Professional Documents
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Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science
December 2008
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah, the most Compassionate and the Most Merciful;
I would like to express my sincere gratitude and endless thanks to my main supervisor Dr. Ir. Syafrudin Masri and co-supervisor Associate Professor Dr. Soib Taib for their guidance, encouragement, and continuous support throughout the completion of this thesis. Their contributions have been invaluable help to this research work.
I also would like to extend my appreciation towards the technical staffs at the School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) for their assistance and cooperation, not only from technical point of view, but also giving this thesis moral support and pleasant working atmosphere. My thanks are also reserved for other academic and administrative staffs, which have been helping me directly and indirectly towards completion of this thesis. Another group to be appreciated are my friends which have been continuously providing me help and guidance, whether in personal or formal matters.
Finally, my deepest gratitude and special thank you are for my family for their support, understanding, and encouragement during the past months and Insya Allah, for the future.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . TABLE OF CONTENTS . LIST OF TABLES .................... LIST OF FIGURES .. LIST OF PLATES ............ LIST OF SYMBOLS ............ LIST OF ABBREVIATION ............ LIST OF PUBLICATIONS & SEMINARS ... ABSTRAK ............. ABSTRACT ... ii iii vi viii xi xii xiii xiv xv xvi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1 5
Introduction Power Distribution System in Malaysia . Consumer Load Characteristic ... 2.2.1 2.2.2 Linear Load .. Nonlinear Load
8 8 10 11 13 16 16 17 18 21 21 23
2.3
Harmonic in Power Distribution System 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 Harmonic Definition Harmonic Sequences Quantitative Term of Harmonics .
2.4
Harmonic Sources .. 2.4.1 2.4.2 Harmonics due to Application of Switching Equipments Harmonics from Modern Electronic Based Equipments .
iii
2.5
Harmonic Effects on Equipments and Power Distribution System 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.5.6 Derating of Power Transformers .. Overheating of Rotating Machineries .. Tripping of Circuit Breakers and Other Safety Devices .. Ripple Control and Telecommunication Interruptions . Increased The Losses in Power Cables and Power Transmission Excessive and Overloading of Neutral Conductor in Three Phase Network
24 25 25 26 27 27
30 34 35 36 37 39 39
Harmonic Standard . Current Practice of Power Cable Sizing and Related Standards Power Cable Life Span ... Power Cable Sizing due to Harmonic Interference 2.9.1 2.9.2 2.9.3 Power Cable Parameters ... Loss in Power Cable by Harmonics . Determining Correction Factor for Power Cable Sizing under Nonlinear Load Condition ..
42
2.10
Summary . 46
Introduction
47
Designing and Execution The Procedures of Thesis Work Flow ... 48 Experiment Procedure Main Considerations for Design and Execution of Experiment . 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 Power Cable Sample ... Harmonic Injection Device and Procedure.. Suggested Design of Proposed Network . Protection Measures in Designed Circuits .. 51 54 54 58 62 64 66
3.4 3.5
Placement of Thermocoupler .
