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Antenna
Antenna
EELE5133
2008-2009
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Table of contents
Title
Preface Syllabus Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 Antenna Parameters Wire Antennas Experiment 4 Experiment 5 Experiment 6 Linear Arrays Introduction Broadside Array End-Fire Array
Page
3 4 5 9 23 29 34 39 50 61
Preface
This Lab manual is prepared to help antenna course students to deal with the most popular softwares that used in the design of the antennas beside the investigation of the topics covered in the course, Some of the labs are taken from an old lab manual prepared by Eng. Mohammed Al-Absi by using a new versions of the softwares used there, some labs are prepared newly, a new multi-purpose software is used here which is 4nec2.
Syllabus
Digital Signal Processing Laboratory (EELE 4110) Objectives:
Course Plan
1st Week Discussion: Antenna Parameters 2nd Week Lab: Antenna Parameters 3rd Week Discussion: Wire Antennas 4th Week Lab: Wire Antennas 5th Week Discussion: Linear Arrays 6th Week Lab: Linear Arrays (Broadside Array) 7th Week Lab: Linear Arrays (End-Fire Array) 8th Week MIDTERM EXAM 9th Week Discussion: Yagi-Uda Antenna 10th Week Lab: Yagi-Uda Antenna 11th Week Discussion: Horn Antenna 12th Week Lab: Horn antenna 13th Week Discussion: Reflector antennas 14th Week Lab: Reflector Antennas 15th Week PROJECT EVALUATION 16th Week FINAL EXAM
References:
Class Notes Antenna Design, Balanis ,2nd Ed.
Grades:
Attendance.. Midterm Exam.... Final Exam..... Reports Project Quizzes... 10 15 30 15 20 10 Pts Pts Pts Pts Pts Pts
Lab Policy:
No late reports or pre-labs will be accepted Reports should be done individually. Mid term Exam will be at the end of Lab(6)
Experiment
1
Antenna Parameters
Objective:
Studying antenna parameters, Radiation pattern, Pattern beamwidth, Radiation intensity, Directivity, Gain, radiation efficiency. Using "MATLAB" to plot radiation intensity, calculating dirctivity and halfpower beamwidths.
Theoretical Background:
HPBW: is the angle between two vectors, originating at the pattern's origin and passing through these points of the major lobe where the radiation intensity id half its maximum FNBW: is the angle between two vectors, originating at the pattern's origin and tangent to the main beam at its base. It is very often approximately true that FNBW 2HPBW.
Radiation intensity U: in a given direction is the power per unit solid angle radiated in this direction by the antenna.
d = sin dd There is a direct relation between the radiation intensity U and the radiation power density P (that is pointing vector magnitude of the far field) since
Wrad =
dP , W / m2 ds
U ( , ) =
Directivity:
Can be defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity of the antenna in a given direction and the radiation intensity of an isotropic radiator fed by the same amount of power. U ( , ) U ( , ) = 4 D( , ) = U Isotropic Prad
D0 = U max U = 4 max U Isotropic Prad
Prad =
U ( , ) sin dd
0 0
Gain:
The gain G of an antenna is the ratio of the radiation intensity U in a given direction and the radiation intensity that would be obtained, if the power fed to the antenna were radiated isotropically.
G ( , ) = 4 U ( , ) Pin
The gain is dimensionless quantity, which is very similar to the directivity D. when the antenna has no losses, i.e. when Pin=Prad, then G(,)=D(,). Thus, the gain of the antenna takes into account the losses in the antenna system. It is calculated via the input power Pin, which is measurable quantity, unlike the directivity, which is calculated via the radiated power prad. The radiated power is related to the input power through a coefficient called radiation efficiency: Prad = ePin G ( , ) = eD( , )
Is the solid angle through which all the power of the antenna whould flow if its radiation intensity were constant and equal to the maximum radiation intensity U0 for all angles within A.
D0 = 4
2
1 4 4 = A 1r 2 r U ( , ) sin dd U max 0 o
The relation between the maximum directivity and the beam solid angle is obvious. For antennas with narrow major lobe and with negligible minor lobes, the beam solid angle A is approximately equal the product of the HPBWs in two orthogonal planes. The effective area Ae :
The effective area Ae of an antenna is the value corresponding to the direction of maximal gain Gmax. We write in this case:
Gmax = 4Ae
Experimental Procedure: Part I The normalized radiation intensity of a lossless antenna is given by:
sin sin 2 ,0 ,0 F ( , ) = 0, elsewhere
Using MATLAB:
a) b) c) d) Plot radiation intensity at polar coordinates on x-y, y-z planes. Find the azimuthal and elevation plane HPBWs in degrees. Find the maximum directivity (Dmax) Find the approximate directivity using results in (b)
Using MATLAB:
a) b) c) d) Plot radiation intensity at polar coordinates on x-y plane. Find the azimuthal HPBW in degrees. Find the maximum directivity (Dmax) Find the ratio of the radiation & field intensities between the main and first side lobes.
Experiment
2
Wire Antenna
Types of wire antennas
Linear 1. Dipole 2. monopole Loop 1. circular 2. rectangular Helix Yagi Arrays 1. Broadside Linear 2. End-Fire Linear ..
In using the EMMCAP program system simulating a wire structure is a four-step procedure: