh - lng - rn .................................................................................46
V.1.d
Phn ng lng - lng ........................................................................................46
V.1.e
Phn ng kh - lng ..........................................................................................46
V.2
P DNG VO THIT K...................................................................................46
V.3
PHN NG XC TC RN.................................................................................47
V.3.a
Khi nim v cht xc tc.................................................................................47
V.3.b
C ch ca phn ng h kh vi cht xc tc rn (2 pha)................................52
V.3.c
Thit b phn ng xc tc rn mt pha lu th (kh hoc lng) .......................54
V.3.d
Thit b phn ng xc tc rn nhiu pha..........................................................60
V.4
PHN NG RN - LU CHT KHONG XUC TAC ...............................................................63
V.4.a
i cng .........................................................................................................63
V.4.b
M hnh phn ng.............................................................................................64
V.4.c
Vn tc phn ng theo m hnh li cha chuyn ha ......................................65

K thut - Thit b phn ng

ThS. L th Nh

M U
Thit b phn ng l cc thit b trng tm ca a s cc qu trnh bin i ha hc.
Ngi ta nh ngha thit b phn ng l thit b m trong xy ra cc phn ng ha
hc, ngha l cc thit b chuyn ha cc cht tham gia phn ng thnh cc sn phm ha
hc.
Ni dung ch yu ca gio trnh ny l i su vo c ch cc qu trnh phn ng, quy lut
v ng dng quy lut gii quyt mt s vn cng ngh, c bit l cc qu trnh phn
ng thng gp trong cng ngh ha hc cc hp cht v c v hu c. Sau , chng ta s
kho st cc loi thit b phn ng khc nhau c s dng trong lnh vc lc - ho du cng
nh s nghin cu nguyn l hot ng v phng php thit k cc loi thit b phn ng ny
(s a ra cc trng hp tnh ton c th) .
Nhng phn ng xy ra trong thit b phn ng khng ch l nhng phn ng ha hc
tun theo nhng nh lut v bin i cht thun tu m cn bao gm nhiu qu trnh khc
cng xy ra v tc ng qua li ln nhau. Mi qu trnh phn ng u c km theo qu trnh
thu nhit hoc to nhit (nhit ha hc). Nhit ha hc ny lm thay i nhit ca phn
ng, do nh hng n tc phn ng v cht lng sn phm. Do yu cu v cht
lng sn phm cng nh trnh sinh ra nhiu cc phn ng ph to ra cc sn phm khng
mong mun, mi phn ng cn thc hin mt ch nhit nht nh v nh vy i hi
phi c qu trnh trao i nhit. i vi nhng phn ng d th, qu trnh trao i vt cht
gia cc pha cng tun theo c ch ca qu trnh chuyn khi v do cng nh hng n
tc phn ng. Ngoi ra, ch thu ng lc trong thit b cng nh hng n qu trnh
phn ng.
Nh vy, cc qu trnh xy ra trong thit b phn ng l qu trnh tng hp bao gm qu
trnh thu lc, truyn nhit, chuyn khi v phn ng ha hc.
Gio trnh ny c ging dy sau mn ho l v ho cng. V vy, nm vng cc
kin thc cn thit ca mn hc, chng ta cn phi n li cc ni dung c lin quan v :
-

Nhit ng ha hc

ng ha hc

Thu lc hc

Cc qu trnh chuyn khi

Cc qu trnh trao i nhit

K thut - Thit b phn ng

ThS. L th Nh

PHN I :K THUT PHN NG

I

PHN LOI CC PHN NG HO HC

Theo cc tiu chun sp xp khc nhau, c th c cc loi phn ng khc nhau.

