Manual de Soluções - Introdução A Mecânica Dos Flúidos 7 Ed (Capítulos 7 Ao 13) - INGLÊS

Problem 7.
[2]
Problem 7.2
[2]
Problem 7.3
[2]
Given: Find: Solution:
Equation for beam Dimensionless groups
Denoting nondimensional quantities by an asterisk
A* =
A L2
y* =
y L
t* = t
I* =
I L4
x* =
x L
Hence
A = L2 A *
y = Ly*
2 2
t=
t*
I = L4 I *
x = Lx*
Substituting into the governing equation The final dimensionless equation is
2 y * 4 y * 4 1 L L A * + EL 4 LI * =0 t *2 x *4 L 2 y * E 4 y * A* + 2 2 =0 4 I * t *2 L x *
E L2 2
The dimensionless group is
Problem 7.4
[2]
Problem 7.5
[4]
Problem 7.6
[2]
Equations for modeling atmospheric motion Non-dimensionalized equation; Dimensionless groups
Recall that the total acceleration is

r r r DV V r = + V V t Dt
Nondimensionalizing the velocity vector, pressure, angular velocity, spatial measure, and time, (using a typical velocity magnitude V and angular velocity magnitude ):
r r V V* = V p p* = p r r * = x* = x L t* = t V L
Hence
r r V =VV *
p = p p *
r r = *
x = Lx*
t=
L t* V
Substituting into the governing equation

r r r r 1 p V V * V r V + V V * * V * +2V * V * = p * L L t * L
The final dimensionless equation is

r r r V * r p L r + V * * V * +2 p * * V = t * V 2 V
The dimensionless groups are

p L V
The second term on the left of the governing equation is the Coriolis force due to a rotating coordinate system. This is a very significant term in atmospheric studies, leading to such phenomena as geostrophic flow.
Problem 7.7
[2]
Equations Describing pipe flow Non-dimensionalized equation; Dimensionless groups
Nondimensionalizing the velocity, pressure, spatial measures, and time:

u* = u V p* = p p x* = x L r* = r L t* = t V L
L t* V
Hence
u =V u* p = p p * x = Lx* r = Dr* t=

u 1 1 p * 1 2 u * 1 u * V u * =V = p + V 2 + 2 t L t * L x * r * r * D r *

2 u * p p * L u * + 1 u * = + 2 2 t * r * r * V x * DV D r *
The dimensionless groups are

p
DV
V 2
L D
Problem 7.8
[2]
Equation for unsteady, 2D compressible, inviscid flow Dimensionless groups
Denoting nondimensional quantities by an asterisk
x* =
x L
y* =
y L
u* =
u c0
v* =
v c0
c* =
c c0
t* =
t c0 L
* =
L c0
Note that the stream function indicates volume flow rate/unit depth! Hence
x = Lx*
y = Ly*
u = c0 u *
v = c0 v *
c = c0 c *
t=
Lt * c0
= L c0 *

3 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 * c0 (u *2 + v *2 ) c0 2 2 c0 c0 c0 2 * 2 * 2 * ( ) ( ) * * * * 2 * * + + + + =0 u c v c u v L t *2 L L t x *2 y *2 x * y * L L

2 2 2 * (u *2 + v *2 ) 2 * 2 2 * 2 2 * ( ) ( ) + + u * c * + v * c * + 2 u * v * =0 t *2 t x *2 y *2 x * y *
No dimensionless group is needed for this equation!
Problem 7.9
[2]
Problem 7.10
[2]
That drag depends on speed, air density and frontal area How drag force depend on speed
Apply the Buckingham procedure
F
n = 4 parameters
Select primary dimensions M, L, t

F V L t
M L3

ML t2 L2
r = 3 primary dimensions
V
m = r = 3 repeat parameters
Then n m = 1 dimensionless groups will result. Setting up a dimensional equation,

1 = V a b Ac F L M = 3 L2 t L
a b
( )
ML t2
= M 0 L0 t 0
Summing exponents,
M: b +1 = 0 b = 1 L : a 3b + 2c + 1 = 0 c = 1 t: a2=0 a = 2
Hence
1 = F
V 2 A
Check using F, L, t as primary dimensions

1 = F Ft
2
L2
= [1] L2
L4 t 2
The relation between drag force F and speed V must then be

F V 2 A V 2
The drag is proportional to the square of the speed.
Problem 7.11
[2]
Problem 7.12
[2]
That speed of shallow waves depends on depth, density, gravity and surface tension Dimensionless groups; Simplest form of V
Apply the Buckingham procedure V D
n = 5 parameters
V L t
D L
D
M L3
g L t2
M t2

g
L M c L 1 = g a b D cV = 2 3 (L ) = M 0 L0t 0 t t L M: b=0 b=0 1 Summing exponents, Hence L : a 3b + c + 1 = 0 c = 2 1 t: 2a 1 = 0 a= 2 a b L M c M 2 = g a b D c = 2 3 (L ) 2 = M 0 L0t 0 t t L M: b +1 = 0 b = 1 L : a 3b + c = 0 c = 2 Summing exponents, Hence 2 a 2 = 0 a = 1 t: L t = = [1] Check using F, L, t as primary dimensions
1
1 =
V gD
2 =
gD 2
L 2 t
2 L V = f g D 2 gD
F L 2 = = [1] L Ft 2 2 L t 2 L4
The relation between drag force speed V is
1 = f ( 2 )
V = gD f gD 2
Problem 7.13
[2]
Problem 7.14
[2]
Problem 7.15
[2]
That light objects can be supported by surface tension Dimensionless groups
Apply the Buckingham procedure W p
n = 5 parameters
W ML t2
p L
p
M L3
g L t2
M t2

g
Summing exponents,
L 1 = g p W = 2 t M: b +1 = 0 L : a 3b + c + 1 = 0 t: 2a 2 = 0
a b c
M c ML 0 0 0 3 (L ) 2 = M L t t L b = 1 c = 3 Hence a = 1
b
1 =
W g p 3
Summing exponents,
L M c M 2 = g p = 2 3 (L ) 2 = M 0 L0t 0 t t L M: b +1 = 0 b = 1 L : a 3b + c = 0 c = 2 Hence t: 2 a 2 = 0 a = 1
a b c
2 =
gp 2
F F L Check using F, L, t as primary dimensions 1 = = [1] 2 = = [1] L Ft 2 3 L Ft 2 2 L L t 2 L4 t 2 L4 1 Wp , so 1 and 2 are not unique! Note: Any combination of 1 and 2 is a group, e.g., = 2
Problem 7.16
[2]
Problem 7.17
[2]
Problem 7.18
[2]
That automobile buffer depends on several parameters Dimensionless groups
Apply the Buckingham procedure T
n = 6 parameters
T ML2 2 t
e
1 t
F ML t2
M Lt
M t2

F

2 ML b 1 ML 1 = F a eb cT = 2 (L ) 2 = M 0 L0t 0 t t t a c
Summing exponents,
M: L: t:
a +1 = 0 a+b+2=0 2a c 2 = 0
a = 1 b = 1 c=0
a c
Hence
1 =
T Fe
Summing exponents,
ML b1 M = M 0 L0t 0 2 = F e = 2 (L ) t Lt t M: a +1 = 0 a = 1 L: a + b 1 = 0 b=2 Hence t : 2a c 1 = 0 c = 1

a b c
2 =
e2
F
Summing exponents,
ML b1 M 3 = F e = 2 (L ) 2 = M 0 L0t 0 t t t M: a +1 = 0 a = 1 L: a+b=0 b =1 Hence t : 2a c 2 = 0 c = 0

a b c
3 =
e
F
Ft 2 1 F L L 2 FL L L t 1 = = [1] 2 = = [1] 3 = = [1] F F FL 1 T = , so 1, 2 and 3 are not unique! Note: Any combination of 1, 2 and 3 is a group, e.g., 2 e3
Problem 7.19
[2]
Problem 7.20
[2]
Problem 7.21
[2]
Problem 7.22 (In Excel)
[2]
Given: That drain time depends on fluid viscosity and density, orifice diameter, and gravity Find: Functional dependence of t on other variables Solution:
We will use the workbook of Example 7.1, modified for the current problem The number of parameters is: The number of primary dimensions is: The number of repeat parameters is: The number of groups is: n r m =r n -m =5 =3 =3 =2
Enter the dimensions (M, L, t) of the repeating parameters, and of up to four other parameters (for up to four groups). The spreadsheet will compute the exponents a , b , and c for each. REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose , g , d M 1 L -3 1 1 t -2
g d GROUPS: t 1:
M 0 a = b = c =
L 0 0 0.5 -0.5
t 1
2:
M 1 a = b = c =
L -1 -1 -0.5 -1.5
t -1
The following groups from Example 7.1 are not used: M 0 3: a = b = c =

Hence
L 0 0 0 0
t 0 4:
M 0 a = b = c =
L 0 0 0 0
t 0
1 = t
g d
and
2 =
g
1 3 2d 2
2 gd 3
2
with 1 = f ( 2 )
The final result is
t=
d g
2 f 2 3 gd
Problem 7.23
[2]
That the power of a vacuum depends on various parameters Dimensionless groups
Apply the Buckingham procedure P p D d Select primary dimensions M, L, t
di
do
n = 8 parameters
P ML2 3 t
p M Lt 2
D d 1 t
M L3
di L
do L
Summing exponents,
M 1 = D P = 3 L M: a +1 = 0 L : 3a + b + 2 = 0 c3=0 t:
a b c a b c
2 b 1 ML 0 0 0 (L ) 3 = M L t t t a = 1 b = 5 Hence c = 3 a c
1 =
P D 5 3
M b 1 M = M 0 L0t 0 2 = D p = 3 (L ) 2 L t Lt M: a +1 = 0 a = 1 p L : 3a + b 1 = 0 b = 2 Summing exponents, Hence 2 = D 2 2 t: c = 2 c2=0 d d d 3 = 4 = i 5 = o The other groups can be found by inspection: D D D
Ft 2 1 L 2 L4 t 1 P , so the s are not unique! = Note: Any combination of 1, 2 and 3 is a group, e.g., 2 pD 3 Ft 5 1 L 3 L4 t
1 =
FL t
2
= [1]
2 =
F L2
2
= [1]
3 = 4 = 5 =
L = [1] L
Problem 7.24
[2]
Problem 7.25
[2]
Problem 7.26
[2]
Problem 7.27
[3]
Problem 7.28
[2]
Problem 7.29
[3]
[3]
Given: That dot size depends on ink viscosity, density, and surface tension, and geometry Find: groups Solution:
Enter the dimensions (M, L, t) of the repeating parameters, and of up to four other parameters (for up to four groups). The spreadsheet will compute the exponents a , b , and c for each. REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose , V , D M 1 L -3 1 1 t -1
V D GROUPS:
d 1:
M 0 a = b = c =
L 1 0 0 -1
t 0
2:
M 1 a = b = c =
L -1 -1 -1 -1
t -1
3:
M 1 a = b = c =
L 0 -1 -2 -1
t -2
L 4:
M 0 a = b = c =
L 1 0 0 -1
t 0
Hence
1 =
d D
2 =
VD
VD
3 =
V D
2
4 =
L D
Note that groups 1 and 4 can be obtained by inspection
Problem 7.31
[3]
[3]
Given: Speed depends on mass, area, gravity, slope, and air viscosity and thickness Find: groups Solution:
Enter the dimensions ( M, L, t) of the repeating parameters, and of up to four other parameters (for up to four groups). The spreadsheet will compute the exponents a , b , and c for each. REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose g , , m M g m GROUPS: M 0 a = b = c = L 1 -0.5 -0.5 0 t -1 M 1 a = b = c = L -1 -0.5 1.5 -1 t -1 L 1 1 t -2
V 1 :
2 :
3:
M 0 a = b = c =
L 0 0 0 0
t 0
A 4 :
M 0 a = b = c =
L 2 0 -2 0
t 0
Hence
1 = g
V
1 1 2 2
V2 g
2 =
3 2
1 2m
2 3
m2 g
3 =
4 =
Note that the 1 , 3 and 4 groups can be obtained by inspection
[3]
Given: Bubble size depends on viscosity, density, surface tension, geometry and pressure Find: groups Solution:
Enter the dimensions (M, L, t) of the repeating parameters, and of up to four other parameters (for up to four groups). The spreadsheet will compute the exponents a , b , and c for each. REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose , p , D M 1 1 L -3 -1 1 t -2
p D GROUPS:
d 1:
M 0 a = b = c =
L 1 0 0 -1
t 0
2:
M 1 a = b = c =
L -1 -0.5 -0.5 -1
t -1
3 :
M 1 a = b = c =
L 0 0 -1 -1
t -2 4:
M 0 a = b = c =
L 0 0 0 0
t 0
Hence
1 =
d D
2 =

1 1 2 p 2 D
2 pD 2
3 =
D p
Note that the 1 group can be obtained by inspection
Problem 7.34
[2]
That the power of a washing machine agitator depends on various parameters Dimensionless groups
Apply the Buckingham procedure P H D h
max
n = 8 parameters
P ML2 3 t
h max L 1 t
f 1 t
M L3
L
max
r = 3 primary dimensions M Lt

2 M b 1 ML c 1 = a D bmax P = 3 (L ) 3 = M 0 L0t 0 L t t M: a +1 = 0 a = 1 L : 3a + b + 2 = 0 b = 5 Hence t: c = 3 c3=0 a c
Summing exponents,
1 =
P
3 D max 5
M b1 M 2 = D = 3 (L ) = M 0 L0t 0 L t Lt M: a +1 = 0 a = 1 2 = L : 3a + b 1 = 0 b = 2 Summing exponents, Hence 2 D max t: c = 1 c 1 = 0 f h H 5 = 4 = 3 = The other groups can be found by inspection: D D max
a b c max
1 =
FL t Ft 2 5 1 L 3 L4 t
= [1]
2 =
Note: Any combination of s is a group, e.g.,
3 = 4 = 5 = [1] = [1] Ft 2 2 1 L L4 t 1 P = , so the s are not unique! 2 2 D 3max
Ft L2
[3]
Given: Time to speed up depends on inertia, speed, torque, oil viscosity and geometry Find: groups Solution:
Enter the dimensions (M, L, t) of the repeating parameters, and of up to four other parameters (for up to four groups). The spreadsheet will compute the exponents a , b , and c for each. REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose , D , T M D T L 1 2 t -1 -2
GROUPS: Two groups can be obtained by inspection: /D and L /D . The others are obtained below M 0 a = b = c = L 0 1 0 0 t 1 M 1 a = b = c = L -1 1 3 -1 t -1
t 1:
2:
I 3:
M 1 a = b = c =
L 2 2 0 -1
t 0 4:
M 0 a = b = c =
L 0 0 0 0
t 0
Hence the groups are

I 2 T T Note that the 1 group can also be easily obtained by inspection
t
L D
D 3
Problem 7.36
[3]
Problem 7.37
[2]
Ventilation system of cruise ship clubhouse Dimensionless groups
Apply the Buckingham procedure c N p D Select primary dimensions M, L, t
n = 9 parameters
c 1 L3
D
N 1
p M Lt 2
D L 1 t
p
M L3
M L3
g L t2
M Lt
Summing exponents,
M b1 M 1 = D p = 3 (L ) = M 0 L0t 0 2 L t Lt M: a +1 = 0 a = 1 L : 3a + b 1 = 0 b = 2 Hence t: c = 2 c2=0

a b c
1 =
p D 2 2
Summing exponents,
M 2 = D = 3 L M: a +1 = 0 L : 3a + b 1 = 0
a b c
b1 M = M 0 L0t 0 (L ) t Lt a = 1 b = 2 Hence
c = 1
4 = N
2 =
D 2
6 = g D 2
t:
c 1 = 0
The other groups can be found by inspection: Check using F, L, t as primary dimensions
3 = cD 3
Ft L2 Ft 2 2 1 L L4 t p
5 =
1 =
F L2 Ft 2 2 1 L 2 L4 t
= [1]
2 =
= [1]
3 = 4 = 5 = 6 = [1]
Note: Any combination of s is a group, e.g.,
1 = , so the s are not unique! 2
Problem 7.38
[3]
Problem 7.39
[3]
Problem 7.40
[3]
Problem 7.41
[4]
Problem 7.42
[3]
Problem 7.43
[3]
That the cooling rate depends on rice properties and air properties The groups
Apply the Buckingham procedure
dT/dt
cp
n = 8 parameters
Select primary dimensions M, L, t and T (temperature)

dT dt c L2 t 2T k ML t 2T L cp L2 t 2T
M L3
M Lt

T t L L t
V
cp
Then n m = 4 dimensionless groups will result. By inspection, one group is c/cp. Setting up a dimensional equation,
2 dT L M c L T = T 0 M 0 L0t 0 1 = V L c = 3 (L ) 2 dt t L t T t a b a b c d p d
Summing exponents,
d + 1 = 0 T: d =1 M: b=0 b=0 L : a 3b + c + 2d = 0 a + c = 2 c = 1 a 2d 1 = 0 t: a = 3
Hence
1 =
dT Lc p dt V 3
2 = k
By a similar process, we find Hence
L c p
2
and
3 =
LV
c dT Lc p , k , f = c p L2 c LV dt V 3 p
Problem 7.44
[4]
Problem 7.45
[2]
Boundary layer profile Two groups by inspection; One that is a standard fluid mechanics group; Dimensionless groups
Two obvious groups are u/U and y/. A dimensionless group common in fluid mechanics is U/ (Reynolds number) Apply the Buckingham procedure u y U dU/dx
n = 6 parameters
u L t
y U L t
dU dx 1 t
L2 t
L
m = r = 3 primary dimensions
U
Then n m = 4 dimensionless groups will result. We can easily do these by inspection
1 =
u U
2 =
3 =
(dU
dy ) U
4 =
Check using F, L, t as primary dimensions, is not really needed here Note: Any combination of s can be used; they are not unique!
Problem 7.46
[3]
Problem 7.47
[3]
Given: Model scale for on balloon Find: Required water model water speed; drag on protype based on model drag Solution:
From Appendix A (inc. Fig. A.2) air = 1.24 m s = kg m The given data is Vair = 5
3
air = 1.8 10
5 N s 2
w = 999
kg m
3
w = 10
3 N s 2
Lratio = 20 air Vair Lair air
Fw = 2 kN
For dynamic similarity we assume
w Vw Lw w
Then
3 w air Lair w air m 10 1.24 Vw = Vair = Vair Lratio = 5 20 air w Lw air w s 1.8 10 5 999
Vw = 6.90
m s
Fair For the same Reynolds numbers, the drag coefficients will be the same so we have 1 2 A V 2 air air air
Fw 1 2 A V 2 w w w
where
Aair
Lair 2 = = Lratio Aw Lw 1.24 202 5 Fair = Fw L = 2000 N w ratio Vw 999 6.9

air
2 Vair 2 2
Hence the prototype drag is
Fair = 522 N
Problem 7.48
[5]
Problem 7.49
[2]
Problem 7.50
[3]
Problem 7.51
[2]

Basic equations
Flow around ship's propeller Model propeller speed using Froude number and Reynolds number
Fr =
V g L Vm g Lm = Frp = Vp g Lp or
Re = Vm Vp Vm Vp
V L = Lm Lp Lm m Lp p Lp Lm 10 1 m = 395 rpm (3) (1)
Using the Froude number
Frm =
But the angular velocity is given by
V = L Lm m = Lp p Lm Lp
so
(2)
Comparing Eqs. 1 and 2
m = p
The model rotation speed is then
Lp m = p Lm Rem = Vm Lm m = Rep = Vp Lp p or
m = 125 rpm Vm Vp =
Using the Reynolds number
L p m Lp = L m p Lm
(We have assumed the viscosities of the sea water and model water are comparable) Comparing Eqs. 2 and 3 Lm m Lp = Lp p Lm m Lp = p Lm
2
The model rotation speed is then
Lp m = p Lm
10 m = 125 rpm 1
m = 12500 rpm
Of the two models, the Froude number appears most realistic; at 12,500 rpm serious cavitation will occur. Both flows will likely have high Reynolds numbers so that the flow becomes independent of Reynolds number; the Froude number is likely to be a good indicator of static pressure to dynamic pressure for this (although cavitation number would be better).
Problem 7.52
[3]
Problem 7.53
[3]
Problem 7.54
[2]
Model of weather balloon Model test speed; drag force expected on full-scale balloon
From Buckingham
F V D
2 2
= f
, V = F ( Re , M) V D c
and Vm Dm m Mp = Mm (Mach number criterion satisified because M<<)
For similarity
Rep = Rem Rep = Vp Dp p
Hence
= Rem =
m D p Vm = Vp p D m From Table A.7 at 68oF m = 1.08 10

5 ft 2
s
2
From Table A.9 at 68oF
p = 1.62 10
4 ft
ft 1.08 10 5 s 10 ft ft Vm = 5 2 1 s 4 ft ft 1.62 10 6 s
Then Fm m Vm Dm
2 2
Vm = 20.0
ft s
Fp p V p D p
2 2
p V p D p Fp = Fm m. V 2 D 2 m m
0.00234 slug ft 2 5 3 2 ft s 10 ft Fp = 0.85 lbf slug 20 ft 1 ft 1.94 3 s 6 ft
Fp = 0.231 lbf
Problem 7.55
[2]

We would expect
Model of wing Model test speed for dynamic similarity; ratio of model to prototype forces
F = F ( l , s , V , , ) F V l s
2
where F is the force (lift or drag), l is the chord and s the span
From Buckingham
= f
V l , l s
p Vp lp p
For dynamic similarity
m Vm lm m
Hence
p lp m Vm = Vp m lm p m = 1.01 10
3 N s 2
From Table A.8 at 20oC
p = 1.81 10
5 N s 2
1.21 kg 1.01 10 3 N s 3 2 m m m 10 Vm = 7.5 kg 1 s 5 N s 998 1.81 10 2 3 m m

Then Fm m Vm lm sm
2
Vm = 5.07
m s
Fp p Vp lp sp
2
Fm
2 m Vm lm sm 998 5.07 1 1 = = = 3.77 2 l s 7.5 Fp p 1.21 10 10 p p Vp
Problem 7.56
[3]
Problem 7.57
[3]
Model of water pump Model flow rate for dynamic similarity (ignoring Re); Power of prototype
Q From Buckingham D
3
and
P D
3 5
where Q is flow rate, is angular speed, d is diameter, and is density (these groups will be discussed in Chapter 10
Qm For dynamic similarity m Dm

3
Qp p Dp
3 3
Hence
m Dm Qm = Qp p Dp
Then
m 2000 1 s 800 2 kg From Table A.10 at 20oC p = 998 3 m Pm Pp = 3 5 3 5 m m Dm p p Dp Qm = 0.4 p p Dp Pp = Pm m m Dm 998

3 5
Qm = 0.125 m = 1.21
m s
kg m
3
800 2 Pp = 75 W 1.21 2000 1
Pp = 127 kW
Problem 7.58
[2]
Model of Frisbee Dimensionless parameters; Model speed and angular speed
The functional dependence is F = F ( D , V , , h , , ) From Buckingham V D D h = f , , V D V D F

2 2
where F represents lift or drag
m Vm Dm m
p Vp Dp p
p D p m Vm = Vp m D m p Dp Vm m = p Dm Vp
Vm = 5
m 4 ( 1) ( 1) s 1
Vm = 20
m s
Also
m Dm p Dp = Vm Vp
4 20 m = 100 rpm 1 5
m = 1600 rpm
Problem 7.59
[3]
Problem 7.60
[2]

From Example 7.2
Oil flow in pipe and dynamically similar water flow Average water speed and pressure drop
p V
2
= f
, l , e V D D D
= Oil Oil VOil DOil so VH2O = H2O Oil H2O Voil = VOil H2O Oil Oil
2 6 m
H2O For dynamic similarity H2O VH2O DH2O Oil = 8 10

2 5 m
From Fig. A.3 at 25oC
s
6 m 2
H2O = 1.14 10
1.14 10 Hence VH2O = 8 10 pOil Oil VOil From Table A.2

2
s
2
5 m
m s
VH2O = 0.0142
m s
s pH2O = H2O VH2O Oil VOil

2 2
Then
pH2O H2O VH2O

2
pOil
SGOil = 0.92 0.0142 1 pH2O = 450 kPa 0.92 1

2
pH2O = 98.6 Pa
Problem 7.61
[3]
Problem 7.62
[3]
Problem 7.63
[2]
Flow around cruise ship smoke stack Range of wind tunnel speeds
Vm Dm m
Vp Dp m
or
Vm =
Dp Dm
Vp =
1 V = 0.08 Vp 12.5 p
From Wikipedia
Hence for
km km 1000 m 1 hr m = 1.852 = 0.514 hr hr km 3600 s s m 0.514 s m m Vp = 15 knot = 15 knot Vp = 7.72 Vm = 0.08 7.72 1 knot s s m 0.514 s m m Vp = 25 knot = 25 knot Vp = 12.86 Vm = 0.08 12.86 1 knot s s 1 knot = 1.852
Vm = 0.618
m s
Vm = 1.03
m s
Problem 7.64
[2]
Model of flying insect Wind tunnel speed and wing frequency; select a better model fluid
For dynamic similarity the following dimensionless groups must be the same in the insect and model (these are Reynolds number and Strouhal number, and can be obtained from a Buckingham analysis) Vinsect Linsect air From Table A.9 (68oF) air = 0.00234 = Vm Lm m
3
insect Linsect m Lm = Vinsect Vm air = 1.62 10 Vinsect = 4 ft s

4 ft 2
slug ft
s Linsect Lm = 1 10
The given data is
insect = 50 Hz
Linsect m Linsect ft 1 ft Hence in the wind tunnel Vm = Vinsect = Vinsect = 4 Vm = 0.4 Lm air Lm s 10 s Vm Linsect 0.4 1 Also m = insect = 50 Hz m = 0.5 Hz Vinsect Lm 4 10 It is unlikely measurable wing lift can be measured at such a low wing frequency (unless the measured lift was averaged, using an integrator circuit). Maybe try hot air (200oF) for the model For hot air try Hence hot = 2.4 10 Vinsect Linsect air m = insect V
4 ft 2
s Vm Lm hot Linsect Lm
instead of
air = 1.62 10
4 ft
4 Linsect hot ft 1 2.4 10 Vm = Vinsect = 4 Lm air s 10 1.62 10 4
s Vm = 0.593 ft s
Also
Vm insect
= 50 Hz
0.593 4
1 10
2
m = 0.741 Hz
Hot air does not improve things much. Try modeling in water w = 1.08 10 Hence Vinsect Linsect Vm Lm
5 ft
Also
s 5 Linsect w ft 1 1.08 10 = Vm = Vinsect = 4 air w Lm air s 10 1.62 10 4 Vm Linsect Vm 0.0267 1 m = insect = insect Lratio = 50 Hz Vinsect Lm Vinsect 4 10
Vm = 0.0267
ft s
m = 0.033 Hz
This is even worse! It seems the best bet is hot (very hot) air for the wind tunnel. Alternatively, choose a much smaller wind tunnel model, e.g., a 2.5 X model would lead to Vm = 1.6 ft/s and m = 8 Hz
Problem 7.65
[3]
Problem 7.66
[2]
Model of boat Model kinematic viscosity for dynamic similarity
Vm Lm m Vm Vp =
Vp Lp p =
(1) Lm Lp
Vm g Lm
Vp g Lp
(2)
Hence from Eq 2
g Lm g Lp
(from Buckingham ; the first is the Reynolds number, the second the Froude number)
Using this in Eq 1
V m Lm Lm Lm Lm m = p = p = p V p Lp Lp Lp Lp p = 1.3 10
2 6 m
3 2
m = 1.3 10
2 6 m
1 s 5
3 2
m = 1.16 10
2 7m
Problem 7.67
[4]
Problem 7.68
[3]
Model of automobile Factors for kinematic similarity; Model speed; ratio of protype and model drags; minimum pressure for no cavitation
m Vm Lm m
p Vp Lp p
p L p m Vm = Vp m L m p
For air (Table A.9) and water (Table A.7) at 68oF p = 0.00234 m = 1.94 slug
3
p = 3.79 10
ft slug ft
3
7 lbf s 2
5 lbf s m = 2.10 10 2
ft
ft
Vm = 60 mph Then Fm m Vm Lm Hence Fp Fm =

2 2
s 0.00234 5 2.10 10 60 mph 1.94 1 3.79 10 7
88
ft
Vm = 29.4
ft s
=
2 2 2
Fp p V p L p
2 2 2 2
p V p L p
2
m Vm Lm = 0.5
0.00234 88 5 = 1.94 29.4 1 so we get
Fp Fm for the water tank
= 0.270
For Ca = 0.5
pmin pv 1 2 V 2
1 2 pmin = pv + V 4
From steam tables, for water at 68oF
pv = 0.339 psi 1 1.94
so slug
2 2 2
ft lbf s 1 ft 29.4 3 slug ft 4 s 12 in ft This is the minimum allowable pressure in the water tank; we can use it to find the required tank pressure pmin = 0.339 psi + Cp = 1.4 = pmin ptank 1 2 V 2 slug 1.4 2 2 ptank = pmin + V = pmin + 0.7 V 2 ft lbf s 1 ft 29.4 3 slug ft 12 in s ft
2 2 2
pmin = 3.25 psi
ptank = 3.25 psi + 0.7 1.94
ptank = 11.4 psi
Problem 7.69
[3]
Problem 7.70
[3]
Problem 7.71
[3]
Model of tractor-trailer truck Drag coefficient; Drag on prototype; Model speed for dynamic similarity
For kinematic similarity we need to ensure the geometries of model and prototype are similar, as is the incoming flow field The drag coefficient is CD = Fm 1 2 m Vm Am 2 kg m
3 3
For air (Table A.10) at 20oC
m = 1.21
p = 1.81 10
2
5 N s 2
CD = 2 350 N This is the drag coefficient for model and prototype For the rig
m s 1 N s 2 1.21 kg 75 m kg m 0.1 m
2
CD = 1.028
1 2 Fp = p Vp Ap CD 2 Fp =
with
2
Lp = = 100 Am Lm
Ap
2
Ap = 10 m
1 kg km 1000 m 1 hr N s 2 1.21 90 10 m 1.028 3 kg m 2 1 km 3600 s hr m = p Vp Lp p 1000 m 1 km 1 hr 3600 s 10 1
Fp = 3.89 kN
m Vm Lm m Vm = 90
p L p m Lp Vm = Vp = Vp m L m p Lm Vm = 250 m s
km hr
For air at standard conditions, the speed of sound is c = 1.40 286.9 Vm c
c= N m kg K
k R T kg m s N
2
( 20 + 273) K
c = 343
m s
Hence we have
M=
250 343
= 0.729
which indicates compressibility is significant - this model speed is impractical (and unnecessary)
Problem 7.72
[4]
Problem 7.73
[3]
Problem 7.74
[2]
[3]
Given: Data on model of aircraft Find: Plot of lift vs speed of model; also of prototype
Solution:
V m (m/s) F m (N) 10 2.2 15 4.8 20 8.7 25 13.3 30 19.6 35 26.5 40 34.5 45 43.8 50 54.0
This data can be fit to
Fm =
1 2
AmCDVm
or
Fm = kmVm
From the trendline, we see that k m = 0.0219 N/(m/s)2
(And note that the power is 1.9954 or 2.00 to three signifcant figures, confirming the relation is quadratic) Also, k p = 1110 k m Hence, kp = V p (m/s) F p (kN) (Trendline)
2 24.3 N/(m/s)
F p = k p V m2 125 380 150 547 175 744 200 972 225 1231 250 1519
75 137
100 243
Lift vs Speed for an Airplane Model

60 50 F m (N) 40 30 20 Model 10 0 0 10 20 30 V m (m/s) 40 50 60 Power Curve Fit y = 0.0219x1.9954 R2 = 0.9999
Lift vs Speed for an Airplane Prototype

1600 1400 F p (kN) 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 50 100 150 V p (m/s) 200 250 300
Lift vs Speed for an Airplane Model (Log-Log Plot)

100 y = 0.0219x1.9954 R2 = 0.9999 10 Model Power Curve Fit 1 10 V m (m/s) 100
F m (N)
Lift vs Speed for an Airplane Prototype (Log-Log Plot)

10000
F p (kN)
1000
100
10
1 10 100 V p (m/s) 1000
Problem 7.76
[2]
Problem 7.77
[3]
For drag we can use
CD =
D 1 V 2
1
As a suitable scaling area for A we use L 2

2
CD =
A
m kg/m Ns/m2
3
D 1 V 2 L2 2
Model: For water The data is:
L=
= =
1000 1.01E-03
Wave Drag
3.0E-05
V (m/s) D Wave (N) D Friction (N) Fr Re C D(Wave) C D(Friction)
3 0 0.1 0.958 2.97E+06 0.00E+00 2.22E-05
6 0.125 0.35 1.916 5.94E+06 6.94E-06 1.94E-05
9 0.5 0.75 2.873 8.91E+06 1.23E-05 1.85E-05
12 1.5 1.25 3.831 1.19E+07 2.08E-05 1.74E-05
15 3 2 4.789 1.49E+07 2.67E-05 1.78E-05
18 4 2.75 5.747 1.78E+07 2.47E-05 1.70E-05
20 5.5 3.25 6.386 1.98E+07 2.75E-05 1.63E-05
2.5E-05 2.0E-05 CD 1.5E-05 1.0E-05 5.0E-06 0.0E+00 0 1 2 3 Fr 4 5 6 7
The friction drag coefficient becomes a constant, as expected, at high Re . The wave drag coefficient appears to be linear with Fr , over most values Ship: V (knot) V (m/s) Fr Re L= 15 7.72 0.348 3.82E+08 50 20 10.29 0.465 5.09E+08 m
D=
1 V 2 L2 C D 2
3.0E-05 2.5E-05 2.0E-05 CD 1.5E-05
Friction Drag
Hence for the ship we have very high Re , and low Fr . -5 From the graph we see the friction C D levels out at about 1.75 x 10 From the graph we see the wave C D is negligibly small C D(Wave) C D(Friction) D Wave (N) D Friction (N) D Total (N) 0 1.75E-05 0 1303 1303 0 1.75E-05 0 2316 2316
1.0E-05 5.0E-06 0.0E+00 0.0.E+00
5.0.E+06
1.0.E+07 Re
1.5.E+07
2.0.E+07
2.5.E+07
[4]
Given: Data on centrifugal water pump Find: groups; plot pressure head vs flow rate for range of speeds Solution:
We will use the workbook of Example 7.1, modified for the current problem The number of parameters is: The number of primary dimensions is: The number of repeat parameters is: The number of groups is: Enter the dimensions ( M, L, t) of the repeating parameters, and of up to four other parameters (for up to four groups). The spreadsheet will compute the exponents a , b , and c for each. REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose , g , d M 1 L -3 1 t -1 n r m =r n -m =5 =3 =3 =2
D GROUPS: p 1:
M 1 a = b = c =
L -1 -1 -2 -2
t -2
Q 2:
M 0 a = b = c =
L 3 0 -1 -3
t -1
The following groups from Example 7.1 are not used: M 0 3: a = b = c = L 0 0 0 0 t 0 4: M 0 a = b = c = L 0 0 0 0 t 0
Hence
1 =
2 D 2
and
2 =
D 3
with 1 = f(2).
Based on the plotted data, it looks like the relation between 1 and 2 may be parabolic Hence
The data is Q (m3/hr) p (kPa) 0 361 100 349 150 328 200 293 250 230 300 145 325 114 350 59
Q Q = a + b + c D D 3 D 3
2 2
= = D = Q /(D 3) p /(2D 2)
999 750 1 0.00000 0.0586
kg/m3 rpm m 0.000354 0.0566
(D is not given; use D = 1 m as a scale) 0.000531 0.0532 0.000707 0.0475 0.000884 0.0373 0.00106 0.0235 0.00115 0.0185 0.00124 0.00957
0.07 0.06
2 2 p /( D )
Centifugal Pump Data and Trendline
0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.0000 Pump Data Parabolic Fit
y = -42371x2 + 13.399x + 0.0582 R2 = 0.9981
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0010
0.0012
0.0014
Q /(D 3)
From the Trendline analysis a = 0.0582 b = 13.4 c = -42371 and
Q Q p = 2 D 2 a + b + c 3 D D 3
Finally, data at 500 and 1000 rpm can be calculated and plotted
= Q (m3/hr) p (kPa)
500 0 159
rpm 25 162 50 161 75 156 100 146 150 115 200 68 250 4
= Q (m3/hr) p (kPa)
1000 0 638
rpm 25 645 50 649 100 644 175 606 250 531 300 460 350 374
Centifugal Pump Curves