Summary . 68
iv
Introduction Effect of Linear Load in Single Phase Three Wire Power System Effect of Nonlinear Load in Single Phase Three Wire Power System ... Results of Current Harmonic Effect towards Power Cable for Single Phase Network ... Effect of Linear Load in Three Phase Four Wire Power Distribution System Effect of Non Linear Load in Three Phase Four Wire Power System ........... Results of Current Harmonic Effect towards Power Cable for Three Phase Network .. Determining Correction Factor of Power Cable Sizing Under Nonlinear Load Condition ... Numerical Examples for Application of Correction Factor for Power Cable Sizing Under Nonlinear Load Condition
70 71 74 77
84 86 92
4.7
96
4.8
102
4.9
5.0 5.1
110 111
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... APPENDICES Appendix A Experiment Results for Single Phase System Appendix B Experiment Results for Three Phase System Appendix C Harmonic Components Appendix D Equipment Technical Data
112
LIST OF TABLES
Page Table 2.1 Table 2.2 Table 2.3 Table 2.4 Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 3.3 Table 4.1 Table 4.2 Table 4.3 Table 4.4 Table 4.5 Table 4.6 Table 4.7 Table 4.8 Table 4.9 Table 4.10 Typical Loads of User Harmonic Order and Subsequent Sequences Current Distortion Limits for General Distribution Systems Maximum Current Distortion with Subject to Fundamental Current Static Resistivity, for Various Materials Samples Descriptions Technical Data Sheet for Power Cable Measurement of Parameters under Linear Load Measurement of Parameters under Nonlinear Load Harmonic Components in Current with 20% Harmonic Operating Temperature for 0.05mm with Length of 0.5meter Operating Temperature for 0.05mm2 with Length of 2.0meter Operating Temperature for 0.08mm2 with Length of 0.5meter Operating Temperature for 0.08mm2 with Length of 2.0meter Operating Temperature for 0.128mm2 Operating Temperature for 0.205mm2 Measurement for Current, Voltage, Current Harmonic (THDi) and Power Factor for Balance System Measurement for Current, Voltage, Current Harmonic (THDi) and Power Factor for unbalance System Measurement for Current, Voltage, Current Harmonic (THDi) and Power Factor for Balance System at Phase THDi Equals 30% Harmonic Components at Each Phase Drawn by Resistor under Nonlinear Load Balanced Network Measurement for Current, Voltage, Current Harmonic (THDi) and Power Factor for unbalance System at Phase THDi Equals 30% Harmonic Components at Each Phase Drawn by Resistor under Nonlinear Load unbalanced Network Operating Temperature for Sample 0.325mm2 for R,Y, and B phase Operating Temperature for Sample 0.325mm2 for N phase Operating Temperature for Sample 0.205mm2 for R,Y, and B phase
2
11 18 34 35 55 57 58 72 75 76 78 79 80 81 82 83 85
Table 4.11
85
Table 4.12
87
Table 4.13
89
Table 4.14
89
Table 4.15
91
93 93 95
vi
Operating Temperature for Sample 0.205mm2 for N phase Tangents Calculation by Each Power Cable Sample Tangents Calculations by Each Power Cable Samples (THDi 0% to 40%) Tangents Calculations by Each Power Cable Samples (THDi 50% to 80%) Power Cable Current Carrying Capacity Utilization of Correction Factor for Power Cable Size 4.0mm2 Utilization of Correction Factor for Power Cable Size 6.0mm2. Utilization of Correction Factor for Power Cable Size 10.0mm2
95 99 101
Table 4.22
101
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Page Figure 2.1 An Electrical One Line Diagram for A Simple System used by Many Facilities that use Computer Extensively a)Pure Resisitve Network where There is Not Difference in Phase Angle Between Voltage and Its Corresponding Current (b) Impedance-Loaded Network where There is a Difference in Phase Angle Between Voltage and Current Figure 2.3 a) Example of Source Voltage Waveform b) Example of Distorted Current Waveform Figure 2.4 Figure 2.5 Magnetic Field Distribution In and Around a Solid Conductor Differential Scanning Calorimeter Trace for Polyethylene Dielectric Approximate Reduction in Cable Life for Increasing Inner Conductor Temperature Relation between THDi and Power Cable Temperature The Correlation between Power