Bng1 : Cc loi phn ng
Tiu chun phn loi Loi phn ng ha hc
-

C ch phn ng

phn ng mt chiu

phn ng hai chiu (thun nghch)

phn ng song song :

phn ng ni tip

phn ng n gin (qu trnh bin i ha hc ch xy ra theo

mt loi trao i nguyn t)

phn ng phc tp (ng thi xy ra nhiu phn ng)

S phn t tham
gia phn ng

phn ng n phn t

phn ng hai, a phn t

Bc phn ng

phn ng bc 1, bc 2 , ...

phn ng bc s nguyn, bc phn s

phn ng ng tch, ng nhit, ng p, on nhit, a bin

nhit (l phn ng c trao i nhit vi mi trng xung quanh
nhng khng t c ch ng nhit, nhit ca hn hp
phn ng thay i theo thi gian v khng gian)

phn ng gin on, lin tc, bn lin tc

phn ng ng th : phn ng xy ra trong h ng nht, cc

cu t tham gia trong h cng mt trng thi pha (kh, lng)

phn ng d th : phn ng xy ra trong h khng ng nht,

cc cu t tham gia phn ng trng thi t hai pha tr ln (h
2 pha nh : kh-rn, lng-rn, kh-lng, h 3 pha : kh-lng-rn)

iu kin thc
hin phn ng

Trng thi pha

ca h phn ng

K thut - Thit b phn ng

ThS. L th Nh

69

V.4.c.3 Giai on phn ng ha hc l giai on kim sot

Trong trng hp ny, phn ng khng chu nh hng ca lp tro m ch ph thuc vo b
mt ngoi ca li : Sc = 4 rc2 . Do , biu thc vn tc phn ng c cho bi cc phng
trnh (1), (2) v (3) :

1
4 rc2

dN B
b dN A
=

= b k r C Ak
dt
4 rc2 dt

(8)

Vi kr l hng s vn tc phn ng bc mt xy ra trn b mt li, s-1

Kt hp (5) v (3), ta c :

1
4 rc2

4 B rc2 drc
dr
= B c = b k r C Ak
dt
dt

rc

B drc = b k r C Ak dt

Hay :

t=

Suy ra, thi gian cn thit t n chuyn ha no :

Thi gian ht rn phn ng hon ton rc = 0, ta c : =

B
(R rc )
bkr CAk

BR
b k r C Ak

(9)

r
t
= 1 c = 1 (1 x B )1 / 3

V.4.c.4 Biu thc vn tc trong trng hp tng qut

Cc tr lc trrn xy ra ni tip nhau, do ta c th kt hp cc tr lc ny theo 2 cch :
Thi gian cn thit t n chuyn ha no l tng thi gian cn thit vt
t = t phim + t tro + t loi
qua tng tr lc ny :
Hay khi chuyn ha hon ton : = phim + tro + loi
Kt hp cc tr lc ring cho biu thc vn tc tng qut :

( rA ) =

Hay

drc
=
dt

b CA
1 dN A

=
S0 dt
1 R (R rc ) R 2
+
+ 2
kk
rc D Ae
rc k r
b CB
B

rc2
R2 kk

(R rc )rc
R D Ae

1
+
kr

(9)

Ta thy rng tr lc thay i theo rc ngha l theo s tin trin ca phn ng. T lc ht rn
bt u phn ng cho n khi phn ng hon ton th tr lc trung bnh ca 3 giai on l :

K thut - Thit b phn ng

ThS. L th Nh

70

CA
1 dN A

= k r CA =
1
R
3
S0 dt
+
+
k r 2D Ae k r

(7)

V d :
Nung qung ZnS :
1- Di dng cc ht hnh cu ng knh 2 mm trong mt dng kh cha 8% oxygen
900oC. Phn ng xy ra theo phng trnh sau :
2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2
gi s phn ng xy ra theo m hnh li cha chuyn ha, tnh thi gian cn thit chuyn
ha ton b ht
2- Lp li qu trnh tnh ton trn vi ng knh ht l 0,2 mm
Bit : -

khi lng ring ca ht rn : 4,13 kg/m3

hng s vn tc phn ng : kr = 2 cm/s

p sut : 1 at

h s khuych tn : DAe = 0,08 cm2/s

K thut - Thit b phn ng

ThS. L th Nh