700 600 p (kPa) 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 50 100 150 200
3 Q (m /hr)
Pump Data at 750 rpm Pump Curve at 500 rpm Pump Curve at 1000 rpm
250
300
350
400
Problem 7.79
[3]
Model of water pump Model head, flow rate and diameter
From Buckingham
Q D = f , 2 2 D3 D
h Qm m Dm
3
and
Q D = f , 3 5 D3 D
P hm m Dm
2 2

Pm m Dm
3 5
Neglecting viscous effects
Qp p Dp
3
then
3
hp p Dp (1)
2 2
and
Pp p Dp
3 5
Hence if
Qm
m Dm Dm 1000 Dm = = = 2 Qp p Dp 500 Dp Dp
2 m Dm Dm 1000 Dm = = = 4 2 2 2 hp 500 D 2 p Dp Dp p 3 5 5 2 2 2 2
hm then
(2)
and
Pm
3 m Dm Dm 1000 Dm = = = 8 3 5 5 Pp 500 D 5 p Dp Dp p
(3)
We can find Pp from
Pp = Q h = 1000
5
kg m
3
0.75
m J 15 = 11.25 kW s kg
1 5
From Eq 3
Pm Pp Qm
= 8
Dm Dp
so
1 Pm Dm = Dp 8 Pp Dm Qm = Qp 2 Dp Dm hm = hp 4 Dp
2
Dm = 0.25 m
1 2.25 8 11.25
1 5
Dm = 0.120 m
From Eq 1
Dm = 2 Qp Dp Dm = 4 hp Dp
so
Qm = 0.75
m 0.12 2 s 0.25 4 0.12

2
Qm = 0.166
m s
From Eq 2
hm
so
hm = 15
J kg
0.25
hm = 13.8
J kg
Problem 7.80
[3]
Data on model propeller Speed, thrust and torque on prototype
There are two problems here: Determine Ft = f1 (D, ,V , , ) and also T = f 2 (D, ,V , , ) . Since is to be ignored, do not select it as a repeat parameter; instead select D, , as repeats. Apply the Buckingham procedure Ft D
n = 6 parameters
Ft M L t2
D
D V L
M Lt
1 t
L t
M L3
Summing exponents,
M 1 = D Ft = 3 L M: a +1 = 0 L : 3a + b + 1 = 0 t: c2=0
a b c
b 1 ML 0 0 0 (L ) 2 = M L t t t a = 1 Hence b = 4 c = 2 b 1 L = M 0 L0t 0 (L ) t t a=0 b = 1 Hence c = 1

a c
1 =
Ft D 4 2
Summing exponents,
M 2 = D V = 3 L M: a=0 L : 3a + b + 1 = 0 c 1 = 0 t:
a b c
2 =
V D
3 = a D b c =
1 M M (L )b = M 0 L0t 0 3 t Lt L
M:
Summing exponents,
L: t:
a = 1 3a + b 1 = 0 b = 2 c 1 = 0 c = 1
a +1 = 0
Hence
3 =
D 2
1 =
F Ft 2 4 1 L 2 L4 t
= [1]
Then
1 = f1 ( 2 , 3 )
L Ft L2 2 = t = [1] 3 = 2 = [1] 1 Ft 21 L L t L4 t V Ft = f1 , 4 2 2 D D D
If viscous effects are neglected
Ft V = g1 4 2 D D V Vm = p Dmm D p p
so
p =
Under these conditions
Dm V p 1 400 m = 2000 rpm = 533 rpm D p Vm 10 150 Ft p Ft m (assuming m = p) = 4 2 4 2 Dmm D p p

4 2 Dp p 4 2
or
10 533 4 Ft p = 4 2 Ft m = 25 lbf = 1.78 10 lbf Dm m 1 2000
For the torque we can avoid repeating a lot of the work
Summing exponents,
M 4 = D T = 3 L M: a +1 = 0 L : 3a + b + 2 = 0 c2=0 t:
a b c
2 b 1 ML 0 0 0 (L ) 2 = M L t t t a = 1 Hence b = 5 c = 2
4 =
T D 5 2
Then
4 = f 2 ( 2 , 3 )
T V = g2 5 2 D D Tp Tm = 5 2 2 D m m D 5 p p
V T , = f2 5 2 2 D D D
If viscous effects are neglected
or
10 533 4 Tp = 5 2 Tm = 7.5 lbf ft = 5.33 10 lbf ft Dm m 1 2000
2 D5 p p
Problem 7.81
(see Problem 7.40)
[3]
Problem 7.82
[2]
Water drop mechanism Difference between small and large scale drops
Given relation
d = D ( We)
3 5
= D
V2 D
3 5
3 5
2 V m D m D m dm =
dp
2 V p D p Dp 2 5 6 5
3 5
Dm Vm Dp Vp
2 5
6 5
where dp stands for dprototype not the original dp!
Hence
dm
1 4 = dp 10 1
dm dp
= 0.075
The small scale droplets are 7.5% of the size of the large scale
Problem 7.83
[2]
Problem 7.84
[3]
Problem 7.85
[3]
Problem 7.86
[4]
Flapping flag on a flagpole Explanation of the flappinh
Open-Ended Problem Statement: Frequently one observes a flag on a pole "flapping" in the wind. Explain why this occurs. What dimensionless parameters might characterize the phenomenon? Why? Discussion: The natural wind contains significant fluctuations in air speed and direction. These fluctuations tend to disturb the flag from an initially plane position. When the flag is bent or curved from the plane position, the flow nearby must follow its contour. Flow over a convex surface tends to be faster, and have lower pressure, than flow over a concave curved surface. The resulting pressure forces tend to exaggerate the curvature of the flag. The result is a seemingly random "flapping" motion of the flag. The rope or chain used to raise the flag may also flap in the wind. It is much more likely to exhibit a periodic motion than the flag itself. The rope is quite close to the flag pole, where it is influenced by any vortices shed from the pole. If the Reynolds number is such that periodic vortices are shed from the pole, they will tend to make the rope move with the same frequency. This accounts for the periodic thump of a rope or clank of a chain against the pole. The vortex shedding phenomenon is characterized by the Strouhal number, St = fD/V, where f is the vortex shedding frequency, D is the pole diameter, and D is the wind speed. The Strouhal number is constant at approximately 0.2 over a broad range of Reynolds numbers.
Problem 7.87
7.2
[5] Part 1/2
7.2
Problem 7.87
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 8.1
[1]
Air entering duct Flow rate for turbulence; Entrance length
The governing equations are Re = The given data is
V D
Recrit = 2300 From Table A.9 or, for turbulent, Lturb = 25D to 40D
Q =
2 D V 4
4 ft 2
D = 6 in Llaminar = 0.06 Recrit D Q Recrit = 4 D

2
= 1.62 10
D or Q =
2
Hence
Recrit D 4 Q = 0.146 ft s
3
Q = 2300 For laminar flow For turbulent flow
1 4 ft 1.62 10 ft s 4 2 Llaminar = 0.06 2300 6 in Lmin = 12.5 ft Lmax = 40 D
Llaminar = 0.06 Recrit D Lmin = 25 D
Llaminar= 69.0 ft Lmax = 20 ft
Problem 8.2
[2]
Problem 8.3
[3]

From Table A.9 The given data is
Air entering pipe system Flow rate for turbulence in each section; Which become fully developed
2
= 1.62 10 L = 5 ft
4 ft
s D1 = 1 in Recrit = 2300 D2 = 1 in 2 D3 = 1 in 4
The critical Reynolds number is
Writing the Reynolds number as a function of flow rate V D Q D = 2 D 4 Then the flow rates for turbulence to begin in each section of pipe are Re = Q1 = Recrit D1 4 Recrit D2 4 Q1 = 2300 1 4 ft 1.62 10 ft s 4 12 ft s
3 2
or
Q =
Re D 4
Q1 = 0.0244
ft s
Q2 =
Q2 = 0.0122
Q3 =
Recrit D3 4
Q3 = 0.00610
ft s
Hence, smallest pipe becomes turbulent first, then second, then the largest. For the smallest pipe transitioning to turbulence (Q3) For pipe 3 or, for turbulent, Re3 = 2300 Lmin = 25 D3 Llaminar = 0.06 Re3 D3 Lmin = 0.521 ft Lmax = 40 D3 Llaminar = 2.87 ft Lmax = 0.833 ft Llaminar < L: Not fully developed Lmax/min < L: Not fully developed
For pipes 1 and 2
Llaminar = 0.06
4 Q3 D1 D 1 4 Q3 D2 D 2
Llaminar = 2.87 ft
Llaminar < L: Not fully developed
Llaminar = 0.06
Llaminar = 2.87 ft
Llaminar < L: Not fully developed
For the middle pipe transitioning to turbulence (Q2) For pipe 2 Re2 = 2300 Llaminar = 0.06 Re2 D2 Llaminar = 5.75 ft Llaminar > L: Fully developed or, for turbulent, Lmin = 25 D2 Lmin = 1.04 ft Lmax = 40 D2 Lmax = 1.67 ft Lmax/min < L: Not fully developed For pipes 1 and 3 L1 = 0.06
4 Q2 D1 D 1
L3min = 0.521 ft
L1 = 5.75 ft L3max = 40 D3 L3max = 0.833 ft Lmax/min < L: Not fully developed
L3min = 25 D3
For the large pipe transitioning to turbulence (Q1) For pipe 1 Re1 = 2300 Llaminar = 0.06 Re1 D1 Llaminar = 11.5 ft Llaminar > L: Fully developed or, for turbulent, Lmin = 25 D1 Lmin = 2.08 ft Lmax = 40 D1 Lmax = 3.33 ft Lmax/min < L: Not fully developed For pipes 2 and 3 L2min = 25 D2 L2min = 1.04 ft L2max = 40 D2 L2max = 1.67 ft Lmax/min < L: Not fully developed L3min = 25 D3 L3min = 0.521 ft L3max = 40 D3 L3max = 0.833 ft Lmax/min < L: Not fully developed
Problem 8.4
[2]
That transition to turbulence occurs at about Re = 2300 Plots of average velocity and volume and mass flow rates for turbulence for air and water
From Tables A.8 and A.10
air = 1.23 V D
kg m
3
air = 1.45 10
5 m
w = 999
kg m
3
w = 1.14 10
6 m
The governing equations are
Re =
Recrit = 2300
For the average velocity
V =
Recrit D 2300 1.45 10

5 m 2
Hence for air
Vair =
D
6 m 2
Vair =
m 0.0334 s D
2300 1.14 10 For water Vw = D
Vw =
m 0.00262 s D
For the volume flow rates
Q = A V =
Recrit 2 2 Recrit D V = D = D 4 4 D 4
2 5 m 2
Hence for air
Qair =
4 4
2300 1.45 10
Qair = 0.0262
m D s m D s
2
For water
Qw =
2300 1.14 10
2 6 m
Qw = 0.00206
Finally, the mass flow rates are obtained from volume flow rates mair = air Qair mw = w Qw These results are plotted in the associated Excel workbook kg mair = 0.0322 D m s kg mw = 2.06 D m s
The relations needed are
From Tables A.8 and A.10 the data required is air = w = D (m) 1.23 999 0.0001 kg/m3 kg/m3 0.001 33.350 2.62 0.01 3.335 0.262
2 air = 1.45E-05 m /s 2 w = 1.14E-06 m /s
0.05 0.667
1.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
V air (m/s) 333.500 V w (m/s) 26.2
3.34E-02 1.33E-02 6.67E-03 4.45E-03 3.34E-03
5.24E-02 2.62E-03 1.05E-03 5.24E-04 3.50E-04 2.62E-04
Q air (m3/s) 2.62E-06 2.62E-05 2.62E-04 1.31E-03 2.62E-02 6.55E-02 1.31E-01 1.96E-01 2.62E-01 Q w (m3/s) 2.06E-07 2.06E-06 2.06E-05 1.03E-04 2.06E-03 5.15E-03 1.03E-02 1.54E-02 2.06E-02 m air (kg/s) 3.22E-06 3.22E-05 3.22E-04 1.61E-03 3.22E-02 8.05E-02 1.61E-01 2.42E-01 3.22E-01 m w (kg/s) 2.06E-04 2.06E-03 2.06E-02 1.03E-01 2.06E+00 5.14E+00 1.03E+01 1.54E+01 2.06E+01
Average Velocity for Turbulence in a Pipe

1.E+04
V (m/s)
1.E+02 Velocity (Air) 1.E+00 Velocity (Water)
1.E-02
1.E-04 1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02 D (m)
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
Flow Rate for Turbulence in a Pipe

1.E+01
Q (m3/s)
1.E-01 Flow Rate (Air) 1.E-03 Flow Rate (Water)
1.E-05
1.E-07 1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02 D (m)
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
Mass Flow Rate for Turbulence in a Pipe

1.E+02
m flow (kg/s)
1.E+00 Mass Flow Rate (Air) 1.E-02 Mass Flow Rate (Water)
1.E-04
1.E-06 1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02 D (m)
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
Problem 8.5
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.5
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.6
[2]
Problem 8.7
[2]
Problem 8.8
[3]
Problem 8.9
[2]
2h
y x

Basic equation
Laminar flow between flat plates Shear stress on upper plate; Volume flow rate per width
yx =
du dy
2
u ( y) =
2 2 h dp y 1 2 dx h
(from Eq. 8.7)
Then At the upper surface
yx = y=h
h dp 2 y dp = y 2 2 dx dx h yx = 1.5 mm
h
1 m 3 N 1.25 10 2 1000 mm m m
yx = 1.88 Pa 2 h b dp 3 dx
2 3
The volume flow rate is
h 2 h b dp Q = u dA = u b dy = h 2 dx
3
y 2 1 dy h
2
Q =
Q 2 1 m m 3 N = 1.5 mm 1.25 10 2 b 3 0.5 N s 1000 mm m m
Q 6m = 5.63 10 b s
Problem 8.10
[2]
Problem 8.11
[3]
p1 a F

Basic equation For the system
Piston cylinder assembly Rate of oil leak
Q a p = l 12 L
Q =
D a p 12 L
(from Eq. 8.6c; we assume laminar flow and verify this is correct after solving)
F 4 F p = p1 patm = = 2 A D p = 12 in 4 1 4500 lbf 4 in 1 ft

2
p = 358 psi lbf s ft

2
At 120oF (about 50oC), from Fig. A.2

3
= 0.06 0.0209
2
= 1.25 10
3 lbf s 2
ft
Q =
1 ft lbf 144 in ft 1 4 in 0.001 in 358 2 2 3 12 12 in 1 ft 1.25 10 lbf s 2 in in V = Q Q = A a D V a

3
Q = 1.25 10
2
5 ft
Q = 0.0216
in s
Check Re:
V =
1 1 1 12 in 5 ft 1.25 10 s .001 in 4 in 1 ft
5
V = 0.143
ft s
Re =
= 6 10
10.8
ft s
= 6.48 10
4 ft
(at 120oF, from Fig. A.3)
Re = 0.143
ft 1 ft s 0.001 in s 12 in 6.48 10 4 ft2
Re = 0.0184
so flow is very much laminar
The speed of the piston is approximately Vp = Q Vp = 4 1.25 10

5 ft 3
D 4
1 12 in 4 in 1 ft
Vp = 1.432 10
4 ft
The piston motion is negligible so our assumption of flow between parallel plates is reasonable
Problem 8.12
[3]
Problem 8.13
[3]
Problem 8.14
[3]
Hydrostatic bearing Required pad width; Pressure gradient; Gap height
2 x For a laminar flow (we will verify this assumption later), the pressure gradient is constant p ( x) = pi 1 W where pi = 700 kPa is the inlet pressure (gage) Hence the total force in the y direction due to pressure is F = b where b is the pad width into the paper p dx
2 x F = b pi 1 dx W W
2 W 2
bW F = pi 2
This must be equal to the applied load F. Hence
W =
2 F pi b
W = 2
3
2 3
700 10 N
50000 N m
W = 0.143 m
The pressure gradient is then
dp p 2 p 700 10 N 1 MPa = = = 2 = 9.79 W 2 dx W 0.143 m m m Q h dp = l 12 dx

2 3
The flow rate is given
(Eq. 8.6c)
1 3
Hence, for h we have
12 Q l h = dp dx
h = 12
At 35oC, from Fig. A.2
= 0.15
1 3
N s m
2
6 3 0.15 N s 1 mL 10 m 1 min 2 min m 9.79 106 N 1 mL 60 s m
h = 1.452 10
2
Check Re:
Re =
V D
D Q h Q 1 Q = = A bh l s
4
= 1.6 10
3
4m
s
4
(at 35oC, from Fig. A.3)
Re =
1.6 10
1 mL 10 m 1 min min m 1 mL 60 s
Re = 1.04 10
so flow is very much laminar
Problem 8.15
[4]
Problem 8.16
[2]
Navier-Stokes Equations Derivation of Eq. 8.5
The Navier-Stokes equations are
u v w + + =0 x y z
2u 2u 2u u u u p u u + v + = w + + g x t x 2 + y 2 + z 2 x y x z
1 4 5 3 6 4 3
(5.1c)
(5.27a)
v v v v v v p v +u +v +w = g y + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 x y y z t
2 2 2
(5.27b)
w w w w w w p w +u +v = g z +w + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 x y z z t
2 2 2
3
(5.27c)
The following assumptions have been applied: (1) Steady flow (given). (2) Incompressible flow; = constant. (3) No flow or variation of properties in the z direction; w= 0 and /z = 0. (4) Fully developed flow, so no properties except pressure p vary in the x direction; /x = 0. (5) See analysis below. (6) No body force in the x direction; gx = 0 Assumption (1) eliminates time variations in any fluid property. Assumption (2) eliminates space variations in density. Assumption (3) states that there is no z component of velocity and no property variations in the z direction. All terms in the z component of the NavierStokes equation cancel. After assumption (4) is applied, the continuity equation reduces to v/y = 0. Assumptions (3) and (4) also indicate that v/z = 0 and v/x = 0. Therefore v must be constant. Since v is zero at the solid surface, then v must be zero everywhere. The fact that v = 0 reduces the NavierStokes equations further, as indicated by (5). Hence for the y direction
p = g y
which indicates a hydrostatic variation of pressure. In the x direction, after assumption (6) we obtain
Integrating twice
2u p =0 y 2 x
u=
1 p 2 c1 y + y + c2 2 x
To evaluate the constants, c1 and c2, we must apply the boundary conditions. At y = 0, u = 0. Consequently, c2 = 0. At y = a, u = 0. Hence
0=
which gives
1 p 2 c1 a + a 2 x 1 p a 2 x
c1 =
and finally
u=
2 a 2 p y y 2 x a a
Problem 8.17
[5]
Problem 8.18
[5]
Problem 8.19
[3]
Laminar velocity profile of power-law fluid flow between parallel plates Expression for flow rate; from data determine the type of fluid
The velocity profile is
n+ 1 n n h h p y u= 1 k L n + 1 h 1 n
The flow rate is then
Q = w u dy h
or, because the flow is symmetric
Q = 2 w u dy 0
The integral is computed as
n+ 1 2 n+ 1 n n n y y 1 d y 1 y = h 2 n + 1 h
1 n 1 n
Using this with the limits
2 n+ 1 h p n h n n Q = 2 w h 1 ( 1) k L n + 1 2 n + 1
h p 2 n w h Q = k L 2 n + 1
The associated Excel spreadsheet shows computation of n.
The data is p (kPa) Q (L/min) 10 0.451 20 0.759 30 1.01 40 1.15 50 1.41 60 1.57 70 1.66 80 1.85 90 2.05 100 2.25
We can fit a power curve to the data
Flow Rate vs Applied Pressure for a Non-Newtonian Fluid 10.0 Q (L/min) Data Power Curve Fit 1.0 y = 0.0974x0.677 R2 = 0.997 0.1 10 p (kPa) 1/n = 0.677 n = 1.48 100
Hence
Problem 8.20
[2]
Problem 8.21
[2]
Problem 8.22
[2]
U1 d U2 y x
Laminar flow between moving plates Expression for velocity; Volume flow rate per depth
Using the analysis of Section 8-2, the sum of forces in the x direction is
dy dy dx dx + b dx + p p p + p b dy = 0 y 2 x 2 x 2 y 2
Simplifying Integrating twice Boundary conditions: Hence d dp = =0 dy dx u = c1 y + c2 u ( 0) = U1 c2 = U1 or d u dy
2 2
=0
u ( y = d ) = U2 u ( y) = 75 y 0.25
d
c1 =
U1 + U2 d
y u ( y) = U1 + U2 U1 d
(u in m/s, y in m)
The volume flow rate is Q = u d A = b u dy
y Q = b U1 + U2 U1 dx d 0
Q = b d
U2 U1 2
Q 1 m 1 m = 10 mm ( 0.5 0.25) b 1000 mm 2 s
Q = 0.00125
m s
Problem 8.23
[3]
Laminar flow of two fluids between plates Velocity at the interface
Using the analysis of Section 8-2, the sum of forces in the x direction is
dy dy dx dx + b dx + p p p + p b dy = 0 x 2 y 2 y 2 x 2
Simplifying d dp = =0 dy dx or d u dy
2 2
=0 u2 = c3 y + c4
Applying this to fluid 1 (lower fluid) and fluid 2 (upper fluid), integrating twice yields We need four BCs. Three are obvious y=0 u1 = 0 y = h u1 = u2
u1 = c1 y + c2 y = 2 h u2 = U
The fourth BC comes from the fact that the stress at the interface generated by each fluid is the same y=h Using these four BCs Hence From the 2nd and 3rd equations Hence 0 = c2 c2 = 0 c1 h U = c3 h 1 du1 du2 = 2 dy dy U = c3 2 h + c4 1 c1 = 2 c3
c1 h + c2 = c3 h + c4 and
1 c1 = 2 c3 c1 = U h 1 +
1 c1 h U = c3 h = h c1 2
1 2
Hence for fluid 1 (we do not need to complete the analysis for fluid 2)
u1 =
Evaluating this at y = h, where u1 = uinterface
uinterface =
ft 20 s
h 1 +
1 2
1 + 1 3
uinterface = 15
ft s
Problem 8.24
[3]

Given data
Properties of two fluids flowing between parallel plates; applied pressure gradient Velocity at the interface; maximum velocity; plot velocity distribution
k=
dp Pa = 1000 dx m N s m
2
h = 2.5 mm 2 = 2 1 2 = 1 N s m
2
1 = 0.5
(Lower fluid is fluid 1; upper is fluid 2) Following the analysis of Section 8-2, analyse the forces on a differential CV of either fluid The net force is zero for steady flow, so
+ d dy d dy dx dz + p dp dx dy 2 dy 2 dx 2
d dp = =k dy dx
p +
dp dx dy dz = 0 dx 2 d
2 2
Simplifying
so for each fluid
u =k
dy
Applying this to fluid 1 (lower fluid) and fluid 2 (upper fluid), integrating twice yields u1 = y + c1 y + c2 2 1 k
2
u2 =
y + c3 y + c4 2 2
For convenience the origin of coordinates is placed at the centerline We need four BCs. Three are obvious y = h y=0 y=h u1 = 0 u1 = u2 u2 = 0 (1) (2) (3)
The fourth BC comes from the fact that the stress at the interface generated by each fluid is the same y=0 1 du1 du2 = 2 dy dy (4)
Using these four BCs
0=
k 2 h c1 h + c2 2 1
c2 = c4 0= k 2 h + c3 h + c4 2 2
1 c1 = 2 c3 Hence, after some algebra k h 2 1 c1 = 2 1 2 + 1 The velocity distributions are then

2 2 1 k 2 k h y + y h 2 + 1 2 1 2 + 1
( (
) )
k h c2 = c4 = 2 + 1
k h 2 1 c3 = 2 2 2 + 1
( (
) )
u1 =
( (
) )
u2 =
2 2 1 k 2 k h y + y h 2 + 1 2 2 2 + 1
( (
) )
Evaluating either velocity at y = 0, gives the velocity at the interface k h 2 + 1

2 3m
uinterface =
uinterface = 4.17 10
The plots of these velocity distributions are shown in the associated Excel workbook, as is the determination of the maximum velocity.
3 m
From Excel
umax = 4.34 10
The data is k = h = 1 = 2 = -1000 2.5 0.5 1.0 Pa/m mm N.s/m2 N.s/m2
The velocity distribution is
y (mm) u 1 x 103 (m/s) u 2 x 103 (m/s) -2.50 -2.25 -2.00 -1.75 -1.50 -1.25 -1.00 -0.75 -0.50 -0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 0.000 0.979 1.83 2.56 3.17 3.65 4.00 4.23 4.33 4.31 4.17 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.17 4.03 3.83 3.57 3.25 2.86 2.42 1.91 1.33 0.698 0.000
The lower fluid has the highest velocity We can use Solver to find the maximum (Or we could differentiate to find the maximum) y (mm) -0.417 u max x 103 (m/s) 4.34
Velocity Distribution Between Parallel Plates
2.5 2.0 y (mm) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 0.0 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Lower Velocity Upper Velocity
u x 103 (m/s) 5.0
Problem 8.25
[2]
Velocity profile between parallel plates Pressure gradients for zero stress at upper/lower plates; plot
From Eq. 8.8, the velocity distribution is
u=
a y y U y + p 2 x a a a
2 2
The shear stress is
yx =
du U a y 1 = + p 2 2 x 2 a dy a a + a p 2 x a 2 U y y 2 a 2 a a
2 2
(a) For yx = 0 at y = a
0 =
U a
p =
2 U a
2
The velocity distribution is then
u=
U y a
u y y = 2 U a a x 2 U a
2
(b) For yx = 0 at y = 0
0 =
U a
a p 2 x a
2
p =
The velocity distribution is then
u=
U y
2 2 U y + 2 a2 a a
y a
u y = U a
The velocity distributions are plotted in the associated Excel workbook
y /a (a) u /U (b) u /U 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.1 0.190 0.010 0.2 0.360 0.040 0.3 0.510 0.090 0.4 0.640 0.160 0.5 0.750 0.250 0.6 0.840 0.360 0.7 0.910 0.490 0.8 0.960 0.640 0.9 0.990 0.810 1.0 1.00 1.000
Zero-Stress Velocity Distributions

1.00 0.75 y /a 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.50 u /U 0.75 1.00
Zero Stress Upper Plate Zero Stress Lower Plate
Problem 8.26
[2]
Computer disk drive Flow Reynolds number; Shear stress; Power required
For a distance R from the center of a disk spinning at speed V = R V = 25 mm 1 m 2 rad 1 min 8500 rpm 1000 mm rev 60 s = 1.45 10
5 m 2
V = 22.3
m s
The gap Reynolds number is Re =
V a V a =
from Table A.10 at 15oC Re = 0.384
Re = 22.3 The flow is definitely laminar The shear stress is then =
m s 6 0.25 10 m 5 2 s 1.45 10 m = 1.79 10 1 0.25 10

6 5 N s 2
du V = dy a
from Table A.10 at 15oC = 1.60 kPa

2 5 2
m 5 N s = 1.79 10 22.3 2 s m The power required is P = T N m

2
m with A = ( 5 mm) A = 2.5 10 m
where torque T is given by

5 2
T = A R
P = A R
P = 1600
2.5 10
m 25 mm
1 m 2 rad 1 min 8500 rpm 1000 mm rev 60 s
P = 0.890 W
Problem 8.27
[2]
Problem 8.28
[2]
Problem 8.29
[2]
Velocity distribution on incline Expression for shear stress; Maximum shear; volume flow rate/mm width; Reynolds number g sin( ) y hy 2
2
From Example 5.9 For the shear stress is a maximum at y = 0
u ( y) = =
du = g sin( ) ( h y) dy
max = g sin( ) h = SG H2O g sin( ) h max = 1.2 1000 kg m

3
9.81
m s
2
sin( 15 deg) 0.007 m
N s kg m
max = 21.3 Pa
This stress is in the x direction on the wall The flow rate is h 2 y g sin( ) Q = u dA = w u ( y) dy = w h y dy 0 2 0
2 2 m 4 s
3
Q =
g sin( ) w h 3
3
Q 1 kg m m N s 3 = 1.2 1000 9.81 sin( 15 deg) ( 0.007 m ) = 2.18 10 3 2 w 3 1.60 N s kg m m s

mm s
3
Q = 217 w mm
mm s
The average velocity is
V =
Q A
Q w h
V = 217
mm
1 7 mm
V = 31.0
mm s
The gap Reynolds number is
Re =
V h kg m
3
Re = 1.2 1000 The flow is definitely laminar
31
mm s
7 mm
m 1 m 1.60 N s 1000 mm
Re = 0.163
Problem 8.30
[3]

Given data
Data on flow of liquids down an incline Velocity at interface; velocity at free surface; plot
h = 2.5 mm
= 30 deg
1 = 2 10
4 m
2 = 2 1
(The lower fluid is designated fluid 1, the upper fluid 2) From Example 5.9 (or Exanple 8.3 with g replaced with gsin), a free body analysis leads to (for either fluid) d
2 2
u =
dy
g sin ( )
Applying this to fluid 1 (lower fluid) and fluid 2 (upper fluid), integrating twice yields u1 = g sin( ) 2 y + c1 y + c2 2 1 y=0 y=h u2 = u1 = 0 u1 = u2 g sin( ) 2 y + c3 y + c4 2 2 (1) (2)
We need four BCs. Two are obvious
The third BC comes from the fact that there is no shear stress at the free surface y = 2 h 2 du2 =0 dy (3)
The fourth BC comes from the fact that the stress at the interface generated by each fluid is the same y=h Using these four BCs c2 = 0 1 du1 du2 = 2 dy dy (4)
g sin ( ) 2 g sin ( ) 2 h + c1 h + c2 = h + c3 h + c4 2 1 2 2
g sin ( ) 2 h + 2 c3 = 0 g sin ( ) h + 1 c1 = g sin ( ) h + 2 c3
Hence, after some algebra
c1 =
2 g sin ( ) h 1 2 g sin ( ) h 2 g sin ( ) 2 4 y h y 2 1
c2 = 0
2 2 1 c4 = 3 g sin ( ) h 2 1 2
c3 =
) )
The velocity distributions are then
u1 =
u2 =
g sin ( ) 2 2 1 2 3 h + 4 y h y 1 2 2
Rewriting in terms of 1 and 2 ( is constant and equal for both fluids) u1 = g sin ( ) 2 4 y h y 2 1
u2 =
g sin ( ) 2 2 1 2 3 h + 4 y h y 1 2 2
(Note that these result in the same expression if 1 = 2, i.e., if we have one fluid) Evaluating either velocity at y = h, gives the velocity at the interface uinterface = 3 g h sin ( ) 2 1
2
uinterface = 0.23
m s
Evaluating u2 at y = 2h gives the velocity at the free surface ufreesurface = g h sin ( )

2
(3 2 + 1)
2 1 2
ufreesurface = 0.268
m s
The velocity distributions are plotted in the associated Excel workbook
h = 2.5 mm = 30 deg 2 1 = 2.00E-04 m /s 2 2 = 4.00E-04 m /s
y (mm) u 1 (m/s) u 2 (m/s) 0.000 0.250 0.500 0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000 2.250 2.500 2.750 3.000 3.250 3.500 3.750 4.000 4.250 4.500 4.750 5.000 0.000 0.0299 0.0582 0.0851 0.110 0.134 0.156 0.177 0.196 0.214 0.230
Velocity Distributions down an Incline

5.0 4.0 y (mm) 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.00
Lower Velocity Upper Velocity
0.230 0.237 0.244 0.249 0.254 0.259 0.262 0.265 0.267 0.268 0.268
0.05
0.10
0.15 u (m/s)
0.20
0.25
0.30
Problem 8.31
[3]
Flow between parallel plates Shear stress on lower plate; Plot shear stress; Flow rate for pressure gradient; Pressure gradient for zero shear; Plot a dp y y U y + 2 dx a a a
2 2
From Section 8-2
u ( y) =
For dp/dx = 0
u = U
y a
Q = 0 l =
y U a u ( y) dy = w U dy = a 2 0 when dp/dx = 0
Q =
1 ft 0.1 5 ft 2 s 12
7 lbf s 2
Q = 0.0208
ft s
ft
For the shear stress
du U = dy a
= 3.79 10
(Table A.9)
ft
The shear stress is constant - no need to plot! = 3.79 10 ft 12 1 ft 7 lbf s 5 2 s 0.1 ft 12 in ft

