Tn min - Domain name

I/ Tn min .
a/ Khi nim chung .
Nh chng ta bit nternet l mt mng my tnh ton cu , do hng nghn mng my tnh t khp moi noi ni li
to nn . Khc vi cch t chc theo cc cp : ni ht, lin tinh, quc t ca mt mng vin thng nh mng thoi
chng hn, mng nternet t chc chi c mt cp, cc mng my tnh d nh, d to khi ni vo nternet u bnh
ng vi nhau. Do cch t chc nh vy nn trn nternet c cu trc ja chi , cch nh ja chi c bit , rt khc
cch t chc ja chi ca mng vin thng .
ja chi nternet (P) ang oc s dung hin ti l (Pv4) c 32 bit chia thnh 4 Octet ( mi Octet c 8 bit , tong
ong 1 byte ) cch m u t tri qua phi bt 1 cho n bt 32, cc Octet tch bit nhau bng du chm (.) v
biu hin dng thp phn y l 12 ch s .
V du mt ja chi nternet : 146 . 123 . 110 . 224
( ja chi P tong lai oc s dung l Pv6 c 128 bit di gp 4 ln ca Pv4. Version Pv4 c kh nng cung cp
2
32
= 4 294 967 296 ja chi. Cn Version Pv6 c kh nng cung cp 2
128
ja chi ) .
Do ngi s dung nh oc ja chi dng ch s di nh vy khi ni mng l rt kh khn v v th cnh ja chi P
bao gi cng c thm mt ci tn mang mt ngha no , d nh cho ngi s dung i km m trn nternet
goi l Tn Min . V du: My ch Web Server ca VDC ang cha Bo Qu hong c ja chi l 203.162.000.012 ,
tn Min ca n l Home.vnn.vn . Thuc t ngi s dung khng cn bit n ja chi P m chi cn nh tn Min l
truy nhp oc .
Vy tn Min l mt danh t djch theo kiu ngha ca tng t mt ( Word by Word ) t ting anh ( Domain name ) .
Thuc cht tn min l su nhn dng vj tr ca mt my tnh trn mng nternet ni cch khc tn min l tn ca
cc mng li, tn ca cc my ch trn mng nternet .
b/ Cu to ca tn min .
Tn min bao gm nhiu thnh phn cu to nn cch nhau bi du chm (. ) v du home.vnn.vn l tn min my
ch Web ca VDC. Thnh phn th nht 'home ' l tn ca my ch , thnh phn th hai ' vnn ' thng goi l tn
min mc hai ( second domain name level ), thnh phn cui cng ' vn ' l tn min mc cao nht ( top level
domain name ).
1/ Tn min mc cao nht ( Top- level Domain ' TLD ' ) bao gm cc m quc gia ca cc nc tham gia nternet
oc quy jnh bng hai ch ci theo tiu chun SO -3166 nh Vit nam l VN , Anh quc l UK v.v.. v 7 lnh vuc
dng chung ( World Wide Generic Domains ), trong c 5 dng chung cho ton cu v 2 chi dng M .
a/ Dng chung .
1- COM : Thong mi ( Commercial)
2- EDU : Gio duc ( education ) .
3- NET : Mng li ( Network ).
4- NT : Cc t chc quc t ( nternational Organisations ).
5- ORG : Cc t chc khc ( other orgnizations ) .
b/ Dng M .
6- ML : Qun su ( Military ) .
7- GOV : Nh nc ( Government ) .
2/ Tn min mc hai ( Second Level ) : i vi cc quc gia ni chung tn min mc hai ny do T chc qun l
mng ca quc gia jnh ngha, c th jnh ngha khc i, nhiu hon hay t i nhng thng thng cc quc gia
vn jnh ngha cc Lnh vuc kinh t, x hi ca mnh tong tu nh 7 lnh vuc dng chung nu trn .
II/ H thng !u"n #$ tn min %&n' -&omain name '('tem)
a / Khi nim v D*+ .
Trn mng nternet c hng triu triu ja chi v cc tn min km theo, qun l , jnh tuyn mt cch chnh xc
cn phi c mt h thng lu gi v x l nhng ja chi v tn min ny, h thng ny oc goi l H thng qun
l tn min -DNS . ( Nhng ngy u ca mng nternet tt c cc tn my ch v ja chi P i km chi lu gi
trong mt File duy nht goi l host . txt t ti NC - Network nformation Center . Khi nternet pht trin File ny
khng th cha ht oc v NC cng khng th qun l ni, do vy DNS ra i ).
DNS l h thng co s d liu phn phi cha ung cc ja chi nternet (P) v cc tn Min tong ng vi cc
ja chi ( tong tu nh danh b trang trng ) . Ni cch khc DNS l mt phong php phn phi c t chc cc
tn Min trn nternet nhm muc ch cho vic jnh tuyn .
b / T, ch-c ca D*+ .
DNS - H thng qun l tn min l tp hop ca rt nhiu cc my ch qun l tn min theo tng khu vuc, theo
tng mc trn mng nternet, thuc hin chc nng djch t tn min sang ja chi P th hin bng con s v ngoc
li, bi v ngi s dung dng tn min cho d nh, cn my tnh, thit bj Router li cn c vo ja chi P x l .
Ghi ch : Phn bit tn vit tt gia Domain Name System DNS v Domain Name Server &n' .
Mi mt my ch qun l tn min (Domain Name Server - &n' ) theo tng khu vuc , theo tng mc ( v du : mt
trng i hoc , mt T chc , mt Cng ty hay mt b phn no trong Cng ty ) phi m bo thng tin d liu
ring v ja chi v tn min trong khu vuc , trong mc m n qun l ng thi phi chy mt chong trnh cc
my ch qun l tn min ( &n' ) khc trn nternet c th hi cc thng tin oc - hnh 1 .
Hnh 1 . T chc H thng DNS theo th tu mc tn min trn nternet .

V co bn t mc thp nht cho n mc cao nht , mi mt mc tn min u c cc my ch qun l tn min
(&n' ) qun l tn , ja chi trong mc y , trong khu vuc y . Mt thng tin v ja chi hay tn min m &n' khng
tr li oc n s hi ln &n' cp cao hon . Tng ROOT cng c &n' . Tuy nhin khng phi &n' no cng bit
lin lc vi tt c cc &n' khc nhng n phi bit cch lin lc ti &n' ca ROOT . Trn th gii c 6 &n' ca
ROOT v tt c cc &n' ca cc cp thp t nht phi bit ng lin lc ti mt trong 6 &n' ca ROOT .
Qun l tn min bao gi cng phi cn 2 my ch &n' , my chnh goi l Primary &n' v my phu l secondary
&n' lm nhim vu du phng , thng tin cha trong 2 my ny phi ging ht nhau . Thng tin oc lu gi , cp
nht , thay i trong my chnh , theo jnh k thng thng l 3 gi mt ln my phu s hi my chnh , nu c
thng tin mi hay thng tin bj thay i trong my chnh , my phu s tu ng cp nht v . Qu trnh cp nht
ny goi l one Transfer .

c / ./nh tu(0n t1n Inte1net .
Do cu trc theo cp bc ni ht , lin tinh v quc t , cch nh s ph hop vi tng cp bc nn jnh tuyn
trn mng vin thng l cc Tng i cn c vo s bj goi c cha m vng , m Tinh , m quc gia tm hng
kt ni . Nhng thng tin v m v cc hng i ca tng loi m ny oc jnh sn trong bng jnh tuyn
( Rooting table ) ca cc Tng i tng cp . V vy khi kt ni l ng ja chi .
Mng nternet chi c mt cp , cc ja chi khng oc php trng nhau v c hng triu ja chi , mt Node
nternet ( Router ) tong tu nh mt tng i khng th bit ht hng chuc triu ja chi , n chi bit nhng ja chi
trong khu vuc v ja chi ca cc Router quanh n , do vy jnh tuyn trn nternet u phi qua 2 bc sau .
1/ Hi thm , tm kim ng i .
2/ Kt ni khi bit ng i .
jnh tuyn trn nternet l su phi hop gia Router v H thng qun l tn min DNS , cu th hon l cc my ch
qun l tn min &n' .

Hnh v 2

Khi khch hng goi mt my ch no , ngi goi s dung tn min . Tn min ny oc &n' djch ra ja chi P
a cho Router tm hng ( hnh v 2 ). Nu Router pht hin ja chi P ny khng nm trong khu vuc n phu trch
n s hi ln &n' cp cao hon , cng vic tin hnh nh vy cho ti khi c tr li v hng i ca ja chi P ny
cho noi hi bit . Nhiu trng hop n tn &n' ca ROOT l cp cao nht ri tip tuc hi xung nh hnh v 1
nu .
2**IC 345c ch6nh th-c c7ng nh8n #9 *I: %*ationa# Inte1net :egi't1()
Trung tm Thng tin mng khu vuc chu Thi Bnh Dong (APNC) va thng qua quyt jnh chnh thc cng
nhn VNNC l t chc qun l ti nguyn nternet quc gia ti Vit Nam.. Trong co cu thnh vin ca APNC,
NR l mt dng thnh vin c bit chju trch nhim ng k nhu cu s dung ti nguyn nternet ca quc gia v
ti phn b ngun ti nguyn cho cc ch th trong nc c nhu cu.
VNNC l on vj truc thuc B Bu chnh, Vin thng thuc hin vic qun l, phn b, gim st v thc y vic s
dung ngun ti nguyn tn min, ja chi, s hiu mng nternet Vit Nam thng tin hng dn, thng k v
mng nternet tham gia cc hot ng quc t v nternet. Vic VNNC oc APNC chnh thc cng nhn l NR
khng chi khng jnh su ln mnh ca cng ng nternet Vit Nam m cn to nhiu thun loi cho cc ch th
tham gia vo hot ng nternet ti Vit Nam trong vic ng k v s dung ti nguyn.
Trn thuc t, cc thnh vin NR phuc vu rt c luc cho cng ng nternet cc quc gia trn nhng phong
din nh: tit kim chi ph v ti nguyn, m bo kh nng jnh tuyn, m bo kh nng thuc thi chnh sch
nternet, hn ch nhng kh khn v ngn ng gia cng ng nternet trong nc vi APNC khi ng k v s
dung ti nguyn.
Hin ti, c 6 t chc trong khu vuc oc APNC cng nhn l NR bao gm: AP (ndonesia), CNNC (Trung
Quc), PNC (Nht Bn), KRNC (Hn Quc), TWNC (i Loan) v VNNC.
;h<n =: T,ng !uan> cc 3/nh ngh?a> m@c tiu v9 m7i t14Ang
=. T,ng !uan
Trung tm Thng tin Mng Khu vuc chu Thi Bnh Dong (APNC) l t chc qun l ti nguyn nternet trong
khu vuc chu Thi Bnh Dong c chc nng phn b ja chi nternet v cc ti nguyn lin quan trong khu
vuc, phi hop pht trin v thuc hin chnh sch qun l cc ti nguyn .
Cc chnh sch oc cp trong ti liu ny oc cng ng nternet khu vuc chu Thi Bnh Dong pht
trin thng qua nguyn tc ng thun v do APNC khi xng. Cc chnh sch ny s oc APNC, cc t chc
qun l ti nguyn nternet quc gia (National Internet Registry NIR) v cc t chc qun l ti nguyn nternet
ja phong trong ton khu vuc (Local Internet Registry LIR) thuc hin.
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B. ;hm vi C &@ng
Ti liu ny quy jnh chnh sch qun l ja chi Pv4 ton cu ti khu vuc chu Thi Bnh Dong v c bit
tp trung vo cc muc tiu, cc gi jnh v chnh sch lin quan n cng tc phn b ja chi Pv4.
Ti liu ny khng quy jnh chnh sch qun l ja chi Pv6, lp ja chi Multicast, ja chi dng ring hoc s hiu
mng v cn oc nghin cu cng vi cc ti liu khc ca APNC, bao gm c cc ti liu quy jnh chnh sch
thnh vin v chnh sch ph.
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D. ;hEn cC ChEn b, 3/a chF I;vG
ja chi Pv4 oc phn b theo cu trc phn cp oc quy jnh ti RFC2050 v oc miu t vn tt trong hnh
1.
Hnh 1: Biu phn cp qun l ja chi P
Theo cu trc phn cp ny, ja chi oc ANA phn b cho APNC v sau oc APNC ti phn b cho cc
ch th trong khu vuc chu Thi Bnh Dong. APNC phn b ja chi cho cc t chc qun l ti nguyn
nternet (nternet Registry R) ng thi u nhim cho cc t chc ny quyn phn b ja chi cho cc ch th
nm trong khu vuc mnh qun l. Trong mt s trng hop, APNC truc tip cp pht ja chi ti ngi s dung.
Cc t chc qun l ti nguyn nternet quc gia v ja phong phn b ja chi ti cc thnh vin v i tong
phuc vu ca mnh theo hng dn ca APNC v cc chnh sch, th tuc oc quy jnh trong ti liu ny.
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G. Cc 3/nh ngh?a
Cc thut ng v jnh ngha sau y oc hiu nh sau:
G.=. T, ch-c !u"n #$ t9i ngu(n Inte1net %Inte1net :egi't1( H I:)
T chc qun l ti nguyn nternet (R) l mt t chc chju trch nhim phn b vng ja chi P cho cc thnh
vin hoc i tong phuc vu ca mnh v ng k nhu cu s dung ja chi P vi t chc qun l cp trn. Cc R
oc phn loi dua theo chc nng co bn v phm vi lnh th trong cu trc phn cp oc miu t hnh 1.
Cc R bao gm:
(i) APNC v cc t chc qun l ti nguyn nternet cp khu vuc (RR)
(ii) Cc t chc qun l ti nguyn nternet cp quc gia (NR)
(iii) Cc t chc qun l ti nguyn nternet cp ja phong (LR), tr trng hop c quy jnh khc.
G.=.=. T, ch-c !u"n #$ t9i ngu(n Inte1net cC Ihu vJc %:I:)
T chc qun l ti nguyn nternet cp khu vuc (RR) oc thnh lp theo quyt jnh ca ANA vi muc ch
phuc vu v i din cho khu vuc ja l do t chc mnh qun l. Vai tr co bn ca cc RR l qun l, phn b v
ng k nhu cu s dung ja chi ti khu vuc ca mnh. Hin nay, trn th gii c ba RR l APNC, RPE NCC,
ARN v trong tong lai c th s thnh lp thm mt s long hn ch cc RR khc.
