City College of New York School of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering CE 36500 Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering

Laboratory Experiment No. 1

Estimating the Friction Factor in a Brass Pipe The system consists of a horizontal brass pipe, a pump, two differential manometers and a small container, which is positioned on a scale. Transmission Oil (s.g.=0.86 is pumped through the pipe! the end of the pipe is open to the atmosphere and the transmission oil pours into the container. The oil is drained bac" from the container into the system. #. The friction factor will be estimated for fi$e different $olumetric flow rates. %. The time to collect #& lb of the oil is measured twice at each flow rate. '. The a$erage time of the two readings will be used to estimate the flow rate. &. The corresponding $olume of the oil is found by di$iding #& lb by the specific weight of the oil. (. )olumetric flow rate is calculated by di$iding the $olume of oil (step & by the a$erage collection time (step ' . 6. The two manometers are read at each flow rate. *. The manometer readings are in height of mercury! they must be transformed into the height of the oil. 8. Two manometers are connected to two different parts of the pipe! they correspond to two different pipe lengths. +. ,sing the manometer readings and the corresponding pipe lengths estimate f using the -arcy./eisbach e0uation. #0. The two friction factors for the two different lengths should be close. ##. Ta"e the a$erage of the two friction factors! this a$erage corresponds to the $olumetric flow rate, which was estimated pre$iously. #%. 1ompare you findings with the information gi$en in the te2tboo". ( = 0.'%8 sto"e

City College of New York School of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering CE 3 1 ! "y#ra$lic%
Laboratory Experiment No. &
Velocity Profile easurements in a Closed Conduit !sing "#V $"aser #oppler Velocimetry% The dual beam approach is the most common optical arrangement used for an 3-) system. 4asic components of a complete 3-) system include a 3aser, 4eamsplitter, 5ocusing lens, 1ollecting lens, 6hotodetector, 7ignal processor and -ata 8nalysis system. To optimize a measurement, one must ha$e particles following the flow. #. The $elocity profile is measured at the entrance, before the obstacle, after the obstacle and at the e2it. %. 8ssuming symmetry, half of the profile is measured! the other half of the profile is the mirror image of the measured part. '. 7et up your own coordinate system! you ha$e to be able to specify the position of the profile within the closed conduit. &. The entire profile must be drawn at each section. (. 9nterpret the shape of each profile and compare it to the situation with no obstacle in the conduit. 6. The profiles at different sections must be compared as well! for e2ample the ma2imums and the minimums of the profile before the obstacle and the profile after the obstacle should be compared.

City College of New York School of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering CE 3 1 ! "y#ra$lic%
Laboratory Experiment No. 3 ! "y#ra$lic '$mp &ntroduction
:ydraulic ;umps mostly occur naturally in open channels. They are $ery efficient in dissipating the energy of the flow to ma"e it more controllable and less erosi$e. 9n a hydraulic ;ump the flow goes from supercritical ( high $elocity to subcritical (low $elocity regime. 9n fact, occasionally it might be necessary to create a ;ump to consume the e2cessi$e energy. 5or instance when water flows down from an outlet of an arch dam, it carries an enormous amount of "inetic energy, which might damage the recei$ing channels. To a$oid damage, a hydraulic structure called stilling basin is built underneath the dam. This structure produces a controlled hydraulic ;ump, where the damaging energy is lost in the transition from supercritical to subcritical.

E'perimental Procedure
8 hydraulic ;ump has been established in the ele$ated flume of the :ydraulics 3aboratory. The following tas"s must be accomplished in this e2periment< #. =easure the width of the channel! %. =easure the se0uent depths of the ;ump! '. =easure the flow depth upstream from the ;ump (subcritical region ! &. >stimate the flow $elocity in the subcritical region of the flow! 1hoose two points in the channel in the subcritical region downstream from the ;ump and measure their distance!

6ut a piece of paper on the flow surface and measure the time it ta"es for the paper to tra$el from one point to the other. ?epeat this procedure three times and ta"e the a$erage tra$el time! -i$ide the distance by the a$erage tra$el time to appro2imate the flow $elocity at the water surface!

(eport Preparation
#. 1ompute the a$erage $elocity using the e0uation pro$ided in the laboratory! %. =ultiply the $elocity by the cross sectional area (flow depth measured in step ' in e2perimental procedure times width of the channel to estimate the flow rate. '. >stimate the critical depth in the channel! &. >stimate the 5roude number before and after the ;ump! (. ,sing the initial depth, appro2imate the se0uent depth of the ;ump with the appropriate relations gi$en in your te2t boo" and compare it with your measurement! 6. ?epeat step ( but use se0uent depth to obtain the initial depth! *. >stimate the energy loss in the ;ump! 8. -raw the specific force cur$e and specific energy cur$e! +. 7pecify the se0uent depths on each cur$e and answer the following 0uestions< (a 8re the specific forces of the initial depth and the se0uent depth e2actly the same@ /hy@ (b 9s the energy loss that you obtain from the specific energy cur$e the same as the one in step +@ /hy@

City College of New York School of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering CE 36) * Hydraulics
Laboratory Experiment No. 3 ( Calibration of Sharp!Cre%te# )eir%

&ntroduction
8 weir is an o$erflow structure e2tending across a stream or a channel and normal to the direction of the flow. They are normally categorized by their shape as either sharp.crested or broad.crested. This laboratory e2periment focuses on sharp.crested weirs only. Two different types of weirs will be introduced< #. The ).notch weir! %. The rectangular weir (horizontal weir with end contractions .

+,-ecti.es
>stimation of coefficient of discharge for a rectangular and a ).notch weir.

E'perimental /pparatus
The e2periments will be carried out on a mobile Ahydraulic benchA located in the hydraulic laboratory. 8 schematic of the hydraulic bench is shown in 5ig. #. 9t consists of fi$e basic elements< #. 5low channel, located at the top of the bench!

%. /ater storage tan"! '. 6umpB$al$e system, ne2t to water storage tan"! &. :olding tan" for water $olume measurement, below the flow channel! (. The drainage system for hydraulic bench.

Cuic" release connector is unscrewed from the bed of the channel and the deli$ery nozzle (( screwed in place. 7tilling baffle (6 is slid into the slots in the walls of the channel. These slots are polarized to ensure correct orientation of the baffle. The inlet nozzle and stilling baffle in combination promote smooth flow conditions in the channel. /ater is circulated in the system by a small centrifugal pump between the channel and the holding tan". 8 $ernier hoo" and point gauge is mounted on an instrument carrier (## , which is located on the side channels of the molded top. The carrier may be mo$ed along the channels to the re0uired measurement position. The gauge is pro$ided with a coarse ad;ustment loc"ing screw (* and a fine ad;ustment nut (8 . The $ernier (#0 is loc"ed to the mast by a screw (& and is used in con;unction with the scale (+ . The hoo" and point (# is clamped at the base of the $ertical mast (' by a thumb screw (% . The rectangular weir or ).notch weir, which is to be calibrated (#% , is clamped to the weir carrier by thumb nuts (#' . The weir plates incorporate capti$e studs to aid assembly.

* 8 + #0

##

6 ( & ' % #

#%

#'

*ig$re 1 . +he *low Channel E'perimental Procedure

#. =easure the width of the weir. %. Turn on the pump and open the control $al$e until water discharges o$er the weir plate. '. 1lose the control $al$e and Turn off the pump and allow water le$el to drops until water flow o$er the weir stops. &. 7et )ernier :eight Dauge to datum reading (water surface in the channel . (. 6osition the gauge at about half way between the plate and the stilling baffle. 6. Turn on the pump and open the control $al$e and ad;ust it to obtain the head :. *. 5or each flow rate, after the conditions are stable, measure and record :.

8. Ta"e readings of $olume discharged and time of discharge using the $olumetric tan" to determine the flow rate. +. ?epeat steps ( to * fi$e times for each weir type.

#ata /nalysis
/* (ectangular 0eir 9n a rectangular weir< C = %B'E 1d E 4E(%g where C = flow rate, 1d = coefficient of discharge, 4 = width of the weir, and : = head abo$e the weir.
#B%

E :#.(

-etermine 1d as follow< #. Tabulate $olume, times, and heads! %. 1ompute and tabulate C, :%B' , 1d='CB (%4:#.((%g '. 6lot C%B' $ersus :! &. 6lot log C $ersus log :! (. 6lot 1d $ersus :! 6. >stimate an a$erage $alue for 1d and the standard de$iation.
0.(

, log C, log :!

,n%wer the following -$e%tion%. #. 9s 1d constant for this weir@ %. 1an The C.: relationship be described by an empirical formula C = " E :n@ 9f so find the $alues of " and n.

B* V*notch 0eir 9n ).notch weirs< C = 8B#(E 1d E (%g where 1d = coefficient of discharge, B% = half of the enclosed angle of the ), and : = head abo$e the weir. -etermine 1 in accordance with the following< #. Tabulate $olumes, times and heads! %. 1ompute and tabulate C and C(B% ! '. 6lot C(B% $ersus : and find 1d from the slope of the graph. ,n%wer the following -$e%tion%. #. 9s 1d constant for this weir@ %. /hat are the ad$antages and disad$antages of plotting C%B( $ersus : instead of C $ersus :(B% @
#B%

E tan (B% E:(B%