2
= 1.58 10
psi
Q will decrease if dp/dx > 0; it will increase if dp/dx < 0. For non- zero dp/dx: At y = 0.25a, we get = du U dp y 1 = + a dy a dx a 2 U dp 1 1 U a dp + a = a dx 4 2 a 4 dx
2
( y = 0.25 a) =
lbf
Hence this stress is zero when
2 ft dp 4 U ft 12 7 lbf s 4 psi = = 4 3.79 10 5 = 0.109 = 7.58 10 2 2 dx ft s 0.1 ft ft a ft
0.1 0.075
y (in)
0.05 0.025
110
110
210
310
Shear Stress (lbf/ft3)
Problem 8.32
[3]
Flow between parallel plates Location and magnitude of maximum velocity; Volume flow in 10 s; Plot velocity and shear stress b dp y y U y + 2 dx b b b
2 2 2
From Section 8-2
u ( y) =
For umax set du/dx = 0
du b dp 2 y 1 1 dp U U =0= + = + ( 2 y b) 2 dy a b 2 dx b b 2 dx
Hence
u = umax
at
y=
U b 2 dp b dx
3
= 1.14 10
3 N s 2
y =
m 0.0025 m m 1 3 N s 1.14 10 0.25 2 2 s 0.0025 m 175 N m

umax = b dp y y U y + 2 dx b b b
2 2 2
y = 1.90 10
y = 1.90 mm
Hence
with y = 1.90 mm
2
umax = 0.25
m 1.90 1 m 175 N 1.90 2 1.90 + ( 0.0025 m) 3 3 s 2.5 2 2.5 1.14 10 N s m 2.5

b
umax = 0.278
m s
b 2 2 Q b dp y U y = u ( y) dy = w + w 0 2 dx b b 0
y b dp U b dy = b 12 dx 2
3 2
Q 1 m 1 m 175 N 3 = 0.25 0.0025 m ( 0.0025 m) 3 3 w 2 s 12 1.14 10 N s m Flow = Q w t = 5.12 10

2 4 m
Q 4 m = 5.12 10 s w
3 3 m
10 s
2 2
Flow = 5.12 10
m = 5.12 10
m du dy = U b + b dp y 2 1 2 dx b
The velocity profile is
u y b dp y y = + U b 2 U dx b b
For the shear stress
The graphs on the next page can be plotted in Excel
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
y/b
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
u/U
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1
y/b
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Shear Stress (Pa)
Problem 8.33
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.33
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.34
[4]
Problem 8.35
[3]
Problem 8.36
[2]
Navier-Stokes Equations Derivation of Eq. 8.5
The Navier-Stokes equations are (using the coordinates of Example 8.3, so that x is vertical, y is horizontal)
u v w + + =0 x y z
2u 2u 2u u u u p u u + v + = w + + g x t x 2 + y 2 + z 2 x y x z
1 4 5 3 4 3
(5.1c)
(5.27a)
v v v v v v p v +u +v +w = g y + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 x y y z t
2 2 2
(5.27b)
w w w w w w p w +u +v = g z +w + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 x y z z t
2 2 2
3
(5.27c)
The following assumptions have been applied: (1) Steady flow (given). (2) Incompressible flow; = constant. (3) No flow or variation of properties in the z direction; w= 0 and /z = 0. (4) Fully developed flow, so no properties except possibly pressure p vary in the x direction; /x = 0. (5) See analysis below. (6) No body force in the y direction; gy = 0 Assumption (1) eliminates time variations in any fluid property. Assumption (2) eliminates space variations in density. Assumption (3) states that there is no z component of velocity and no property variations in the z direction. All terms in the z component of the NavierStokes equation cancel. After assumption (4) is applied, the continuity equation reduces to v/y = 0. Assumptions (3) and (4) also indicate that v/z = 0 and v/x = 0. Therefore v must be constant. Since v is zero at the solid surface, then v must be zero everywhere. The fact that v = 0 reduces the NavierStokes equations further, as indicated by (5). Hence for the y direction
p =0 y
which indicates the pressure is a constant across the layer. However, at the free surface p = patm = constant. Hence we conclude that p = constant throughout the fluid, and so
p =0 x
In the x direction, we obtain
Integrating twice
2u + g = 0 y 2
u=
c 1 gy 2 + 1 y + c2 2
To evaluate the constants, c1 and c2, we must apply the boundary conditions. At y = 0, u = 0. Consequently, c2 = 0. At y = a, du/dy = 0 (we assume air friction is negligible). Hence
(y = ) =
which gives and finally
du dy
=
y =
g +
c1
=0
c1 = g
u=
2 g g 2 y 1 y 1 gy 2 + y= 2 2
Problem 8.37
[4]
Problem 8.38
[4]
Using the result for average velocity from Example 8.3
Problem 8.39
[5]
Given: Expression for efficiency Find: Plot; find flow rate for maximum efficiency; explain curve
Solution:
q 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.0% 7.30% 14.1% 20.3% 25.7% 30.0% 32.7% 33.2% 30.0% 20.8% 0.0%
Efficiency of a Viscous Pump

35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 0.00 0.10 0.20 q 0.30 0.40 0.50
For the maximum efficiency point we can use Solver (or alternatively differentiate) q 0.333 33.3% The efficiency is zero at zero flow rate because there is no output at all The efficiency is zero at maximum flow rate p = 0 so there is no output The efficiency must therefore peak somewhere between these extremes
Problem 8.41
[5]
Problem 8.42
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 8.42
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 8.43
[5]
Problem 2.59
Problem 8.44
[3]

The given data is
Data on a journal bearing Time for the bearing to slow to 10 rpm
D = 50 mm = 0.1 N s m
2
L = 1 m i = 60 rpm I = Torque = A
I = 0.055 kg m f = 10 rpm D 2
= 1 mm
The equation of motion for the slowing bearing is
where is the angular acceleration and is the viscous stress, and A = D L is the surface area of the bearing As in Example 8.2 the stress is given by = U D = 2
where U and are the instantaneous linear and angular velocities. Hence I = I d D D D L = D L = 4 dt 2 2
3 3
Separating variables
d D L = dt 4 I
D L t 4 I D L t 4 I
3 3
Integrating and using IC = 0 The time to slow down to f
( t) = i e
= 10 rpm is obtained from solving

4 I D L
3
f = i e
so
t =
ln
f i
t = 10 s
Problem 8.45
[2]
Problem 8.46
[2]
Problem 8.47
[2]
p1 D F L

Basic equation For the system
Hyperdermic needle Volume flow rate of saline
Q =
p d 128 L
(Eq. 8.13c; we assume laminar flow and verify this is correct after solving)
F 4 F p = p1 patm = = 2 A D 12 in 4 1 7.5 lbf 1 ft 0.375 in 5 lbf s H2O = 2.1 10 2 ft p =

2 2
p = 67.9 psi = 5 H2O

4 2
At 68oF, from Table A.7
= 1.05 10
4 lbf s 2
ft
Q =
lbf 144 in 1 ft ft 1 12 in 67.9 0.005 in 2 2 4 128 12 in 1 in 1 ft 1.05 10 lbf s 1 ft in

7 ft 3
Q = 8.27 10
s
3
Q = 1.43 10
2
3 3 in
s
2
Q = 0.0857 ft s
in min
Check Re:
V =
Q Q = 2 A d
4
V =
1 4 7 ft 12 in 8.27 10 s .005 in 1 ft slug ft

3
V = 6.07
V d Re = Re = 1.94
= 1.94 ft s
(assuming saline is close to water) 1 ft 12 in ft

2 4
slug ft
3
6.07
0.005 in
slug ft s lbf
2
Re = 46.7 Flow is laminar
1.05 10
lbf s
Problem 8.48
[3]

The given data is
Data on a tube "Resistance" of tube; maximum flow rate and pressure difference for which electrical analogy holds for (a) kerosine and (b) castor oil
L = 100 mm
D = 0.3 mm
From Fig. A.2 and Table A.2 Kerosene: = 1.1 10

3 N s 2
= 0.82 990
kg m
3
= 812
kg m
3
Castor oil:
= 0.25
N s m
2
= 2.11 990
kg m
3
= 2090
kg m
3
For an electrical resistor
V = R I
(1)
The governing equation for the flow rate for laminar flow in a tube is Eq. 8.13c Q = p D 128 L
4
or
p =
128 L D
4
(2)
By analogy, current I is represented by flow rate Q, and voltage V by pressure drop p. Comparing Eqs. (1) and (2), the "resistance" of the tube is R= 128 L D
4
The "resistance" of a tube is directly proportional to fluid viscosity and pipe length, and strongly dependent on the inverse of diameter The analogy is only valid for Re < 2300 Writing this constraint in terms of flow rate Q 2 D 4 D < 2300 or Qmax = 2300 D 4 or V D < 2300
The corresponding maximum pressure gradient is then obtained from Eq. (2) 128 L D
4
pmax =
Qmax =
32 2300 L D
3
(a) For kerosine
Qmax = 7.34 10
3 7m
pmax = 406 kPa
(b) For castor oil
Qmax = 6.49 10
3 5m
pmax = 8156 MPa
The analogy fails when Re > 2300 because the flow becomes turbulent, and "resistance" to flow is then no longer linear with flow rate
Problem 8.49
[4]
Problem 8.50
[4]
Problem 8.51
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.51
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.52
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.52
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.53
[4]
Problem 8.52
Problem 8.54
[3]

Given data
Two-fluid flow in tube Velocity distribution; Plot
D = 0.2 in
L = 50 ft
p = 1 psi
1 = 0.02
lbf s ft
2
2 = 0.03
lbf s ft
2
From Section 8-3 for flow in a pipe, Eq. 8.11 can be applied to either fluid u=
2 r c1 p + ln ( r) + c2 4 x 2 p c1 r + ln ( r) + c2 4 1 L 1 2 p c3 r + ln ( r) + c4 4 2 L 2
Applying this to fluid 1 (inner fluid) and fluid 2 (outer fluid) u1 = u2 =
We need four BCs. Two are obvious
r=
D 2
u2 = 0
(1)
r=
D 4
u1 = u2
(2)
The third BC comes from the fact that the axis is a line of symmetry r=0 du1 dr =0 (3)
The fourth BC comes from the fact that the stress at the interface generated by each fluid is the same r=
2
D 4
du1 du2 = 2 dr dr
2
(4)
2
Using these four BCs
D 2 p + c3 ln D + c = 0 4 4 2 L 2 2
c1 =0 r 0 1 r lim
D D c1 4 p D + c = 4 p + c3 ln D + c + ln 2 4 4 1 L 4 2 L 1 4 2 4
D p 4 c1 D p 4 c3 + = + 8 L D 8 L D
Hence, after some algebra c1 = 0 (To avoid singularity)
2 D p 2 + 3 1 c2 = 1 2 64 L
c3 = 0
D p c4 = 16 L 2
The velocity distributions are then
2 2 D ( 2 + 3 1) u1 ( r) = r 4 2 4 1 L 2
u2 ( r) =
4 2 L
2 D 2
(Note that these result in the same expression if 1 = 2, i.e., if we have one fluid)
Evaluating either velocity at r = D/4 gives the velocity at the interface

2 2 2 2
uinterface =
3 D p 64 2 L
uinterface =
3 0.2 ft 1 lbf 144 in ft 1 2 2 0.03 lbf s 50 ft 64 12 in 1 ft
uinterface = 1.25 10
3 ft
Evaluating u1 at r = 0 gives the maximum velocity D p 2 + 3 1 umax = 64 1 2 L

2
umax =
1 0.2 lbf 0.03 + 3 0.02 ft 1 ft 1 2 64 12 0.02 0.03 lbf s 50 ft in
umax = 1.88 10
3 ft
0.1 0.075
Inner fluid Outer fluid
r (in)
0.05 0.025
4 3 3 3
510
110
1.510
210
Velocity (ft/s)
The velocity distributions can be plotted in Excel
Problem 8.55
[2]

Basic equation
Turbulent pipe flow Wall shear stress
(Eq. 4.18a)
Assumptions 1) Horizontal pipe 2) Steady flow 3) Fully developed flow With these assumptions the x momentum equation becomes p1 D D + w D L p2 =0 4 4
2 2
or
w =
(p2 p1) D
4 L
p D 4 L
1 1 m 1 3 N w = 35 10 150 mm 2 4 1000 mm 10 m m Since w is negative it acts to the left on the fluid, to the right on the pipe wall
w = 131 Pa
Problem 8.56
[3]

Basic equation
Pipe glued to tank Force glue must hold when cap is on and off
(Eq. 4.18a)
First solve when the cap is on. In this static case D p1 4 Second, solve for when flow is occuring: Fglue =
2
where p1 is the tank pressure
Assumptions 1) Horizontal pipe 2) Steady flow 3) Fully developed flow With these assumptions the x momentum equation becomes p1 D D + w D L p2 =0 4 4
2 2
Here p1 is again the tank pressure and p2 is the pressure at the pipe exit; the pipe exit pressure is patm = 0 kPa gage. Hence Fpipe = Fglue = w D L = D p1 4
2
We conclude that in each case the force on the glue is the same! When the cap is on the glue has to withstand the tank pressure; when the cap is off, the glue has to hold the pipe in place against the friction of the fluid on the pipe, which is equal in magnitude to the pressure drop. Fglue = 1 m 3 N 2.5 cm 250 10 2 4 100 cm m
2
Fglue = 123 N
Problem 8.57
[2]

Basic equation
Flow through channel Average wall stress
(Eq. 4.18a)
Assumptions 1) Horizontal pipe 2) Steady flow 3) Fully developed flow With these assumptions the x momentum equation becomes p1 W H + w 2 L ( W + H) p2 W H = 0 1 ft or W H w = p2 p1 2 ( W + H) L
H L
w = p
2 1 +
H W psi
1 lbf 144 in w = 1 2 2 2 ft in
1 in
12 in 30 ft
1 ft 9.5 in 12 in 1 + 30 ft
1
w = 0.195
lbf ft
2
w = 1.35 10
Since w < 0, it acts to the left on the fluid, to the right on the channel wall
Problem 8.58
[2]

Given data
Data on pressure drops in flow in a tube Which pressure drop is laminar flow, which turbulent
p1 = 4.5
kPa m
p2 = 11
kPa m
D = 30 mm
From Section 8-4, a force balance on a section of fluid leads to R D w = p = p 2 x 4 x Hence for the two cases w1 = D p 4 x 1 D p 4 x 2 w1 = 33.8 Pa
w2 =
w2 = 82.5 Pa
Because both flows are at the same nominal flow rate, the higher pressure drop must correspond to the turbulent flow, because, as indicated in Section 8-4, turbulent flows experience additional stresses. Also indicated in Section 8-4 is that for both flows the shear stress varies from zero at the centerline to the maximums computed above at the walls. The stress distributions are linear in both cases: Maximum at the walls and zero at the centerline.
Problem 8.59
[3]
Problem 8.60
[3]
Problem 8.61
[3]
Given: Data on mean velocity in fully developed turbulent flow Find: Trendlines for each set; values of n for each set; plot Solution:
y/R 0.898 0.794 0.691 0.588 0.486 0.383 0.280 0.216 0.154 0.093 0.062 0.041 0.024 u/U 0.996 0.981 0.963 0.937 0.907 0.866 0.831 0.792 0.742 0.700 0.650 0.619 0.551 y/R 0.898 0.794 0.691 0.588 0.486 0.383 0.280 0.216 0.154 0.093 0.062 0.037 u/U 0.997 0.998 0.975 0.959 0.934 0.908 0.874 0.847 0.818 0.771 0.736 0.690 Equation 8.22 is
Mean Velocity Distributions in a Pipe

1.0 u/U 0.1 0.01 y/R
Re = 50,000 Re = 500,000 Power (Re = 500,000) Power (Re = 50,000)
0.10
1.00
Applying the Trendline analysis to each set of data: At Re = 50,000 u/U = 1.017(y/R )0.161 2 with R = 0.998 (high confidence) Hence 1/n = 0.161 n = 6.21 At Re = 500,000 u/U = 1.017(y/R )0.117 2 with R = 0.999 (high confidence) Hence 1/n = 0.117 n = 8.55
Both sets of data tend to confirm the validity of Eq. 8.22
Problem 8.62
[3]
Problem 8.63
[3] Part 1/2
Problem 8.63
[3] Part 2/2
Problem 8.64
[3]
Laminar flow between parallel plates Kinetic energy coefficient,
Basic Equation: The kinetic energy coefficient, is given by
=
From Section 8-2, for flow between parallel plates
V 3dA
&V 2 m
(8.26b)
2 2 y 3 y u = umax 1 = V 1 a 2 a 2 2
since
3 umax = V . 2
Substituting
=
Then
V 3dA
&V 2 m
V AV 2
u 3dA
1 u 1 = dA = A AV wa
2 u u wdy = dy a a 0 V V
2
a 2
a 2
3 3 31 1 3 y 2 a u umax 3 = = (1 2 ) d d a a 2 0 umax V 2 0 2
where = Evaluating,
y a 2
(1 )
The integral is then
2 3
= 1 3 2 + 3 4 6
3
3 = 2
31
3 (1 3 + 3 )d = 2 0
2 4 6
3 1 27 16 3 + 5 7 = = 1.54 5 7 0 8 35
Problem 8.65
[3]
Problem 8.66
[3]

Equation 8.26b is
Definition of kinetic energy correction coefficient for the power-law velocity profile; plot 3 V dA mrate Vav
2
where V is the velocity, mrate is the mass flow rate and Vav is the average velocity V = U 1 r R
2. 1 n
For the power-law profile (Eq. 8.22)
For the mass flow rate
mrate = R Vav
Hence the denominator of Eq. 8.26b is
mrate Vav = R Vav
We next must evaluate the numerator of Eq. 8.26b
3 n r 3 3 V dA = 2 r U 1 dr R
3 2 2 3 n 2 R n U r 2 r U3 d 1 r = ( 3 + n) ( 3 + 2 n) R 0 To integrate substitute m = 1 r R dm = dr R
Then
r = R ( 1 m)
R
dr = R dm
0 3 3 n r n 2 r U3 2 R ( 1 m) m R dm 1 dr = R 1 0
Hence
3 3 +1 3 n n V dA = 2 R m m R dm 0
2 2 3 2 R n U 3 V d A = ( 3 + n) ( 3 + 2 n)
Putting all these results together
3 V dA mrate Vav
3
2 R n U ( 3+ n) ( 3+ 2 n) = 2 2 3
2 2
R Vav
2
2 n U = Vav ( 3 + n) ( 3 + 2 n) To plot versus ReVav we use the following parametric relations n = 1.7 + 1.8 log Reu
2
( )
(Eq. 8.23)
Vav U
2 n ( n + 1) ( 2 n + 1) Vav U
3
(Eq. 8.24)
ReVav =
ReU
2
2 n U = V ( 3 + n) ( 3 + 2 n) av
(Eq. 8.27)
A value of ReU leads to a value for n; this leads to a value for Vav/U; these lead to a value for ReVav and The plots of , and the error in assuming = 1, versus ReVav are shown in the associated Excel workbook
A value of Re U leads to a value for n ; this leads to a value for V av/U ; these lead to a value for Re Vav and
Re U 1.00E+04 2.50E+04 5.00E+04 7.50E+04 1.00E+05 2.50E+05 5.00E+05 7.50E+05 1.00E+06 2.50E+06 5.00E+06 7.50E+06 1.00E+07
n 5.50 6.22 6.76 7.08 7.30 8.02 8.56 8.88 9.10 9.82 10.4 10.7 10.9
V av/U 0.776 0.797 0.811 0.818 0.823 0.837 0.846 0.851 0.854 0.864 0.870 0.873 0.876
Re Vav 7.76E+03 1.99E+04 4.06E+04 6.14E+04 8.23E+04 2.09E+05 4.23E+05 6.38E+05 8.54E+05 2.16E+06 4.35E+06 6.55E+06 8.76E+06
1.09 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03
Error 8.2% 6.7% 5.9% 5.4% 5.1% 4.4% 3.9% 3.7% 3.5% 3.1% 2.8% 2.6% 2.5%
Kinetic Energy Coefficient vs Reynolds Number

1.10 1.08 1.05 1.03 1.00 1E+03
1E+04
1E+05 Re Vav
1E+06
1E+07
Error in assuming = 1 vs Reynolds Number

10.0% 7.5% 5.0% 2.5% 0.0% 1E+03
Error
1E+04
1E+05 Re Vav
1E+06
1E+07
Problem 8.67
[2]
Data on flow through elbow Head loss
2 2 h V1 V2 p1 p2 lT Basic equation + + z1 + + z2 = = HlT g 2 g g 2 g g
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 p1 p2 V1 V2 HlT = + + z1 z2 2 g g

3 2 2 2 m kg m s 1 s 3 N 2 2 m + 1.75 3.5 + ( 2.25 3) m 2 1000 kg 2 9.81 m 2 s 9.81 m 2 2
Then
HlT = ( 70 45) 10
s N
HlT = 1.33 m N m kg
In terms of energy/mass
hlT = g HlT
hlT = 9.81
m s
2
1.33 m
N s kg m
hlT = 13.0
Problem 8.68
[2]
Data on flow in a pipe Head loss for horizontal pipe; inlet pressure for different alignments; slope for gravity feed
Given or available data
D = 50 mm
= 1000
kg m
3
The governing equation between inlet (1) and exit (2) is

2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + 1 2 + g z1 + 2 2 + g z2 = hlT
(8.29)
Horizontal pipe data
p1 = 588 kPa z1 = z2
p2 = 0 kPa V1 = V2 hlT = 588 J kg
(Gage pressures)
Equation 8.29 becomes
hlT =
p1 p2
For an inclined pipe with the same flow rate, the head loss will be the same as above; in addition we have the following new data z1 = 0 m Equation 8.29 becomes p1 = p2 + g z2 z1 + hlT z2 = 25 m
p1 = 833 kPa
For a declining pipe with the same flow rate, the head loss will be the same as above; in addition we have the following new data z1 = 0 m Equation 8.29 becomes p1 = p2 + g z2 z1 + hlT z2 = 25 m
p1 = 343 kPa
For a gravity feed with the same flow rate, the head loss will be the same as above; in addition we have the following new data p1 = 0 kPa Equation 8.29 becomes hlT z2 = z1 g (Gage) z2 = 60 m
Problem 8.69
[2]

Basic equation
Data on flow through elbow Inlet velocity

2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 hlT + + z + + z g 1 2 = g = HlT 2 g 2 g g
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1

2 2
Then
V2 V1 = 2 V1 V1 =
V1 = 3 V1 =
2 p1 p2 + 2 g z1 z2 2 g HlT
2 p1 p2 + g z1 z2 g HlT 3
V1 =
2 m kg m 9.81 m m 3 N 50 10 + ( 2) m 9.81 1 m 2 1000 kg 2 2 2 3 m s N s s

3
V1 = 3.70
m s
Problem 8.70
[2]
Increased friction factor for water tower flow How much flow is decreased
Basic equation from Example 8.7
V2 =
2 g z1 z2 f
)
D = 4 in z1 z2 = 80 ft
L + 8 + 1 D
ft s ft s
2
where With f = 0.0308, we obtain We need to recompute with f = 0.04
L = 680 ft V2 = 8.97 V2 =
and Q = 351 gpm 80 ft 1 V2 = 7.88 ft s
2 32.2
0.04
680
4 12
+ 8 + 1
Hence
Q = V2 A = V2 Q = 7.88
D 4
2 2
ft 4 7.48 gal 60 s ft 3 s 4 12 1 min 1 ft
Q = 309 gpm (From Table G.2 1 ft3 = 7.48 gal)
Hence the flow is decreased by
( 351 309) gpm = 42 gpm
Problem 8.71
[2]
Increased friction factor for water tower flow, and reduced length How much flow is decreased
Basic equation from Example 8.7
V2 =
2 g z1 z2 f
)
D = 4 in z1 z2 = 80 ft 1
L + 8 + 1 D
where now we have We need to recompute with f = 0.04
L = 380 ft V2 = 2 32.2 ft s
2
80 ft
0.04
380
4 12
+ 8 + 1
V2 = 10.5
ft s
Hence
Q = V2 A = V2 Q = 10.5
D 4
2 2
ft 4 7.48 gal 60 s ft 3 s 4 12 1 min 1 ft
Q = 411 gpm (From Table G.2 1 ft3 = 7.48 gal)
Problem 8.72
[2]

Basic equation
Data on flow through Alaskan pipeline Head loss

2 2 p h p V1 V2 lT 1 2 + + z1 + + z2 = = HlT g g 2 g 2 g g oil oil
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) SG = 0.9 (Table A.2) Then HlT = p1 p2 SGoil H2O g + z1 z2
HlT = ( 8250 350) 10
3 2 1 m kg m s 3 N + ( 45 115) m 2 0.9 1000 kg 2 9.81 m
s N
HlT = 825 m N s kg m
2
In terms of energy/mass
hlT = g HlT
hlT = 9.81
m s
2
825 m
hlT = 8.09
kN m kg
Problem 8.73
[2]
Problem 8.74
[2]
Problem 8.75
[2]
Problem 8.76
[3]

Basic equations
Data on flow from reservoir Head from pump; head loss

2 2 V3 V4 p3 p4 hlT + + z + + z g 3 g 4 = g = HlT 2 g 2 g
for flow from 3 to 4
2 2 V3 V2 p3 p2 hpump + + z + + z = Hpump for flow from 2 to 3 g 3 g 2 = 2 g 2 g g
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) V2 = V3 = V4 (constant area pipe) Then for the pump Hpump = p3 p2 g
3 2 m kg m s 3 N 2 1000 kg 2 9.81 m
Hpump = ( 450 150) 10 In terms of energy/mass hpump = g Hpump HlT = p3 p4 g + z3 z4
s N
Hpump = 30.6 m N s kg m
2
hpump = 9.81
m s
2
30.6 m
hpump = 300
N m kg
For the head loss from 3 to 4
HlT = ( 450 0) 10 In terms of energy/mass hlT = g HlT
3 2 m kg m s 3 N + ( 0 35) m 2 1000 kg 2 9.81 m
s N
HlT = 10.9 m hlT = 107 N m kg
hlT = 9.81
m s
2
10.9 m
N s kg m
Problem 8.77
[2]
Problem 8.78
[2]
Problem 8.79
[2]

Given data From Appendix A
Data on flow in a pipe Friction factor; Reynolds number; if flow is laminar or turbulent
D = 75 mm = 1000 kg m
3
p Pa = 0.075 L m = 4 10
4 N s 2
kg mrate = 0.075 s
The governing equations between inlet (1) and exit (2) are
2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z 1 2 1 2 2 2 = hl
(8.29)
hl = f For a constant area pipe
L V D 2
(8.34)
V1 = V2 = V f = 2 D L V V =
2
Hence Eqs. 8.29 and 8.34 become
(p1 p2)
2 D p 2 L V V = 0.017 m s
For the velocity
mrate 2 D 4 2 D p 2 L V V D
Hence
f =
f = 0.0390
The Reynolds number is
Re =
Re = 3183
This Reynolds number indicates the flow is turbulent. (From Eq. 8.37, at this Reynolds number the friction factor for a smooth pipe is f = 0.043; the friction factor computed above thus indicates that, within experimental error, the flow corresponds to turbulent flow in a smooth pipe)
Problem 8.80
[3]
Solution:
Using the add-in function Friction factor from the web site e/D = Re 500 1.00E+03 1.50E+03 2.30E+03 1.00E+04 1.50E+04 1.00E+05 1.50E+05 1.00E+06 1.50E+06 1.00E+07 1.50E+07 1.00E+08 0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.001 f 0.1280 0.0640 0.0427 0.0473 0.0309 0.0278 0.0180 0.0166 0.0116 0.0109 0.0081 0.0076 0.0059 0.1280 0.0640 0.0427 0.0474 0.0310 0.0280 0.0185 0.0172 0.0134 0.0130 0.0122 0.0121 0.0120 0.1280 0.0640 0.0427 0.0474 0.0312 0.0282 0.0190 0.0178 0.0147 0.0144 0.0138 0.0138 0.0137 0.1280 0.0640 0.0427 0.0477 0.0316 0.0287 0.0203 0.0194 0.0172 0.0170 0.0168 0.0167 0.0167 0.1280 0.0640 0.0427 0.0481 0.0324 0.0296 0.0222 0.0214 0.0199 0.0198 0.0197 0.0197 0.0196 0.1280 0.0640 0.0427 0.0489 0.0338 0.0313 0.0251 0.0246 0.0236 0.0235 0.0234 0.0234 0.0234 0.1280 0.0640 0.0427 0.0512 0.0376 0.0356 0.0313 0.0310 0.0305 0.0304 0.0304 0.0304 0.0304 0.1280 0.0640 0.0427 0.0549 0.0431 0.0415 0.0385 0.0383 0.0380 0.0379 0.0379 0.0379 0.0379 0.1280 0.0640 0.0427 0.0619 0.0523 0.0511 0.0490 0.0489 0.0487 0.0487 0.0486 0.0486 0.0486 0.1280 0.0640 0.0427 0.0747 0.0672 0.0664 0.0649 0.0648 0.0647 0.0647 0.0647 0.0647 0.0647 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.04
Friction Factor vs Reynolds Number

1.000
0.100
f
0.010
e/D =
0 0.0002 0.001 0.005 0.02 0.0001 0.0005 0.002 0.01 0.04
0.001 1.0E+02
Re
1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08
Problem 8.81
Using the above formula for f 0, and Eq. 8.37 for f 1 e/D = Re 1.00E+04 2.50E+04 5.00E+04 7.50E+04 1.00E+05 2.50E+05 5.00E+05 7.50E+05 1.00E+06 5.00E+06 1.00E+07 5.00E+07 1.00E+08 0.0310 0.0244 0.0208 0.0190 0.0179 0.0149 0.0131 0.0122 0.0116 0.0090 0.0081 0.0066 0.0060 0.0311 0.0247 0.0212 0.0195 0.0185 0.0158 0.0145 0.0139 0.0135 0.0124 0.0122 0.0120 0.0120 0.0313 0.0250 0.0216 0.0200 0.0190 0.0167 0.0155 0.0150 0.0148 0.0140 0.0139 0.0138 0.0137 0.0318 0.0258 0.0226 0.0212 0.0204 0.0186 0.0178 0.0175 0.0173 0.0168 0.0168 0.0167 0.0167 0.0327 0.0270 0.0242 0.0230 0.0223 0.0209 0.0204 0.0201 0.0200 0.0197 0.0197 0.0196 0.0196 0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.001 f0 0.0342 0.0291 0.0268 0.0258 0.0253 0.0243 0.0239 0.0238 0.0237 0.0235 0.0235 0.0234 0.0234 0.0383 0.0342 0.0325 0.0319 0.0316 0.0309 0.0307 0.0306 0.0305 0.0304 0.0304 0.0304 0.0304 0.0440 0.0407 0.0395 0.0390 0.0388 0.0383 0.0381 0.0380 0.0380 0.0379 0.0379 0.0379 0.0379 0.0534 0.0508 0.0498 0.0494 0.0493 0.0489 0.0488 0.0487 0.0487 0.0487 0.0486 0.0486 0.0486 0.0750 0.0731 0.0724 0.0721 0.0720 0.0717 0.0717 0.0716 0.0716 0.0716 0.0716 0.0716 0.0716 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05
Using the add-in function Friction factor from the Web e/D = Re 1.00E+04 2.50E+04 5.00E+04 7.50E+04 1.00E+05 2.50E+05 5.00E+05 7.50E+05 1.00E+06 5.00E+06 1.00E+07 5.00E+07 1.00E+08 0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.001 f 0.0309 0.0245 0.0209 0.0191 0.0180 0.0150 0.0132 0.0122 0.0116 0.0090 0.0081 0.0065 0.0059 0.0310 0.0248 0.0212 0.0196 0.0185 0.0158 0.0144 0.0138 0.0134 0.0123 0.0122 0.0120 0.0120 0.0312 0.0250 0.0216 0.0200 0.0190 0.0166 0.0154 0.0150 0.0147 0.0139 0.0138 0.0138 0.0137 0.0316 0.0257 0.0226 0.0212 0.0203 0.0185 0.0177 0.0174 0.0172 0.0168 0.0168 0.0167 0.0167 0.0324 0.0268 0.0240 0.0228 0.0222 0.0208 0.0202 0.0200 0.0199 0.0197 0.0197 0.0196 0.0196 0.0338 0.0288 0.0265 0.0256 0.0251 0.0241 0.0238 0.0237 0.0236 0.0235 0.0234 0.0234 0.0234 0.0376 0.0337 0.0322 0.0316 0.0313 0.0308 0.0306 0.0305 0.0305 0.0304 0.0304 0.0304 0.0304 0.0431 0.0402 0.0391 0.0387 0.0385 0.0381 0.0380 0.0380 0.0380 0.0379 0.0379 0.0379 0.0379 0.0523 0.0502 0.0494 0.0492 0.0490 0.0488 0.0487 0.0487 0.0487 0.0486 0.0486 0.0486 0.0486 0.0738 0.0725 0.0720 0.0719 0.0718 0.0716 0.0716 0.0716 0.0716 0.0716 0.0716 0.0716 0.0716 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05
The error can now be computed e/D = Re 1.00E+04 2.50E+04 5.00E+04 7.50E+04 1.00E+05 2.50E+05 5.00E+05 7.50E+05 1.00E+06 5.00E+06 1.00E+07 5.00E+07 1.00E+08 0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05
0.29% 0.39% 0.63% 0.69% 0.71% 0.65% 0.52% 0.41% 0.33% 0.22% 0.49% 1.15% 1.44%
0.36% 0.24% 0.39% 0.38% 0.33% 0.04% 0.26% 0.41% 0.49% 0.51% 0.39% 0.15% 0.09%
0.43% 0.11% 0.19% 0.13% 0.06% 0.28% 0.51% 0.58% 0.60% 0.39% 0.27% 0.09% 0.06%
0.61% 0.21% 0.25% 0.35% 0.43% 0.64% 0.64% 0.59% 0.54% 0.24% 0.15% 0.05% 0.03%
Error (%) 0.88% 1.27% 0.60% 1.04% 0.67% 1.00% 0.73% 0.95% 0.76% 0.90% 0.72% 0.66% 0.59% 0.47% 0.50% 0.37% 0.43% 0.31% 0.16% 0.10% 0.10% 0.06% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01%
1.86% 1.42% 1.11% 0.93% 0.81% 0.48% 0.31% 0.23% 0.19% 0.06% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00%
2.12% 1.41% 0.98% 0.77% 0.64% 0.35% 0.21% 0.15% 0.12% 0.03% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00%
2.08% 1.21% 0.77% 0.58% 0.47% 0.24% 0.14% 0.10% 0.08% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%
1.68% 0.87% 0.52% 0.38% 0.30% 0.14% 0.08% 0.06% 0.05% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%
The maximum discrepancy is 2.12% at Re = 10,000 and e/D = 0.01
0.100
f0
0.010
e/D = 0 e/D = 0.0001 e/D = 0.0002 e/D = 0.0005 e/D = 0.001 e/D = 0.002 e/D = 0.005 e/D = 0.01 e/D = 0.02 e/D = 0.05
0.001 1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
Re
Problem 8.82
Using the above formula for f 0, and Eq. 8.37 for f 1 e/D = Re 1.00E+04 2.50E+04 5.00E+04 7.50E+04 1.00E+05 2.50E+05 5.00E+05 7.50E+05 1.00E+06 5.00E+06 1.00E+07 5.00E+07 1.00E+08 0.0309 0.0244 0.0207 0.0189 0.0178 0.0148 0.0131 0.0122 0.0116 0.0090 0.0081 0.0066 0.0060 0.0310 0.0245 0.0210 0.0193 0.0183 0.0156 0.0143 0.0137 0.0133 0.0123 0.0122 0.0120 0.0120 0.0311 0.0248 0.0213 0.0197 0.0187 0.0164 0.0153 0.0148 0.0146 0.0139 0.0139 0.0138 0.0138 0.0315 0.0254 0.0223 0.0209 0.0201 0.0183 0.0176 0.0173 0.0172 0.0168 0.0168 0.0167 0.0167 0.0322 0.0265 0.0237 0.0226 0.0220 0.0207 0.0202 0.0200 0.0199 0.0197 0.0197 0.0197 0.0197 0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.001 f0 0.0335 0.0285 0.0263 0.0254 0.0250 0.0241 0.0238 0.0237 0.0236 0.0235 0.0235 0.0235 0.0235 0.0374 0.0336 0.0321 0.0316 0.0313 0.0308 0.0306 0.0305 0.0305 0.0304 0.0304 0.0304 0.0304 0.0430 0.0401 0.0391 0.0387 0.0385 0.0382 0.0381 0.0381 0.0380 0.0380 0.0380 0.0380 0.0380 0.0524 0.0502 0.0495 0.0492 0.0491 0.0489 0.0488 0.0488 0.0488 0.0487 0.0487 0.0487 0.0487 0.0741 0.0727 0.0722 0.0720 0.0719 0.0718 0.0717 0.0717 0.0717 0.0717 0.0717 0.0717 0.0717 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05
Using the add-in function Friction factor from the Web e/D = Re 1.00E+04 2.50E+04 5.00E+04 7.50E+04 1.00E+05 2.50E+05 5.00E+05 7.50E+05 1.00E+06 5.00E+06 1.00E+07 5.00E+07 1.00E+08 0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.001 f 0.0309 0.0245 0.0209 0.0191 0.0180 0.0150 0.0132 0.0122 0.0116 0.0090 0.0081 0.0065 0.0059 0.0310 0.0248 0.0212 0.0196 0.0185 0.0158 0.0144 0.0138 0.0134 0.0123 0.0122 0.0120 0.0120 0.0312 0.0250 0.0216 0.0200 0.0190 0.0166 0.0154 0.0150 0.0147 0.0139 0.0138 0.0138 0.0137 0.0316 0.0257 0.0226 0.0212 0.0203 0.0185 0.0177 0.0174 0.0172 0.0168 0.0168 0.0167 0.0167 0.0324 0.0268 0.0240 0.0228 0.0222 0.0208 0.0202 0.0200 0.0199 0.0197 0.0197 0.0196 0.0196 0.0338 0.0288 0.0265 0.0256 0.0251 0.0241 0.0238 0.0237 0.0236 0.0235 0.0234 0.0234 0.0234 0.0376 0.0337 0.0322 0.0316 0.0313 0.0308 0.0306 0.0305 0.0305 0.0304 0.0304 0.0304 0.0304 0.0431 0.0402 0.0391 0.0387 0.0385 0.0381 0.0380 0.0380 0.0380 0.0379 0.0379 0.0379 0.0379 0.0523 0.0502 0.0494 0.0492 0.0490 0.0488 0.0487 0.0487 0.0487 0.0486 0.0486 0.0486 0.0486 0.0738 0.0725 0.0720 0.0719 0.0718 0.0716 0.0716 0.0716 0.0716 0.0716 0.0716 0.0716 0.0716 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05
The error can now be computed e/D = Re 1.00E+04 2.50E+04 5.00E+04 7.50E+04 1.00E+05 2.50E+05 5.00E+05 7.50E+05 1.00E+06 5.00E+06 1.00E+07 5.00E+07 1.00E+08 0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.05
0.01% 0.63% 0.85% 0.90% 0.92% 0.84% 0.70% 0.59% 0.50% 0.07% 0.35% 1.02% 1.31%
0.15% 0.88% 1.19% 1.30% 1.34% 1.33% 1.16% 0.99% 0.86% 0.17% 0.00% 0.16% 0.18%
0.26% 1.02% 1.32% 1.40% 1.42% 1.25% 0.93% 0.72% 0.57% 0.01% 0.09% 0.18% 0.19%
0.46% 1.20% 1.38% 1.35% 1.28% 0.85% 0.48% 0.30% 0.20% 0.11% 0.15% 0.19% 0.20%
Error (%) 0.64% 0.73% 1.22% 1.03% 1.21% 0.84% 1.07% 0.65% 0.94% 0.52% 0.47% 0.16% 0.19% 0.00% 0.07% 0.07% 0.01% 0.10% 0.15% 0.18% 0.18% 0.19% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20%
0.55% 0.51% 0.28% 0.16% 0.09% 0.07% 0.13% 0.16% 0.17% 0.19% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20%
0.19% 0.11% 0.00% 0.06% 0.09% 0.15% 0.18% 0.18% 0.19% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20%
0.17% 0.14% 0.16% 0.17% 0.18% 0.19% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20%
0.43% 0.29% 0.24% 0.23% 0.22% 0.21% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20%
The maximum discrepancy is 1.42% at Re = 100,000 and e/D = 0.0002
0.100
f
0.010
e/D = 0 e/D = 0.0001 e/D = 0.0002 e/D = 0.0005 e/D = 0.001 e/D = 0.002 e/D = 0.005 e/D = 0.01 e/D = 0.02 e/D = 0.05
0.001 1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
Re
Problem 8.83
[2]
Problem 8.84
[2]
Problem 8.85
[2]

Basic equations
Flow through gradual contraction Pressure after contraction; compare to sudden contraction
2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z 1 2 = hlm 2 2
hlm = K
V2 2
Q = V A
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Horizontal

2 D2 2.5 = For an included angle of 120 and an area ratio K = 0.27 = = 0.25 we find from Table 8.3 A1 5 D1 2 2 2 V2 p1 V1 p2 V2 4 Q Hence the energy equation becomes with + V1 = + 2 = K 2 2 2 D
o
A2
V2 =
4 Q D 2
2
1 8 Q ( 1 + K) 2 2 p2 = p1 ( 1 + K) V2 V1 = p2 2 4 4 2 D2 D1
2 3 3 8 kg 0.003 mm 1 m 3 N p2 = 200 10 1000 ( 1 + 0.27) 2 2 3 s 1000 mm
1 ( 0.025 m)
4
N s 4 kg m ( 0.05 m)
1
p2 = 200 kPa
No change because the flow rate is miniscule!
Repeating the above analysis for an included angle of 180o (sudden contraction) K = 0.41
2 3 3 8 kg 0.003 mm 1 m 3 N p2 = 200 10 1000 ( 1 + 0.41) 2 2 3 s 1000 mm
N s 4 4 kg m ( 0.025 m) ( 0.05 m)
1 1
p2 = 200 kPa
No change because the flow rate is miniscule! m s

3
The flow rate has a typo: it is much too small, and should be Q = 0.003
2 3 8 kg 0.003 m 3 N ( 1 + 0.27) p2 = 200 10 1000 2 2 3 s
not 1 1
Q = 0.003
2
mm s
( 0.025 m)
N s 4 kg m ( 0.05 m)
K = 0.41
p2 = 177 kPa
Repeating the above analysis for an included angle of 180o (sudden contraction)
2 3 8 kg 0.003 m 3 N ( 1 + 0.41) p2 = 200 10 1000 2 2 3 s
1 ( 0.025 m)
4
N s 4 kg m ( 0.05 m)
1
p2 = 175 kPa
There is slightly more loss in the sudden contraction
Problem 8.86
[2]
Flow through sudden expansion Inlet speed; Volume flow rate
2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 Basic equations + + g z1 + + g z2 = hlm 2 2
hlm = K
V1 2
Q = V A
p = H2O g h
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Horizontal Hence the energy equation becomes
2 2 2 V1 p1 V1 p2 V2 + 2 + 2 = K 2
A1 From continuity V2 = V1 = V1 AR A2 Hence

2 2 2 2 V1 p1 V1 p2 V1 AR + 2 + = K 2 2
Solving for V1
V1 =
1 AR K
2 p2 p1
2
2 D1 75 = 0.111 AR = = 225 D2 2
so from Fig. 8.14
K = 0.8
Also
kg m 5 N s p2 p1 = H2O g h = 1000 9.81 m = 49.1 Pa 3 2 1000 kg m m s V1 = 2 49.1 N m Q = V1 A1 =

2
Hence
m 1.23 kg
(1 0.111
4
0.8
kg m N s
2
V1 = 20.6
m s m s
3
D 1 4
V1
Q =
75 20.6 m m s 1000
Q = 0.0910
Q = 5.46
m min
Problem 8.87
[2]
Flow through sudden contraction Volume flow rate
2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 Basic equations + + g z1 + + g z2 = hlm 2 2
hlm = K
V2 2
Q = V A
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Horizontal Hence the energy equation becomes
2 2 2 V2 p1 V1 p2 V2 + 2 + 2 = K 2
A2 From continuity V1 = V2 = V2 AR A1 Hence

2 2 2 2 V2 p1 V2 AR p2 V2 + + 2 = K 2 2
Solving for V2
V2 =
1 AR + K 2 0.5 lbf in
2
2 p1 p2
2
)
2
2 D2 1 AR = = = 0.25 2 D1 3
so from Fig. 8.14
K = 0.4
Hence
V2 =
12 in ft 1 slug ft 2 2 1.94 slug 1 ft 1 0.25 + 0.4 lbf s
V2 = 7.45
3
ft s
3
Q = V2 A2 =
D 2 4
V2
1 ft Q = ft 7.45 4 12 s
ft Q = 0.0406 s
ft Q = 2.44 min
Q = 18.2 gpm
Problem 8.88
[2]

Given data
Data on a pipe sudden contraction Theoretical calibration constant; plot
D1 = 400 mm
D2 = 200 mm
The governing equations between inlet (1) and exit (2) are
2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z 1 2 1 2 2 2 = hl
(8.29)
where
hl = K
V2 2
(8.40a)
Hence the pressure drop is (assuming = 1)

2 2 2 V2 V2 V1 p = p1 p2 = + K 2 2 2
For the sudden contraction
V1
2 2 D = V2 D2 = Q 4 1 4
2
or
D1 V 2 = V 1 D2
so
2 4 V 1 D1 p = ( 1 + K ) 1 D 2 2
For the pressure drop we can use the manometer equation p = g h

2 4 V 1 D1 g h = ( 1 + K ) 1 D 2 2
Hence
In terms of flow rate Q
Q D1 g h = ( 1 + K) 1 2 2 D D 2 2 1 4
2
or
D 4 1 g h = ( 1 + K) 1 2 4 D D1 2
8 Q
2
Hence for flow rate Q we find
Q = k h
2 4
where
k=
g D1
D 4 1 ( 1 + K ) 1 8 D 2
2
For K, we need the aspect ratio AR
D2 AR = D1
K = 0.4
AR = 0.25
From Fig. 8.15
Using this in the expression for k, with the other given values g D1
4 2 4 5 2
k=
D 1 ( 1 + K) 1 D2
= 0.12
m s
For h in mm and Q in L/min
L min k = 228 1 2
mm
The plot of theoretical Q versus flow rate h is shown in the associated Excel workbook
D1 = D1 = K = k =
400 200 0.4 228
mm mm The values for h are quite low; this would not be a good meter L/min/mm1/2 it is not sensitive enough. In addition, it is non-linear.
h (mm) Q (L/min) 0.010 23 0.020 32 0.030 40 0.040 46 0.050 51 0.075 63 0.100 72 0.150 88 0.200 102 0.250 114 0.300 125 0.400 144 0.500 161 0.600 177 0.700 191 0.767 200
Calibration Curve for a Sudden Contraction Flow Meter

1000 Q (L/mm)
100
10 0.01 0.10 h (mm) 1.00
Problem 8.89
[3]
Contraction coefficient for sudden contraction Expression for minor head loss; compare with Fig. 8.15; plot
We analyse the loss at the "sudden expansion" at the vena contracta The governing CV equations (mass, momentum, and energy) are
Assume:
1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Uniform flow at each section 4) Horizontal: no body force 5) No shaft work 6) Neglect viscous friction 7) Neglect gravity Vc Ac = V2 A2 pc A2 p2 A2 = Vc Vc Ac + V2 V2 A2 pc p2 = Vc Ac A2 V2 Vc (1)
The mass equation becomes The momentum equation becomes
)
(2)
or (using Eq. 1)
) )
The energy equation becomes
pc p2 2 2 Qrate = uc + + Vc Vc Ac + u2 + + V 2 V 2 A 2
or (using Eq. 1)
hlm = u2 uc = mrate
Qrate
Vc V2 2
pc p2
(3)
Combining Eqs. 2 and 3
hlm =
Vc V2 2
+ Vc
Ac A2
V2 Vc
2 2 Vc V2 2 Ac V2 hlm = 1 + Vc 1 2 A2 Vc Vc
From Eq. 1
Cc =
Ac A2 Vc
=
2
V2 Vc
Hence
hlm =
2 2 1 Cc + Vc Cc Cc 1 2
hlm =
Vc 2 Vc 2
1 Cc + 2 Cc 2 Cc
(4)
hlm =
1 Cc
2
But we have
hlm = K
V2 2
Vc V2 Vc 2 = K Cc = K 2 2 Vc
(5)
Hence, comparing Eqs. 4 and 5
(1 Cc) K =
Cc
2
So, finally
1 K = C 1 c
where
A2 Cc = 0.62 + 0.38 A1
This result, and the curve of Fig. 8.15, are shown in the associated Excel workbook. The agreement is reasonable.
The CV analysis leads to
A 2/A 1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
K CV 0.376 0.374 0.366 0.344 0.305 0.248 0.180 0.111 0.052 0.013 0.000
K Fig. 8.15 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20
Loss Coefficient for a Sudden Contraction

1.0 0.8 K 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.00
Theoretical Curve Fig. 8.15
0.10 0.01 0.00
(Data from Fig. 8.15 is "eyeballed") Agreement is reasonable
0.25
0.50 Area Ratio AR
0.75
1.00
Problem 8.90
[2]
Flow through short pipe Volume flow rate; How to improve flow rate
2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 Basic equations + + g z1 + + g z2 = hlT 2 2
V2 L V2 hlT = hl + hlm = f + K 2 D 2
Q = V A
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) L << so ignore hl 5) Reentrant Hence between the free surface (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes V1 2
2 2 2
+ g z1
V2 2
= K
V2 2
A2 From continuity V1 = V2 A1 Hence V2 A2 V2 V2 = K + g h 2 A1 2 2

2 2 2 2
Solving for V2
V2 =
2 g h
2 A2 1 + K A 1
and from Table 8.2
K = 0.78
Hence
V2 =
2 9.81
m s
2
1 m
350 1 + 0.78 3500

2
V2 = 3.33
m s
Q = V2 A2
Q = 3.33
m s
350 mm
2
1000 mm
1 m
Q = 1.17 10
3 3m
Q = 0.070
m min
The flow rate could be increased by (1) rounding the entrance and/or (2) adding a diffuser (both somewhat expensive)
Problem 8.91
[3]
Problem 8.92
[2]
Problem 8.93
[3]

Basic equations
Flow out of water tank Volume flow rate using hole; Using short pipe section; Using rounded edge
2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z 1 2 = hlT 2 2
V2 L V2 hlT = hl + hlm = f + K 2 D 2
Q = V A
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Vl << 5) L << so hl = 0 Hence for all three cases, between the free surface (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes g z1 Solving for V2 V2 = V2 2
2 2
= K
V2 2
2 g h ( 1 + K) Kpipe = 0.78 Kround = 0.28 V2 = 20.7

2
From Table 8.2 Khole = 0.5 for a hole (assumed to be square-edged) r 0.01 in Also, for a rounded edge so from Table 8.2 = = 0.02 D 0.5 in Hence for the hole V2 = 2 32.2 ft s Q = V2 A2
2
for a short pipe (rentrant)
10 ft
1 ( 1 + 0.5)
ft s Q = 12.7 gpm
Q = 20.7
ft 0.5 7.48 gal 60 s ft 3 s 4 12 1 min 1 ft 1 ( 1 + 0.78) ft s 4 0.5 ft

2
Hence for the pipe
V2 =
2 32.2
ft s
2
10 ft
V2 = 19.0 7.48 gal 1 ft

3
ft s 60 s 1 min Q = 11.6 gpm
Q = V2 A2
Q = 19.0
12
Hence the change in flow rate is 11.6 12.7 = 1.1 gpm The pipe leads to a LOWER flow rate ft s Q = V2 A2
2
Hence for the rounded
V2 =
2 32.2
10 ft
1 ( 1 + 0.28) ft s 4 0.5
2
V2 = 22.4
ft s 60 s Q = 13.7 gpm
Q = 22.4
12
ft
7.48 gal 1 ft
3
1 min
Hence the change in flow rate is 13.7 12.7 = 1.0 gpm
The rounded edge leads to a HIGHER flow rate
Problem 8.94
[2]

Given data
Data on inlet and exit diameters of diffuser Minimum lengths to satisfy requirements
D1 = 100 mm
D2 = 150 mm
The governing equations for the diffuser are V1 2 1 AR

2 2
hlm = K and Cpi = 1
= Cpi Cp 2
V1
(8.44)
(8.42)
Combining these we obtain an expression for the loss coefficient K K = 1 1 AR

2 2
Cp
(1)
The area ratio AR is
D2 AR = D1
AR = 2.25
The pressure recovery coefficient Cp is obtained from Eq. 1 above once we select K; then, with Cp and AR specified, the minimum value of N/R1 (where N is the length and R1 is the inlet radius) can be read from Fig. 8.15 (a) K = 0.2 Cp = 1 N = 5.5 R1 N = 5.5 R1 (b) K = 0.35 Cp = 1 N =3 R1 N = 3 R 1 N = 150 mm 1 AR From Fig. 8.15
2
1 AR
2
K D1 2
Cp = 0.602
From Fig. 8.15
R1 =
R1 = 50 mm N = 275 mm
Cp = 0.452
Problem 8.95
[3]

Basic equations
Data on geometry of conical diffuser; flow rate Static pressure rise; loss coefficient p2 p1 1 2 V 1 2 V1 2
2
Cp =
(8.41)
hlm = K
= Cpi Cp 2
V1
(8.44)
Cpi = 1
1 AR
2
(8.42)
Given data
D1 = 2 in
D2 = 3.5 in
N = 6 in
(N = length)
Q = 750 gpm
From Eq. 8.41
1 2 p = p2 p1 = V1 Cp 2
(1) K = 1 1 AR
2
Combining Eqs. 8.44 and 8.42 we obtain an expression for the loss coefficient K
Cp
(2)
The pressure recovery coefficient Cp for use in Eqs. 1 and 2 above is obtained from Fig. 8.15 once compute AR and the dimensionless length N/R1 (where R1 is the inlet radius)
D2 The aspect ratio AR is AR = D1

R1 = D1 2
AR =
3.5 2
AR = 3.06 N =6 R1
R1 = 1 in
Hence
From Fig. 8.15, with AR = 3.06 and the dimensionless length N/R1 = 6, we find Cp = 0.6 To complete the calculations we need V1 4 gal 1 ft 1 min 1 750 min 7.48 gal 60 s 2 2 D ft 4 1 12 1 2 We can now compute the pressure rise and loss coefficient from Eqs. 1 and 2 p = V1 Cp 2 V1 = Q V1 = ft lbf s 1 ft 76.6 0.6 3 slug ft 12 in 2 s ft 1 1 K = 1 Cp K = 1 0.6 2 2 AR 3.06 p = 1 1.94 slug
2 2 2 3 2
V1 = 76.6
ft s
p = 23.7 psi K = 0.293
Problem 8.96
[4]
Problem 8.97
[3]
Sudden expansion Expression for minor head loss; compare with Fig. 8.15; plot
The governing CV equations (mass, momentum, and energy) are
Assume:
1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Uniform flow at each section 4) Horizontal: no body force 5) No shaft work 6) Neglect viscous friction 7) Neglect gravity V1 A1 = V2 A2 p1 A2 p2 A2 = V1 V1 A1 + V2 V2 A2 p1 p2 = V1 A1 A2 V2 V1 (1)
The mass equation becomes The momentum equation becomes
)
(2)
or (using Eq. 1)
) )
The energy equation becomes
p1 p2 2 2 Qrate = u1 + + V1 V1 A1 + u2 + + V 2 V 2 A 2
or (using Eq. 1)
hlm = u2 u1 = mrate V1 V2 2
2 2
Qrate
V1 V2 2
p1 p2
(3)
Combining Eqs. 2 and 3
hlm =
+ V1
A1 A2
V2 V1
2 2 V1 V2 2 A1 V2 hlm = 1 + V1 1 2 A2 V1 V1
From Eq. 1
AR =
A1 A2 V1 2 V1 2
=
2
V2 V1
Hence
hlm =
1 AR
2
( (
) + V12 AR (AR 1)
2
hlm =
1 AR + 2 AR 2 AR
2 2 V1 2
hlm = K Finally
V1 2
= ( 1 AR)
2
K = ( 1 AR)
This result, and the curve of Fig. 8.15, are shown in the associated Excel workbook. The agreement is excellent
From the CV analysis
AR 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
K CV 1.00 0.81 0.64 0.49 0.36 0.25 0.16 0.09 0.04 0.01 0.00
K Fig. 8.15 1.00 0.60
Loss Coefficient for a Sudden Expansion

1.0 0.8
Theoretical Curve Fig. 8.15
0.38 0.25 0.10
K 0.5 0.3
0.01 0.00
(Data from Fig. 8.15 is "eyeballed") Agreement is excellent
0.0 0.00
0.25
0.50 Area Ratio AR
0.75
1.00
Problem 8.98
[3]
Problem 8.99
[2]
Sudden expansion Expression for upstream average velocity
The governing equation is
2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z 1 2 1 2 2 2 = hlT
(8.29)
V hlT = hl + K 2 Assume: The mass equation is
1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) hl = 0 4) 1 = 2 = 1 5) Neglect gravity V1 A1 = V2 A2 V2 = AR V1 p1 V1 2

2
so
A1 V 2 = V 1 A2 (1)
Equation 8.29 becomes
p1
V1 2
+ K
V1 2
or (using Eq. 1)
p2 p1 V1 p 2 = = 1 AR K 2 V1 = 2 p
2
Solving for V1
1 AR K 2 p
)
2
If the flow were frictionless, K = 0, so
Vinviscid =
1 AR
< V1
Hence the flow rate indicated by a given p would be lower V1 2

2
If the flow were frictionless, K = 0, so
pinvscid = V1 2
2
1 AR
compared to
p =
1 AR K
Hence a given flow rate would generate a larger p for inviscid flow
Problem 8.100
Flow
[4]
Nozzle
Short pipe

Basic equations
Flow out of water tank through a nozzle Change in flow rate when short pipe section is added; Minimum pressure; Effect of frictionless flow
2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z = hlT 1 2 2 2
V2 L V2 hlT = hl + hlm = f + K 2 D 2
Q = V A
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Vl << 5) L << so hl = 0 Hence for the nozzle case, between the free surface (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes g z1 Solving for V2 V2 = V2 2
2 2
= Knozzle 2 2 g z1
V2
(1 + Knozzle)
Knozzle = 0.28 V2 = 15.9
2
For a rounded edge, we choose the first value from Table 8.2 Hence V2 = 2 32.2 ft s Q = V2 A2
2
5 ft
1 ( 1 + 0.28)
ft s Q = 9.73 gpm ft Q = 0.0217 s

3
ft 0.5 7.48 gal 60 s Q = 15.9 ft 3 s 4 12 1 min 1 ft

2 2
When a small piece of pipe is added the energy equation between the free surface (Point 1) and the exit (3) becomes g z1 From continuity V3 2
2
= Knozzle + Ke 2 2
V2
V2
A2 V 3 = V 2 = V2 AR A3 V2 = 2 g z1
Solving for V2
AR2 + K nozzle + Ke
2 D2 1 = 0.25 AR = = = A3 2 D3
We need the AR for the sudden expansion
A2
From Fig. 8.14 for AR = 0.25
Ke = 0.6
Hence
V2 =
2 32.2
ft s
2
5 ft
(0.25
+ 0.28 + 0.6
)
2
V2 = 18.5
ft s Q = 0.0252 ft s
3
Q = V2 A2
Q = 18.5
ft 0.5 7.48 gal 60 s ft 3 s 4 12 1 min 1 ft
Q = 11.32 gpm
Comparing results we see the flow increases from 0.0217 ft3/s to 0.0252 ft3/s
Q 0.0252 0.0217 = = 16.1 % Q 0.0217
The flow increases because the effect of the pipe is to allow an exit pressure at the nozzle LESS than atmospheric! The minimum pressure point will now be at Point 2 (it was atmospheric before adding the small pipe). The energy equation between 1 and 2 is
2 2 V2 p2 V2 g z1 + = Knozzle 2 2 2 V2 p2 = g z1 (Knozzle + 1) 2
Solving for p2
Hence
p2 = 1.94
slug ft
3
32.2
ft s
2
5 ft
lbf s 1 ft 18.5 ( 0.28 + 1) slug ft 2 s

2 2
p2 = 113 2 g z1
lbf ft
2
p2 = 0.782 psi
If the flow were frictionless the the two loss coeffcients would be zero. Instead of V2 =
AR2 + K nozzle + Ke
2 g z1 AR
2
We'd have If V2 is larger, then p2, through Bernoulli, would be lower (more negative)
V2 =
which is larger
Problem 8.101
[2]
Problem 8.102
[4]
Given data: L = 15.3 m D = 3.18 mm K ent = 1.4 = 2 Computed results:
Tabulated or graphical data: = 1.00E-06 m2/s 3 = 998 kg/m (Appendix A)
Re = 2300 (Transition Re ) V = 0.723 m/s = 1 (Turbulent) f = 0.0473 (Turbulent) d = 6.13 m Energy equation: (Using Solver ) (Vary d to minimize error in energy equation) Error 0.00%
Left (m2/s) Right (m2/s) 59.9 59.9
Note that we used = 1 (turbulent); using = 2 (laminar) gives d = 6.16 m
Problem 8.104
[2]
Problem 8.105
[3]

The given data is
Data on a tube "Resistance" of tube for flow of kerosine; plot
L = 100 mm = 1.1 10 V = R I
3 N s 2
D = 0.3 mm = 0.82 990 kg m

3
From Fig. A.2 and Table A.2 For an electrical resistor
= 812
kg m
3
(Kerosene) (1)
The governing equations for turbulent flow are

2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + 1 2 + g z1 + 2 2 + g z2 = hl e 2 D 1 2.51 L V (8.34) hl = f = 2.0 log + D 2 f 3.7 Re f
(8.29)
(8.37)
Simplifying Eqs. 8.29 and 8.34 for a horizontal, constant-area pipe
Q 2 D 2 p1 p2 L V L 4 = f = f
D 2 D 2
or
p =
8 f L D
2 5
(2)
By analogy, current I is represented by flow rate Q, and voltage V by pressure drop p. Comparing Eqs. (1) and (2), the "resistance" of the tube is
R=
p Q
8 f L Q D
2 5
The "resistance" of a tube is not constant, but is proportional to the "current" Q! Actually, the dependence is not quite linear, because f decreases slightly (and nonlinearly) with Q. The analogy fails! The analogy is hence invalid for Re > 2300 Writing this constraint in terms of flow rate Flow rate above which analogy fails The plot of "resistance" versus flow rate is shown in the associated Excel workbook Q D 2 D 4 or V D > 2300
> 2300
or
Q >
2300 D 4
3 7m
Q = 7.34 10
Given data: L = D = 100 0.3 mm mm
Tabulated or graphical data: = SG ker = w = 1.01E-03 0.82 990 N.s/m2 kg/m3
= kg/m3 812 (Appendix A) Computed results: "R" (109 Pa/m3/s) 1133 1855 3085 4182 5202 6171 10568 18279 25292 31900
Q (m3/s) V (m/s) 1.0E-06 14.1 2.0E-06 28.3 4.0E-06 56.6 6.0E-06 84.9 8.0E-06 113.2 1.0E-05 141.5 2.0E-05 282.9 4.0E-05 565.9 6.0E-05 848.8 8.0E-05 1131.8
Re 3.4E+03 6.8E+03 1.4E+04 2.0E+04 2.7E+04 3.4E+04 6.8E+04 1.4E+05 2.0E+05 2.7E+05
f 0.0419 0.0343 0.0285 0.0257 0.0240 0.0228 0.0195 0.0169 0.0156 0.0147
The "resistance" is not constant; the analogy is invalid for turbulent flow
"Resistance" of a Tube versus Flow Rate

1.E+06
1.E+04 "R" (109 Pa/m3/s) 1.E+02
1.E+00 1.0E-06
1.0E-05
3 Q (m /s)
1.0E-04
Given data: L = D = = 100 10 1
Tabulated or graphical data: = 1.01E-03 m = mm 998 (All flows turbulent) (Table A.8) K ent = 0.5 (Table 8.2) N.s/m2 kg/m3 (Square-edged)
Computed results: Q (L/min) V (m/s) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 Re 2.1E+03 4.2E+03 6.3E+03 8.4E+03 1.0E+04 1.3E+04 1.5E+04 1.7E+04 1.9E+04 2.1E+04 f 0.0305 0.0394 0.0350 0.0324 0.0305 0.0291 0.0280 0.0270 0.0263 0.0256 d (m) 0.704 3.63 7.27 11.9 17.6 24.2 31.6 39.9 49.1 59.1
Required Reservoir Head versus Flow Rate

75
50 d (m) 25
0 0 2 4 6 Q (L/min) 8 10 12
Problem 8.107
[3]

Basic equations
Flow of oil in a pipe Percentage change in loss if diameter is reduced

2
L V hl = f D 2 V =
64 f = Re V =
Laminar
3
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2
Turbulent
Here
Q 4 Q = 2 A D V D
4 m 1 0.003 s 0.04 m
V = 2.39
m s
Then
Re =
Re = 2.39
m s 0.04 m 2 s 0.00005 m
2
Re = 1912
2
The flow is LAMINAR
hl = f
L V D 2
hl =
64 L V Re D 2
2.39 m 25 m 64 s hl = 2 1912 0.04 m
hl = 643
ft s
When the diameter is reduced V = Q 4 Q = 2 A D V D V = 4 m 1 0.003 s 0.01 m

3 2
V = 38.2
m s
Re =
Re = 38.2
m s 0.01 m 2 s 0.00005 m e = 0.046 mm
Re = 7640
The flow is TURBULENT For a steel pipe, from table 8.1 1
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

L V D 2
2
f = 0.0389
hl = f
38.2 m 25 m s hl = 0.0389 2 0.01 m
hl = 7.64 10
2 5 ft 2
7.64 10 The increase in loss is 643
2 5 ft 2
ft s
= 1188
This is a HUGH increase! As a percentage increase of 118800%. Hence choice of diameter is very important! The increase is because the diameter reduces by a factor of four and the velocity therefore increases by a factor of 16, and is squared!
Problem 8.108
[2]
Problem 8.109
[2]
Problem 8.109
[3]
Given: Data on reservoir/pipe system
Find: Plot elevation as a function of flow rate; fraction due to minor losses Solution:
L = D = e/D = K ent = K exit = 250 50 0.003 0.5 1.0 m mm
200
Required Head versus Flow Rate
150 z (m) 100
= 1.01E-06 m2/s Q (m /s) V (m/s) 0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020 0.0025 0.0030 0.0035 0.0040 0.0045 0.0050 0.0055 0.0060 0.0065 0.0070 0.0075 0.0080 0.0085 0.0090 0.0095 0.0100 0.000 0.255 0.509 0.764 1.02 1.27 1.53 1.78 2.04 2.29 2.55 2.80 3.06 3.31 3.57 3.82 4.07 4.33 4.58 4.84 5.09
3
Re 0.00E+00 1.26E+04 2.52E+04 3.78E+04 5.04E+04 6.30E+04 7.56E+04 8.82E+04 1.01E+05 1.13E+05 1.26E+05 1.39E+05 1.51E+05 1.64E+05 1.76E+05 1.89E+05 2.02E+05 2.14E+05 2.27E+05 2.40E+05 2.52E+05
z (m) h lm /h lT
50
0.000 0.0337 0.562 0.882% 0.0306 2.04 0.972% 0.0293 4.40 1.01% 0.0286 7.64 1.04% 0.0282 11.8 1.05% 0.0279 16.7 1.07% 0.0276 22.6 1.07% 0.0275 29.4 1.08% 0.0273 37.0 1.09% 0.0272 45.5 1.09% 0.0271 54.8 1.09% 0.0270 65.1 1.10% 0.0270 76.2 1.10% 0.0269 88.2 1.10% 0.0269 101 1.10% 0.0268 115 1.11% 0.0268 129 1.11% 0.0268 145 1.11% 0.0267 161 1.11% 0.0267 179 1.11%
0 0.0000
0.0025
0.0050 3 Q (m /s)
0.0075
0.0100
Minor Loss Percentage versus Flow Rate

1.2%
1.1% h lm /h lT 1.0%
0.9%
0.8% 0.0000
0.0025
0.0050 3 Q (m /s)
0.0075
0.0100
Problem 8.110
[2]

Basic equations
Flow from pump to reservoir Pressure at pump discharge

2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z 1 2 = hlT 2 2
V1 L V1 hlT = hl + hlm = f + Kexit 2 D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) V2 << Hence the energy equation between Point 1 and the free surface (Point 2) becomes
2 2 p1 V2 L V V + ( g z2) = f + Kexit 2 2 D 2 2 2 2 V L V V p1 = g z2 + f + Kexit 2 2 D 2
Solving for p1
From Table A.7 (68oF)
= 1.94 Re =
slug ft
3
= 1.08 10 Re = 10
5 ft
s Re = 6.94 10 e = 0.0002 D
5
V D
ft 9 s ft 5 2 s 12 1.08 10 ft so
Turbulent
For commercial steel pipe e = 0.00015 ft
(Table 8.1) 1
Flow is turbulent:
Given
For the exit
Kexit = 1.0 slug ft

3
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f = 0.0150 f 3.7 Re f 2 L V so we find p1 = g z2 + f D 2

4 mile 0.75 ft 5280 ft 1mile ft lbf s 10 2 s slug ft 1
2 2
p1 = 1.94
32.2
ft s
2
50 ft + .0150
p1 = 4.41 10
4 lbf 2
p1 = 306 psi
ft
Problem 8.111
[3]

Basic equations
Flow through three different layouts Which has minimum loss

2 2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 L V + + g z + + g z = h h = h + h = f + 1 2 lT lT l lm 2 2 D 2
Minor
Le V 2 f D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 4) Ignore additional length of elbows For a flow rate of Q = 350 L min V =
2 6 m
Q 4 Q = 2 A D Re = V D
V =
4 L 0.001 m 1 min 1 350 1 L min 60 s 0.05 m m s 0.05 m 6 2 s 1.01 10 m
V = 2.97
m s
5
For water at 20oC
= 1.01 10
Re = 2.97
Re = 1.47 10
Flow is turbulent. From Table 8.1
e = 0.15 mm
e 4 = 6.56 10 D f = 0.0201 Le D
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

5.25 + 2.5 m p1 p2
2 2 2
For Case (a)
L =
L = 5.81 m Le V L V + 2 f D 2 D 2
2
Two 45o miter bends (Fig. 8.16), for each
= 13
Hence the energy equation is
= f
Solving for p
2 Le V L p = p1 p2 = f + 2 2 D D
p = 1000
kg m
3
.0201 2.97
5.81 + 2 13 N s s 0.05 kg m
L = 7.75 m One standard 90o elbow (Table 8.4)
p = 25.2 kPa Le D
For Case (b)
L = ( 5.25 + 2.5) m p1 p2
2
= 30
Le V L V = f + f D 2 D 2
Solving for p
2 V L Le p = p1 p2 = f + 2 D D
p = 1000
kg m
3
.0201 2.97
m 7.75 + 30 N s s 0.05 kg m Three standard 90o elbows, for each
p = 32.8 kPa Le D
For Case (c)
L = ( 5.25 + 2.5) m p1 p2
2
L = 7.75 m
2
= 30
= f
Le V L V + 3 f D 2 D 2
Solving for p
2 Le V L p = p1 p2 = f + 3 2 D D
p = 1000
kg m
3
.0201 2.97
m 7.75 + 3 30 N s s 0.05 kg m
p = 43.4 kPa
Hence we conclude Case (a) is the best and Case (c) is the worst
Problem 8.112
[2]
Problem 8.113
h
[3]
LA
LB

Basic equations
Pipe friction experiment Required average speed; Estimate feasibility of constant head tank; Pressure drop over 5 m
2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + 2 + g z1 + 2 + g z2 = hlT
LA V A LB V B hlT = hA + hB = fA + fB DA 2 DB 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor losses We wish to have Hence, from ReB = 10 ReB =
5
V B D B
5
VB =
2 6 m
ReB DB 1 0.025 m m 2.5 s 5

2
and for water at 20oC
= 1.01 10 m s m s
2 6 m
VB = 10 1.01 10 We will also need
VB = 4.04 VA = 1.01
DB V A = V B DA
ReA = VA DA
VA = 4.04
ReA = 1.01
m s 0.05 m 6 2 s 1.01 10 m
ReA = 5 10
Both tubes have turbulent flow For PVC pipe (from Googling!) e = 0.0015 mm
e D A 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + 3.7 ReA fA fA e D 1 B 2.51 = 2.0 log + 3.7 fB ReB fB
For tube A
Given
fA = 0.0210
For tube B
Given
fB = 0.0183
Applying the energy equation between Points 1 and 3 g LA + h
VB 2
LA V A LB V B = fA + fB DA 2 DB 2
Solving for LA
LA =
VB LB 1 + fB g h 2 DB
2 fA VA DA 2
LA =
1 m 20 m 4.04 1 + 0.0183 9.81 2 0.5 m 2 s 0.025 s 1 0.0210 m 9.81 1.01 2 0.05 m 2 s s m

2
LA = 12.8 m
Most ceilings are about 3.5 m or 4 m, so this height is IMPRACTICAL Applying the energy equation between Points 2 and 3
2 2 2 p2 VB p3 VB L VB + 2 + 2 = fB D 2 B
or
2 2
L VB p = fB DB 2 p = 29.9 kPa
p = 1000
kg m
3
0.0183 5 m m N s 4.04 kg m 2 0.025 m s
Given data: L = D = 20 75 m mm
Tabulated or graphical data: 0.26 mm (Table 8.1) = 1.00E-03 N.s/m2 = kg/m3 999 (Appendix A) Gate valve L e/D = 8 Elbow L e/D = 30 (Table 8.4) e =
Computed results: Q (m /s) V (m/s) 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 0.045 0.050 0.055 0.060 2.26 3.40 4.53 5.66 6.79 7.92 9.05 10.2 11.3 12.4 13.6
3
Re 1.70E+05 2.54E+05 3.39E+05 4.24E+05 5.09E+05 5.94E+05 6.78E+05 7.63E+05 8.48E+05 9.33E+05 1.02E+06
p (kPa) f 0.0280 28.3 0.0277 63.1 0.0276 112 0.0276 174 0.0275 250 0.0275 340 0.0274 444 0.0274 561 0.0274 692 0.0274 837 0.0274 996
Required Pressure Head for a Circuit

1200 1000 p (kPa) 800 600 400 200 0 0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03 Q (m /s)
3
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Problem 8.115
[3]

Basic equations
Same flow rate in various ducts Pressure drops of each compared to round duct
2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z 1 2 = hl 2 2
Dh =
4 A Pw
e = 0
(Smooth)
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor losses The energy equation simplifies to L V p = p1 p2 = f Dh 2 But we have V = Q A V = 1250
2 2
or
p f V = L Dh 2 V = 20.8 ft s
ft 1 min 1 2 min 60 s 1 ft = 0.00234 slug ft

3
From Table A.9
= 1.62 10 V Dh
4 ft
at 68oF
Hence
Re =
Re = 20.8
ft s 5 Dh = 1.284 10 Dh 4 2 s 1.62 10 ft 4 2 1 ft where Dh = 1.13 ft ar = b h A ar and
(Dh in ft)
For a round duct
Dh = D = Dh = h= b ar
4 A
Dh =
For a rectangular duct
4 A 4 b h 2 h ar = = Pw 2 ( b + h) 1 + ar so h =
2
But The results are: Round
b h A = ar ar
or
h=
Dh =
2 ar A 1 + ar
Dh = 1.13 ft
5 1 Re = 1.284 10 Dh ft
Re = 1.45 10
Given
e Dh 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

Dh = 2 ar A 1 + ar
f = 0.0167
p f V = L Dh 2
p 3 lbf = 7.51 10 3 L ft Re = 1.28 10

5
ar = 1
Dh = 1 ft
5 1 Re = 1.284 10 Dh ft 2
Given
e D 1 h 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
f = 0.0171
p f V = L Dh 2
p 3 lbf = 8.68 10 3 L ft
Hence the square duct experiences a percentage increase in pressure drop of
8.68 10
7.51 10
3
= 15.6 %
7.51 10 ar = 2 Dh = 2 ar A 1 + ar Dh = 0.943 ft
5 1 Re = 1.284 10 Dh ft
Re = 1.21 10
Given
e Dh 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
f = 0.0173
p f V = L Dh 2
p 3 lbf = 9.32 10 3 L ft
3
Hence the 2 x 1 duct experiences a percentage increase in pressure drop of
9.32 10
7.51 10
3
= 24.1 %
7.51 10 2 ar A 1 + ar
ar = 3
Dh =
Dh = 0.866 ft
5 1 Re = 1.284 10 Dh ft
Re = 1.11 10
Given
e D 1 h 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
f = 0.0176
p f V = L Dh 2
p lbf = 0.01 3 L ft
3
Hence the 3 x 1 duct experiences a percentage increase in pressure drop of
0.01 7.51 10 7.51 10

3
= 33.2 %
Note that f varies only about 7%; the large change in p/L is primarily due to the 1/Dh factor
Problem 8.116
[3] Part 1/2
Problem 8.116
[3] Part 2/2
Problem 8.117
[3]

Basic equations
Flow through fire hose and nozzle Supply pressure

2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z 1 2 = hlT 2 2
L V hlT = hl + hlm = f + D 2
Minor
V2 K 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 4) p2 = patm so p2 = 0 gage Hence the energy equation between Point 1 at the supply and the nozzle exit (Point n); let the velocity in the hose be V p1 From continuity Vn 2
2
Vn V L V = f + Ke + 4 Kc + Kn 2 2 D 2
D Vn = D V 2 V 2
2
and
V =
Q 4 Q = 2 A D
V =
4 ft 0.75 s
1 ft 4
V = 15.3
ft s
Solving for p1
p1 =
4 L D + Ke + 4 Kc + (1 + Kn) D D2 3
= 1.94
slug ft
= 1.08 10
5 ft
s Re = 3.54 10
5
Re = For the hose
V D
Re = 15.3
ft 3 s ft 5 2 s 12 1.08 10 ft
Turbulent
e = 0.004 D Given
Flow is turbulent:
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2
f = 0.0287
4 2
p1 =
1 2
1.94
slug
lbf s ft 250 3 15.3 0.0287 + 0.5 + 4 0.5 + ( 1 + 0.02) 3 1 s 1 slug ft ft

4
p1 = 2.58 10
4 lbf 2
p1 = 179 psi
ft
Problem 8.118
[3]

Basic equations
Flow down corroded iron pipe Pipe roughness; Power savings with new pipe
2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z 1 2 = hl 2 2
hl = f
L V D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 4) No minor losses Hence the energy equation becomes
2 p2 p1 L V + g z1 + g z2 = f D 2
and
V =
Q 4 Q = 2 A D
V =
4 m 1 min 1 0.2 2 min 60 s ( 0.025 m)
V = 6.79
m s
In this problem we can compute directly f and Re, and hnece obtain e/D 2 D p1 p2 Solving for f f = + g z1 z2 2 L V
f = 2
0.025 s m kg m m 3 N + 9.81 6 m ( 700 525) 10 2 2 2 1000 kg 6 6.79 m m s N s

2 3 2 6 m
f = 0.0423
5
From Table A.8 (20oF) = 1.01 10
s 1
Re =
V D
Re = 6.79
Flow is turbulent: New pipe (Table 8.1)
Given e = 0.15 mm
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
m s 0.025 m 6 2 s 1.01 10 m e = 0.0134 D
Re = 1.68 10
e = 0.006 D 1
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
f = 0.0326
In this problem
2 L V p = p1 p2 = g z2 z1 + f D 2
0.0326 2
2 2 6 m N s 6.79 0.025 s kg m
Hence
pnew = 1000
kg m
3
9.81
m s
2
( 6 m) +
pnew = 121 kPa pold pnew pold = 30.6 %
Compared to pold = 175 kPa we find
Choose data: L = D = e = = = 1.0 3.0 0.0 2 1 m mm mm (Laminar) (Turbulent)
Tabulated or graphical data: = 1.00E-03 N.s/m 3 = 999 kg/m (Appendix A) K ent = 0.5 (Square-edged) (Table 8.2)
2
Computed results: Q (L/min) V (m/s) Re 0.200 0.472 1413 0.225 0.531 1590 0.250 0.589 1767 0.275 0.648 1943 0.300 0.707 2120 0.325 0.766 2297 0.350 0.825 2473 0.375 0.884 2650 0.400 0.943 2827 0.425 1.002 3003 0.450 1.061 3180 Regime Laminar Laminar Laminar Laminar Laminar Laminar Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent f 0.0453 0.0403 0.0362 0.0329 0.0302 0.0279 0.0462 0.0452 0.0443 0.0435 0.0428 H (m) 0.199 0.228 0.258 0.289 0.320 0.353 0.587 0.660 0.738 0.819 0.904
Required Reservoir Head versus Reynolds Number
1.00 0.75 H (m) 0.50 0.25 0.00 1000

Laminar Turbulent
1500
2000 Re
2500
3000
3500
The flow rates are realistic, and could easily be measured using a tank/timer system The head required is also realistic for a small-scale laboratory experiment Around Re = 2300 the flow may oscillate between laminar and turbulent: Once turbulence is triggered (when H > 0.353 m), the resistance to flow increases requiring H >0.587 m to maintain; hence the flow reverts to laminar, only to trip over again to turbulent! This behavior will be visible: the exit flow will switch back and forth between smooth (laminar) and chaotic (turbulent)
Problem 8.120
[4]
Problem 8.121
[2]
Problem 8.122
[3]

Basic equations
Flow in horizontal pipe Flow rate

2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z 1 2 = hl 2 2
hl = f
L V D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 4) No minor losses Hence the energy equation becomes p1 Solving for V p2 = p L V = f D 2
2
V =
2 D p L f 2 D p L V D
1 3
V =
k f lbf in
2
(1)
k=
k =
300
40
12 in ft slugft 2 1 ft 1.94 slug s lbf (2) where
k = 2.57 D
ft s
We also have From Table A.7 (68oF)
Re =
or
5 ft 2
Re = c V c =
c =
= 1.08 10
In addition
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
1 s ft 5 2 3 1.08 10 ft (3)
c = 3.09 10
4 s
ft
Equations 1, 2 and 3 form a set of simultaneous equations for V, Re and f Make a guess for f f = 0.1 then V = k f Given V = 8.12 ft s ft s Re = c V Re = 2.51 10
5
e D 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

1
f = 0.0573
V =
k f k f
2
V = 10.7
Re = c V
Re = 3.31 10
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

Q = V D 4
2
f = 0.0573 ft s
V =
V = 10.7
ft s
Re = c V
Re = 3.31 10
Q = 10.7
1 7.48 gal 60 s ft 3 4 3 1 min 1 ft
Q = 419 gpm
Note that we could use Excel's Solver for this problem
Problem 8.123
[3]

Basic equations
Drinking of a beverage Fraction of effort of drinking of friction and gravity

2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z 1 2 = hl 2 2
hl = f
L V D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 4) No minor losses Hence the energy equation becomes, between the bottom of the straw (Point 1) and top (Point 2) g z1
p2
+ g z2 = f
L V D 2
where p2 is the gage pressure in the mouth
The negative gage pressure the mouth must create is therefore due to two parts pgrav = g z2 z1
pfric = f
L V D 2 in
Assuming a person can drink 12 fluid ounces in 5 s Assuming a straw is 6 in long diameter 0.2 in, with roughness V = 4 Q D From Table A.7 (68oF)
2 5 ft 2
Q =
12 gal 128 5 s
5
1 ft 7.48 gal (from Googling!)

3 2
Q = 2.51 10
3 ft
e = 5 10 V =
1 12 in 4 3 ft 2.51 10 s 0.2 in 1 ft
V = 11.5
ft s
= 1.08 10 Re = V D
(for water, but close enough) Re = 11.5 ft s 0.2 12 ft s 1.08 10

5 2
Re = 1.775 10
Given
1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

e D
ft
f = 0.0272 1 2 6 lbf s slugft

2 2 2
Then
pgrav = 1.94 pfric = 1.94
slug ft
3
32.2
ft s
2
ft 1
pgrav = 31.2 pfric = 105 pgrav pfric + pgrav
lbf ft
2
pgrav = 0.217 psi pfric = 0.727 psi
and
slug ft
3
0.0272 pfric
0.2
ft lbf s 11.5 slug ft 2 s and gravity is
lbf ft
2
Hence the fraction due to friction is
pfric + pgrav
= 77 %
= 23 %
These results will vary depending on assumptions, but it seems friction is significant!
Problem 8.124
[2]
Problem 8.125
[2]
Problem 8.126
[2]
Problem 8.127
[2]
Problem 8.128
[2]
Problem 8.129
[3]

Basic equations
Galvanized drainpipe Maximum downpour it can handle

2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z 1 2 = hl 2 2
hl = f
L V D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 4) No minor losses L V Hence the energy equation becomes g z1 g z2 = g z1 z2 = g h = f D 2 Solving for V V = 2 D g h = L f 2 D g V D k = 2 D g f V = k f m s We also have Re = or
6 m 2 2
h=L
(1) m s
k=
2 0.075 m 9.81
k = 1.21 D
Re = c V
(2) s 1.01 10 (3)

6
where
c=
From Table A.7 (20oC)
= 1.01 10
c = 0.075 m
c = 7.43 10
4 s
In addition
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
e = 0.15 mm
(Table 8.1)
Equations 1, 2 and 3 form a set of simultaneous equations for V, Re and f Make a guess for f f = 0.01
e D
then
V =
k f
V = 12.13
m s
Re = c V
Re = 9.01 10
Given
2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
f = 0.0236
V =
k f k f k f
V = 7.90
m s
Re = c V
Re = 5.86 10
Given
e D 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

1
f = 0.0237
V =
V = 7.88
m s
Re = c V
Re = 5.85 10
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
f = 0.0237
V =
V = 7.88
m s
Re = c V
Re = 5.85 10
Q = V
D 4
Q = 7.88
3
m 2 ( 0.075 m) s 4
Q = 0.0348
m s
The downpour rate is then
Q = Aroof
m 0.0348 s 500 m
2
100 cm 60 s cm = 0.418 1 m 1 min min
The drain can handle 0.418 cm/min
Note that we could use Excel's Solver for this problem
Problem 8.130
[3] Part 1/2
Problem 8.130
[3] Part 2/2
Fluid is not specified: use water Given data: p = D = L = 100 25 100 kPa mm m Tabulated or graphical data: = 1.00E-03 N.s/m 3 = 999 kg/m (Water - Appendix A)
2
Computed results:
3 4 e/D V (m/s) Q (m /s) x 10 0.000 1.50 7.35 0.005 1.23 6.03 0.010 1.12 5.49 0.015 1.05 5.15 0.020 0.999 4.90 0.025 0.959 4.71 0.030 0.925 4.54 0.035 0.897 4.40 0.040 0.872 4.28 0.045 0.850 4.17 0.050 0.830 4.07
Re 37408 30670 27953 26221 24947 23939 23105 22396 21774 21224 20730
Regime Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent
p (kPa) f 0.0223 100 0.0332 100 0.0400 100 0.0454 100 0.0502 100 0.0545 100 0.0585 100 0.0623 100 0.0659 100 0.0693 100 0.0727 100
Error 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Flow Rate versus Tube Relative Roughness for fixed p

8 6 Q (m3/s) x 104 4 2 0 0.00
It is not possible to roughen the tube sufficiently to slow the flow down to a laminar flow for this p . Even a relative roughness of 0.5 (a physical impossibility!) would not work.
0.01
0.02 e/D
0.03
0.04
0.05
Fluid is not specified: use water Given data: p = D = 100 25 m mm Tabulated or graphical data: = 1.00E-03 N.s/m 3 = 999 kg/m (Water - Appendix A)
2
Flow Rate vs Tube Length for Fixed p

10.0
Computed results: L (km) V (m/s) Q (m3/s) x 104 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 5.0 10 15 19 21 25 30 0.40 0.319 0.270 0.237 0.158 0.105 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.078 0.065 1.98 1.56 1.32 1.16 0.776 0.516 0.452 0.452 0.452 0.383 0.320 Re 10063 7962 6739 5919 3948 2623 2300 2300 2300 1951 1626 Regime Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Laminar Laminar Laminar Laminar p (kPa) f 0.0308 100 0.0328 100 0.0344 100 0.0356 100 0.0401 100 0.0454 100 0.0473 120 0.0278 90 0.0278 99 0.0328 100 0.0394 100 Error 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 20.2% 10.4% 1.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Laminar
Q (m3/s) x 104 1.0
Turbulent
0.1 0 10 20 L (km) 30 40
The "critical" length of tube is between 15 and 20 km. For this range, the fluid is making a transition between laminar and turbulent flow, and is quite unstable. In this range the flow oscillates between laminar and turbulent; no consistent solution is found (i.e., an Re corresponding to turbulent flow needs an f assuming laminar to produce the p required, and vice versa!) More realistic numbers (e.g., tube length) are obtained for a fluid such as SAE 10W oil (The graph will remain the same except for scale)
Given data: p = D = L = 153 75 100 kPa mm m
Tabulated or graphical data: = 1.00E-03 N.s/m2 3 = 999 kg/m (Water - Appendix A)
Computed results: e/D V (m/s) 0.000 3.98 0.005 2.73 0.010 2.45 0.015 2.29 0.020 2.168 0.025 2.076 0.030 2.001 0.035 1.937 0.040 1.882 0.045 1.833 0.050 1.790 Q (m3/s) 0.0176 0.0121 0.0108 0.0101 0.00958 0.00917 0.00884 0.00856 0.00832 0.00810 0.00791 Re 2.98E+05 2.05E+05 1.84E+05 1.71E+05 1.62E+05 1.56E+05 1.50E+05 1.45E+05 1.41E+05 1.37E+05 1.34E+05 Regime Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent p (kPa) f 0.0145 153 0.0308 153 0.0382 153 0.0440 153 0.0489 153 0.0533 153 0.0574 153 0.0612 153 0.0649 153 0.0683 153 0.0717 153 Error 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
It is not possible to roughen the tube sufficiently to slow the flow down to a laminar flow for this p.
Computed results: L (m) V (m/s) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1.37 1.175 1.056 0.975 0.913 0.865 0.825 0.791 0.762 0.737 Q (m3/s) 0.00606 0.00519 0.00467 0.00431 0.004036 0.003821 0.003645 0.003496 0.003368 0.003257 Re 1.03E+05 8.80E+04 7.92E+04 7.30E+04 6.84E+04 6.48E+04 6.18E+04 5.93E+04 5.71E+04 5.52E+04 Regime Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent p (kPa) f 0.1219 153 0.0833 153 0.0686 153 0.0604 153 0.0551 153 0.0512 153 0.0482 153 0.0459 153 0.0439 153 0.0423 153 Error 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

0.020 0.015 Q (m /s)
3
0.010 0.005 0.000 0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02 e/D
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05

0.010
Q (m3/s) 0.005
0.000 0 200 400 600 L (m) 800 1000 1200
Given data: p2 =
600 (Closed) D = 150 L = 200 Q = 0.75 (Open)
kPa mm m m3/min
Tabulated or graphical data: e = 0.26 mm (Table 8.1) = 1.00E-03 N.s/m2 = 999 kg/m3 (Water - Appendix A)
Computed results: Closed: H = 61.2 (Eq. 1) m Fully open: V = Re = f = 5.91 m/s 8.85E+05 0.0228 Partially open:
3 Q = 0.75 m /min V = 0.71 m/s Re = 1.06E+05 f = 0.0243 p2 = 591 kPa
Eq. 2, solved by varying V using Solver : Left (m2/s) Right (m2/s) 601 601 Q = 0.104 Error 0% m3/s
(Eq. 3)
Problem 8.135
[3]

Basic equations
Syphon system Flow rate; Minimum pressure

2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z = hlT 1 2 2 2
hlT = f
L V + hlm D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 Hence the energy equation applied between the tank free surface (Point 1) and the tube exit (Point 2, z = 0) becomes g z1 From Table 8.2 for reentrant entrance For the bend Solving for V R =9 D so from Fig. 8.16 V = V2 2
2
Le V V L V V = g z1 = f + Kent + f 2 2 D 2 D 2 Kent = 0.78 Le D = 28
for a 90o bend so for a 180o bend (1) and
Le D
= 56
2 g h
L Le 1 + Kent + f + D D
Le = 2.8 m or
2 6 m
h = 2.5 m
The two lengths are We also have From Table A.7 (15oC)
Le = 56 D Re = V D
L = ( 0.6 + 0.45 + 2.5) m Re = c V (2) c = 0.05 m s 1.14 10 (3)

6
L = 4.51 m where c= D
4 s
= 1.14 10
s
e D
In addition
2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
c = 4.39 10
e = 0.0015 mm
(Table 8.1)
Equations 1, 2 and 3 form a set of simultaneous equations for V, Re and f Make a guess for f f = 0.01 V = then 2 g h
V = 3.89
m s
Re = c V
Re = 1.71 10
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2 g h Le
f = 0.0164
V =
Given
L 1 + Kent + f + D D e D 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2 g h
V = 3.43
m s
Re = c V
Re = 1.50 10
f = 0.0168
V =
Given
L Le 1 + Kent + f + D D e D 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2 g h
V = 3.40
m s
Re = c V
Re = 1.49 10
f = 0.0168
V =
V = 3.40
m s
Re = c V
Re = 1.49 10
Note that we could use Excel's Solver for this problem The minimum pressure occurs at the top of the curve (Point 3). Applying the energy equation between Points 1 and 3
2 2 2 Le V 2 p3 V2 p3 V3 L V V g z1 + + g z3 = g z1 + + g z3 = f + Kent + f 2 2 2 D 2 D 2
where we have
Le D
= 28
for the first 90o of the bend, and
0.45 L = 0.6 + m 2
L = 1.31 m
2 L Le V p3 = g (z1 z3) 1 + Kent + f + 2 D D
p3 = 1000
kg m
3
9.81
m s
2
( 0.45 m) 3.4
m N s 1.31 + 28 1 + 0.78 + 0.0168 kg m s 0.05

2 2
p3 = 35.5 kPa
Problem 8.136
[4]

Basic equations
Tank with drainpipe Flow rate for rentrant, square-edged, and rounded entrances
2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z 1 2 = hlT 2 2
hlT = f
L V V + Kent 2 D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 Hence the energy equation applied between the tank free surface (Point 1) and the pipe exit (Point 2, z = 0) becomes g z1 Solving for V V = V2 2
2
V L V V = g z1 = f + Kent 2 2 D 2 2 g h
1 + K + f L ent D
V D or
6 m 2
(1)
and
h = ( 1.5 + 3.5) m
h = 5m
We also have From Table A.7 (20oC)
Re =
Re = c V (2) c = 0.025 m s 1.01 10 (3)

6
where
c =
D
4 s
= 1.01 10
s
e D
In addition
2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
c = 2.48 10
e = 0.26 mm
(Table 8.1)
Equations 1, 2 and 3 form a set of simultaneous equations for V, Re and f For a reentrant entrance, from Table 8.2 Kent = 0.78 then 2 g h
Make a guess for f
f = 0.01 V =
1 + K + f L ent D
f = 0.0388
V = 6.42
m s
Re = c V
Re = 1.59 10
Given
e D 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

V = 2 g h
1 + K + f L ent D
V = 4.89
m s
Re = c V
Re = 1.21 10
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
f = 0.0389
V =
2 g h
1 + K + f L ent D
V = 4.88
m s
Re = c V
Re = 1.21 10
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2 g h
f = 0.0389
V =
1 + K + f L ent D
2
V = 4.88
m s
Re = c V
Re = 1.21 10
Note that we could use Excel's Solver for this problem The flow rate is then Q = V D 4 Q = 4.88 m 2 ( 0.025 m) s 4 Q = 2.4 10
3 3 m
Q = 8.62
m hr
For a square-edged entrance, from Table 8.2
Kent = 0.5 then 2 g h
Make a guess for f
f = 0.01 V =
1 + K + f L ent D
f = 0.0388
V = 6.83
m s
Re = c V
Re = 1.69 10
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2 g h
V =
1 + K + f ent D
L
V = 5.06
m s
Re = c V
Re = 1.25 10
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2 g h
f = 0.0389
V =
1 + K + f L ent D
Q = V D 4
2
V = 5.06
m s
Re = c V
Re = 1.25 10
Q = 5.06 r 3.75 = = 0.15 D 25 then 2 g h
m s
( 0.025 m)
Q = 2.48 10
3 3 m
Q = 8.94
m hr
For a rounded entrance, from Table 8.2
Kent = 0.04
Make a guess for f
f = 0.01 V =
1 + K + f L ent D
V = 7.73
m s
Re = c V
Re = 1.91 10
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2 g h
f = 0.0387
V =
1 + K + f L ent D
V = 5.40
m s
Re = c V
Re = 1.34 10
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2 g h
f = 0.0389
V =
1 + K + f L ent D
V = 5.39
m s
Re = c V
Re = 1.34 10
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2 g h
f = 0.0389
V =
1 + K + f L ent D
2
V = 5.39
m s
Re = c V
Re = 1.34 10
Note that we could use Excel's Solver for this problem The flow rate is then Q = V D 4 Q = 5.39
3
m 2 ( 0.025 m) s 4 m Q = 8.94 hr
3
Q = 2.65 10
3 3 m
Q = 9.52
3
m hr
In summary:
Renentrant: Q = 8.62
m hr
Square-edged:
Rounded:
m Q = 9.52 hr
Problem 8.137
[4]
Problem 8.138
[5]

Basic equations
Tank with drain hose Flow rate at different instants; Estimate of drain time
2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z = hl 1 2 2 2
hl = f
L V D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor loss at entrance (L >>; verify later) Hence the energy equation applied between the tank free surface (Point 1) and the hose exit (Point 2, z = 0) becomes g z1 Solving for V V = V2 2
2
V L V = g z1 = f 2 D 2
2 g h
1 + f L D
V D or
2 6 m
(1)
and
h = 10 ft
initially
We also have
Re =
Re = c V (2) 10.8 1 ft s
2 2 2
where
c=
From Fig. A.2 (20oC)
= 1.8 10
= 1.94 10
5 ft
m s
c =
1 s ft 5 2 12 1.94 10 ft
c = 4.30 10
3 s
ft
In addition
e D 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
(3)
with
e = 0.01 in
D = 1 in
Equations 1, 2 and 3 form a set of simultaneous equations for V, Re and f Make a guess for f f = 0.01 V = then 2 g h ft s 2 g h
4
1 + f L D
f = 0.0393
V = 9.59
Re = c V
Re = 4.12 10
Given
e D 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
V =
1 + f L D
V = 5.12
ft s
Re = c V
Re = 2.20 10
Given
e D 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

1
f = 0.0405
V =
2 g h
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
1 + f L D
2 g h
V = 5.04
ft s
Re = c V
Re = 2.17 10
f = 0.0405
V =
1 + f L D
2
V = 5.04
ft s
Re = c V
Re = 2.17 10
Note that we could use Excel's Solver for this problem The flow rate is then Q = V D 4
2
Note: Q = 5.04 ft 1 ft s 4 12
L = 24.3 D ft s
3
Ke = 0.5
hlm < hl
Q = 0.0275
Q = 12.3 gpm
Next we recompute everything for h = 5 ft
Given
e D 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f e D 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f e D 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
Q = V
f = 0.0405
V =
2 g h
1 + f L D
2 g h
V = 3.57
ft s
Re = c V
Re = 1.53 10
Given
f = 0.0415
V =
1 + f D
2 g h
V = 3.52
ft s
Re = c V
Re = 1.51 10
Given
f = 0.0415
V =
1 + f D
L
2
V = 3.52
ft s
Re = c V
Re = 1.51 10
D 4
Q = 3.52
ft 1 ft s 4 12
Q = 0.0192
ft s
Q = 8.62 gpm
Next we recompute everything for h = 1 ft
Given
e D 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

1
f = 0.0415
V =
2 g h
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

D 4
2
1 + f D
2 g h
V = 1.58
ft s
Re = c V
Re = 6.77 10
f = 0.0452
V =
1 + f L D
2 g h
V = 1.51
ft s
Re = c V
Re = 6.50 10
Given
f = 0.0454
V =
1 + f L D
4 1
V = 1.51
ft s
Re = c V
Re = 6.48 10
Q = V
Q = 1.51
ft s
12
ft
Q = 0.00824
ft s
Q = 3.70 gpm
Initially we have dQ/dt = -12.3 gpm, then -8.62 gpm, then -3.70 gpm. These occur at h = 10 ft, 5 ft and 1 ft. The corresponding volumes in the tank are then Q = 7500 gal, 3750 gal, and 750 gal. Using Excel we can fit a power trendline to the dQ/dt versus Q data to find, approximately
1
dQ 2 = 0.12 Q dt t= 1 0.06 ( 7500
where dQ/dt is in gpm and t is min. Solving this with initial condition Q = 7500 gpm when t = 0 gives Q) 1 0.06 ( 7500 750) min
Hence, when Q = 750 gal (h = 1 ft)
t =
t = 987 min
t = 16.4 hr
Problem 8.139
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.139
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.140
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 8.140
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 8.141
Applying the energy equation between inlet and exit:
= f
L V 2 D 2
or
p f V 2 = L D 2
p p Q0 = L L 0 Q
2
"Old school":
D= e= = =
1 0.00015 1.08E-05 1.94
in ft ft2/s slug/ft3
Q (gpm) 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 Flow 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.25 7.50 7.75 0.02 8.00 8.25 8.50 8.75 9.00
Q (ft3/s)
V (ft/s)
Re
p (old p (psi/ft) school) (psi)
20 18 16 14 Flow (gpm) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.00
Your boss was wrong!
0.00279 0.511 3940 0.00334 0.613 4728 0.00390 0.715 5516 0.00446 0.817 6304 0.00501 0.919 7092 0.00557 1.021 7881 Rate versus Pressure 0.00613 1.123 8669 0.00668 1.226 9457 0.00724 1.328 10245 0.00780 1.430 11033 0.00836 1.532 11821 0.00891 1.634 12609 0.00947 1.736 13397 0.01003 1.838 14185 0.01058 1.940 14973 0.01114 2.043 15761 0.01170 2.145 16549 0.01225 2.247 17337 0.01281 2.349 18125 0.01337 2.451 18913 0.01393 2.553 19701 0.01448 2.655 20489 0.01504 2.758 21277 0.01560 2.860 22065 0.01615 2.962 22854 0.01671 3.064 23642 0.01727 3.166 24430 0.04 0.06 0.01783 3.268 25218 Pressure Drop (psi/ft) 0.01838 3.370 26006 0.01894 3.472 26794 0.01950 3.575 27582 0.02005 3.677 28370
0.0401 0.00085 0.00085 0.0380 0.00122 0.00115 0.0364 0.00166 0.00150 0.0350 0.00216 0.00189 0.0339 0.00274 0.00232 0.0329 0.00338 0.00278 Drop 0.0321 0.00409 0.00328 0.0314 0.00487 0.00381 0.0307 0.00571 0.00438 0.0301 0.00663 0.00498 0.0296 0.00761 0.00561 0.0291 0.00865 0.00628 0.0286 0.00977 0.00698 0.0282 0.01095 0.00771 0.0278 0.01220 0.00847 0.0275 0.01352 0.00927 0.0272 0.01491 0.01010 0.0268 0.01636 0.01095 0.0265 0.01788 0.01184 0.0263 0.01947 0.01276 0.0260 0.02113 0.01370 0.0258 0.02285 0.01468 School" 0.01569 0.0255"Old 0.02465 0.0253Exact 0.02651 0.01672 0.0251 0.02843 0.01779 0.0249 0.03043 0.01888 0.0247 0.03249 0.02000 0.08 0.10 0.0245 0.03462 0.02115 0.0243 0.03682 0.02233 0.0242 0.03908 0.02354 0.0240 0.04142 0.02477 0.0238 0.04382 0.02604
Problem 8.142
[3]