G.=.B. T, ch-c !u"n #$ t9i ngu(n Inte1net cC !uc gia %*I:)
T chc qun l ti nguyn nternet cp quc gia (NR) chju trch nhim phn b vng i chi ti cc thnh vin v
on vj cp di, thng l cc t chc qun l ti nguyn nternet ja phong (LR) oc thnh lp cp quc
gia. Cc NR p dung chnh sch ca mnh trn tinh thn cng bng, v t i vi moi ch th trong phm vi qun
l.
Chnh sch trong ti liu ny p dung cho cc NR tuy nhin, ti liu ny khng quy jnh ton b chc nng v
nhim vu ca cc NR c lin quan n mi quan h chnh thc vi APNC. Nhng chc nng v nhim vu c
th oc quy jnh trong cc ti liu v tho thun khc, theo chnh sch xt duyt ti liu ca APNC.
G.=.D. T, ch-c !u"n #$ t9i ngu(n Inte1net cC 3/a Ch4Kng %LI:)
T chc qun l ti nguyn nternet cp ja phong (LR) thng l cc nh cung cp djch vu nternet (SP) v c
th cp pht ja chi cho mng h tng ca mnh v ngi s dung cc djch vu mng ca mnh. i tong phuc vu
ca LR c th l cc SP cp di ho tip tuc cp pht ja chi cho i tong phuc vu ca mnh.
G.B. .iMm chu(Mn ti0C th7ng #45ng Inte1net %IN;)
im chuyn tip thng long nternet (P) l mt co s h tng mng vt l thuc hin vic chuyn tip thng
long nternet gia cc SP. S long cc SP kt ni vo mt P ti thiu l 3 v cn phi c mt chnh sch r
rng, v c tnh m cho tt c cc SP tham gia kt ni. Mt P thng khng oc coi l mt t chc qun l ti
nguyn nternet m oc xem l cc ch th s dung ja chi P cui cng.
G.D. 2Ong 3/a chF
Trong ti liu ny, khi nim vng ja chi oc hiu l di ja chi Pv4, tr lp ja chi multicast v ja chi dng
ring oc quy jnh ti RFC1918.
G.G. 2Ong 3/a chF 345c ChEn b, vOng 3/a 345c cC Cht
hiu chnh xc chnh sch qun l ja chi ca APNC, cn phi phn bit gia thut ng vng ja chi oc
phn b (allocated) v thut ng vng ja chi oc cp pht (assigned).
G.G.=. .45c ChEn b,
Vng ja chi oc phn b l vng ja chi oc chuyn giao cho cc t chc qun l ti nguyn nternet (R)
cc t chc ny tip tuc phn b hoc cp pht li cho cc ch th khc thuc phm vi qun l v phuc vu
ca mnh.
G.G.B. .45c cC Cht
Vng ja chi oc cp pht l vng ja chi cp cho mt SP hoc i tong s dung ja chi P cui cng
11
vi
muc ch duy nht s dung cho co s h tng mng ca mnh c gii trnh v muc ch cu th khng oc cp
pht hay phn b li cho cc ch th khc.
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P. Q@c tiu ca c7ng tc !u"n #$ vOng 3/a chF
P.=. Q@c tiu
Muc tiu oc cp di y do cng ng nternet xc lp v phn nh loi ch ca moi thnh vin trong vic
m bo nternet c th oc vn hnh v pht trin mc cao nht.
Nhim vu co bn ca APNC l thuc hin vic qun l ngun ti nguyn nhm m bo rng muc tiu ra oc
thuc hin ti khu vuc chu Thi Bnh Dong. APNC thuc thi nhim vu ny trn co s hng dn v chi o
pht trin v thuc hin cc chnh sch v thng l tong ng.
Cc NR v LR phi c trch nhim m bo muc tiu ra oc thuc hin ti khu vuc t chc mnh qun l.
11
kt ni n nhiu nh cung cp djch vu vi cc vng ja chi khc nhau
P.=.=. T6nh &u( nht
Vic phn b v cp pht ja chi phi oc m bo tnh duy nht v thng nht trn phm vi ton cu. y l mt
yu cu tuyt i mi my ch trn nternet oc xc jnh duy nht.
P.=.B. T6nh cR 3Sng I$.
Vic phn b v cp pht ja chi phi oc ng k v lu tr vo h thng co s d liu qun l ti nguyn
nternet c th truy cp oc trn phm vi ton cu. iu ny l cn thit m bo tnh duy nht v cc thng tin
phuc vu cho vic khc phuc cc vn pht sinh v nternet moi cp. u cu ny cn phn nh nguyn vong
nht th ho cc t chc qun l ti nguyn ca cng ng nternet.
P.=.D. Kh" nSng t, h5C
Trong trng hop c th, ja chi phi oc phn b theo co ch phn cp theo cu trc mng. iu ny l cn
thit tng kh nng t hop cc thng tin jnh tuyn nhm muc ch hn ch su m rng ca bng jnh tuyn.
P.=.G. Ti0t Iim
Vi muc ch ko di tui tho ca ngun ti nguyn hin c, ja chi phi oc phn b theo nhu cu thuc t s
dung ngay, khng oc ng k du tr. S dung tit kim cng ng ngha vi vic nng cao tnh hiu qu, do
, cc ch th s dung ja chi nn p dung cc cng ngh nh Mt n phn mng c di bin i ( Variable
Length Subnet Masking) v cc cng ngh cn thit khc m bo ja chi khng bj s dung lng ph.
P.=.P. C7ng bTng
Tt c cc chnh sch v thng l c lin quan n vic s dung ja chi phi oc p dung cho tt c cc thnh
vin ca cng ng nternet trn tinh thn cng bng, v t, khng k co cu ca t chc, ngun gc quc gia, vj
tr ja l v cc nhn t khc.
P.B. Nung 3Ut giVa cc m@c tiu
Muc tiu tit kim v kh nng t hop ja chi thng xung t vi nhau cng nh mt s hoc tt c cc muc tiu
nu trn c th xung t vi loi ch ca cc t chc qun l ti nguyn nternet v ngi s dung cui cng. Do ,
cc t chc qun l ti nguyn nternet khi thm jnh cc yu cu s dung ti nguyn nternet phi nghin cu k
lng cc vn c lin quan v cn bng gia nhu cu ca ch th xin cp ti nguyn nternet vi nhu cu loi ch
ca ton th cng ng nternet.
Ti liu ny nhm gip cho cc t chc qun l ti nguyn nternet thuc hin chc nng v nhim vu ca mnh trn
nguyn tc cng bng v thng nht. Do , trong qu trnh ra quyt jnh, cc R phi lun cng khai v minh bch.
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W. Q7i t14Ang ch6nh 'ch
Ngoi cc muc tiu oc cp n muc 5 cn c cc nhn t khc nh hng n mi trng chnh sch ca
APNC, bao gm nguyn vong ca cng ng nternet, co ch qun l hin hnh v cc hn ch v k thut.
Mi trng chnh sch c th thay i nhanh chng v kh du on trc oc, do , APNC vi chc nng i
din cho cc thnh vin, c trch nhim pht hin ra nhng thay i v xut chnh sch.
Muc 6 cp n cc nhn t quan trong nht quyt jnh chnh sch ca APNC trong mi trng hin hnh
W.=. Kh" nSng 3/nh tu(0n
Kh nng jnh tuyn ca ja chi trn ton mng nternet khng th oc m bo bi ring mt t chc no.
Nhm gim thiu kch c bng jnh tuyn ton cu, cc SPs c th thuc hin chnh sch loc jnh tuyn trn co s
ln ca khng gian ja chi cho php (prefix length). Do , cc vng ja chi phn mnh c kch thc nh c
th s gp kh khn khi thuc hin vic jnh tuyn. V vy, chnh sch ca APNC l khuyn khch cc ch th c
nhu cu s dung ja chi ng k vi t chc qun l cp trn cung cp djch vu kt ni hon l truc tip vi APNC.
W.B. Tc 3U Cht t1iMn Inte1net
Do chin loc phn b ja chi ban u khng du on trc oc tc pht trin nhanh chng ca nternet v
cc vn i km c nh hng n nhu cu v s long ja chi v co ch jnh tuyn. Do , cc chnh sch ca
APNC xem xt kinh nghim trong qu kh tm ra phong php qun l ti u nht mi nhm p ng oc
yu cu pht trin nternet trong tong lai.
W.D. T1ch nhim chung
APNC cng cc thnh vin v i tong phuc vu ca mnh chia s trch nhim m bo su pht trin ca nternet
c qun l v c h thng, ng thi ra quyt jnh thng nht muc tiu oc nu ti muc 5. Do , co ch chnh
sch ca APNC oc pht trin bi cc thnh vin v ton th cng ng nternet v loi ch chung ca ton cng
ng. thuc hin chnh sch, APNC v cc thnh vin dua trn su tin cy ln nhau. c bit, APNC s hon
ton tin tng rng thng tin do cc thnh vin cung cp trong qu trnh xut l chnh xc v xc thuc.
W.G. T6nh c7ng bTng
APNC i din cho loi ch ca cng ng nternet ni chung v cng ng nternet khu vuc chu Thi Bnh
Dong ni ring. Do , APNC phi p dung chnh sch ca mnh trn tinh thn cng bng, v t, khng phn bit
quy m, co cu v vj tr ja l ca t chc.
W.P. .a &ng ho cC 3U chu(n m7n
Cc t chc qun l nternet v ngi s dung khc nhau s c trnh chuyn mn v kinh nghim khc nhau.
Chnh sch ca APNC cho php a dng ho mc h tro v qun l ph hop m bo phong thc qun l
i chi thng nht trong cng ng nternet khu vuc chu Thi Bnh Dong.
W.W. +X hVu 3/a chF
Cng ng nternet coi ja chi l mt ngun ti nguyn cng cng, khan him cn phi oc phn b dua trn
nhu cu thuc t. Cc SP, t chc v c nhn s dung ja chi oc coi l ngi qun l ch khng phi l ch
s hu ja chi. V ja chi ngy mt khan him, chnh sch qun l ja chi c th s oc cng ng iu chinh.
W.Y. DJ t1V 3/a chF
Vic s hu du tr ja chi l hon ton i ngoc vi muc tiu tit kim v cng bng. Chnh sch ca APNC
nghim cm vic du tr ja chi v m bo vic qun l, phn b ja chi dua trn nhu cu thuc su.
W.Z. .nh gi &Ja t1n th7ng #
APNC cn m bo rng ch th s dung ja chi p dung thng l hin hnh nht trong cng tc qun l ti
nguyn. Nu tn ti nhng cng ngh ph hop cho vic ci thin cng tc qun l ja chi trong nhng trng hop
cu th, cng ng hy vong rng nhng cng ngh s oc p dung. APNC tham kho kin thnh vin v
cng ng nternet quy jnh v pht trin cc xut v thng l lin quan n k thut v cng ngh
nh s ja chi nternet.
W.[. ./a chF mng &Ong 1ing
Vic s dung ja chi mng dng ring c th ph hop cho vic nh ja chi cc mng c kt ni ti nternet thng
qua bc tng la bo mt (firewall) v cc mng, h thng thit bj khng c nhu cu s dung ja chi cng cng.
Nhn chung, ja chi mng dng ring nn oc s dung cho cc mng khng kt ni vo mng nternet.
W.=\. ;hEn b, I6ch th4]c vOng 3/a chF nh^ nht
V muc tiu c kh nng jnh tuyn v tit kim xung t vi nhau nn vic xc jnh oc kch thc vng ja chi
nh nht oc phn b l cn thit. Kch thc ny c th lin tuc oc xem xt li dua trn su pht trin
ca cng ngh cng nh kh nng qun l. Kch thc vng ja chi nh nht oc phn b hin nay l mt /20
(4.096 ja chi).
W.==. T9i #iu
nh gi chnh xc cc yu cu cp pht s dung ti nguyn nternet, cc R phi nghin cu k lng cc ti
liu lin quan n cc mng, bao gm:
(i) quy hoch k thut mng
(ii) quy hoch phn mng (subnetting)
(iii) cc m t v so cu hnh mng
(iv) cc m t v k hoch jnh tuyn
(v) cc ho on thit bj v cc on t hng mua bn
(vi) cc ti liu khc c lin quan
Tt c cc ti liu trn cn tun th tiu chun thng nht v du on oc dn chng bng vn bn l thuc t v
chnh ng.
W.=B. _"o m8t
Cc ti liu h tro yu cu xin cp pht hoc phn b ja chi c th cha cc thng tin mt v cc t chc v cc
c nhn. Do vy, APNC p dung cc co ch bo mt m bo tnh bo mt thng tin cho cc thnh vin v i
tong phuc vu ca mnh.
Top
;h<n B: Ch6nh 'ch !u"n #$ 3/a chF
Y. Khung ch6nh 'ch chung
Y.=. Cc I: C &@ng ch6nh 'ch !u"n #$ 3/a chF thng nht.
Tt c cc NR v LR nhn ja chi t APNC (truc tip hoc gin tip) phi tun th chnh sch phn b v cp
pht thng nht vi chnh sch oc quy jnh trong ti liu ny.
Cc NR v LR cn m bo rng ja chi m ho chju trch nhim chi oc phn b v cp pht theo cc tho
thun thng nht vi quy jnh ti khon 9.1.
Trong trng hop c th, cc NR p dung phong php cp pht tng dn theo kch c ca s cp pht oc
gn cho mi thnh vin ca mnh v phi thng nht theo phong thc m APNC p dung.
Top
Z. `u c<u v 3/a chF
Z.=. Na #$ cc (u c<u Ch@ thuUc v9o t6nh ch6nh bc ca t9i #iu
APNC s chi x l cc yu cu bng vn bn chnh xc, hon ho. Trng hop cc ti liu c li v thiu st,
APNC s thng bo cho ch th trong thi gian sm nht. APNC s yu cu ch th cung cp thm v lm r
nhng thng tin cn cha r rng.
APNC s x l cc yu cu ngay sau khi cc sai st oc oc cng nhn v chinh l.
APNC s n luc duy tr mc djch vu thng nht v ng tin cy c lin quan n vic x l yu cu.
Z.B. .U tin c8( v9 t6nh b"o m8t
APNC s duy tr cc h thng v thng l nhm bo m tin cy ca cc thng tin lin quan n hot ng
thong mi v co s h tng ca cc thnh vin v khch hng. APNC m bo i ng nhn vin ca mnh s
tuyt i gi b mt cc thng tin .
APNC cung cp cc co ch bo mt theo cc cp khc nhau khi lm vic vi co s d liu Whois ca APNC.
