Primary Sources:

Brophy, Leo P., and George J. B. Fisher.The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field. Washington: Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept. of the Army, 1959. Print.
We used this book mostly as it applies to the development of defense technology against chemical weapons and to analyze the failings of chemical defense technology that made it necessary to eliminate chemical weapons to sufficiently protect soldiers and civilians.

Haber, Fritz. "The Synthesis of Ammonia from Its Elements." Nobel Lecture. 2 June 1920. Lecture.<http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/haber -lecture.pdf>
This speech explains Habers revolutionary process of binding nitrogen into ammonia which proved crucial to the development of modern fertilizer but also could easily be converted to nitrates that were used in explosives. This process lead to his later appointment to the head of Germanys chemical warfare division.

"Laws of War - Declaration on the Use of Projectiles the Object of Which is the Diffusion of Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases; July 29, 1899." The Avalon Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Mar. 2014. <http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/dec99-02.asp>.
This transcript of part of the Hague Convention of 1899 regarding the ban on weapons designed to use chemical gasses represents one of the more concrete first steps in discouraging nations from using chemical weapons even though the wording expressed here contained obvious loopholes that could be and were exploited.

Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Chemical Weapons Convention. Paris: n.p., 1993. Web. 20 Dec. 2013. <http://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/articles/>.
The articles of the Chemical Weapons Convention demonstrate the latest evolution of chemical weapon bans. We used these articles to analyze the increased severity and effectiveness of chemical weapon bans on the international level as an indication of the evolving concepts about the rights of participants in war and the international responsibility that has been assumed in regards to limiting the ability to wage chemical warfare.

"Peace Treaty of Versailles." 1919. TS. Birmingham Young University, Versailles. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. <http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versa/versa4.html>.
This document is a transcript of the Treaty of Versailles, article 171 of which we used as it applies

to the banning of chemical weapons in Germany after WWI. We quoted this treaty as a limited however also new type of ban that was intended to prevent possession of chemical weapons for the first time.

Sanders, Gold V. "Army Guards Against Poison Gas." Popular Science Feb. 1945: 10611.Google Books. Popular Science. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. <http://books.google.com/books?id=AyEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA106#v=twopage&q &f=true>
This Popular Science magazine from 1945 reflects how commonplace thoughts on chemical weapons and defense against them has been during times of war even after the Geneva Protocol but before the CWC in 1993. These type of publications are important to note as they reflect the desire of both soldier and civilian to be protected from such chemical weapons.

The League of Nations. The Geneva Protocol of 1925. Geneva, Switzerland: n.p., 1925. Print. <http://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Bio/pdf/Status_Protocol.pdf>
This is a transcript of a portion of the Geneva Protocol of 1975 that applies to the banning of chemical weapons in war, as defined as asphyxiating, poisonous, or other gasses. We used this document to analyze the effectiveness of this ban in limiting the use of different varieties of chemical weapons after 1925 and also its failures in not preventing the production and stockpiling of chemical weapons. Additionally it fails to recognize the use of herbicides in warfare.

The Zyklon-B Case: Trial of Bruno Tesch and Two Others. 9 93-103. British Military Court. 8 Mar. 1946. Print.
This is the court record of a trial for war crimes committed by Bruno Tesch and some of his business affiliates including the distribution of their product, Zyklon-B, to be used by the Nazis to murder Jewish people in various concentration camps. This source provides insight into another terrible side of the chemical weapon issue, where civilians are killed by governments using these methods.

Secondary Sources:
"Basic Facts on Chemical Disarmament." History of the Chemical Weapons Convention. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Mar. 2014. <http://www.opcw.org/newspublications/publications/history-of-the-chemical-weapons-convention/>.
This source gives a very thorough explanation of the development and historical uses of chemical weapons and how they influenced the Chemical Weapons Convention to eliminate the loopholes of previous conventions. The CWC is summarized here along with several figures that demonstrate its effectiveness.

BBC. "Gas Warfare in the First World War." YouTube. Ed. John Kerry. YouTube, 12 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Apr. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QxtB6s4oM>.
This documentary and interviews were used in our website to offer another medium to portray the physical and especially the psychological damage that chemical weapons cause that resulted in them requiring special attention. The horrific nature of these weapons is crucial to understanding why it is a nations responsibility to prevent their use.

"Chemical and Biological Weapons." ICRC. International Committee of the Red Cross, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. <http://www.icrc.org/eng/war-andlaw/weapons/chemical-biological-weapons/overview-chemical-biologicalweapons.htm>.
This website offered good background information on the Geneva Protocol of 1925 and how it influenced and was supplemented by the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993, however this source also discusses how both weapon bans did not limit use of domestic use of riot control agents.

"Chemical Warfare." National Library of Medicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Mar. 2014. <http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/enviro/chemicalwarfare.html>.
This source breaks down all the different types of chemical weapons by category and effect. It was useful in demonstrating the severity of many agents that makes them so inhumane.

Craggs, Ryan. "What Is Sarin? A Lethal Nerve Gas That Kills In Minutes." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 1 Sept. 2013. Web. 2 Mar. 2014. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/01/what-is-sarin_n_3853044.html>.
This article gives some historical details about various chemical weapons attacks using Sarin gas and also explains the effects and danger associated with this particular chemical agent.

Croddy, Eric; Perez-Armendariz, Clarissa; Hart, John (2002). Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned Citizen . Copernicus Books
This book furnished excellent information on everything from descriptions of the different varieties of chemical weapons and their qualities, the history of development and use of these weapons, and the paralleling history of chemical weapon bans and attempted bans along with an analysis of the individual bans effectiveness and significance.

Fitzgerald, Gerard. "Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I." US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 2

Mar. 2014. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2376985/>.

This article gives a history of chemical weapon and defense development along with accounts of many gas attack survivors that gives an excellent view into the horrific casualties that resulted from gas attacks throughout World War I along with a unique perspective into the logistical issues that plagued development and production of chemical weapons and often caused industrial worker casualties.

"Fritz Haber's Experiments in Life and Death." Smithsonian. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/fritz-habers-experiments-inlife-and-death-114161301/?no-ist>.iraq
This website explains some of Fritz Habers contributions to both the scientific community and the German war effort as the head of its efforts to use chemical weapons in WWI. It also gives accounts to the very first use of chlorine gas at the Battle of Ypres in WWI.

"History of Iran: Chemical Warfare In The Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988." Iran Chamber Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2014.
<http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/chemical_warfare_iran_iraq_war.php>.
This source was helpful in analyzing the use of chemical weapons in the Iran-Iraq war and had supplemental information with background to the types of weapon and the investigation surrounding the confirmation of these attacks.

"Introduction to Chemical Weapons ." Federation of American Scientists. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Mar. 2014. <http://www.fas.org/programs/bio/chemweapons/introduction.html>.
This website was useful in its information regarding historical uses of various chemical weapons throughout the 20th century including between the two World Wars. The production and development of different varieties of chemical agents was described including how these activities changed in response to chemical weapon banning treaties after wars concluded.

"Iran-Iraq-War-1980-to-1988-Halabcheh Chemical Bombing.mp4." YouTube. YouTube, 02 Feb. 2012. Web. 21 Apr. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Qu2elDd0lE>.
This video was used in the historical uses section of the website as it offers first hand accounts of one of the chemical weapon massacres that have occurred more recently and offered stimuli to the movement to ban and destroy chemical stockpiles.

Jones, Simon. "Yellow Cross: The Advent of Mustard Gas in 1917." Simon Jones Historian. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2014.

<http://simonjoneshistorian.wordpress.com/2014/02/04/yellow-cross-the-adventof-mustard-gas-in-1917/>.
This source gives crucial insight into the significance of Mustard Gas in the history of chemical weapons and also evaluates the central role Fritz Haber played in bringing about the height of chemical warfare in WWI.

Kaufman, Robert G. Arms Control during the Prenuclear Era: The United States and Naval Limitation between the Two World Wars. N.p.: Columbia U., 1990. Print.
This book discusses a variety of attempts at arms control including the Washington Arms Conference and the latest Chemical Weapons Convention, this source was of some use as it included chemical weapons in its discussion of various weapon bans, and explained some of the intentions of these conventions along with their ultimate successes or failures.

"Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)." U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2014. <http://www.state.gov/t/isn/4784.htm>.
This source contains primary source information regarding a transcript of the Geneva Protocol of 1925 along with information as to the background for this protocol including its influences from previous treaties such as the Washington Arms Conference. This source also gives accounts of failings of the protocol including the use of non-lethal chemical agents in Vietnam.