Basic equations
Hydraulic press system Minimum required diameter of tubing

2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z 1 2 = hl 2 2
L V2 hl = f D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor losses The flow rate is low and it's oil, so try assuming laminar flow. Then, from Eq. 8.13c
1 4
p =
128 Q L D
4
or 0.0209 lbf s
2
128 Q L D = p
For SAE 10W oil at 100oF (Fig. A.2, 38oC)
= 3.5 10
2 N s 2
ft N s m
2
= 7.32 10
4 lbf s 2
ft
Hence
128 ft in 1 ft 4 lbf s D = 7.32 10 0.02 165 ft 2 s ( 3000 2750) lbf 12 in ft

3 2
1 4
D = 0.0407 ft
D = 0.488 in
Check Re to assure flow is laminar
Q 4 Q V = = 2 A D so
4 ft 12 1 V = 0.02 s 0.488 ft Re = SGoil H2O V D ft

2 4
V = 15.4
ft s
From Table A.2
SGoil = 0.92
Re = 0.92 1.94
slug ft
3
15.4
ft s
0.488 12
ft
lbf s
7.32 10
lbf s slug ft
Re = 1527
Hence the flow is laminar, Re < 2300. The minimum diameter is 0.488 in, so 0.5 in ID tube should be chosen
Problem 8.143
[4]

Basic equations
Flow out of reservoir by pump Smallest pipe needed

2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z = hlT 1 2 2 2
V2 Le V 2 L V2 hlT = hl + hlm = f + Kent + f 2 D 2 D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Vl << Hence for flow between the free surface (Point 1) and the pump inlet (2) the energy equation becomes p2 g z2 V2 2
2
p2
g z2
Le V V L V V = f + Kent + f 2 2 D 2 D 2 (1)
and
p = g h
Solving for h2 = p2/g
2 V L Le h2 = z2 f + + Kent 2 g D D
From Table 8.2 We also have and we are given
Kent = 0.78
for rentrant, and from Table 8.4 two standard elbows lead to
6 m 2
Le D
= 2 30 = 60
e = 0.046 mm (Table 8.1) = 1.51 10 Q = 6 L s Q = 6 10
(Table A.8) z2 = 3.5 m L = ( 3.5 + 4.5) m L = 8m h2 = 6 m
3 3m
Equation 1 is tricky because D is unknown, so V is unknown (even though Q is known), L/D and Le/D are unknown, and Re and hence f are unknown! We COULD set up Excel to solve Eq 1, the Reynolds number, and f, simultaneously by varying D, but here we try guesses: D = 2.5 cm V = 4 Q D 1
2
V = 12.2
m s
Re =
V D
Re = 2.02 10
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2
f = 0.0238
V L Le h2 = z2 f + + Kent 2 g D D
D = 5 cm V = 4 Q D
2
h2 = 78.45 m V = 3.06 m s
but we need -6 m! V D
5
Re =
Re = 1.01 10
Given
e D 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
f = 0.0219
h2 = 6.16 m V = 2.94 m s
but we need -6 m! V D
4
D = 5.1 cm
V =
4 Q D
2
Re =
Re = 9.92 10
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
f = 0.0219
h2 = 5.93 m
To within 1%, we can use 5-5.1 cm tubing; this corresponds to standard 2 in pipe.
Problem 8.144
[4]

Basic equations
Flow of air in rectangular duct Minimum required size

2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z 1 2 = hl 2 2
hl = f
L V Dh 2
Dh =
4 A Pw
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor losses Hence for flow between the inlet (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes p1 p2 = p L V = f Dh 2
2 2
and
p = H2O g h
4 b h 2 h ar 2 h ar For a rectangular duct Dh = = = h ( 1 + ar) 2 ( b + h) 1 + ar

2 2
and also
2
A = b h = h
2 b
= h ar
Hence
p = f L
V ( 1 + ar) Q ( 1 + ar) f L Q ( 1 + ar) 1 = f L = 2 2 h ar 3 5 2 2 h ar 4 2 A ar h

2
Solving for h
f L Q ( 1 + ar) h= 3 4 p ar
1 5
(1)
L = 100 ft p = 1.94 slug ft

3
We are given and also
Q = 2850
ft min
e = 0 ft 32.2
2
ar = 2 1.25 lbf s ft 12 slug ft

2
p = H2O g h slug ft
3
ft s
2
p = 6.51
lbf ft
2
= 0.00234
= 1.62 10
4 ft
(Table A.9)
Equation 1 is tricky because h is unknown, so Dh is unknown, hence V is unknown (even though Q is known), and Re and hence f are unknown! We COULD set up Excel to solve Eq 1, the Reynolds number, and f, simmultaneously by varying h, but here we try guesses: f L Q ( 1 + ar) h = 3 4 p ar Dh = 0.796 ft
f = 0.01 2 h ar 1 + ar
1 5
h = 0.597 ft V Dh
V =
Q h ar
2
V = 66.6
ft s
Dh =
Re =
Re = 3.27 10
Given
e Dh 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
f = 0.0142
f L Q ( 1 + ar) h = 3 4 p ar Dh = 2 h ar 1 + ar
1 5
h = 0.641 ft
V =
Q h ar
2
V = 57.8
ft s
5
Dh = 0.855 ft
Re =
V Dh
Re = 3.05 10
Given
1 5
e Dh 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2
f = 0.0144
f L Q ( 1 + ar) h = 3 4 p ar Dh = 2 h ar 1 + ar
h = 0.643 ft
V =
Q h ar
2
V = 57.5
ft s
Dh = 0.857 ft
Re =
V Dh
Re = 3.04 10
Given
1 5
e Dh 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2
f = 0.0144
f L Q ( 1 + ar) h = 3 4 p ar
h = 0.643 ft
V =
Q h ar
2
V = 57.5
Dh = 0.857 ft Re =
ft s
5
Dh =
2 h ar 1 + ar
V Dh
Re = 3.04 10
In this process h and f have converged to a solution. The minimum dimensions are 0.642 ft by 1.28 ft, or 7.71 in by 15.4 in
Problem 8.145
[3]
Problem 8.146
[4]

Basic equations
Flow of air in square duct Minimum required size

2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z 1 2 = hl 2 2
hl = f
L V Dh 2
Dh =
4 A Pw
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor losses Hence for flow between the inlet (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes p1 p2 = p L V = f Dh 2
2
and
p = H2O g h
For a square duct
Dh =
4 h h =h 2 ( h + h) V Q f L Q = f L = 2 5 2 h 2 h A 2 h
1 5 2 2 2
and also
A = h h = h
Hence
p = f L
Solving for h
h=
f L Q 2 2 p
m s
3
(1)
We are given and also
Q = 2
L = 25 m p = 1000 kg m
3
e = 0.046 mm 9.81
2
(Table 8.1) N s kg m
2
p = H2O g h kg m
3
m s
2
0.015 m
p = 147 Pa
= 1.21
= 1.50 10
5 m
(Table A.10)
Equation 1 is tricky because h is unknown, so Dh is unknown, hence V is unknown (even though Q is known), and Re and hence f are unknown! We COULD set up Excel to solve Eq 1, the Reynolds number, and f, simmultaneously by varying h, but here we try guesses:
f = 0.01
h =
f L Q 2 2 p
1 5
h = 0.333 m V Dh
V =
Q h
2 5
V = 18.0
m s
Dh = h
Dh = 0.333 m
Re =
Re = 4.00 10
Given
e Dh 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
f = 0.0152
h =
f L Q 2 2 p
1 5
h = 0.362 m
V =
Q h V Dh
2
V = 15.2
m s
5
Dh = h
Dh = 0.362 m
Re =
Re = 3.68 10
Given
1 5
e D h 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
f = 0.0153
h =
f L Q 2 2 p
h = 0.363 m
V =
Q h
2
V = 15.2
m s
In this process h and f have converged to a solution. The minimum dimensions are 0.363 m by 0.363 m, or 36.3 cm by 36.3 cm
Fluid is not specified: use water (basic trends in plot apply to any fluid) Given data: p = L = 100 100 kPa m Tabulated or graphical data: = 1.00E-03 N.s/m2 3 = 999 kg/m (Water - Appendix A)
Flow Rate versus Tube Diameter for Fixed p 0.8

0.6 3 Q (m /s) x 104 0.4
Laminar
Computed results: D (mm) V (m/s) Q (m3/s) x 104 Re 0.5 0.00781 0.0000153 4 1.0 0.0312 0.000245 31 2.0 0.125 0.00393 250 3.0 0.281 0.0199 843 4.0 0.500 0.0628 1998 5.0 0.460 0.0904 2300 6.0 0.530 0.150 3177 7.0 0.596 0.229 4169 8.0 0.659 0.331 5270 9.0 0.720 0.458 6474 10.0 0.778 0.611 7776 Regime Laminar Laminar Laminar Laminar Laminar Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent Turbulent p (kPa) f 16.4 100 2.05 100 0.256 100 0.0759 100 0.0320 100 0.0473 100 0.0428 100 0.0394 100 0.0368 100 0.0348 100 0.0330 100 Error 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.2 0.0 0.0
Turbulent
2.5
5.0 D (mm)
7.5
10.0
Problem 8.148
[4]

Basic equations
Flow of water in circular pipe Minimum required diameter

2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z 1 2 = hl 2 2
hl = f
L V D 2
and also
A =
D 4
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor losses Hence for flow between the inlet (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes p1 Hence p2 = p L V = f D 2
2 2
p = f
L V L Q 8 f L Q = f = 2 2 5 D 2 D 2 A D
2 1 5
Solving for D We are given and also
8 f L Q D = 2 p Q = 1200 gpm = 1.94 slug ft

3
(1) L = 500 ft = 1.08 10 e = 0.01 ft

5 ft 2
p = 50 psi (Table A.7)
Equation 1 is tricky because D is unknown, hence V is unknown (even though Q is known), and Re and hence f are unknown! We COULD set up Excel to solve Eq 1, the Reynolds number, and f, simultaneously by varying D, but here we try guesses:
1 5
f = 0.01
8 f L Q D = 2 p 1
D = 0.379 ft
V =
4 Q D
2
V = 23.7
ft s
Re =
V D
Re = 8.32 10
Given
1 5
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f = 0.0543 f 3.7 Re f
8 f L Q D = 2 p
D = 0.531 ft
V =
4 Q D
2
V = 12.1
ft s
Re =
V D
Re = 5.93 10
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
f = 0.0476
8 f L Q D = 2 p
1 5
D = 0.518 ft
V =
4 Q D
2
V = 12.7
ft s
Re =
V D
Re = 6.09 10
Given
1 5
e D 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2
f = 0.0481
8 f L Q D = 2 p
D = 0.519 ft
V =
4 Q D
2
V = 12.7
ft s
Re =
V D
Re = 6.08 10
Given
1 5
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
f = 0.0480
8 f L Q D = 2 p
D = 0.519 ft
V =
4 Q D
2
V = 12.7
ft s
Re =
V D
Re = 6.08 10
In this process D and f have converged to a solution. The minimum diameter is 0.519 ft or 6.22 in
Problem 8.149
[3] Part 1/2
Problem 8.149
[3] Part 2/2
Problem 8.150
[3]
Problem *8.151
[4]
Problem *8.152
Problem 8.151
[5] Part 1/2
Problem *8.152
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 8.153
[2]

Basic equations
Flow through water pump Power required

2 2 pd Vd ps Vs hpump = + + g zd + + g zs 2 2
V =
Q 4 Q = 2 A D
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Uniform flow Hence for the inlet Vs = 4 lbm 1 slug ft 12 1 25 s 32.2 lbm 1.94 slug 3 ft
3 3 2
Vs = 8.15
2
ft s ft s
ps = 2.5 psi
For the outlet
Vd =
4 lbm 1 slug ft 12 1 25 s 32.2 lbm 1.94 slug 2 ft

2 2
Vd = 18.3
pd = 50 psi
Then
pd ps Vd Vs hpump = + 2
and
Wpump = mpump hpump
2 2 pd ps Vd Vs Wpump = mpump + 2
Note that the software cannot render a dot, so the power is Wpump and mass flow rate is mpump!
lbm 1 slug lbf 12 in ft 1 2 2 Wpump = 25 ( 50 2.5) + 18.3 8.15 2 1 ft 1.94 slug 2 s 32.2 lbm in
2 3
ft )
lbf s slug ft
2
1 hp 550 ft lbf s
Wpump = 5.69 hp
For an efficiency of = 70 %
Wrequired =
Wpump
Wrequired = 8.13 hp
Problem 8.154
[1]

Basic equations
Flow through water pump Power required

2 2 pd Vd ps Vs hpump = + + g zd + + g zs 2 2
V =
Q 4 Q = 2 A D
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Uniform flow In this case we assume Ds = Dd Then hpump = so pd ps p = Vs = Vd and Wpump = mpump hpump
p p Wpump = mpump = Q = Q p Note that the software cannot render a dot, so the power is Wpump and mass flow rate is mpump! L 0.001 m 3 N Wpump = 25 75 10 2 1 L s m For an efficiency of = 80 %
3
Wpump = 1.88 kW Wpump
Wrequired =
Wrequired = 2.34 kW
Problem 8.155
[3]
Problem 8.156
[4]
Problem 8.157
[3]
Problem 8.158
[4]
Problem 8.159

[4]

Basic equations
Fire nozzle/pump system Design flow rate; nozzle exit velocity; pump power needed
2 2 V2 V3 p2 p3 + + g z + + g z 2 3 = hl 2 2
L V2 hl = f D 2
for the hose
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 2 and 3 is approximately 1 4) No minor loss p3 + V3 2

2
+ g z3 =
p4
V4 2
+ g z4
for the nozzle (assuming Bernoulli applies)
2 2 V2 V1 p2 p1 + 2 + g z2 + 2 + g z1 = hpump
for the pump
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) No minor loss Hence for the hose
2 p2 p3 p L V = = f D 2
or
V =
2 p D f L
We need to iterate to solve this for V because f is unknown until Re is known. This can be done using Excel's Solver, but here: p = 750 kPa L = 100 m e = 0 2 p D f L D = 3.5 cm m s = 1000 V D kg m Make a guess for f f = 0.01 V = V = 7.25 Re =
3
= 1.01 10
2 6 m
Re = 2.51 10
Given
e D 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

V = 2 p D f L V = 5.92 m s
f = 0.0150 V D
5
Re =
Re = 2.05 10
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2 p D f L
e D
f = 0.0156 m s V D
5
V =
V = 5.81
Re =
Re = 2.01 10
Given
2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
f = 0.0156
V =
2 p D f L D V 4 p4 +
2
V = 5.80 Q = V4 2
2
m s
Re =
V D
Re = 2.01 10 Q = 5.58 10
Q = V A = p3 V3 2
2
m 2 ( 0.035 m) 5.80 4 s so
3 3m
Q = 0.335
m min
For the nozzle
+ g z3 =
+ g z4
V4 =
2 p3 p4 2 + V3 m s
V4 = For the pump
2 700 10
2
3 2 m kg m m 3 N + 5.80 2 1000 kg 2 s
s N
V4 = 37.9
V2 V1 p2 p1 + + g z + + g z 2 1 = hpump 2 2
2
so
hpump =
p2 p1
p1 = 350 kPa The pump power is Ppump = mpump hpump
p2 = 700 kPa + 750 kPa
p2 = 1450 kPa
where Ppump and mpump are the pump power and mass flow rate (software cannot render a dot!) Ppump = 5.58 10
3 3 m
Ppump = Q
(p2 p1)
= Q p2 p1
( 1450 350) 10
3 N 2
Ppump = 6.14 kW
Prequired =
Ppump
Prequired =
6.14 kW 70 %
Prequired = 8.77 kW
Problem 8.160
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.160
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.161
[4]
Problem 8.162
[5]
Given data: L = D = pump = 20 75 70% m mm
Tabulated or graphical data: e = 0.26 mm (Table 8.1) 2 = 1.00E-03 N.s/m

3
= 999 kg/m (Appendix A) Gate valve L e/D = 8 Elbow L e/D = 30 (Table 8.4) Computed results: Q (m3/s) V (m/s) 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 0.045 0.050 0.055 0.060 0.0419 Power = 2.26 3.40 4.53 5.66 6.79 7.92 9.05 10.2 11.3 12.4 13.6 9.48 29.1 Re 1.70E+05 2.54E+05 3.39E+05 4.24E+05 5.09E+05 5.94E+05 6.78E+05 7.63E+05 8.48E+05 9.33E+05 1.02E+06 f 0.0280 0.0277 0.0276 0.0276 0.0275 0.0275 0.0274 0.0274 0.0274 0.0274 0.0274 p (kPa) (Eq 1) 28.3 63.1 112 174 250 340 444 561 692 837 996 487 p (kPa) (Eq 2) 735 716 690 656 615 566 510 446 375 296 210 487
Circuit and Pump Pressure Heads
1200 1000 p (kPa) 800 600 400 200 0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 Q (m3/s)
Circuit Pump
7.11E+05 0.0274 kW (Eq. 3)
Error Using Solver ! 0
Tabulated or graphical data: = = lbfs/ft 2.10E-05 slug/ft3 1.94 (Appendix A) e = V (ft/s) 4.58 5.50 6.42 7.33 8.25 9.17 10.08 11.00 11.92 12.83 13.75 12.0 750 hp Re 7.06E+05 8.47E+05 9.88E+05 1.13E+06 1.27E+06 1.41E+06 1.55E+06 1.69E+06 1.83E+06 1.98E+06 2.12E+06 1.84E+06
2
Given data: L = D = pump = in p (psi) (Eq 1) p 11.3 16.2 22.1 28.9 36.5 45.1 54.6 64.9 76.2 88.4 101.4 76.8 (psi) (Eq 2) 135.0 130.6 125.4 119.4 112.6 105.0 96.6 87.4 77.4 66.6 55.0 76.8 Error 0.00 Using Solver ! 2500 20 70% ft in
Computed results: Q (ft3/s) 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 26.1 Power =
0.5 f 0.0531 0.0531 0.0531 0.0531 0.0531 0.0531 0.0531 0.0531 0.0531 0.0531 0.0531 0.0531 (Eq. 3)
Repeating, with smoother pipe Computed results: Q (ft /s) 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 27.8 Power =
3
e = V (ft/s) 4.58 5.50 6.42 7.33 8.25 9.17 10.08 11.00 11.92 12.83 13.75 12.8 702 hp Re 7.06E+05 8.47E+05 9.88E+05 1.13E+06 1.27E+06 1.41E+06 1.55E+06 1.69E+06 1.83E+06 1.98E+06 2.12E+06 1.97E+06
0.25 f 0.0410 0.0410 0.0410 0.0410 0.0410 0.0410 0.0410 0.0410 0.0410 0.0410 0.0410 0.0410 (Eq. 3)
in p (psi) (Eq 1) p 8.71 12.5 17.1 22.3 28.2 34.8 42.1 50.1 58.8 68.2 78.3 67.4 (psi) (Eq 2) 135.0 130.6 125.4 119.4 112.6 105.0 96.6 87.4 77.4 66.6 55.0 67.4 Error 0.00 Using Solver !
Pump and Pipe Pressure Heads

160 140 120 p (psi) 100 80 60 40 20 0 10 15 20 Q (ft3/s) 25 30 Pipe (e = 0.5 in) Pipe (e = 0.25 in) Pump
Given data: L = Dh = K = f = = 30 0.5 12 0.03 1.1 m m
Computed results: Q (m /s) 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 2.51
3
kg/m3
V (m/s) 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 10.06
p (Pa) (Eq 1) p (Pa) (Eq 2) 0 1020 8 1012 30 1000 68 984 121 965 190 942 273 915 372 884 486 850 615 812 759 770 918 724 1093 675 768 768 Error 0.00 Using Solver !
Fan and Duct Pressure Heads

1200 1000 p (Pa) 800 600 400 200 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Q (m /s)
3
Duct Fan
2.0
2.5
3.0
Problem 8.166
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 8.166
[5] Part 2/2
The workbook for Example 8.11 is modified for use in this problem Pipe Data: Pipe 0 1 2 3 4 L (m) 300 400 100 100 75 D (mm) 75 75 75 75 75 e (mm) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
Fluid Properties: = = Available Head: p = 250 kPa 999 0.001 kg/m3 N.s/m2
Flows:
Q 0 (m3/s) 0.00928 V 0 (m/s) 2.10 Re 0 1.57E+05 f0 0.0245
Q 1 (m3/s) 0.00306 V 1 (m/s) 0.692 Re 1 5.18E+04 f1 0.0264
Q 2 (m3/s) 0.00311 V 2 (m/s) 0.705 Re 2 5.28E+04 f2 0.0264
Q 3 (m3/s) 0.00311 V 3 (m/s) 0.705 Re 3 5.28E+04 f3 0.0264
Q 4 (m3/s) 0.00623 V 4 (m/s) 1.41 Re 4 1.06E+05 f4 0.0250
Heads:
p 0 (kPa) 216.4 (1) Q 0 = Q 1 + Q4 0.00% (3) p = p 0 + p 1 0.03% (5) p 2 = p 3 0.00% Error:
p 1 (kPa) 33.7
p 2 (kPa) 8.7
p 3 (kPa) 8.7 (2) Q 4 = Q 2 + Q 3 0.01%
p 4 (kPa) 24.8
Constraints:
(4) p = p 0 + p 4 + p 2 0.01%
0.05%
Vary Q 0, Q 1, Q 2, Q 3 and Q 4 using Solver to minimize total error
The workbook for Example Problem 8.11 is modified for use in this problem
Pipe Data: Pipe A B C D Fluid Properties: = = Available Head: p = 50 psi 1.94 2.10E-05 slug/ft3 lbfs/ft2 L (ft) 150 150 150 150 D (in) 1.5 1.5 1 1.5 e (ft) 0.00085 0.00085 0.00085 0.00085
Flows:
Q A (ft3/s) 0.103 V A (ft/s) 8.41 Re A 9.71E+04 fA 0.0342
Q B (ft3/s) 0.077 V B (ft/s) 6.28 Re B 7.25E+04 fB 0.0345
Q C (ft3/s) 0.026 V C (ft/s) 4.78 Re C 3.68E+04 fC 0.0397
Q D (ft3/s) 0.103 V D (ft/s) 8.41 Re D 9.71E+04 fD 0.0342
Heads:
p A (psi) 19.5 (5) Q A = Q D 0.00%
p B (psi) 11.0
p C (psi) 11.0
p D (psi) 19.5 (6) Q A = Q B + Q C 0.05% (8) p B = p C 0.00%
Constraints:
(7) p = p A + p B + p D 0.00% Error: 0.05%
Vary Q A, Q B, Q C, and Q D using Solver to minimize total error
Problem *8.169
[4]
Problem 8.170
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 8.170
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 8.171
[2]

Basic equation
Flow through an orifice Pressure drop
mactual = K At 2 p1 p2 = K At 2 p
Note that mactual is mass flow rate (the software cannot render a dot!)
For the flow coefficient K = K ReD1 ,
Dt D1

= 4.40 10
7 m 2
At 65oC,(Table A.8)
= 980 Q A
kg m
3
s
3
V =
ReD1 = = From Fig. 8.20 Then Dt D1
V D
1 4 L 0.001 m 20 2 1 L ( 0.15 m ) s m s ReD1 = 1.13 0.15 m 7 2 s 4.40 10 m V = = 75 150
V = 1.13
m s
5
ReD1 = 3.85 10 = 0.5
K = 0.624
2 2 mactual 1 Q 1 = Q p = = K At 2 K At 2 2 K At 2
1 kg L 0.001 m 1 4 1 p = 980 20 3 2 1 L 2 s 0.624 m ( 0.075 m)

3
p = 25.8 kPa
Problem 8.172
[2]
Problem 8.173
[2]

Basic equation
Flow through a venturi meter (NOTE: Throat is obviously 3 in not 30 in!) Flow rate C A t C A t 1
4
mactual =
2 p1 p2 = 4 1
2 p
For ReD1 > 2 x 105, 0.980 < C < 0.995. Assume C = 0.99, then check Re = Also Dt D1 = 3 6 = 0.5
p = Hg g h = SGHg g h mactual Q = = Q = 4 1 0.5 C A t 1

4 2
Then
2 p =
C D t
2 4
4 1
2 SGHg g h = ft s
2
C D t
2 4
4 1
2 SGHg g h
1 0.99 ft 4 4 V = 4
2 13.6 32.2
1 ft
Q = 1.49
ft s ft s
Hence
V =
Q 4 Q = 2 A D 1
6 ft 2
1 ft 2
1.49
ft s
V = 7.59
At 75oF,(Table A.7) = 9.96 10 ReD1 =
s ReD1 = 7.59 ft s
3
V D1
ft 1 s ft 6 2 s 2 9.96 10 ft
ReD1 = 3.81 10
Thus ReD1 > 2 x 105. The volume flow rate is
Q = 1.49
Given data: H = L = D = Dt = =
30 200 100 40 0.40
m m mm mm
Tabulated or graphical data: K ent = 0.50 K exit = 1.00 Loss at orifice = 80% = 0.001
(Fig. 8.14) (Fig. 8.14) (Fig. 8.23) 2 N.s/m
= kg/m3 999 (Water - Appendix A)
Computed results: Orifice loss coefficient: K = 0.61 (Fig. 8.20 Assuming high Re ) Flow system: V Q Re f = = = = 2.25 m/s 3 m /s 0.0176 2.24E+05 0.0153 Orifice pressure drop p = 265 kPa
Eq. 1, solved by varying V AND p , using Solver : Left (m2/s) 294 Right (m /s) 293
2
Error 0.5%
Eq. 2 and m rate = Q compared, varying V AND p (From Q ) (From Eq. 2) m rate (kg/s) = 17.6 17.6 Total Error
Error 0.0% 0.5%
Procedure using Solver : a) Guess at V and p b) Compute error in Eq. 1 c) Compute error in mass flow rate d) Minimize total error e) Minimize total error by varying V and p
Problem 8.175
[2]
Problem 8.176
[2]

Basic equation
Flow through an venturi meter Flow rate C A t C A t 1

4
mactual =
2 p1 p2 = 4 1
2 p
For ReD1 > 2 x 105, 0.980 < C < 0.995. Assume C = 0.99, then check Re = Dt D1 C A t 1
4 2
25 50
= 0.5
2
Then
mactual Q = = Q = 4
2 p =
C D t
4 1
2 p
3 m kg m 3 N 2 1000 kg 2
0.99 ( 0.025 m )
4
2 150 10
Q = 8.69 10
3m
1 0.5
s N
Hence
V =
Q 4 Q = 2 A D 1
2 6 m
V =
1 4 3m 8.69 10 s ( 0.05 m ) 2
V = 4.43
m s
At 20oC (Table A.8) = 1.01 10 ReD1 = V D
s ReD1 = 4.43 Q = 8.69 10 m s 0.05 m 6 2 s 1.01 10 m s ReD1 = 2.19 10 Q = 0.522 m min

3 5
Thus ReD1 > 2 x 105. The volume flow rate is
3 3m
Problem 8.177
[3]
Problem 8.178
[4]

Basic equation
Flow through a venturi meter (NOTE: Throat is obviously 3 in not 30 in!) Maximum flow rate for incompressible flow; Pressure reading C A t C A t 1
4
mactual =
2 p1 p2 = 4 1
2 p
Assumptions: 1) Neglect density change 2) Use ideal gas equation for density Then = p Rair T = 60 lbf in
2
12 in lbm R 1 slug 1 1 ft 53.33 ft lbf 32.2 lbm ( 68 + 460) R

2
= 9.53 10
3 slug 3
ft
For incompressible flow V must be less than about 100 m/s or 330 ft/s at the throat. Hence mactual = V2 A2 = Also Dt D1 mactual = 9.53 10 = 3 6 ft 1 3 slug 330 ft 3 s 4 4 ft = 0.5 h =
2
slug mactual = 0.154 s
p = Hg g h 1 mactual 4 p = 1 C A t 2
p Hg g
and in addition
so
mactual h = 2 Hg g C A t
(1 4)
For ReD1 > 2 x 105, 0.980 < C < 0.995. Assume C = 0.99, then check Re h =
(1 0.54)
2
3 2 2 1 ft s slug 4 4 0.154 3 13.6 1.94 slug 32.2 ft 0.99 1 ft s 9.53 10 slug
ft
h = 0.581 ft
h = 6.98 in
Hence
V =
Q A
4 mactual D 1
2
V =
ft
3 3
slug
9.53 10
1 ft 2
0.154
slug s
V = 82.3
ft s
At 68oF,(Table A.7) = 1.08 10 ReD1 =
5 ft
s ReD1 = 82.3 ft s 1 2 ft s 1.08 10

5 2
V D1
ft
ReD1 = 3.81 10 h = 6.98 in
Thus ReD1 > 2 x 105. The mass flow rate is
slug mactual = 0.154 s
and pressure
Hg
Problem 8.179
[4]
Problem 8.180
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 8.180
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 8.181
[1]
V 1, A 1
V 2, A 2

Basic equations
Flow through a diffuser Derivation of Eq. 8.42
Cp =
p2 p1 1 2 V 1 2
p1
V1 2
+ g z1 =
p2
V2 2
+ g z2
Q = V A
Assumptions: 1) All the assumptions of the Bernoulli equation 2) Horizontal flow 3) No flow separation p2 p1 V1 V2 V1 A1 V1 = = 2 2 2 2 A2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
From Bernoulli
using continuity
2
Hence
V p2 p1 1 1 V1 A1 Cp = = 2 1 1 2 2 2 A2 V 1 V1 2 2
Cp = 1 1 AR
2
A1 = 1 A2
Finally
which is Eq. 8.42.
This result is not realistic as a real diffuser is very likely to have flow separation
Problem 8.182
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 8.182
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 8.183
[4]
Problem 8.184
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.184
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.185
Problem 8.158
[5] Part 1/3
Problem 8.158
8.158 Problem 8.158
Problem 8.158
Problem 8.185
[5] Part 2/3
Problem 8.185
[5] Part 1/3
Problem 9.1
[2]

Basic equation
Model of riverboat Distance at which transition occurs
Rex =
U x U x =
2 6 m
and transition occurs at about Rex = 5 10 (Table A.8) xp = 0.186 m xm = 0.0103 m
For water at 10oC Hence For the model
= 1.30 10 xp = xm = Rex U xp 18
and we are given xp = 18.6 cm xm = 10.3 mm
U = 3.5
m s
Problem 9.2
[2]
Minivan traveling at various speeds Plot of boundary layer length as function of speed
Governing equations: The critical Reynolds number for transition to turbulence is Re crit = The critical length is then L crit = 500000 /V Tabulated or graphical data: = 3.79E-07 = 0.00234 (Table A.9, 68oF) lbf.s/ft2 slug/ft3 VL crit/ = 500000
Computed results: V (mph) 10 13 15 18 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 L crit (ft) 5.52 4.42 3.68 3.16 2.76 1.84 1.38 1.10 0.920 0.789 0.690 0.614
Length of Laminar Boundary Layer on the Roof of a Minivan

6 5 4 L crit (ft) 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 V (mph) 60 70 80 90 100
Problem 9.3
[3]

Basic equation
Boeing 757 Point at which transition occurs; Same point at 10,000 m
Rex =
U x U x =
2 5 m
and transition occurs at about
Rex = 5 10
For air at 20oC Hence At 10,000 m
= 1.50 10 xp = Rex U
(Table A.10) xp = 0.104 m (Table A.3)
and we are given xp = 10.4 cm T = 49.8 C
U = 260
km hr
T = 223.3 K
We need to estimate or at this temperature. From Appendix A-3 = b T 1+ = S T b = 1.458 10

6
kg m s K
1 2
S = 110.4 K
Hence
b T 1+ S T
= 1.458 10
5 N s 2
For air at 10,000 m (Table A.3) SL = 0.3376 SL = 1.225 = 3.53 10 kg m

3
= 0.3376 SL and we are given
= 0.414
kg m
3
= Hence xp = Rex U
2 5m
U = 850
km hr
xp = 0.0747 m
xp = 7.47 cm
Problem 9.4
[2]

Basic equation For air
Flow around American and British golf balls, and soccer ball Speed at which boundary layer becomes turbulent
ReD =
U D U D =
4 ft 2
and transition occurs at about (Table A.9) U = ReD D ReD D ReD D U = 289 ft s ft s ft s
ReD = 2.5 10
= 1.62 10
s Hence
For the American golf ball D = 1.68 in
U = 197 mph
U = 88.2
m s m s m s
For the British golf ball
D = 41.1 mm
Hence
U =
U = 300
U = 205 mph
U = 91.5
For soccer ball
D = 8.75 in
Hence
U =
U = 55.5
U = 37.9 mph
U = 16.9
Problem 9.5
[2]

Basic equation
Experiment with 1 cm diameter sphere in SAE 10 oil Reasonableness of two flow extremes
ReD =
U D U D =
2 4 m
and transition occurs at about
For SAE 10 For For Note that for
= 1.1 10 ReD = 1
(Fig. A.3 at 20oC) we find U = U = ReD D ReD D
and U = 0.011 U = 2750 m s
D = 1 cm U = 1.10 cm s which is reasonable
ReD = 2.5 10 ReD = 2.5 10 = 1.01 10
5 5
m s
which is much too high!
we need to increase the sphere diameter D by a factor of about 1000, or reduce the viscosity b the same factor, or some combination of these. One possible solution is (Table A.8 at 20oC) we find U = ReD D and U = 2.52 m s D = 10 cm which is reasonable
For water For
2 6 m
ReD = 2.5 10
Hence one solution is to use a 10 cm diameter sphere in a water tank.
Problem 9.6
[2]