Cc R v ngi s dung c trch nhim p dung nhng co ch ny.
Z.D. Na #$ (u c<u t1n tinh th<n c7ng bTng
APNC s gii quyt cc yu cu theo th tu mt cch nghim tc i vi cc h so chnh xc v y . Nhm i
x cng bng vi tt c cc ch th, APNC s khng linh ng hoc c ngoi l vi bt k trng hop no.
APNC s x l tt c cc yu cu vi thi gian nh nhau v s duy tr h thng theo di m bo tnh n jnh
v hiu qu.
Z.G. *hVng (u c<u cK b"n 3i v]i cc (u c<u bin cC 3/a chF
Cc yu cu xin oc cp ja chi phi cung cp cc ti liu c ni dung nh sau:
(i) co s h tng mng ca t chc a ra yu cu
(ii) vng ja chi t chc ang qun l
(iii) cc vng ja chi oc t chc cp pht
(iv) muc ch s dung vng ja chi xin oc cp.
Bn cnh nhng yu cu chung trn y, APNC c th yu cu cung cp thm nhng ti liu khc khi cn thit
(xem khon 9.2, 9.3 v 9.4).
Z.P. Cc t, ch-c cR nhu c<u bin 345c cC 3/a chF tc nhiu I: Ihc nhau
Tt c cc t chc trong cng mt lc chi oc nhn ja chi t mt R v khi xin cp ja chi t mt phi thng bo
tt c cc vng ja chi hin ang qun l, khng k ngun gc. Cc t chc cng mt lc c th a yu cu xin
cp ja chi ng thi t hon mt R, khi phi thng bo chi tit v tt c cc yu cu .
Trong nhng trng hop cu th (chng hn mt t chc c kt ni n nhiu hon mt nh cung cp djch vu -
multihomed), t chc c th nhn oc ja chi t cc ngun khc nhau v l do k thut.
tin qun l, mt t chc cp trn v cc t chc cp di s chi oc coi l mt ch th. Trng hop ngoi l
xy ra khi cc b phn ca t chc:
(i) l cc ch th php l ring bit
(ii) vn hnh cc co s h tng mng c lp v oc jnh tuyn theo cc s hiu mng khc nhau.
(iii) hoc c th chng minh oc nhu cu l hop l cn oc tip nhn ja chi t nhiu R.
Top
[. *gu(n tdc ChEn b, 3/a chF
[.=. ei( ChfC 'a &@ng 3/a chF
APNC phn b ti nguyn trn co s cp php cho thnh vin hoc khch hng s dung vng ja chi oc trong
mt khong thi gian gii hn v thng l mt nm.
Moi iu kin ca giy php oc quy jnh ti tho thun thnh vin (APNC Membership Agreement), tho thun
djch vu v cc ti liu c lin quan khc ca APNC.
Giy php cho cc t chc s oc gia hn trong nhng iu kin sau y:
(i) co s phn b v cp pht ban u vn cn gi trj
(ii) vng ja chi oc ng k theo ng th tuc vo thi im gia hn
Khi oc gia hn, giy php mi s tun th theo cc chnh sch qun l ja chi v nhng iu kin ca giy php
c hiu luc t thi im gia hn
Tt c nhng thay i ln n iu kin ca giy php oc quyt jnh trn nguyn tc ng thun ca cc thnh
vin APNC, theo chnh sch xt duyt ti liu ca APNC.
Giy php cp cho cc c nhn s chi bj xt duyt li khi R qun l thy c l do tin tng rng cc iu kin ca
giy php hin hnh khng oc tun th. R qun l c th s thuc hin xt duyt li cc giy php.
[.B. CK ch0 cC 3/a chF tSng &<n
Theo khon 9.2.1, APNC v cc NR p dung co ch cp ja chi tng dn i vi moi LR mi. Co ch cp ja chi
tng dn oc p dung trnh vic cp s long ja chi qu ln m sau ch th oc cp s khng s dung
hoc ti phn b ht.
Kch thc vng khng gian ja chi m mt LR ln u tin nhn oc t APNC oc quy jnh ti khon 6.10.
[.B.=. *hVng ngoi # 3i v]i cK ch0 cC 3/a chF tSng &<n
Trong nhng trng hop ngoi l, mt LR c th nhn oc s long ja chi ln cp u tin ln hon quy jnh
nu chng minh oc rng nhu cu s dung ja chi ln hon s long ja chi oc cp nu tun co ch cp ja
chi tiu chun cho ln xin ja chi u tin.
Nhng ti liu cn thit nh gi trng hop ngoi l bao gm (nhng khng bj gii hn bi):
(i) giy bin nhn mua sm thit bj
(ii) on t hng mua sm thit bj
(iii) hop ng du n oc k kt chng t rng LR c kh nng p ng oc cc yu cu ca mng theo
nhu cu ja chi xin cp.
[.D. Tiu chugn cC 3/a chF cho (u c<u #<n 3<u tin
c iu kin tip nhn vng ja chi P ln oc cp ja chi u tin, mt LR phi p ng oc nhng
iu kin sau:
(i) v ang s dung mt vng ja chi c kch thc l /22 t nh cung cp djch vu cp trn hoc chng minh
oc c nhu cu s dung ngay lp tc mt /22.
(ii) tun th moi chnh sch hin hnh trong vic qun l cc ja chi oc phn b trc .
(iii) gii thch quy hoch chi tit cho vic s dung mt /21 trong mt nm
(iv) cam kt trong khong thi gian mt nm s nh s li vng ja chi ang s dung chuyn sang vng ja
chi mi.
[.G. Tiu chugn cC 3/a chF cho cc #<n (u c<u ti0C theo
Sau ln cp ja chi u tin cho mt LR, cc yu cu oc cp pht tip theo s phu thuc vo cc yu t sau:
(i) tc s dung oc xc thuc ca LR (dua trn tc LR phn b ja chi trong cc ln cp pht trc
).
(ii) quy hoch s dung ja chi bng vn bn.
(iii) mc tun th chnh sch ca APNC trn co s ca nhng ln oc cp ja chi trc .
Dua trn cc nhn t ny, APNC v cc NR s phn b ja chi p ng nhu cu s dung theo du bo ca
LR trong khong thi gian hon 1 nm. Trng hop APNC hoc cc NR cp pht ja chi chi dng trong 1 nm
th phi thng bo cho LR v khong thi gian cu th v l do.
[.G.=. Kh7ng 3"m b"o cc vOng 3/a chF giVa cc #<n ChEn b, 'h #in t@c
APNC s n luc phn b vng ja chi tip theo lin tuc vi vng ja chi oc phn b trc nhng khng m
bo chc chn v kh nng ny.
[.P. Tiu chugn 3M 345c cC thm 3/a chF.
Mt LR s khng iu kin tip tuc oc cp thm ja chi cho n khi tt c cc vng ja chi oc cp
trc oc s dung v ti phn b chim 80 tr ln. Quy jnh ny oc goi l lut tm moi phn trm.
[.P.=. T14Ang h5C 3ic bit - nhu c<u c<n 345c cC 3/a chF v]i ' #45ng #]n
Mt LR c th yu cu ni rng lut tm moi phn trm trong trng hop LR thuc hin cp pht ja chi cho
mt ch th vi s long ln hon s long ja chi hin LR qun l m cha s dung hoc cp khch hng ca
mnh.