Cable Size and Operating Temperature with respect to THDi Increment One Line Diagram of Experimental Equipments Placement Common Methodology Flow Chart Determination of Initial Fundamental Current Loss (THDi = 0%) Determination of Harmonic Current Loss Single Phase Rectifier as Nonlinear Load Distortion of Current as Result of Discharging and Charging of Smoothing Capacitors (a) Sinusoidal Current at 5.06A Magnitude (b) 20% THDi Content in Current Which Resulted in Distorted Current Waveform Figure 3.8 Figure 3.9 Single Phase Three Wire Network Configuration Placement of Power Cable Samples at Three Phase Four Wire Power Distribution System The Arrangement of Measuring Procedure Single Phase Three Wire Network and Measuring Meters Placement 10
Figure 2.2
12
12
14 14 28 36
Figure 2.6
37
44 45
Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6
48 50 52 53 59 60
Figure 3.7
61 61
62 65
68 72
viii
Figure 4.2
Voltage and Current Waveform as well as Current Harmonic Spectrum at RMS Fundamental Current 4.08A Voltage and Current Waveform as well as Current Harmonic Spectrum at RMS Fundamental Current 5.06A Single Phase Power System with Nonlinear Load Voltage and Current Waveform as well as Current Harmonic Spectrum at RMS Fundamental Current 4.03A Voltage and Current Waveform as well as Current Harmonic Spectrum at RMS Fundamental Current 5.01A Current vs Cable Operating Temperature for Sample (0.5meter) 0.05mm2 Current vs Conductor Operating Temperature for Sample (2.0meter) 0.05mm2 Current vs Conductor Operating Temperature for Sample (0.5meter) 0.08mm2 Current vs Conductor Operating Temperature for Sample (2.0meter) 0.08mm2 Current vs Conductor Operating Temperature for Sample (2.0meter) 0.128mm2 Current vs Conductor Operating Temperature for Sample (2.0meter) 0.205mm2 Schematic Diagram for Measurements of Three Phase Four Wire Power Distribution System Schematic Diagram for Measurements of Three Phase Four Wire Network with Measuring Devices (a) Phase B Distorted Line Current Waveform (b) Phase B Harmonic Spectrum (c) Phase N Distorted Line Current Waveform (d) Phase N Harmonic Spectrum
73
Figure 4.3
73
74 75
Figure 4.6
76
Figure 4.7
78
Figure 4.8
79
Figure 4.9
80
Figure 4.10
81
Figure 4.11
82
Figure 4.12
84
Figure 4.13
85
Figure 4.14
87
Figure 4.15
88 88 88 88 90 90 90 90 94
Figure 4.16
(a) Full Load at Phase B Harmonic Current Waveform (b) Phase B Harmonic Spectrum (c) Loading Current of Phase N (d) Phase N Harmonic Spectrum
Figure 4.17
Phase cables operating temperature at Variaton of Phase Current THDi for Sample Size of 0.325mm2
ix
Figure 4.18
Neutral cables operating temperature at Variaton of Phase Current THDi for Sample Size of 0.325mm2 Phase cables operating temperature at Variaton of Phase Current THDi for Sample Size of 0.205mm2 Neutral cables operating temperature at Variaton of Phase Current THDi for Sample Size of 0.325mm2 THDi vs Temperature for Power Cable Correlation between THDi and Operating Temperature of Cable Similarities between THDi vs Temperature and THDi vs Cable Size
94
Figure 4.19
95
Figure 4.20
96
98 98 103
LIST OF PLATES
Page Plate 3.1 (a) The Ready Made Single Phase Bridge Rectifier Box (b) A Set of Variable Capacitor Bank and It Is Connectable Between Them in Series of Parallel Plate 3.2 Plate 3.3 Plate 3.4 Three Phase Current Circuit Breaker for Protection Purpose K-type Thermocoupler with Thermo Sensor Lead Thermocouplers to Measure each of the 4 Conductors in 3 Phase 4 Wire Power System. 61 61
66 67 67
xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
I1m Inm
Amplitude of Fundamental Current Amplitude of nth Harmonic Current Angular Speed Constant Cosinus Cross Sectional Area Current for Phase R Current for Phase Y Current for Phase B Current for Phase N Desired Power Cable Size Diode Fundamental Current Fundamental Current Frequency Harmonic Current Initial Power Cable Size Length Load Current Maximum Voltage Magnitude MicroFarad Number of Harmonic Ohm Phase Angle of nth Harmonic Pie Sinus Slope of Current vs Temperature of Power Cable Static Resistivity Time Total
k cos A iR iY iB iN 1 D Io f Ih 0