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Section 7
Fluid Measurements
Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................... 7-2 Objectives............................................................................................................. 7-2 Fluid & Flow Measurements ........................................................................... 7-3 Well Effluent Tests............................................................................................... 7-5 Determining Shrinkage....................................................................................... 7-5 Other Measurements.......................................................................................... 7-7 Field Data.............................................................................................................. 7-8 Corrected Oil Rate..................................................................................................7-10 Water Rates.................................................................................................. 7-12 Ratios............................................................................................................ 7-13 Sampling Of Well Effluent............................................................................. 7-14
Fluid Measurements
Introduction
The section contains information on the Well Effluents and Oil Calculations. Objectives After completing this section, you should be able to Understand what we mean by fluid measurements Know what a well effluents Test is. Know how to carry out a shrinkage on separator. Know what field data to take during a test. Know how to use this data to work out an oil rate. Know how to work out a water rate. Know some of the ratios used. Intro to Sampling Well effluent.
Fluid Measurements
3. Water rate
4. Gas / condensate / oil / water samples taken for analysis Oil burner supply pressures 1. Oil supply 2. Air supply 3. Water supply 4. Igniter gas supply
Fluid Measurements
Determining Shrinkage: We covered this subject in Well Test Manual 1, this is therefore a refresher on Shrinkage. Measurement of Shrinkage with Shrinkage Tester A diagram of the shrinkage tester is given. It operates as follows: 1. Close liquid inlet valve. 2. Open liquid bleed valve. 3. Close gas decompression valve. 4. Open gas inlet valve slowly, purge shrinkage tester by allowing gas to flow out oil bleed valve. 5. Close oil bleed valve and allow shrinkage tester to reach separator pressure.
Issued May 2007 Revision 1 5 Fluid Measurements
Meter Test and Shrinkage Measurement in Tank Should be taken at least once during each flow rate where conditions permit. 1. Divert flow to tank. 2. Allow stroke of oil dump valve to stabilize. 3. Simultaneously take initial tank and meter readings. 4. Wait (allow sufficient volume to significantly reduce any errors larger volume smaller the error). Note oil meter run temperature. 5. At the exact end time, take the final meter reading.
Issued May 2007 Revision 1 6 Fluid Measurements
The simple procedure is to fill the scale's cup with the liquid sample and replace the lid allowing some sample to squeeze out the vent. After wiping off the cup's exterior place the scale on the base's fulcrum rest. Move the rider until the scale is in
Fluid Measurements
Procedure With a finger plugging the lower outlet, pour the sample through the top screen until the level reaches the under side of the screen. Remove finger immediately from outlet and measure the number of seconds for a quart of sample to run out. Report funnel viscosity in seconds. Note: Time for a quart of clean fresh water at 70oF is 26 (+.5) seconds. Field Data Time Day and Time. Record date and time for each reading - for time use 24 hour clock. Flow or shut in time. Use to record actual flow time or shut in time in hours.
Wellhead Data Wellhead temperature. Temperature of flow stream measured upstream of any choke. Tubing pressure. Surface pressure of well measured upstream of any choke. Casing pressure. Pressure of casing annulus recorded with the same frequency as tubing pressure. Heater choke. A record of the choke(s) sizes used on the heater during the test. Normally recorded in 64th inch increments.
Fluid Measurements
Downhole Data BHP w/ depth. A record of bottom hole pressures during the test obtained from a certain depth in the well, usually near the perforations. BHT w/ depth. A record of bottom hole temperatures during the test obtained from a certain depth in the well, usually near the perforations.
Gas Metering Orifice size. The sizes of the orifice plates used during the course of the test. Ensure the size is recorded accurately or inaccuracies in the gas rate will result. Static pressure. A record of the pressures at the separator's gas meter run, downstream of the orifice plate. Temperature. This column is to record the temperature of the gas downstream of the orifice on the gas meter run. Differential pressure. The difference of pressure measured across the orifice plate in units of inches of water. Gas gravity. A record of the gas gravity as compared to air with a specific gravity of 1. Usually measured by a Ranarex, its frequency will depend upon operational conditions. %N2, %H2S, %CO2. The percentages of non-hydrocarbon constituents that will be deducted from the calculated gas rates. Measurements are typically determined by use of Draeger tubes or similar devices.
Oil or Condensate Metering #1 Tank. Used to record the readings from the primary oil or condensate tank. Header should note whether barrels or inches are being registered. It is extremely important that these readings are taken at exact time intervals or significant errors could result. #2 Tank. Used to record the readings from the secondary oil or condensate tank. Header should note whether barrels or inches are being registered. It is extremely important that these readings are taken at exact time intervals or significant errors could result. #1/#2 Oil temperature. This column is used to record the measured oil temperatures at the volume measurement points. For meter readings, the temperature should be obtained from the oil meter run and not from the separator vessel or gas meter run. For tank readings, the temperature should be an average tank temperature obtained during the tank strap.