[.W. Kh7ng hj t15 3Sng I$ t14]c
Khi mt LR mun cp pht ja chi cho khch hng ca mnh th phi cp pht t vng ja chi mnh ang qun l.
Khi xem xt yu cu cp ja chi tip theo cho mt LR, long ja chi cn li oc coi l cha oc cp pht.
[.Y. CC Cht 3/a chF c 3/nh
LR chi oc cp ja chi cho khch hng ang s dung ja chi c lin quan n djch vu kt ni trong mng ca
LR. Vic cp ja chi oc coi l c jnh.
LR nn k kt tho thun vi khch hng ca mnh quy jnh cu th khch hng chi oc s dung ja chi khi cn l
khch hng ca LR . Tho thun phi thng nht vi giy php s dung ja chi ca LR.
Trong trng hop khch hng thay i nh cung cp djch vu th phi c trch nhim tr li vng ja chi oc
cp pht v nh li s theo vng ja chi ca LR mi.
Chnh sch ca APNC tha nhn c nhng trng hop cho php cp ja chi khng c jnh (xem muc 11) nhng
chi duy nht APNC oc php cp loi ja chi ny. Cc t chc c th yu cu NR hoc LR qun l ca mnh i
din nhn ja chi t APNC hoc ng k ly ja chi truc tip t APNC.
[.Z. T6nh hiu #Jc ca vic ChEn b, v9 cC Cht
Vic phn b v cp pht ja chi c hiu luc khi cc tiu chun ban u m vic phn b hoc cp pht ly lm co
s cn hiu luc.
Vic phn b v cp pht mt hiu luc khi:
(i) thuc hin cho mt muc ch cu th khng cn tn ti
(ii) dua trn nhng thng tin sau bj pht hin l sai lch hoc khng y .
Nu vic phn b hoc cp pht mt hiu luc th vng ja chi oc phn b hoc cp pht phi oc tr li cho R
qun l.
[.[. Chu(Mn giao 3/a chF
Theo cc quy jnh ti muc 12, APNC khng cng nhn vic chuyn nhong v chuyn giao ja chi tri php v s
coi vic chuyn nhong/ chuyn giao l vi phm theo quy jnh chnh sch qun l ti nguyn nternet. APNC s
yu cu t chc ang gi vng ja chi bj chuyn nhong/ chuyn giao hon tr li cho R tong ng.
Top
=\. ku"n #$ 3/a chF
=\.=. Caa ', cC Cht 3/a chF cho cc LI:
APNC v cc NR s p dung phong php cp pht ja chi tng dn goi l (co ch ca s cp pht) nhm muc
ch h tro cc LR hiu r v tun th theo cc chnh sch ca APNC v muc tiu qun l ja chi.
Ca s cp pht quy jnh s long ja chi ti a m mt LR c th cp pht cho ngi s dung cui cng m
khng cn ti su chp thun ca APNC hoc cc NR tong ng (Second Opinion). Nu mt LR c nhu cu cp
pht ja chi cho mt t chc no l i tong phuc vu ca mnh mt s long ja chi ln hon kch thc ca s
ca mnh, th phi trnh yu cu Second Opinion trc khi thuc hin cp ja chi cho khch hng.
Cc LR bt u vi kch thc ca s ban u l 0 c ngha l tt c cc yu cu cp pht ja chi cho cc khch
hng ca mnh trc ht phi oc APNC hoc NR tong ng chp nhn.
APNC v cc NR s thng xuyn nh gi mc thnh tho nghip vu ca cc nhn vin LR thng qua vic
cp pht ja chi cho khch hng v qu trnh x l Second Opinion ca LR, trn co s xem xt quyt jnh kch
thc ca s ca LR . Ni chung, nhn vin ca LR cng thnh tho v nghip vu th kch thc ca s cp
pht s oc m rng theo tong ng.
Kch thc ca s cp pht ln nht m mt LR c th c l mt /19 (8.192 ja chi)
Nu nhn vin ca mt LR t ra km thnh tho v nghip vu (v du do thay th nhn vin mi hoc cc trng
hop khc) th ca s cp pht c th s tm thi bj thu hp.
=\.B. .nh gi c7ng tc cC Cht
Cc yu cu cp pht ja chi phi oc thuc hin bng vic nh gi du on nhu cu s dung hin ti v tong
lai. Cc yu cu ny phi oc gi km theo cc ti liu h tro vic nh gi.
Vic nh gi oc tin hnh trong cc khong thi gian sau:
(i) ngay lp tc
(ii) trong vng mt nm
(iii) trong vng hai nm
APNC khuyn du cc t chc nn a ra yu cu vi gi jnh rng 25 ja chi s oc s dung ngay lp tc v
50 s oc s dung trong vng 1 nm.
Ngi s dung phi cung cp ti liu h tro nh gi vic s dung ja chi trong vng 1 nm. Nu ngi s dung
khng th nh gi oc tc s dung trong hai nm, APNC hoc NR qun l c th s phn b ja chi
dng trong vng mt nm.
=\.D. Cc (u c<u v 3Sng I$ 'a &@ng 3/a chF
Cc R c trch nhim ng k kjp thi v chnh xc tnh hnh phn b v cp pht ja chi vo co s d liu Whois
ca APNC theo nguyn tc nh sau:
(i) Tt c cc vng ja chi oc phn b phi oc ng k
(ii) Cp pht cc vng ja chi c kch thc ln hon mt /30 phi oc ng k
(iii) Cp pht cc vng ja chi oc phn b c kch thc nh hon hoc bng mt /30 c th oc ng k tu
theo quyt jnh ca R v nh qun trj mng.
(iv) Cc ja chi cp pht cho cc my tnh c th oc ng k, ty theo quyt jnh ca R v ngi s dung.
=\.D.=. C8C nh8t cK 'X &V #iu
Cc R phi cp nht co s d liu ca APNC khi c bt k su thay i thng tin ng k lin quan no. y oc
coi l trch nhim ca cc R nhng cng c th oc chuyn giao cho ngi s dung nh l iu kin khi thuc
hin vic phn b v cp pht ja chi.
=\.D.B. .Sng I$ cc 3/a chF #in h
ja chi ngi qun l hnh chnh v qun l k thut phi oc ng k.
Ngi qun l hnh chnh ('admin-c) phi thng tr ti mng li, tr nhng trng hop sau y:
(i) i vi mng hoc ngi s dung thng tr, ngi qun l k thut ca R cng c th kim nhim l ngi
qun l hnh chnh
(ii) i vi cc mng trong nhng trng hop ngoi l khng th duy tr ngi qun l hnh chnh thng tr th
c th ng k mt ja chi khng thng tr.
Ngi qun l k thut khng nht thit phi thng tr ti mng li nhng phi l ngi chju trch nhim vn
hnh mng hng ngy.
=\.G. T1ch nhim &u( t1l b"n ghi ng45c
Cc LR phi duy tr bn ghi ngoc (in-addr.arpa) cho mng ca khch hng. Trng hop mt mng khng u ni
vi mt LR th bn ghi ngoc s oc duy tr bi NR tong ng hoc APNC.
Top
==. CC Cht v9 t1ao 3,i
==.=. CC Cht 3/a chF mu#tihome
Mt t chc c iu kin tip nhn ja chi loi ny t APNC khi t chc :
(i) hin ang thuc hin multihomed
22
theo cc ja chi ca nh cung cp hoc chng t oc k hoch s thuc
hin kt ni n nhiu nh cung cp djch vu khc trong khong thi gian mt thng
(ii) ng nh s li ja chi oc cp trc .