Reagan, Ronald. "April 4, 1984: Chemical Weapon Ban." ABC News. ABC News, 10 Feb. 2010. Web. 22 Apr. 2014. <http://abcnews.go.com/Archives/video/april1984-ban-chemical-weapons-9797052>.
This video of Ronald Reagan announcing the beginning of the Chemical Weapons Convention demonstrates the expectations many had for the convention and gives some of the reasoning behind the realized need for such a weapons ban. This video was used as part of the CWC section of the website.

"The Australia Group." The Australia Group. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Mar. 2014. <http://www.australiagroup.net/en/index.html>.
This website explains the purpose for The Australia Group and also elaborates on how this group influenced the terms of the Chemical Weapons Convention regarding limiting the trading of chemical precursors to weapons in effort to reduce the spread and ease of production of these weapons.

The Militarily Critical Technologies List Part II: Weapons of Mass Destruction

Technologies (ADA 330102), "Chemical Weapons Technology" - U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology. Feb. 1998. Print. 17 Feb. 2014.
This article had several very useful charts and graphics that demonstrated the history of chemical weapon technology, both offensive and defensive. This source also provided a history of chemical weapon uses and detailed reports on what countries possess chemical weapons and the different types there are.

"UNODA - Chemical Weapons." United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. UN, n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2014. <http://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Chemical/>.
The UNs website analyzes the effectiveness of the Geneva Protocol and the Chemical Weapons Convention in limiting both the use and stockpiling of chemical weapons throughout the 20th century. It was useful in comparing the two treaties.

"'War of Nerves': A History of Chemical Weapons." Interview. National Public Radio. NPR, 8 May 2006. Radio.
This interview offers insight into some of the issues that confront chemical weapon bans and their enforcement. We used this source in analyzing some of the chemical weapons bans and also in giving background to specific chemical weapons.

Images:
Allied Soldiers Near a First Aid Post, Blinded by Gas During WWI. Digital image. ICRC.org. International Committee of the Red Cross, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. <http://www.icrc.org/eng/war-and-law/weapons/chemical-biological-weapons/v-phist-00321-z.jpg>.
This picture was used to demonstrate the terrible effects chemical weapons signature to WWI could have on people that were often very disabling. Scenes like this proved to be powerful motivators to limit chemical weapons.

Childs WWII Gas Mask. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2014. <http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/22/article-2346655-1A756949000005DC797_634x743.jpg>.
This image demonstrates many issues associated with chemical weapons including their potential to affect civilians including children and the psychological stress and fear they bring even in just having to be prepared for the possibility of a gas attack.

Fritz Haber. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. <http://www.rugusavay.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Fritz-Haber-7.jpg>.
This image of Fritz Haber was used to identify him in the informational section about him.

Production of Tabun Nerve Agent. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. <http://www.environet.eu/tox/arbeiter.jpg>.
This image is of German chemists working of Tabun, the deadly nerve agent. While never used in WWII it still has posed a threat since its development even though more toxic nerve agents have since been developed.

Rabbit Being Used to Test for Sarin Gas. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. <http://static6.businessinsider.com/image/521f69d4ecad041d3cff53431200-924/sarintestrabbit.jpg>.
This image show a rabbit being used to test for sarin gas leaks at a Colorado facility in 1970, reflecting the extreme danger that even possessing weapons like this presents.

Russian Chemical Weapon Board Game. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Jan. 2014. <http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_TSxzb12aSg/S8ThxMkD44I/AAAAAAAAD34/AL4hcGRU28I/s1600/0_27874_35b23 c7d_L.jpg>.
This image is of a board game that was made by A. V. Kulkin during the Soviet period of 1925. It was made to teach the kids that chemical weapons during WWI were disastrous.

Russian Officers Releasing Tear Gas During Training Manoeuvres on Newmarket Heath, 1919. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2014. <http://www.newmarketlhs.org.uk/Russian%20Officers.JPG>.
This picture was used as part of the section on the various types of chemical weapons to give a visual for the category of weapons commonly known as Tear Gas.

Sanders, Gold V. "Army Guards Against Poison Gas." Popular Science Feb. 1945: 106-11.Google Books. Popular Science. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. <http://books.google.com/books?id=AyEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA106#v=twopage&q &f=true>
This source, while also used for its primary source information had several photographs we used to reflect the relative defense technology during the period around 1945 including many early warning detection mechanisms.

Sargent, John Singer. Gassed. N.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2014.

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Sargent,_John_Singer_(R A)_-_Gassed_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg>.
This painting was used because it captures much of the brutality of chemical weapons that makes them so unique and necessary to control in order to respect the rights of all people caught up in the conflict.

Soldier Wearing Gas Protection Gear. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2014. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/WWII/Preps/SC180798.jpg>.
This image was used to demonstrate some of the measure that had to be taken to protect people from chemical weapons, and was used in the banner on many of our pages.

Symbol of the OPCW. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8d/OPCW_logo.gif>.
This logo was used on the Chemical Weapons Conference page because the OPCW was a crucial accomplishment of the CWC that made it a much more effective and meaningful ban than previous ones.

The Hague Convention of 1899. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/The_First_International_P eace_Conference,_the_Hague,_May_-_June_1899_HU67224.jpg>.
This picture is of the delegates of the Hague Convention of 1899 and was used in the section for the history of chemical weapon bans because this convention was one of the most important steps taken to eliminating chemical weapons.

The Militarily Critical Technologies List Part II: Weapons of Mass Destruction Technologies (ADA 330102), "Chemical Weapons Technology" - U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology. Feb. 1998. Print. 17 Feb. 2014.
We used a chart of relative development of defense and offensive chemical weapon technology along with a comparison to what the latest bans on these weapons were and any violations of these bans that occurred. This worked as an excellent summary to our development section.

The Signing of the CWC in 1993. Digital image. UN.org. The United Nations, n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. <http://legal.un.org/avl/images/ha/cpdpsucw/09-l.jpg>.
This image was used on our home page banner because the signing of this convention signified the culmination of all previous treaties into the most effective ban to date.

The Signing of the Treaty of Versailles. Digital image. N.p., 12 Feb. 2014. Web. <http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/ww2-pix/versailles.jpg>.
This image was used as part of the history of chemical weapon bans because the signing of the treaty of versailles marked the first attempt at limiting possession of chemical weapons by a state.

The Washington Arms Conference. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. <http://www.cityofart.net/bship/wash_treaty.jpg>.
This image was used in the section of the Washington Arms Conference because this convention had important influence in the following Geneva Protocol

Treaty of Versailles 1919. Digital image. Documenting a Democracy. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. <http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-23.html>.
This is a scan of one of the original copies of the Treaty of Versailles between the Allies and Germany at the conclusion of WWI. We are using this as one of the examples of preliminary bans on chemical weapons before the Geneva Protocol or CWC.

Tsar Nicholas II. Digital image. The History Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://www.thehistoryblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Tsar-NicholasII.jpg>.
This picture was used to identify Tsar Nicholas II for his role in beginning the Hague Conventions.

U.S. Airforce Spraying Agent Orange Over Vietnam. Digital image. The Guardian. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. <https://static-secure.guim.co.uk/sysimages/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2011/3/11/1299868956887/Agent-Orangespraying-in--006.jpg>.
This image captures the indiscriminate spraying of chemical herbicide (agent orange) that was a crucial part of U.S. Vietnam war strategy. Chemicals used in this manner had a tragic backlash on the health of Vietnamese citizens which demonstrates how even non-lethal use of chemicals in war is not an acceptable position.

World War II Lewisite Poster. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Lewisite_poster_ww2.jpg>.
This poster gives excellent information on Lewisite along with a good representation of the kinds of campaigns undertaken to educate vulnerable people about the dangers of different chemical weapons.

World War II Mustard Gas Poster. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 27

Feb. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Mustard_gas_ww2_poster. jpg>

This poster was used for the section on Mustard Gas because, like the Phosgene poster, it offered a good representation of the period in terms of the necessity to educate people on the danger of such gases but also not terrify them unnecessarily.

World War II Phosgene Poster. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Phosgene_poster_ww2.jpg >
This poster was used for the section on Phosgene because it offered a period accurate representation of both an explanation of the gas and attempts to make it less terrifying and psychologically damaging.

Zyklon-B at Majdanek. Digital image. The History Place. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. <http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/hol-pix/zyklon1.jpg>.
This image of Zyklon-B pellets at a German death camp emphasizes very clearly the opportunities that exist for chemicals to be horribly misused by a government. This misuse then highlights the need for regulation of toxic chemicals that can be easily abused.