Fluid Measurements
Example: After using a shrinkage tester, the shrinkage was determined to be 8%. The weathering factor would therefore be .92. Wf = 1 - shrinkage Wf = 1 - .08 Wf = .92 BS&W. Basic sediment and water is measured by centrifuging a sample of oil being metered and determining the amount of sediment and water as a percentage. The oil BS&W should not be confused with the clean-up BS&W obtained prior to separation, normally at the data header or choke manifold. Each should be recorded in a different appropriate place.
Water Metering #1 Tank. Used to record the readings from the primary water tank. Header should note whether barrels or inches are being registered. It is important that these readings are taken at exact time intervals or significant errors could result. #2 Tank. Used to record the readings from the secondary water tank. Header should note whether barrels or inches are being registered. It is important that these readings are taken at exact time intervals or significant errors could result. Salinity. A record of the salinity of produced water indicating the degree of formation water present. Value is obtained by titration, resistivity, refractometer or hydrometer method. Meter reading. Used to record the readings from the primary water meter. Column is a running total of barrels being registered by the meter. It is extremely important that these readings are taken at exact time intervals or significant errors could result. Since temperature has minimal effect on water's thermal expansion, water temperature is not needed.
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Fluid Measurements
1 - BSW/100 This factor is a means of converting the BS&W percentage to a non-BS&W or remaining oil factor.
Example: Upon centrifuging a sample of oil obtained from the oil dump line, a BS&W of 2% was measured. The factor for the remaining oil is .98. (1 - BSW/100) = (1 - 2/100) = (1 - .02) = .98 Therefore, multiplying the measured volumes times .98 would discount the water and sediments. Vo This volume is the volume of stock tank oil at standard conditions produced during the time interval between successive meter readings. It is found by multiplying the various factors times each other. Vo = Vm x Cmf x K x (1 - BSW/100)
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Fluid Measurements
Calculation 1 Cmf = Vt (Final reading) - Vt (Initial reading) X K Vm (Final reading) - Vm (Initial reading) X K Vo = Vm x Cmf x K x (1 - BSW/100) Qo = Vo x Time factor Note: The Cmf is worked out this way when we use the tank to calculate the shrinkage (Wf). The tank must be given enough time to allow for total shrinkage. This would be the preferred method of calculating the oil rate as the shrinkage would be more accurate. You must take the K factor into consideration when calculating the Volume Tank, as the temperature in the Tank will more than likely be different from 60oF (Standard temperature condition). This should be taken into consideration for the other calculations as well. Calculation 2 In this calculation we use two other factors: Mf This a meter factor and only takes into consideration the difference in fluid flowing through the meter under standard conditions and not with shrinkage. The shrinkage is calculated next.
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Fluid Measurements
Cmf = Mf x Wf (From this point on the calculation is the same as in Calculation 1) Volume Oil = Volume Meter x Cf x K factor (1-BSW/100) Q oil = Volume oil x Time factor Calculation 3 Calculation 3 is based on a situation when you are two phasing and only measuring gas and liquid leaving the separator. (not separating the oil and water). In this case the only difference from Calculation 1 is that the BS&W is taken from downstream side of the choke. All other calculations remain the same.
NOTE: Shrinkage is the biggest factor we take into consideration when calculating an oil rate. If we are doing a calculation using the calibration tank to prove the Mf then the shrinkage done at the separator is not accurate because flowing to the tank we are continually losing gas from the oil through the back pressure valve. We therefore have already some shrinkage. Using the tank and taking the shrinkage from it, is the most accurate measurement. Water Rates Since water is virtually unaffected by changes in thermal expansion and shrinkage, water volume readings do not require the same correction factors as oil. A meter factor (M) may be necessary if the water meter is registering in error and tank readings are not being used to measure the volumes produced. Water flow rate (Qw) This rate is achieved by converting the water volume (Vw) since the previous reading to a daily rate (BPD) by using a suitable multiplication factor. A water volume (Vw) produced in x minutes would require a multiplication factor of y to determine a daily rate. Factor equals (24 x 60) / x. X 15 30
Issued May 2007 Revision 1 13
Y 96 48
Fluid Measurements
Note: Units used for ratios (such as SCF/D, MSCF/D or MMSCF/D) should result in a significant answer. Example - Suppose the test rates involved produced at a GOR of 123,003 SCF per barrel of oil. A better indicator would be realized by changing to MSCF/D per oil BPD, resulting in a GOR of 123 MSCF/BBL. Whatever units are used should be legibly noted on the test report's column header. Sampling of Well Effluent An accurate determination of the characteristics of the reservoir fluids is essential for engineers to set the parameters on which future production will depend. This section describes methods by which satisfactory samples of the well reservoir fluids can be obtained. The pertinent properties of the samples are determined by subsequent laboratory testing. The prime objective of reservoir fluid sampling is to collect from a hydrocarbon reservoir a sample that is representative of the fluid present in the reservoir at the time of sampling. The two methods for sampling reservoir fluids are described: Subsurface sampling Surface sampling
The choice of method is influenced by the type of reservoir fluid the producing characteristics and mechanical condition of the well.
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Fluid Measurements