Mt t chc oc coi l multihomed nu mng ca t chc kt ni 24/24 vi nhiu hon mt SP v c mt hoc
nhiu hon mt vng ja chi oc jnh tuyn bi t nht 2 SP.
Cc t chc c nhu cu oc cp pht vng ja chi di ng theo iu l ny phi chng minh oc rng mnh c
kh nng s dung ht ngay 25 s long ja chi oc cp pht v 50 trong vng mt nm.
Khng c quy jnh v vic gii hn kch thc nh nht khi cp pht ja chi loi nay.
==.B. .iMm chu(Mn ti0C th7ng #45ng Inte1net
22
Khi nim ngi s dung cui cng cn oc hiu l nhng ch th s dung ja chi P phuc vu cho nhu cu
ca mnh v khng oc quyn cp pht li cho cc ch th khc
Cc im chuyn tip thng long nternet c th nhn oc vng ja chi di ng t APNC s dung trong
mng LAN P ca mnh.
Theo thut ng gn ja chi di ng, th tt c cc vng ja chi oc phn b chi oc s dung cho muc ch lm
ja chi kt ni trong phm vi mng LAN ca nh cung cp djch vu m khng oc chuyn tip cc thng tin jnh
tuyn vng ja chi vo bng jnh tuyn nternet ton cu.
Kch c ti thiu vng ja chi oc phn b l mt /24.
==.D. .nh ' #i nhTm tSng Ih" nSng t, h5C
Cc t chc qun l cc vng ja chi di ng c th hon tr i ly mt vng duy nht lin tuc, y oc goi l
Chnh sch khng hi. Vic trao i nh vy c th oc tin hnh m khng cn nh gi mc hiu qu v
tnh hnh s dung ca vic phn b ja chi P hin thi.
Vic trao i vn phi tun theo chnh sch v cp php ja chi.
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=B. +C nh8C> chu(Mn nh45ng v9 ti0C !u"n cc LI:
=B.=. C8C nh8t cc th7ng tin 3Sng I$ 345c tha( 3,i
Trng hop mt LR thay i ch s hu (do sp nhp, chuyn nhong hoc tip qun), ch s hu mi phi
thng bo nhng thay i lin quan n mng ca mnh v ja chi lin h. Trng hop LR thay i tn do thay i
ch s hu th phi cung cp cho APNC ti liu php l lin quan chng minh cho su kin .
=B.B. Hiu #Jc ca tho" thu8n th9nh vin
Trng hop mt LR thay i ch s hu th ch s hu mi phi thng bo cho APNC v thay i . T cch
thnh vin ca APNC khng oc chuyn i t ch th ny sang ch th khc, tuy nhin nu nh kt qu ca
vic thay i ch s hu l LR tr thnh thnh vin ca mt ch th khc v co cu h tng ca cc ch th lin
quan hon ton c lp th tho thun thnh vin vn c th cn gi trj.
=B.D. H8u !u" ca vic ChEn b, 3/a chF
Khi ch s hu ca mt LR thay i, APNC s xem xt li tt c cc khi ja chi m (cc) ch th mi ang qun
l sau khi tnh ti nh hng thuc t n mng ca (cc) ch th .
Trng hop muc ch ca vic thay i ch s hu l sp nhp co s h tng mng, APNC s khng tip tuc
phn b cc vng ja chi ring bit cho hai ch th. Tnh trng ny s lm mt hiu luc ca tho thun thnh vin
ca LR bj sp nhp.
Khi nh gi tnh trng ca cc vng ja chi cp pht, APNC yu cu phi cng khai ho tt c cc vng ja chi
hin ang oc cc ch th lin quan qun l. Nu khng p ng oc yu cu ny, APNC s xem xt su mt
hiu luc ca tt c cc su phn b ja chi v yu cu hon tr li.
=B.G. ei"i thM mUt LI:
Nu mt LR ang gi cc vng ja chi oc APNC cp ngng cung cp djch vu kt ni nternet, tt c cc vng
ja chi phi oc hon tr li cho APNC. Cc LR (hoc ngi oc chi jnh thanh khon cng vic ca LR)
c trch nhim thng bo cho khch hng rng cc ja chi s oc hon tr li cho APNC v cc khch hng phi
thuc hin nh s li chuyn sang vng ja chi mi.
Trong trng hop mt LR tip qun h tng mng li v cng vic kinh doanh ca mt LR bj gii th, cc
vng ja chi c th s oc chuyn giao sang cho LR mi sau khi oc APNC kim tra v c th oc coi l mt
yu cu cp pht ja chi mi.
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=D. Cc h4]ng &mn 3nh gi !u t1lnh ba #$ (u c<u
Ti liu ny khng quy jnh cc chi tit cu th v nh gi yu cu ca APNC hoc ca nhng du tnh c lin quan
n cc cng ngh cu th. Nhng chi tit ny phu thuc vo tin b cng ngh v c th thay i thng xuyn.
Do , APNC s cng b cc ti liu hng dn lin quan n k thut v cng ngh khi c yu cu.
Cc ti liu hng dn bao gm:
(i) miu t v th tuc nh gi oc s dung i vi cc cc loi yu cu ja chi cu th.
(ii) Tm tt v cc thng l hin hnh m cc t chc c nhu cu v ja chi mong mun thuc hin trong mng ca
mnh.
(iii) Cc thng tin khc c th h tro t chc a ra yu cu v ja chi.
Cc ti liu oc cng b s oc pht trin trong cng ng APNC v thng nht vi muc tiu v chnh sch
oc quy jnh trong ti liu ny.
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;Hn* _IoT .pq CHr I; .sC Lt; 2u .pq CHr I; ;Hv THwsC
Hin ti, ja chi P cc t chc tham gia hot ng nternet Vit Nam s dung oc cp t t chc qun l ti
nguyn nternet cp quc gia ti Vit Nam l Trung tm nternet Vit Nam (VNNC) hoc t cc nh cung cp djch
vu (SP, P). Tuy cng s dung duy tr hot ng mng, ja chi P oc cp t t chc qun l ti nguyn
mng quc gia - VNNC v ja chi P cp bi cc nh cung cp djch vu SP, P c bn cht khc nhau. Hai dng
ja chi ny hon ton khc nhau trong phm vi s dung trn mng. l quy jnh ca cc t chc quc t c trch
nhim nhm t oc nhng muc ch trong qun l ngun ti nguyn cng ng ny nh : s dung hiu qu
ngun ti nguyn, gim ti thiu vic gia tng kch thc bng thng tin jnh tuyn ton cu....
ng k ti nguyn ja chi nternet, t chc c th c cc lua chon sau:
in cp ja chi P c lp (portable address) ti Trung tm nternet Vit Nam (VNNC).
in cp ja chi P phu thuc (un-portable address) ti cc SP, P m mnh kt ni ti.
Ti liu sau y s phn bit su khc nhau gia hai dng ja chi (c lp, phu thuc), phm vi s dung ca chng,
v l mt tham kho cc t chc c th lua chon dng ja chi v cch thc ng k cho ph hop vi muc ch
s dung ca t chc mnh.

=. ./a chF I; 3Uc #8C %Co1tab#e a&&1e'') v9 3/a chF I; Ch@ thuUc %un-Co1tab#e a&&1e'').