Basic equation For air For the plywood
Sheet of plywood attached to the roof of a car Speed at which boundary layer becomes turbulent; Speed at which 90% is turbulent
Rex =
U x U x =
4 ft 2
and transition occurs at about (Table A.9) U = Rex x U = 10.1 U = ft s Rex x
Rex = 5 10
= 1.62 10 x = 8 ft
s Hence
U = 6.90 mph U = 101 ft s U = 69.0 mph
When 90% of the boundary layer is turbulent x = 0.1 8 ft
Hence
Problem 9.7
[2]
Aircraft or missile at various altitudes Plot of boundary layer length as function of altitude
Governing equations: The critical Reynolds number for transition to turbulence is Re crit = UL crit/ = 500000
The critical length is then L crit = 500000 /U Let L 0 be the length at sea level (density 0 and viscosity 0). Then L crit/L 0 = (/0)/(/0) The viscosity of air increases with temperature so generally decreases with elevation; the density also decreases with elevation, but much more rapidly. Hence we expect that the length ratio increases with elevation For the density , we use data from Table A.3. For the viscosity , we use the Sutherland correlation (Eq. A.1) = bT 1/2/(1+S /T ) b = S = 1.46E-06 110.4 kg/m.s.K1/2 K
Computed results: z (km) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 T (K) 288.2 284.9 281.7 278.4 275.2 271.9 268.7 265.4 262.2 258.9 255.7 249.2 242.7 236.2 229.7 223.3 216.8 216.7 216.7 216.7 216.7 216.7 216.7 216.7 216.7 216.7 218.6 220.6 222.5 224.5 226.5 /0 1.0000 0.9529 0.9075 0.8638 0.8217 0.7812 0.7423 0.7048 0.6689 0.6343 0.6012 0.5389 0.4817 0.4292 0.3813 0.3376 0.2978 0.2546 0.2176 0.1860 0.1590 0.1359 0.1162 0.0993 0.0849 0.0726 0.0527 0.0383 0.0280 0.0205 0.0150 /0 1.000 0.991 0.982 0.973 0.965 0.955 0.947 0.937 0.928 0.919 0.910 0.891 0.872 0.853 0.834 0.815 0.795 0.795 0.795 0.795 0.795 0.795 0.795 0.795 0.795 0.795 0.800 0.806 0.812 0.818 0.824 L crit/L 0 1.000 1.04 1.08 1.13 1.17 1.22 1.28 1.33 1.39 1.45 1.51 1.65 1.81 1.99 2.19 2.41 2.67 3.12 3.65 4.27 5.00 5.85 6.84 8.00 9.36 10.9 15.2 21.0 29.0 40.0 54.8
Length of Laminar Boundary Layer versus Elevation

60 50 40 L/L 0 30 20 10 0 0 10 z (m) 20 30
Problem 9.8
[2]
Given: Laminar boundary layer (air & water) Find: Plot of boundary layer length as function of speed (at various altitudes for air) Solution:
Governing equations: The critical Reynolds number for transition to turbulence is Re crit = UL crit/ = 500000 The critical length is then L crit = 500000 /U For air at sea level and 10 km, we can use tabulated data for density from Table A.3. For the viscosity , use the Sutherland correlation (Eq. A.1) = bT 1/2/(1+S /T ) b = 1.46E-06 kg/m.s.K1/2 S = 110.4 K Air (sea level, T = 288.2 K): = 1.225 kg/m3 (Table A.3) = 1.79E-05 N.s/m2 (Sutherland) Air (10 K, T = 223.3 K): = 0.414 (Table A.3) Water (20 oC): kg/m3 =
2
998
slug/ft3
= 1.01E-03 N.s/m2 = 1.46E-05 N.s/m (Table A.8) (Sutherland)
Computed results: U (m/s) 0.05 0.10 0.5 1.0 5.0 15 20 25 30 50 100 200 1000 Water Air (Sea level) Air (10 km) L crit (m) L crit (m) L crit (m) 10.12 146.09 352.53 5.06 73.05 176.26 1.01 14.61 35.25 0.506 7.30 17.63 0.101 1.46 3.53 0.0337 0.487 1.18 0.0253 0.365 0.881 0.0202 0.292 0.705 0.0169 0.243 0.588 0.0101 0.146 0.353 0.00506 0.0730 0.176 0.00253 0.0365 0.0881 0.00051 0.0073 0.0176
Length of Laminar Boundary Layer for Water and Air

100.0
1.0 L crit (m) 0.0
Water Air (Sea level) Air (10 km)

1.E+00 U (m/s) 1.E+02 1.E+04
0.0 1.E-02
Problem 9.9
[2]
Problem 9.10
[2]
Problem 9.11
[2]
Laminar boundary layer profile If it satisfies BCs; Evaluate */ and /
The boundary layer equation is
The BCs are
u 3 y 1 y = for which u = U at y = U 2 2 du u (0) = 0 =0 dy y =
At y = 0 At y =
u 3 1 3 = (0) (0) = 0 U 2 2 3 1 3 y2 3 1 32 du =U = U 2 23 2 23 =0 dy y =
For *:
* = 1
u u dy = 1 dy U U 0
Then
1 1 * 1 u u y u = 1 dy = 1 d = 1 d 0 U U 0 U 0
with
Hence
1 u 3 = 3 2 U 2 1 1 1 * u 1 3 3 2 1 4 3 3 = 1 d = 1 + d = + = = 0.375 U 2 2 4 8 0 8 0 0
For :
u U 0
u u 1 dy = U U 0
u 1 dy U
Then
1 1 1 u u u u u u y = 1 dy = 1 d = 1 d 0U U U U 0 U U 0
Hence
1u = U 0
1 3 3 1 3 9 2 1 3 3 4 1 6 u 3 3 1 d = 1 + d = + d 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 U 0 0
3 2 3 3 1 4 3 5 1 7 39 = 0.139 = + = 4 4 8 10 28 0 280
1
Problem 9.12
[2]
u y y y = 2 2 + for which u = U at y = U
u (0) = 0 du dy =0
y =
The BCs are
At y = 0 At y =
u 3 4 = 2(0) 2(0) + (0) = 0 U 1 1 du y2 y3 2 3 =U =U 2 6 3 + 4 4 2 6 3 + 4 4 =0 dy y =
For *:
* = 1
u u dy = 1 dy U U 0
Then
1 1 u y * 1 u u = 1 dy = 1 d = 1 d U 0 U 0 U 0
with
1 1
u = 2 2 3 + 4 U
Hence
* u 1 1 3 = 1 d = (1 2 + 2 3 4 )d = 2 + 4 5 = = 0.3 U 2 5 0 10 0 0
1
For :
u u u u 1 dy = 1 dy U U U U 0 0
Then Hence
1 1 u u y 1 u u u u = 1 dy = 1 d = 1 d U U 0 U U 0U U 0
u u = 1 d = (2 3 + 4 )(1 2 + 3 4 )d = (2 4 2 2 3 + 9 4 4 5 4 6 + 4 7 8 )d 0U U 0 0
1 1 1
2 4 3 1 4 9 5 4 7 1 8 1 9 37 = + + = = 0.117 3 2 5 7 2 9 0 315
1
Problem 9.13
[3]
u y = 2 U u y = 2 2 + U
0< y<
2 1
2
< y < for which u = U at y =
) (
The BCs are
u (0) = 0
du dy
=0
y =
At y = 0 At y =
u = 2 (0) = 0 U du 1 =U 2 2 0 so it fails the outer BC. dy y =
This simplistic distribution is a piecewise linear profile: The first half of the layer has velocity gradient second half has velocity gradient 2 For *:
U )U = 0.586 . At y = , we make another transition to zero velocity gradient.
= 1.414
, and the
u u * = 1 dy = 1 dy U U 0 0
1 1 * 1 u u u y = 1 dy = 1 d = 1 d 0 U U 0 U 0
Then
with
u 1 = 2 0 < < U 2 u = 2 2 + 2 1 U
) (
1 < <1 2
Hence
* u = 1 d = U 0
1
12
(1
0
2 d +
[1 (2 2 ) (
1 12
1 2 1 d = 2 2
)]
1 2 2 1 + ( 1) 2 0
2
12
2 2 1 2
* 1 2 1 2 3 2 = 0.396 = = + 2 8 4 8 4 4
For :
u u u u = 1 dy = 1 dy U U U U 0 0
Then Hence, after a LOT of work
1 u = U 0
1 12
u u 1 dy = U U 0
1
u y u 1 d = U 0 U
u 1 d U
u u = 1 d = 0U U
2 1 2 d +
[((2 2 ) + (
12
2 1 1 2 2
))( (
1
) (
2 1 d
))]
2 1 1 = 2 2 + 2 3 0 3
12
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 ( 1) 2 2 ( 1) = + = = 0.152 2 8 12 24 6 12 1 2
Problem 9.14
[2]
Problem 9.15
[3]
Problem 9.16
[2]
Problem 9.17
[2]
Problem 9.18
[3]

The given data is
Data on fluid and boundary layer geometry Mass flow rate across ab; Drag
= 800
kg m
3
U = 3
m s
L = 3 m
= 25 mm
b = 1 m
Governing equations: Mass Momentum Assumptions: (1) Steady flow (2) No pressure force (3) No body force in x direction (4) Uniform flow at a
Applying these to the CV abcd Mass For the boundary layer ( U b ) + u b dy + mab = 0 0 u y = = U 1 mab = U b U dy = U b U b 0 2 1 mab = U b 2 Momentum Rx = U ( U ) + mab uab + u u b dy 0 Note that uab = U 1
1 1
dy = d
Hence
kg mab = 30 s
and
2 2 u u b dy = U b d 0 0
2 2 Rx = U b + U b U + U b dy 2 0
2
R x = U b +
1 2
U +
1 3
1 2 R x = U b 6
Rx = 30 N
We are able to compute the boundary layer drag even though we do not know the viscosity because it is the viscosity that creates the boundary layer in the first place
Problem 9.19
[3]

The given data is
Data on fluid and boundary layer geometry Mass flow rate across ab; Drag; Compare to Problem 9.18
= 800
kg m
3
U = 3
m s
L = 1 m
= 14 mm
b = 3 m
Governing equations: Mass Momentum
Assumptions: (1) Steady flow (2) No pressure force (3) No body force in x direction (4) Uniform flow at a Applying these to the CV abcd Mass For the boundary layer ( U b ) + u b dy + mab = 0 0 u y = = U 1 mab = U b U dy = U b U b 0 2 1 mab = U b 2 Rx = U ( U ) + mab uab + u u b dy 0 Note that
2 1
dy = d
Hence
kg mab = 50.4 s
Momentum
uab = U 1
1
and
2 2 u u b dy = U b d 0 0
R x = U b + R x = U b +
2
2 2 U b U + U b dy 0 2 1 2 U +
2
1 3
1 2 R x = U b 6
Rx = 50.4 N
We should expect the drag to be larger than for Problem 9.18 because the viscous friction is mostly concentrated near the leading edge (which is only 1 m wide in Problem 9.18 but 3 m here). The reason viscous stress is highest at the front region is that the boundary layer is very small ( <<) so = du/dy ~ U/ >>
Problem 9.20
[3]
Problem 9.21
[2]
Data on wind tunnel and boundary layers Displacement thickness at exit; Percent change in uniform velocity through test section
The solution involves using mass conservation in the inviscid core, allowing for the fact that as the boundary layer grows it reduces the size of the core. One approach would be to integrate the 1/7 law velocity profile to compute the mass flow in the boundary layer; an easier approach is to simply use the displacement thickness! Basic equations (4.12) disp = 0
1 u dy U
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) No friction outside boundary layer 4) Flow along streamline 5) Horizontal
1 7
For this flow
U A = const m s
and
u y = U
The design data is The volume flow rate is We also have
Udesign = 50
w = 20 cm
h = 20 cm Q =2 m s
3
Adesign = w h
Adesign = 0.04 m
Q = Udesign Adesign in = 10 mm
exit = 25 mm
Hence Hence at the inlet and exit dispin = in 8
u disp = 1 dy = U 0 0
1 1 1 7 y 1 dy = 1 7 d 0
where
disp =
dispin = 1.25 mm
dispexit =
exit 8
dispexit = 3.125 mm
Hence the areas are
Ain = w 2 dispin h 2 dispin
)(
) )
Ain = 0.0390 m
2 2
Aexit = w 2 dispexit h 2 dispexit
)(
Aexit = 0.0375 m
Applying mass conservation between "design" conditions and the inlet
( Udesign Adesign) + ( Uin Ain) = 0

or Uin = Udesign Adesign Ain Uin = 51.3 m s m s = 3.91 % The exit displacement thickness is dispexit = 3.125 mm
Also
Adesign Uexit = Udesign Aexit
Uexit = 53.3 Uexit Uin Uin
The percent change in uniform velocity is then
Problem 9.22
[2]

Basic equations
Data on wind tunnel and boundary layers Uniform velocity at exit; Change in static pressure through the test section
(4.12)
u disp = 1 dy U 0
p V + + g z = const 2
1 7
For this flow The given data is We also have
U A = const m s 1 = 20 mm U1 = 25
and h = 25 cm 2 = 30 mm
1 1 1 7 y 7 1 1 d dy = 0
u y = U A = h
2
A = 625 cm
Hence
u = disp = 1 d y U 0 0
where
disp =
Hence at the inlet and exit disp1 = 1 8 disp1 = 2.5 mm disp2 =

2
2 8
disp2 = 3.75 mm A1 = 600 cm A2 = 588 cm

2 2
Hence the areas are
( ) 2 A2 = (h 2 disp2)
A1 = h 2 disp1
Applying mass conservation between Points 1 and 2
( U1 A1) + ( U2 A2) = 0
The pressure change is found from Bernoulli Hence p = 2 2 U1 U2 2 p1
or U1 2
2
A1 U2 = U1 A2 = p2 + U2 2
2
U2 = 25.52
m s
with
= 1.21
kg m
3
p = 15.8 Pa
The pressure drops slightly through the test section
Problem 9.23
[2]
Data on boundary layer in a cylindrical duct Velocity U2 in the inviscid core at location 2; Pressure drop
The solution involves using mass conservation in the inviscid core, allowing for the fact that as the boundary layer grows it reduces the size the core. One approach would be to integrate the 1/7 law velocity profile to compute the mass flow in the boundary layer; an easier approa is to simply use the displacement thickness! The given or available data (from Appendix A) is = 1.23 kg m
3
U1 = 12.5
m s
D = 100 mm
1 = 5.25 mm
2 = 24 mm
Governing equations: Mass p V + + g z = constant 2

2
Bernoulli
(4.24)
The displacement thicknesses can be computed from boundary layer thicknesses using Eq. 9.1 1 u 7 disp = 1 dy = 1 d = 8 U 0 0
1
Hence at locations 1 and 2
disp1 =
1 8
disp1 = 0.656 mm
disp2 =
2 8
disp2 = 3 mm A1 U 2 = U 1 A2
Applying mass conservation at locations 1 and 2
( U1 A1) + ( U2 A2) = 0
3 2
or
The two areas are given by the duct cross section area minus the displacement boundary layer A1 = 4 D 2 disp1
A1 = 7.65 10
A2 =
D 2 disp2
A2 = 6.94 10 m s
3 2
Hence
A1 U2 = U1 A2 p1 p2 = p = 2 2 U U1 2 2
U2 = 13.8
For the pressure drop we can apply Bernoulli to locations 1 and 2 to find
p = 20.6 Pa
Problem 9.24
[2]

Basic equations
Data on wind tunnel and boundary layers Uniform velocity at Point 2; Change in static pressure through the test section
(4.12)
u disp = 1 dy U 0
1 7
For this flow The given data is We also have
U A = const ft s 1 = 0.4 in U1 = 60
and W = 12 in 2 = 0.5 in
1 1 1 7 y 7 1 1 d dy = 0
u y = U A = W
2
A = 144 in
Hence
u = disp = 1 d y U 0 0
where
disp =
Hence at the inlet and exit disp1 = 1 8 disp1 = 0.050 in disp2 =

2
2 8
disp2 = 0.0625 in A1 = 142 in A2 = 141 in

2 2
Hence the areas are
( ) 2 A2 = (W 2 disp2)
A1 = W 2 disp1
( U1 A1) + ( U2 A2) = 0
The pressure change is found from Bernoulli 2 2 U1 U2 2 H2O = 1.94 p1 + U1 2
2
or p2 U2 2
2
A1 U2 = U1 A2 + with
4
U2 = 60.25
ft s slug ft
3
= 0.00234
Hence
p =
p = 2.47 10 slug ft
3
psi
p = 0.0356
lbf ft
2
In terms of inches of water
h =
p H2O g
h = 0.00684 in
Problem 9.25
[2]

Basic equations
Data on wind tunnel and boundary layers Pressure change between points 1 and 2
(4.12)
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) No friction outside boundary layer 4) Flow along streamline 5) Horizontal For this flow The given data is We also have Hence at the Point 2 U A = const U0 = 100 ft s U1 = U0 h = 3 in A1 = h
2
A1 = 9 in
disp2 = 0.035 in A2 = h 2 disp2
A2 = 8.58 in
( U1 A1 ) + ( U2 A2 ) = 0
The pressure change is found from Bernoulli 2 2 U U2 2 1 p1 + U1 2
2
or p2 U2 2
2
A1 U2 = U1 A2 + with
3
U2 = 105
ft s slug ft
3
= 0.00234
Hence
p =
p = 8.05 10
psi
p = 1.16
lbf ft
2
The pressure drops by a small amount as the air accelerates
Problem 9.26
[3]
Problem 9.27
[3]
Problem 9.28
[3]
Data on fluid and boundary layer geometry Gage pressure at location 2; average wall stress
The solution involves using mass conservation in the inviscid core, allowing for the fact that as the boundary layer grows it reduces the size core. One approach would be to integrate the 1/7 law velocity profile to compute the mass flow in the boundary layer; an easier approach i simply use the displacement thickness! The average wall stress can be estimated using the momentum equation for a CV The given and available (from Appendix A) data is = 1.23 kg m
3
U1 = 15
m s
L = 6 m
D = 400 mm
2 = 100 mm
Governing equations: Mass
Momentum Bernoulli p V + + g z = constant 2

2
(4.24)
Assumptions: (1) Steady flow (2) No pressure force (3) No body force in x direction The displacement thickness at location 2 can be computed from boundary layer thickness using Eq. 9.1
2
disp2 = 0 Hence disp2 =
1 1 u dy = 1 7 d = 2 2 8 U 0 disp2 = 12.5 mm
2 8
Applying mass conservation at locations 1 and 2 4

2
( U1 A1) + ( U2 A2) = 0
or
2
A1 U 2 = U 1 A2
A1 =
A1 = 0.126 m
The area at location 2 is given by the duct cross section area minus the displacement boundary layer A2 = 4 D 2 disp2
A2 = 0.11 m
Hence
A1 U2 = U1 A2
U2 = 17.1
m s
For the pressure change we can apply Bernoulli to locations 1 and 2 to find p1 p2 = p = Hence 2 2 U U1 2 2 p = 40.8 Pa p2 = 40.8 Pa p2 = p
p2 ( gage) = p1 ( gage) p
For the average wall shear stress we use the momentum equation, simplified for this problem
D
2 2 2 2 2 p A1 D L = U1 A1 + U2 D 2 2 + 2 r u dr 4 D
where
y u ( r) = U2 2
D 2
1 7
and
r=
D y 2
dr = dy
The integral is
2 7 D 2 2 y 2 r u dr = 2 U2 y dy 2 2 D 2
2 2 D
2 D 2 2 2 2 r u dr = 7 U2 2 9 8 D
2 2
Hence
p A1 + U1 A1 U2
D 2 2 D L
7 U2 2
D 9
2 8
= 0.461 Pa
Problem 9.29
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 9.29
[5] Part 1/2
Problem *9.30
[2]
Problem *9.31
[3]
Problem *9.32
[3]
Problem *9.33
[3]
Problem *9.34
[4]
Problem 9.35
[4]
Blasius solution for laminar boundary layer Point at which u = 0.95U; Slope of streamline; expression for skin friction coefficient and total drag; Momentum thicknes
Basic equation: Use results of Blasius solution (Table 9.1 on the web), and = y f' = f' = u = 0.9130 U u = 0.9555 U at at = 3.5 = 4.0
x U
Hence by linear interpolation, when f' = 0.95

4 ft 2
= 3.5 + ft s
( 4 3.5) ( 0.95 0.9310) ( 0.9555 0.9310) x = 7.5 in
= 3.89
From Table A.9 at 68oF Hence
= 1.62 10 y = dy v = dx u x U
and
U = 15
y = 0.121 in 1 U ( f' f ) x 2
The streamline slope is given by
where
u = U f'
and
v=
dy 1 U ( f' f ) ( f' f ) 1 1 1 = ( f' f ) = = dx 2 x f' U f' 2 U x f' 2 Rex We have Rex = U x Rex = 5.79 10
4
From the Blasius solution (Table 9.1 on the web) f = 1.8377 f = 2.3057 Hence by linear interpolation f = 1.8377 + at at ( 2.3057 1.8377) ( 4.0 3.5) = 3.5 = 4.0 ( 3.89 3.5) f = 2.2027
dy 1 ( f' f ) = = 0.00326 dx f' 2 Rex The shear stress is w =
u+
x
2
v =
at y = 0 (v = 0 at the wall for all x, so the derivative is zero there) d f d

2 2
w = U
U d f x d2
and at = 0
= 0.3321
(from Table 9.1)
w = 0.3321 U
U x
w = 0.3321 U
U = 0.3321 U x Rex
The friction drag is
L F D = w dA = w b dx 0 L
where b is the plate width
L 2 U 1 2 dx FD = 0.3321 b dx = 0.3321 U 1 U Rex 0 2 x 0
FD = 0.3321 U w U
2
b 2 L U
1 2
F D = U b L w U
2
0.6642 ReL
For the momentum integral
d dx 1
L
or
d =
dx
L = We have
1 FD 0.6642 L w dx = = 2 2 b ReL U 0 U ReL = U L ReL = 2.78 10 L = 0.0454 in

5
L = 3 ft
L =
0.6642 L ReL
Problem *9.36
[5]
Blasius nonlinear equation Blasius solution using Excel
The equation to be solved is
2
The boundary conditions are
d3 f d 3
+ f
d2 f d 2
=0
(9.11)
f = 0 and
df = 0 at = 0 d
df = 1 at d Recall that these somewhat abstract variables are related to physically meaningful variables: f=
u = f U
(9.12)
and
=y
Using Eulers numerical method
f n+1 f n + f n
f n+1 f n + f n
(1) (2)
f n+1 f n + f n
th
In these equations, the subscripts refer to the nth discrete value of the variables, and = 10/N is the step size for (N is the total number of steps). But from Eq. 9.11
f =
1 f f 2
so the last of the three equations is

1 f n+1 f n + f n f n 2
(3)
Equations 1 through 3 form a complete set for computing f , f , f . All we need is the starting condition for each. From Eqs. 9.12
f 0 = 0 and f 0 = 0
We do NOT have a starting condition for f ! Instead we must choose (using Solver) f 0 so that the last condition of Eqs. 9.12 is met: =1 fN
Computations (only the first few lines of 1000 are shown): = 0.01
Make a guess for the first f ''; use Solver to vary it until f 'N = 1 Count 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 9 10 8 11 12 6 13 14 4 15 16 2 17 18 0 19 0.0 20 21 22 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.20 0.21 0.22 f f' f'' 0.0000 0.0000 0.3303 0.0000 0.0033 0.3303 0.0000 0.0066 0.3303 0.0001 0.0099 0.3303 0.0002 0.0132 0.3303 0.0003 0.0165 0.3303 0.0005 0.0198 0.3303 Blasius 0.0007 Velocity 0.0231 Profile 0.3303 0.0009 0.0264 0.3303 0.0012 0.0297 0.3303 0.0015 0.0330 0.3303 0.0018 0.0363 0.3303 0.0022 0.0396 0.3303 0.0026 0.0429 0.3303 0.0030 0.0462 0.3303 0.0035 0.0495 0.3303 0.0040 0.0528 0.3303 0.0045 0.0562 0.3303 0.0051 0.0595 0.3303 0.0056 0.0628 0.3303 0.4 0.6 0.0063 0.0661 0.3302 0.0069 0.0694 u/U = f '0.3302 0.0076 0.0727 0.3302
0.8
1.0
Problem 9.37
[2]
Data on flow over flat plate Plot of laminar thickness at various speeds
Governing equations:
Tabulated or graphical data: = m /s 1.50E-05 (Table A.10, 20oC)

2
Computed results: U (m/s) x crit (m) 1 7.5 2 3.8 3 2.5 4 1.9 5 1.5 10 0.75
x (m) 0.000 0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.2 0.5 1.5 1.9 2.5 3.8 5.0 6.0 7.5
(mm) 0.00 3.36 4.75 5.81 6.71 9.49 15.01 25.99 29.26 33.56 41.37 47.46 51.99 58.12
(mm) 0.00 2.37 3.36 4.11 4.75 6.71 10.61 18.38 20.69 23.73 29.26
(mm) 0.00 1.94 2.74 3.36 3.87 5.48 8.66 15.01 16.89 19.37
(mm) 0.00 1.68 2.37 2.91 3.36 4.75 7.50 13.00 14.63
(mm) 0.00 1.50 2.12 2.60 3.00 4.24 6.71 11.62
(mm) 0.00 1.06 1.50 1.84
Laminar Boundary Layer Profiles

70 60 50 (mm) 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 x (m) 4 6 8
U = 1 m/s U = 2 m/s U = 3 m/s U = 4 m/s U = 5 m/s U = 10 m/s
Hence
1 3 u u y 2 2 * = 1 dy = 1 d = (1 2 + )d = + = 3 0 3 U U 0 0 0
1 1 1
Tabulated or graphical data: Given data: = 1.01E-06 m2/s (Table A.8, 20 oC) Computed results: x (m) 0.0000 0.0125 0.0250 0.0375 0.0500 0.0625 0.0750 0.0875 0.1000 0.1125 0.1250 0.1375 0.1500 0.1625 0.1750 0.1875 0.2000 0.2125 0.2250 0.2375 0.2500 Re x 0.00.E+00 2.17.E+04 4.33.E+04 6.50.E+04 8.66.E+04 1.08.E+05 1.30.E+05 1.52.E+05 1.73.E+05 1.95.E+05 2.17.E+05 2.38.E+05 2.60.E+05 2.82.E+05 3.03.E+05 3.25.E+05 3.47.E+05 3.68.E+05 3.90.E+05 4.12.E+05 4.33.E+05 (mm) * (mm) w (Pa) 0.000 0.465 0.658 0.806 0.931 1.041 1.140 1.231 1.317 1.396 1.472 1.544 1.612 1.678 1.742 1.803 1.862 1.919 1.975 2.029 2.082 0.000 0.155 0.219 0.269 0.310 0.347 0.380 0.410 0.439 0.465 0.491 0.515 0.537 0.559 0.581 0.601 0.621 0.640 0.658 0.676 0.694
2.5
L = U =
0.25 m 1.75 m/s
Laminar Boundary Layer Profiles

10
10.40 7.36 6.01 5.20 4.65 4.25 3.93 3.68 3.47 3.29 3.14 3.00 2.89 2.78 2.69 2.60 2.52 2.45 2.39 2.33
2.0
and * (mm)
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0 0.00 0.05 0.10 x (m) 0.15 0.20
0 0.25
w (Pa)
Problem 9.39
[2]

Basic equations:
Parabolic solution for laminar boundary layer Derivation of FD; Evaluate FD and L
u y y = 2 U L = 0.25 m x
5.48 = x Rex U = 1.75 m s = 1000 kg m

3
b = 1 m
Assumptions: 1) Flat plate so
p = 0, and U = const 2) is a function of x only 3) Incompressible
The momentum integral equation then simplifies to

2 d
d 2 = U dx
where
u u = 1 dy U U 0
For U = const
w = U
dx
L
The drag force is then
L L 2 d 2 FD = w dA = w b dx = U b dx = U b 1 d 0 dx 0 0 1
FD = U b L
For the given profile
1 1 2 u u 2 2 2 3 4 = 1 d = 2 1 2 + d = 2 5 + 4 d = 15 U U 0 0 0
)(
= From Table A.8 at 20oC
2 15
2 6 m
= 1.01 10 L = L 5.48
ReL =
U L
ReL = 4.332 10
ReL
L = 2.08 mm L = 0.278 mm FD = 0.850 N
2 L = 15 L FD = U b L
2
Problem 9.40
[2]
Problem 9.41
[2]

The given data is
Data on fluid and plate geometry Drag at both orientations using boundary layer equation
= 800
kg m
3
= 0.02
N s m
2
U = 3
m s
5
L = 3 m
b = 1 m
First determine the nature of the boundary layer
ReL =
U L
ReL = 3.6 10
The maximum Reynolds number is less than the critical value of 5 x 105 Hence: Governing equations: w cf = 1 2 U 2 F D = w b dx 0 1 2 F D = U b 2 0
L L
(9.22)
cf =
0.730 Rex
(9.23)
The drag (one side) is
Using Eqs. 9.22 and 9.23
0.73 U x
3
dx
FD = 0.73 b L U Repeating for L = 1 m
FD = 26.3 N b = 3 m
(Compare to 30 N for Problem 9.18)
FD = 0.73 b L U
FD = 45.5 N
(Compare to 50.4 N for Problem 9.19)
Problem 9.42
[3]

Basic equations:
Triangular plate Drag
w cf = 1 2 U 2 L = 0.50 cm 3 2
5 m 2
cf =
0.730 Rex W = 50 cm U = 5 m s
L = 0.433 cm = 1.21 kg m ReL = U L

L 3
= 1.50 10
First determine the nature of the boundary layer F D = w dA
ReL = 1443
so definitely laminar x L
FD = w w( x) dx 0
w ( x) = W
We also have
1 1 2 2 0.730 w = cf U = U 2 2 Rex 1 2 W U 2 L 0
L
Hence
FD =
1 0.730 0.730 x 2 dx = U x dx 2 L U x 0
3 2 W
The integral is
1 3 2 2 x dx = L 2 0 3
so
FD = 0.243 W L U
FD = 4.19 10
Note: For two-sided solution
2 FD = 8.38 10
Problem 9.43
[3]
Plate is reversed from this!

Basic equations:
w cf = 1 2 U 2 L = 0.50 cm 3 2
5 m 2
cf =
0.730 Rex W = 50 cm U = 5 m s
L = 0.433 cm = 1.21 kg m ReL = U L

L 3
= 1.50 10
ReL = 1443
so definitely laminar w( x) = W 1 x L
FD = w w( x) dx 0
We also have
1 1 2 2 0.730 w = cf U = U 2 2 Rex
Hence
L 3 0.730 1 x 0.730 1 L 2 2 dx = FD = U W U W 2 2 U x 0 0
1 1 2 x 2 x dx L
The integral is
1 3 1 1 2 2 x 2 x dx = 2 L 2 2 L = 4 L L 3 L 3 3
FD = 0.487 W L U
FD = 8.40 10 Note: For two-sided solution
N N
2 FD = 1.68 10
The drag is much higher (twice as much) compared to Problem 9.42. This is because w is largest near the leading edge and falls off rapidly; in this problem the widest area is also at the front
Problem 9.44
[3]

Basic equations:
Parabolic plate Drag
w cf = 1 2 U 2 W = 25 cm
cf =
0.730 Rex
2
W 2 L =
25 cm
L = 6.25 cm
U = 7.5
m s
Note: "y" is the equation of the upper and lower surfaces, so y = W/2 at x = L From Table A.10 at 20oC = 1.50 10
5 m 2
= 1.21
kg m
3
ReL =
U L
L
ReL = 3.12 10
so just laminar x L
FD = w w( x) dx 0
w ( x) = W
We also have
1 1 2 2 0.730 w = cf U = U 2 2 Rex 3 0.730 x L 0.730 1 L 2 2 dx = FD = U W U W 1 dx 2 2 L 0 U x 0 FD = 0.365 W L U

3 L
Hence
FD = 2.20 10 Note: For two-sided solution
N N
2 FD = 4.39 10
Problem 9.45
[4]
Note: Plate is now reversed!

Basic equations:
w cf = 1 2 U 2 W = 25 cm
cf =
0.730 Rex
2
W 2 L =
25 cm
L = 6.25 cm
U = 7.5
m s
Note: "y" is the equation of the upper and lower surfaces, so y = W/2 at x = 0 From Table A.10 at 20oC = 1.50 10
5 m 2
= 1.21
kg m
3
ReL =
U L
L
ReL = 3.12 10
so just laminar x L
FD = w w( x) dx 0
w( x) = W 1
We also have
1 1 2 2 0.730 w = cf U = U 2 2 Rex 3 0.730 1 x L 0.730 1 L 2 2 dx = FD = U W U W 2 2 U x 0 0 FD = 1 dx = x L 1

3 2 L
Hence
1 x
1 dx L
The tricky integral is (this might be easier to do numerically!)
i L x x L ln L 2 L x + x
L
so
1 x
1 dx = 0.393 m L
3
0.730 2
U W 0
1 x
1 dx L
FD = 3.45 10
N N
2 FD = 6.9 10
The drag is much higher compared to Problem 9.44. This is because w is largest near the leading edge and falls off rapidly; in this problem the widest area is also at the front
Problem 9.46
[3]

Basic equations:
Pattern of flat plates Drag on separate and composite plates
w cf = 1 2 U 2 L = 7.5 cm = 1.01 10
6 m 2
cf =
0.730 Rex U = 1 m s
For separate plates From Table A.8 at 20oC
W = 7.5 cm = 998 kg m ReL =

3
U L
L
ReL = 7.43 10
so definitely laminar
F D = w W dx 0
We also have
1 1 2 2 0.730 w = cf U = U 2 2 Rex 1 2 U W 2 0
L
Hence
FD =
1 0.730 0.730 2 dx = dx U W x 2 U x 0
3 2
The integral is
1 1 2 2 x dx = 2 L 0
so
FD = 0.730 W L U FTotal = 4 FD
FD = 0.0150 N FTotal = 0.0602 N
This is the drag on one plate. The total drag is then
For both sides: For the composite plate L = 4 7.5 cm L = 0.30 m

3
2 FTotal = 0.120 N
FComposite = 0.730 W L U
FComposite = 0.0301 N For both sides: 2 FComposite = 0.0602 N
The drag is much lower on the composite compared to the separate plates. This is because w is largest near the leading edges and falls off rapidly; in this problem the separate plates experience leading edges four times!
Problem 9.47
[2]
Problem 9.48
[3]
Problem 9.49
[3]
Problem 9.50
[3]
Problem 9.51
[3]

Basic equations:
Water flow over flat plate Drag on plate for linear boundary layer
FD = 2 w dA L = 0.35 m
du w = dy W = 1 m
at y = 0, and also m s
w = U
2 d
u u 1 d dx U U 0
U = 0.8 kg
3
= 1.30 10
2 6 m
= 1000
First determine the nature of the boundary layer The velocity profile is Hence We also have y = U du U w = = dy u = U w = U
1 2 d 1
m U L ReL =
ReL = 2.15 10
so laminar
(1)
but we need (x)

1
dx 0
u u 2 d 1 ( 1 ) d d = U U U dx 0
2 d
The integral is
1 2 dx = 0 6 w = d = U 1 2 d = U 6 dx dx
so
w = U
dx
1 2 d U (2) 6 dx
Comparing Eqs 1 and 2
6 U
or
6 = x + c 2 U = x
L
but (0) = 0 so c = 0
Hence
12 U
or
12 3.46 = Rex Rex

L
Then
FD = 2 w dA = 2 W 1 x 2 dx = 2 L 0 FD = 2 3 W L U
3 L
1 1 W U U U U 2 2 dx = dx dx = 2 W U x x 12 3 0 0 2 W U 3 U L
The integral is
so
FD =
FD = 0.557 N
Problem 9.52
[3]