Vng a ch c lp (portable address) l vng ja chi m t chc s hu c th s dung kt ni ti
bt c nh kt ni pha trn (upstream provider) no m ho mun. T chc oc gi v s dung vng ja
chi ny d c thay i nh cung cp djch vu kt ni hoc ng thi kt ni ti nhiu nh cung cp djch vu
khc nhau (multihome).
Khi mt t chc oc cp vng ja chi c lp, thng tin v vng ja chi ny s oc lu tr trong co s d
liu ca cc t chc qun l ti nguyn nternet c thm quyn, bao gm: Cc RR - Regional nternet
Registry (T chc qun l ti nguyn nternet khu vuc, trong phu trch vng Chu -Thi Bnh Dong l
APNC), cc NR - National nternet Registry (T chc qun l ti nguyn nternet cp quc gia, ti Vit Nam
l VNNC), hoc cc co s d liu thong mi nh RADB. Cc nh cung cp djch vu kt ni quc t s tm
kim thng tin trong cc co s d liu ny bit oc vng ja chi c lp thuc t chc no v theo chnh
sch jnh tuyn, ho chi jnh tuyn cho t chc .
Trong h thng qun l ti nguyn ja chi nternet, chi c cc t chc qun l ti nguyn khu vuc (Regional
nternet Registry - RR) v cc t chc qun l ti nguyn quc gia (National nternet Registry - NR) c th
cp ja chi P c lp. T chc nhn oc ti nguyn ja chi c lp t RR hay NR c th s dung ja chi
ny khng phu thuc vo i tc kt ni. Khi thay i i tc kt ni hay thuc hin multihome, t chc khng
cn nh s li mng.
Vng a ch ph thuc (un-portable address) l vng ja chi t chc s dung nm trong vng ja chi
c lp ca mt t chc khc (SP, P), oc lu tr trong co s d liu ca cc t chc qun l ti
nguyn nternet c thm quyn.
Cc nh cung cp djch vu (SP, P) ng k ja chi P c lp t cc RR hoc NR. Cc t chc ny s
dung vng ja chi nhn oc phuc vu mng co s h tng ca mnh v cp li mt phn cho khch hng
kt ni ti mnh. Tuy nhin, khch hng khng oc quyn gi vng ja chi ny. Khi khch hng khng nt
ni ti nh cung cp djch vu ny na, ho phi thuc hin nh s li mng, tr li cho nh cung cp djch vu
vng ja chi . Do vy, dng ja chi ny oc goi l ja chi phu thuc (un-portable address).
Khi mt t chc nhn ja chi t nh cung cp djch vu (SP/P), t chc oc cp mt khi ja chi thuc
vng ja chi c lp ca nh cung cp djch vu ny kt ni ti ho nh l mt nh cung cp djch vu cp
trn (upstream provider) ca mnh. Khi khng mun kt ni ti SP, P ny na, chuyn sang kt ni ti i
tc khc, t chc cn thuc hin nh s li mng, tr li vng ja chi . Vng ja chi phu thuc ny cng
khng th s dung trong kt ni multihome ti ng thi nhiu i tc .

26 &@ c@ thM :
Mt SP phu thuc P A kt ni ra quc t, s dung mt khi ja chi thuc vng ja chi c lp ca A,
oc ng k trong co s d liu ca cc t chc qun l ti nguyn nternet c thm quyn. Khi , c th c
nhng trng hop sau xy ra :
SP ny hu b, khng kt ni ti P A na m chuyn sang kt ni vi P B, khi t chc ny
s phi nh s li mng, tr li ja chi cho A, s dung ja chi mi thuc vng ja chi c lp ca
P B (vng ja chi mi ny cng l ja chi phu thuc).
SP ny vn kt ni ti A nhng mun tr thnh multihome, kt ni thm vi P B. Khi theo
chnh sch jnh tuyn, B s khng jnh tuyn vng ja chi ny cho t chc oc, v trong co s d
liu cc t chc qun l ti nguyn nternet c thm quyn, y l vng ja chi c lp ca A. Trong
trng hop A v B tho thun vi nhau, B c th jnh tuyn cho A. Nhng y l mt phong n
rt phc tp, kh thuc hin oc do vic jnh tuyn ra quc t ca B cn phu thuc vo cc nh
cung cp djch vu cp trn ca B. Cc nh cung cp djch vu kt ni cp trn ny theo chnh sch
jnh tuyn c th s khng jnh tuyn vng ja chi phu thuc ra quc t, c bit l trong trng
hop kch c vng ja chi nh hon /20 (16 Class C).
Tt c nhng vn nu trn s khng xy ra nu t chc s dung mt vng ja chi c lp.
B. Tiu chugn v9 cch th-c cC 3/a chF 3Uc #8C %Co1tab#e a&&1e'').
Chi c cc t chc qun l ti nguyn nternet khu vuc (RR-Regional nternet Registry) v cc t chc qun l ti
nguyn nternet cp quc gia (NR-National nternet Registry) mi c th cp ja chi P c lp cho cc t chc
ng k. VNNC l NR qun l ti nguyn nternet ti Vit Nam. VNNC thuc hin qun l v cp pht ti nguyn
ja chi nternet cho cc t chc tham gia hot ng nternet ti Vit Nam. ja chi cc t chc nhn oc s l ja
chi c lp.
Hin nay, c hai cch thc cp ja chi P c lp:
;hEn b, %q##ocation) ja chi P c lp cho cc SP:
;hEn b, 3/a chF: Mt t chc oc phn b vng ja chi c lp, c th s dung trong mng ni b ca
mnh ng thi cp li cho cc t chc khc. Cc SP u c th xin phn b ja chi c lp. Tuy nhin kch
c vng ja chi ti thiu t chc xin cp phi l /20 (16 Class C). Gii hn ti thiu ny l do cc t chc
quc t c trch nhim t ra nhm gim bt vic gia tng kch thc ca bng thng tin jnh tuyn ton cu.
Cc t chc ny quy jnh hin ti, kch c vng ja chi ti thiu c th thng bo trn bng thng tin jnh
tuyn ton cu l khi /20. Kch c ny c th thay i tu theo chnh sch v jnh tuyn v su pht trin
cng ngh trong tng giai on.
xin phn b ja chi c lp, t chc khng cn phi ang l multihome. Cc SP hin ang kt ni chi vi
mt nh cung cp djch vu kt ni pha trn vn c th xin phn b ja chi c lp (portable address) theo tiu
chun SP. Khi t chc pht trin djch vu, m rng kt ni ng thi ti nhiu nh cung cp djch vu khc,
s s dung ja chi c lp ny, khng phi thuc hin nh s li mng.
CC Cht %q''ignment) ja chi P c lp cho cc t chc multihome:
CC Cht 3/a chF tc l t chc nhn oc chi c th s dung trong mng co s h tng ca t chc mnh
m khng oc php cp li cho cc t chc khc. Mt t chc c th oc cp pht ja chi c lp nu t
chc hin nay ang l multihome ( tc kt ni truc tip ng thi ti t nht 2 nh cung cp djch vu ) hoc
c k hoch thuc su kt ni multihome trong vng 1 thng. Trong trng hop ny c th xin cp pht khi ja
chi c kch c nh (ti thiu l /24: 1 class C). Phong thc xin cp ja chi ny ph hop cho nhng khch
hng kt ni ng thi n nhiu SP.