The given data is Appendix A
Data on flow in a channel Static pressures; plot of stagnation pressure
h = 30 mm = 1.23 kg m
3
2 = 10 mm
U2 = 22.5
m s
w = 1 m
(Arbitrary)
Governing equations Mass Before entering the duct, and in the the inviscid core, the Bernoulli equation holds p V + + g z = constant 2 Assumptions: (1) Steady flow (2) No body force in x direction For a linear velocity profile, from Table 9.2 the displacement thickness at location 2 is disp2 = 2 2 disp2 = 5 mm
2
(4.24)
From the definition of the displacement thickness, to compute the flow rate, the uniform flow at location 2 is assumed to take place in the entire duct, minus the displacement thicknesses at top and bottom A2 = w h 2 disp2 Then Q = A2 U2
A2 = 0.02 m Q = 0.45 m s
Mass conservation (Eq. 4.12) leads to U2 U1 A1 = U2 A2 U1 = A2 A1 U2 where A1 = w h A1 = 0.03 m U1 = 15 m s

2
The Bernoull equation applied between atmosphere and location 1 is patm or, working in gage pressures 1 2 p1 = U1 2 p1 = 138 Pa (Static pressure) Similarly, between atmosphere and location 2 (gage pressures) 1 2 p2 = U2 2 p2 = 311 Pa (Static pressure) The static pressure falls continuously in the entrance region as the fluid in the central core accelerates into a decreasing core The stagnation pressure at location 2 (measured, e.g., with a Pitot tube as in Eq. 6.12), is indicated by an application of the Bernoulli equation at a point pt = p u + 2
2
p1
U1 2
where pt is the total or stagnation pressure, p = p2 is the static pressure, and u is the local velocity, given by u y = U2 2 u = U2 y 2 2 < y h 2
(Flow and pressure distibutions are symmetric about centerline) Hence 1 2 pt = p2 + u 2
The plot of stagnation pressure is shown in the associated Excel workbook
[3]
Given: Data on flow in a channel Find: Static pressures; plot of stagnation pressure Solution:
Given data: h = U2 = 2 = = p2 = 30 22.5 10 1.23 -311 mm m/s mm kg/m3 Pa The relevant equations are:
y (mm) u (m/s) p t (Pa) 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 0.00 2.25 4.50 6.75 9.00 11.25 13.50 15.75 18.00 20.25 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 -311.00 -307.89 -298.55 -282.98 -261.19 -233.16 -198.92 -158.44 -111.74 -58.81 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34
Stagnation Pressure Distibution in a Duct

15
10 y (mm) 5
0 -400
-300
-200 p t (Pa gage)
-100
The stagnation pressure indicates total mechanical energy - the curve indicates significant loss close to the walls and no loss of energy in the central core.
Problem 9.53
[3]
Given: Data on flow over a flat plate Find: Plot of laminar and turbulent boundary layer; Speeds for transition at trailing edge Solution:
Given data: U = L = Tabulated data: = 1.45E-05 m2/s (Table A.10) 10 5 m/s m
Computed results: x (m) 0.00 0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.700 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Re x 0.00E+00 8.62E+04 1.72E+05 2.59E+05 3.45E+05 4.83E+05 5.17E+05 6.90E+05 1.03E+06 1.38E+06 2.07E+06 2.76E+06 3.45E+06 (a) Laminar (b) Turbulent (c) Transition (mm) (mm) (mm) 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.33 4.92 2.33 3.30 8.56 3.30 4.04 11.8 4.04 4.67 14.9 4.67 5.52 19.5 5.5 5.71 20.6 20.6 6.60 26.0 26.0 8.08 35.9 35.9 9.3 45.2 45.2 11.4 62.5 62.5 13.2 78.7 78.7 14.8 94.1 94.1
Boundary Layer Profiles on a Flat Plate

100 75 (mm) 50 25 0 0 1 2 x (m) 3 4 5
Laminar Turbulent Transitional
The speeds U at which transition occurs at specific points are shown below x trans (m) 5 4 3 2 1 U (m/s) 1.45 1.81 2.42 3.63 7.25
Problem 9.54
[3]
Note: Figure data applies to problem 9.18 only
Data on fluid and turbulent boundary layer Mass flow rate across ab; Momentum flux across bc; Distance at which turbulence occurs
Basic equations: Mass
Momentum Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) No pressure force 3) No body force in x direction 4) Uniform flow at ab The given or available data (Table A.9) is U = 165 ft s = 0.75 in b = 10 ft = 0.00234 slug ft mad = U b mad + u b dy + mab = 0 0
1 3
= 1.62 10
4 ft
Consider CV abcd
slug mad = 0.241 s
(Note: Software cannot render a dot)

1 7 1 7
Mass
and in the boundary layer
u y = U
dy = d
Hence
1 7 7 m.ab = U b U d = U b U b 0 8
1
1 mab = U b 8
slug mab = 0.0302 s
The momentum flux across bc is
mfbc = 0 mfbc = 7 9
2 7 2 2 7 u V dA = u u b dy = U b d = U b 0 0 9
2
U b
2
mfbc = 31 Rx = U b mab U mfbc Rex = U x xtrans =
slug ft s
2
From momentum
Rx = U ( U ) + mab uab + mfbc Rex = 5 10

5
Rx = 3.87 lbf Rex U xtrans = 0.491 ft
Transition occurs at
and
Problem 9.55
[3]
Problem 9.56
[3]
Problem 9.57
[3]

Basic equations:
w cf = 1 2 U 2 L = 0.50 cm 3 2
5 m 2
cf =
0.0594 Rex
1 5
L = 0.433 cm = 1.21 kg m ReL = U L

L 3
W = 50 cm
U = 25
m s
= 1.50 10
ReL = 7217
so definitely still laminar, but we are told to assume turbulent! w( x) = W x L
FD = w w( x) dx 0
We also have
1 1 2 2 0.0594 w = cf U = U 1 2 2 Rex 1 2 W F D = U 2 L 0 4 9 5 x 5 dx = L 5 0 9
L L 5 9 5 W 1 5 L 4
Hence
0.0594 x
0.0594 5 dx = U x dx 1 2 L 0
5
U x
The integral is
so
FD = 0.0165 W L U
1 5
FD = 4.57 10
2 FD = 9.14 10
Problem 9.58
[3]

Basic equations:
w cf = 1 2 U 2
cf =
0.0594 Rex
1 5 2
W = 25 cm
W 2 L =
25 cm
L = 6.25 cm
U = 25
m s
Note: "y" is the equation of the upper and lower surfaces, so y = W/2 at x = L From Table A.10 at 20oC = 1.50 10
5 m 2
= 1.21
kg m
3
First determine the nature of the boundary layer
ReL =
U L
L
ReL = 1.04 10
so still laminar, but we are told to assume turbulent! x L
F D = w dA
FD = w w ( x) dx 0
w ( x) = W
We also have
1 1 2 2 0.0594 w = cf U = U 1 2 2 Rex
L 5
Hence
L x 9 1 1 3 0.0594 0.0594 1 L 2 5 2 5 10 dx = FD = U W U W L x dx 1 2 2 0 5 U x 0 1 5
FD = 0.0228 W L U
FD = 0.0267 N Note: For two-sided solution 2 FD = 0.0534 N
Problem 9.59
[3]

Basic equations:
w cf = 1 2 U 2 L = 7.5 cm = 1.01 10
2 6 m
cf =
0.0594 Rex
1 5
W = 7.5 cm = 998 kg m ReL =

3
U = 10
m s
U L
L
ReL = 7.43 10
so turbulent
F D = w W dx 0
We also have
1 1 2 2 0.0594 w = cf U = U 1 2 2 Rex
L 5 1 5 L
Hence
0.0594 0.0594 1 2 5 dx = dx FD = U W U W x 1 0 2 2 5 U x 0
9 5
The integral is
1 4 5 x 5 dx = L 5 0 4
so
FD = 0.371 W L U
1 5
FD = 13.9 N
This is the drag on one plate. The total drag is then
FTotal = 4 FD For both sides:
FTotal = 55.8 N 2 FTotal = 112 N
For the composite plate
L = 4 7.5 cm
L = 0.30 m
1 5
FComposite = 0.371 W L U
FComposite = 42.3 N For both sides: 2 FComposite = 84.6 N
Problem 9.60
[3]
Problem 9.61
[3]
Problem 9.62
[3]
Problem 9.63
[3]
Problem 9.64
[3]
Problem 9.65
[3]
Problem 9.66
[3]
Problem 9.67
[3]
Problem 9.68
[3]

The given data is Table A.10
Data on flow in a duct Velocity at location 2; pressure drop; length of duct; position at which boundary layer is 20 mm
D = 150 mm = 1.23 kg m
3
1 = 10 mm
2 = 30 mm = 1.45 10
2 5 m
U1 = 25
m s
Governing equations Mass 0.382 = 1 x Rex

5
In the boundary layer
(9.26)
In the the inviscid core, the Bernoulli equation holds p V + + g z = constant 2 Assumptions: (1) Steady flow (2) No body force (gravity) in x direction For a 1/7-power law profile, from Example 9.4 the displacement thickness is Hence disp1 = disp2 = 1 8 2 8 disp = 8
2
(4.24)
disp1 = 1.25 mm disp2 = 3.75 mm
From the definition of the displacement thickness, to compute the flow rate, the uniform flow at locations 1 and 2 is assumed to take place in the entire duct, minus the displacement thicknesses A1 = 4 D 2 disp1
A1 = 0.0171 m
A2 =
2 D 2 disp2 4
A2 = 0.0159 m
Mass conservation (Eq. 4.12) leads to U2
( U1 A1) + ( U2 A2) = 0
The Bernoulli equation applied between locations 1 and 2 is p1 or the pressure drop is U1 2
2
or
A1 U2 = U1 A2
U2 = 26.8
m s
p2 U2 = + 2
p1 p2 = p =
2 2 U U1 2 2
p = 56.9 Pa
(Depends on value selected)
The static pressure falls continuously in the entrance region as the fluid in the central core accelerates into a decreasing core. If we assume the stagnation pressure is atmospheric, a change in pressure of about 60 Pa is not significant; in addition, the velocity changes about 5%, again not a large change to within engineering accuracy To compute distances corresponding to boundary layer thicknesses, rearrange Eq.9.26
1 5 5 4 1 4
0.382 = = 0.382 1 x U x Rex

5
so
x=
U 0.382
Applying this equation to locations 1 and 2 (using U = U1 or U2 as approximations)

5 4 1 4
x1 =
1 U 1 0.382 2 U 2 0.382
5 4
x1 = 0.382 m
1 4
x2 =
x2 = 1.533 m (Depends on value selected) 3 8
x2 x1 = 1.15 m For location 3 3 = 20 mm A3 = 4 D 2 disp3
disp3 =
disp3 = 2.5 mm A3 = 0.017 m

2
A1 U3 = U1 A3
5 4 1 4
U3 = 25.9
m s
x3 =
3 U 2 0.382
x3 = 0.923 m (Depends on value selected)
x3 x1 = 0.542 m
Problem 9.69
[3]

The given data is
Data on a large tanker Cost effectiveness of tanker; compare to Alaska pipeline
L = 360 m P = 9.7 MW
B = 70 m
D = 25 m P = 1.30 10 hp Pprop = P 70 %
4
= 1020
kg m
3
U = 6.69
m s
x = 2000 mi
(Power consumed by drag) Pprop = 1.86 10 hp Ps = 2.23 10 hp

4 4
The power to the propeller is The shaft power is The efficiency of the engines is Hence the heat supplied to the engines is The journey time is The total energy consumed is
Ps = 120% Pprop = 40 % Q = t = Ps x U
Q = 1.42 10 t = 134 hr
8 BTU
hr
Qtotal = Q t
Qtotal = 1.9 10
10
BTU
From buoyancy the total ship weight equals the displaced seawater volume Mship g = g L B D Hence the mass of oil is The chemical energy stored in the petroleum is The total chemical energy is Mship = L B D Moil = 75% Mship q = 20000 E = q Moil BTU lb E = 2.13 10 Qtotal E
13
Mship = 1.42 10 lb Moil = 1.06 10 lb

9
BTU
The equivalent percentage of petroleum cargo used is then BTU but for the ship epipeline = 120 ton mi
= 0.089 % BTU eship = 17.8 ton mi
The Alaska pipeline uses
Qtotal eship = Moil x
The ship uses only about 15% of the energy of the pipeline!
Problem 9.70
[3]
Linear, sinusoidal and parabolic velocity profiles Momentum fluxes
The momentum flux is given by where w is the width of the boundary layer For a linear velocity profile
2 mf = u w dy 0
u y = = U u y = sin = sin U 2 2 u y y 2 = 2 = 2 ( ) U u = U f ( )
1 2
(1)
For a sinusoidal velocity profile
(2)
For a parabolic velocity profile
(3)
For each of these
y =
Using these in the momentum flux equation
2 2 mf = U w f ( ) d 0 2 mf = U w d 0
2 1
(4)
For the linear profile Eqs. 1 and 4 give
mf =
1 2 U w 3
For the sinusoidal profile Eqs. 2 and 4 give
2 mf = U w sin d 2 0
2
mf =
1 2 U w 2
For the parabolic profile Eqs. 3 and 4 give
2 2 mf = U w 2 ( ) d 0
2
mf =
8 15
U w
The linear profile has the smallest momentum, so would be most likely to separate
Problem *9.71
[4]
Given: Laminar (Blasius) and turbulent (1/7 - power) velocity distributions

Find: Plot of distributions; momentum fluxes
Solution:
Computed results:
(Table 9.1) (Simpsons Rule) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 Laminar Weight Weight x u/U w (u/U )2 0.000 1 0.00 0.166 4 0.11 0.330 2 0.22 0.487 4 0.95 0.630 2 0.79 0.751 4 2.26 0.846 2 1.43 0.913 4 3.33 0.956 2 1.83 0.980 4 3.84 0.992 1 0.98 Simpsons': 0.525 y / = 0.0 0.0125 0.025 0.050 0.10 0.15 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Turbulent u/U 0.00 0.53 0.59 0.65 0.72 0.76 0.79 0.88 0.93 0.97 1.00
Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layer Velocity Profiles

1.0 0.8 y / 0.5 0.3 0.0 0 0.25 0.5 u/U 0.75 1
Laminar Turbulent
Problem 9.72
[2]
Problem 9.73
[3] Part 1/2
Problem 9.73
[3] Part 2/2
Problem 9.74
[4]
Problem 9.75
[5]

Basic equations:
Channel flow with laminar boundary layers Maximum inlet speed for laminar exit; Pressure drop for parabolic velocity in boundary layers
Retrans = 5 10
5.48 = x Rex
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) z = constant From Table A.10 at 20oC = 1.50 10
2 5 m
= 1.21
kg m Retrans L 5.48 Retrans

3
L = 3 m m s
h = 15 cm m s
Then For
Retrans =
Umax L
5
Umax = 2 = L
Umax = 2.50
U1 = Umax
U1 = 2.50
Retrans = 5 10 disp
1
2 = 0.0232 m
For a parabolic profile
1 1 u 2 = 1 d = 1 2 + d = 3 U 0 0
where trans is the displacement thickness
disp2 = From continuity
1 3 2
disp2 = 0.00775 m
U1 w h = U2 w h 2 disp2
h U2 = U1 h 2 disp2
U2 = 2.79
m s
Since the boundary layers do not meet Bernoulli applies in the core p1 U1 2
2
p2
U2 2
2 2 p = p1 p2 = U2 U1 2 p = 0.922 Pa H2O = 1000 kg m

3
p = From hydrostatics
2 2 U U1 2 2 with
p = H2O g h h = p H2O g
h = 0.0940 mm
h = 0.00370 in
Problem 9.76
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 9.76
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 9.77
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 9.77
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 9.78
[2]
Problem 9.79
[3]

Basic equations:
CD =
FD 1 2 V A 2 W = 7.5 cm
6 m 2
L = 7.5 cm = 1.01 10
A = W L
A = 5.625 10
3 2
V = 10
m s
= 998
kg m
3
First determine the Reynolds number CD = 0.0742 ReL

1 5
ReL =
V L
ReL = 7.43 10
so use Eq. 9.34
CD = 0.00497
1 2 The drag (one side) is then FD = CD V A 2 This is the drag on one plate. The total drag is then
FD = 1.39 N FTotal = 4 FD For both sides: FTotal = 5.58 N 2 FTotal = 11.2 N A = 0.0225 m
6 2
For the composite plate
L = 4 7.5 cm
L = 0.300 m ReL = V L
A = W L ReL = 2.97 10
First determine the Reylolds number CD = 0.0742 ReL

1 5
so use Eq. 9.34
CD = 0.00377
1 2 The drag (one side) is then FD = CD V A 2
FD = 4.23 N
For both sides:
2 FD = 8.46 N
Problem 9.80
[3]
Problem 9.81
[3]
Aircraft cruising at 40,000 ft Skin friction drag force; Power required
1 2 V A 2 We "unwrap" the cylinder to obtain an equivalent flat plate L = 125 ft From Table A.3, with For z = 40000 ft z = 12000 m z = 13000 m D = 12 ft z = 12192 m SL = 0.2546 with SL = 0.002377 slug ft
3
Basic equations:
CD =
FD
A = L D
A = 4712 ft
V = 500 mph
= 0.2176 SL ( 0.2176 0.2546) = 0.2546 + ( 12192 12000) = 0.255 SL ( 1300 12000) = 0.000606 slug ft
3
Hence at
z = 12192 m
= 0.255 SL
1 2
and also
T = 216.7 K
From Appendix A-3
b T
S 1+ T
1 2
with
b = 1.458 10
kg m s K
1 2
S = 110.4 K
Hence
b T 1+
S T
= 1.42 10
5 N s 2
= 2.97 10
7 lbf s 2
ft
Next we need the Reynolds number CD = 0.455 log ReL The drag is then
ReL =
V L
ReL = 1.87 10
so use Eq. 9.35
2.58
CD = 0.00195
1 2 F D = C D V A 2 P = FD V
FD = 1500 lbf P = 1.100 10

6 ft lbf
The power consumed is
P = 1999 hp
Problem 9.82
[3]
Given data: L = B = D = = = Computed results: A = U (mph) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 3600 Re L 9.70E+06 1.94E+07 2.91E+07 3.88E+07 4.85E+07 5.82E+07 6.79E+07 7.76E+07 8.73E+07 9.70E+07 1.07E+08 1.16E+08 1.26E+08 1.36E+08 1.45E+08 ft2 CD 0.00285 0.00262 0.00249 0.00240 0.00233 0.00227 0.00222 0.00219 0.00215 0.00212 0.00209 0.00207 0.00205 0.00203 0.00201 P (hp) 0.0571 0.421 1.35 3.1 5.8 9.8 15 22 31 42 56 72 90 111 136 80 35 5 1.21E-05 1.94 ft ft ft ft2/s slug/ft
3
(Table A.7) (Table A.7)
Power Consumed by Friction on a Barge

150 120 P (hp) 90 60 30 0 0 3 6 9 U (mph) 12 15
Problem 9.84
[3]
Problem 9.85
[4]
Problem 9.86
[3]

Basic equations:
Plastic sheet falling in water Terminal speed both ways
Fy = 0
for terminal speed
CD =
FD 1 2 V A 2
CD =
0.0742 ReL
1 5
(9.34) (assuming 5 x 105 < ReL < 107)
h = 10 mm From Table A.8 at 20oC Hence = 1.01 10

2 6 m
W = 1 m = 998 kg m
3
L = 0.5 m for water
A = W L
SG = 1.5
FD + Fbuoyancy W = 0
FD = W Fbuoyancy = g h A ( SG 1)
4 5 1 5 1 9 5
Also
1 0.0742 1 0.0742 2 2 2 FD = 2 CD A V = 2 A V = W L V = 0.0742 W L V 1 1 2 2 2 ReL

5
V L
4 5 1 5 1 9 5
Note that we double FD because we have two sides!
Hence
H2O g h W L ( SG 1) = 0.0742 W L V 2
1 5 g h ( SG 1) L V = 0.0742 5 9
Solving for V
V = 3.41
m s
6
Check the Reynolds numberReL =
V L
1 5 g h ( SG 1) L V = 0.0742 5 9
ReL = 1.69 10
Hence Eq. 9.34 is reasonable
Repeating for
L = 1 m V L
V = 3.68
m s
6
Check the Reynolds numberReL =
ReL = 3.65 10
Eq. 9.34 is still reasonable
The short side vertical orientation falls more slowly because the largest friction is at the region of the leading edge ( tails off as the boundary layer progresses); its leading edge area is larger. Note that neither orientation is likely - the plate will flip around in a chaotic manner
Problem 9.87
[4]
Problem 9.88
[4]
Problem 9.89
[4]
Given: "Resistance" data on a ship Find: Plot of wave, viscous and total drag (protoype and model); Power required by prototype Solution:
Given data: Lp = Ap = Lm = Am = SG = = = Computed results: Model Fr 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.60 Wave "Resistance" 0.00050 0.00075 0.00120 0.00150 0.00200 0.00300 0.00350 0.00320 Viscous Total Wave U (ft/s) "Resistance" "Resistance" Drag (lbf) 0.0052 0.0057 1.28 0.641 0.0045 0.0053 2.57 3.85 0.0040 0.0052 3.85 13.9 0.0038 0.0053 4.49 23.6 0.0038 0.0058 5.13 41.0 0.0036 0.0066 5.77 77.9 0.0035 0.0070 6.42 112 0.0035 0.0067 7.70 148 Viscous Drag (lbf) 6.67 23.1 46.2 59.7 78.0 93.5 112 162 Total Drag (lbf) 7.31 26.9 60.0 83.3 119 171 224 309 409 19500 5.11 3.05 1.025 2.26E-05 1023 ft ft2 ft (1/80 scale) ft2 lbf.s/ft2 slug/ft3 (Table A.2) (Table A.2)
Drag on a Model Ship

350 300 250 F (lbf) 200 150 100 50 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 U (ft/s) 7 8 9
Total Wave Viscous
Prototype Fr 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.60 Wave "Resistance" 0.00050 0.00075 0.00120 0.00150 0.00200 0.00300 0.00350 0.00320 Wave Viscous Total Viscous Total Drag Drag (lbf Drag (lbf x U (ft/s) "Resistance" "Resistance" 6 6 x 10 ) (lbf x 106) 10 ) 0.0017 0.0022 11.5 0.328 1.12 1.44 0.0016 0.0024 23.0 1.97 4.20 6.17 0.0015 0.0027 34.4 7.09 8.87 16.0 0.0015 0.0030 40.2 12.1 12.1 24.1 0.0013 0.0033 45.9 21.0 13.7 34.7 0.0013 0.0043 51.6 39.9 17.3 57.2 0.0013 0.0048 57.4 57.5 21.3 78.8 0.0013 0.0045 68.9 75.7 30.7 106
Drag on a Prototype Ship

120 100 80 F (lbf x 10 ) 60
6
Total Wave Viscous
40 20 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 U (ft/s) 60 70 80
For the prototype wave resistance is a much more significant factor at high speeds!
Problem 9.90
[1]
Problem 9.91
[3]
Fishing net Drag; Power to maintain motion
1 2 V A 2 We convert the net into an equivalent cylinder (we assume each segment does not interfere with its neighbors) L = 40 ft W = 5 ft d = n1 = n2 = 1 in 32 W D L D Spacing: D = 3 in 8 V = 7 knot Total length V = 11.8 ft s L1 = 6400 ft L2 = 6400 ft
Basic equations:
CD =
FD
Total number of threads of length L is
n1 = 160 n2 = 1280 LT = 12800 ft A = 33.3 ft

2 2
L1 = n1 L L2 = n2 W
Total number of threads of length W is Total length of thread LT = L1 + L2
Total length
LT = 2.42 mile A lot! Note that L W = 200 ft

5 ft 2
The frontal area is then A = LT d From Table A.7 = 1.94 slug ft The Reynolds number is Red = V d
3
= 1.21 10
Red = 2543 CD = 0.8
For a cylinder in a crossflow at this Reynolds number, from Fig. 9.13, approximately Hence The power required is 1 2 F D = C D V A 2 P = FD V FD = 3611 lbf P = 42658 ft lbf s
P = 77.6 hp
Problem 9.92
[2]
Problem 9.93
[3]
Data on a rotary mixer New design dimensions
The given data or available data is R = 0.6 m For a ring, from Table 9.3 P = 350 W CD = 1.2 = 60 rpm = 1099 kg m
3
The torque at the specified power and speed is T = P 1 T 2 R T = 55.7 N m
The drag on each ring is then
FD =
FD = 46.4 N V = 3.77 m s
The linear velocity of each ring is
V = R
The drag and velocity of each ring are related using the definition of drag coefficient CD = FD 1 2 A V 2 FD 1 2 V C D 2 2 2 d di 4 o A = 4.95 10
3 2
Solving for the ring area
A =
But
A =
The outer diameter is
do = 125 mm di =
2 4 A do
Hence the inner diameter is
di = 96.5 mm
Problem 9.94
[2]
Problem 9.95
[3]
Given: Data on airplane and parachute Find: Time and distance to slow down; plot speed against distance and time; maximum "g"'s Solution:
Given data: M = Vi = Vf = CD = 8500 400 100 1.42 kg km/hr km/hr (Table 9.3)
3
= 1.23 kg/m Single: D = 6 m
Triple: D = 3.75 m
Computed results: A = 28.3 m2 t (s) x (m) V (km/hr) 0.0 0.0 1.0 96.3 2.0 171 3.0 233 4.0 285 5.0 331 6.0 371 7.0 407 8.0 439 9.0 469 9.29 477 400 302 243 203 175 153 136 123 112 102 100
A = 11.0 m2 t (s) x (m) V (km/hr) 0.0 0.0 1.0 94.2 2.0 165 3.0 223 4.0 271 5.0 312 6.0 348 7.0 380 7.93 407 9.0 436 9.3 443 400 290 228 187 159 138 122 110 100 91 89
"g "'s = -3.66 Max
Aircraft Velocity versus Time

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 2 4
One Parachute Three Parachutes
V (km/hr)
6 t (s)
10
Aircraft Velocity versus Distance

400 350 300 V (km/hr) 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200 300 x (m) 400 500
One Parachute Three Parachutes
Problem 9.96
[3]
Given: Data on airplane landing Find: Single and three-parachute sizes; plot speed against distance and time; maximum "g''s Solution:
Given data: M = 9500 kg V i = 350 km/hr V f = 100 km/hr x f = 1200 m C D = 1.42 (Table 9.3) = 1.23 kg/m
3
Computed results: Single: A = 11.4 m2 D = 3.80 m "g "'s = -1.01 Max t (s) x (m) V (km/hr) 0.00 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 24.6 0.0 216.6 393.2 542.2 671.1 784.7 886.3 978.1 1061.9 1138.9 1200.0 350 279 232 199 174 154 139 126 116 107 100
Triple: A = 3.8 m2 D = 2.20 m
Aircraft Velocity versus Time

350 300 250 V (km/hr) 200 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 t (s) 20 25
Aircraft Velocity versus Distance

350 300 250 V (km/hr) 200 150 100 50 0 0 200 400 600 800 x (m) 1000 1200
Problem 9.97
[2]
Problem 9.98
[2]
Problem 9.99
[2]
Problem 9.100
[2]
Data on cyclist performance on a calm day Performance hindered and aided by wind
The given data or available data is FR = 7.5 N CD = 1.2 The governing equation is The power steady power generated by the cyclist is P = FD + FR V Now, with a headwind we have Vw = 10 km hr M = 65 kg = 1.23 kg m FD =
3
A = 0.25 m V = 30 km hr
1 2 A V C D 2
FD = 12.8 N
P = 169 W V = 24 km hr
P = 0.227 hp
The aerodynamic drag is greater because of the greater effective wind speed FD = 1 2 A V + V w C D 2
FD = 16.5 N
The power required is that needed to overcome the total force FD + FR, moving at the cyclist's speed P = V FD + FR This is less than the power she can generate With the wind supporting her the effective wind speed is substantially lower VW = 10 FD = 1 2 km hr V = 40 km hr
P = 160 W She wins the bet!
A V V W C D
FD = 12.8 N
The power required is that needed to overcome the total force FD + FR, moving at the cyclist's speed P = V FD + FR This is more than the power she can generate
P = 226 W She loses the bet
Problem 9.101
[3]
Data on cyclist performance on a calm day Performance hindered and aided by wind; repeat with high-tech tires; with fairing
The given data or available data is FR = 7.5 N CD = 1.2 The governing equation is M = 65 kg = 1.23 kg m FD =
3
A = 0.25 m V = 30 km hr
1 2 A V C D 2
FD = 12.8 N P = 169 W P = 0.227 hp
Power steady power generated by the cyclist is
P = FD + FR V Vw = 10 km hr
Now, with a headwind we have
The aerodynamic drag is greater because of the greater effective wind speed FD = 1 2 A V + V w C D 2
(1)
The power required is that needed to overcome the total force FD + FR, moving at the cyclist's speed is P = V FD + FR
) ( )
2
(2)
Combining Eqs 1 and 2 we obtain an expression for the cyclist's maximum speed V cycling into a headwind (where P = 169 W is the cyclist's power) Cycling into the wind: P= FR + 1 2
V A V + Vw CD
(3)
This is a cubic equation for V; it can be solved analytically, or by iterating. It is convenient to use Excel's Goal Seek (or Solver). From the associated Excel workbook From Solver V = 24.7 km hr
By a similar reasoning: Cycling with the wind: P= FR + 1 2
V A V Vw CD
(4)
From Solver
V = 35.8
km hr
With improved tires
FR = 3.5 N 1 2 V P = F R + A V C D 2
Maximum speed on a calm day is obtained from
This is a again a cubic equation for V; it can be solved analytically, or by iterating. It is convenient to use Excel's Goal Seek (or Solver). From the associated Excel workbook From Solver V = 32.6 km hr
Equations 3 and 4 are repeated for the case of improved tires From Solver Against the wind V = 26.8 km hr With the wind V = 39.1 km hr
For improved tires and fairing, from Solver V = 35.7 km hr Against the wind V = 29.8 km hr With the wind V = 42.1 km hr
[3]
Given: Data on cyclist performance on a calm day Find: Performance hindered and aided by wind; repeat with high-tech tires; with fairing Solution:
Given data: FR = M = A = CD = = V = Vw = Computed results: F D = 12.8 N P = 169 W 7.5 65 0.25 1.2 1.23 30 10 N kg m2 kg/m3 km/hr km/hr
Using Solver :
Left (W) Right (W) Error V (km/hr) 169 169 0% 24.7
Left (W) Right (W) Error V (km/hr) Using Solver : 169 169 0% 35.8
With improved tires: FR = 3.5 N
Using Solver :
Left (W) Right (W) Error V (km/hr) 169 169 0% 39.1
With improved tires and fairing: FR = CD = 3.5 0.9 N
Problem 9.102
[3]
Data on cyclist performance on a calm day Performance on a hill with and without wind
The given data or available data is FR = 7.5 N CD = 1.2 The governing equation is Power steady power generated by the cyclist is Riding up the hill (no wind) M = 65 kg = 1.23 kg m FD =
3
A = 0.25 m V = 30 km hr
1 2 A V C D 2
FD = 12.8 N P = 169 W P = 0.227 hp
P = FD + FR V = 5 deg
For steady speed the cyclist's power is consumed by working against the net force (rolling resistance, darg, and gravity) Cycling up the hill: P = FR + 1 2 V A V CD + M g sin( ) 2
This is a cubic equation for the speed which can be solved analytically, or by iteration, or using Excel's Goal Seek or Solver. The solution is obtained from the associated Excel workbook From Solver Now, with a headwind we have V = 9.47 Vw = 10 km hr km hr
The aerodynamic drag is greater because of the greater effective wind speed FD = 1 2 A V + V w C D
The power required is that needed to overcome the total force (rolling resistance, drag, and gravity) moving at the cyclist's speed is Uphill against the wind: This is again a cubic equation for V From Solver V = 8.94 km hr P= FR + 1 2 A V + Vw CD + M g sin ( ) V
Pedalling downhill (no wind) gravity helps increase the speed; the maximum speed is obtained from Cycling down the hill: P = FR +
1 2 A V CD M g sin ( ) V 2
This cubic equation for V is solved in the associated Excel workbook From Solver V = 63.6 km hr
Pedalling downhill (wind assisted) gravity helps increase the speed; the maximum speed is obtained from Wind-assisted downhill: 1 2 P = FR + A V Vw CD M g sin ( ) V 2
This cubic equation for V is solved in the associated Excel workbook From Solver V = 73.0 km hr
Freewheeling downhill, the maximum speed is obtained from the fact that the net force is zero Freewheeling downhill: FR + 1 2 A V CD M g sin ( ) = 0 2 M g sin ( ) FR 1 A C D 2 1 2 A V Vw CD M g sin ( ) = 0 2 M g sin ( ) FR 1 A C D 2 V = 68.1 km hr V = 58.1 km hr
V =
Wind assisted:
FR +
V = Vw +
[3]
Given: Data on cyclist performance on a calm day Find: Performance on a hill with and without wind Solution:
Given data: FR = M = A = CD = = V = Vw = = Computed results:
1 2 FD = A V CD 2 P = FD + FR V
Cycling up the hill: P = FR +
7.5 65 0.25 1.2 1.23 30 10 5
N kg m2 kg/m km/hr km/hr deg

3
FD = P =
12.8 169
N W
1 2
AV CD + M gsin( ) V
2
Using Solver :
Uphill against the wind:
Left (W) 169
Right (W) 169
Error 0%
V (km/hr) 9.47
1 2 P = FR + A V + Vw CD + M gsin( ) V 2
Using Solver :
Left (W) 169
Right (W) 169
Error 0%
V (km/hr) 8.94
Cycling down the hill:
1 2 P = FR + A V CD M gsin( ) V 2
Using Solver :
Left (W) 169
Right (W) 169
Error 0%
V (km/hr) 63.6
Wind-assisted downhill:
1 2 P = FR + A V Vw CD M gsin( ) V 2
Using Solver :
Left (W) 169
Right (W) 169
Error 0%
V (km/hr) 73.0
Problem *9.103
V FBnet
[3]
FD y x
T Wlatex

Basic equations:
Series of party balloons Wind velocity profile; Plot Note: Flagpole is actually 27 ft tall, not 63 ft!
1 2 V A 2 The above figure applies to each balloon For the horizontal forces FD T sin ( ) = 0
CD =
FD
FB = air g Vol
F = 0
(1) (2)
3
For the vertical forces Here
T cos ( ) + FBnet Wlatex = 0 D FBnet = FB W = air He g 6
D = 9 in We have (Table A.6) RHe = 386.1 Rair = 53.33 ft lbf lbm R ft lbf lbm R
1 Mlatex = oz 10 pHe = 16.2 psi pair = 14.7 psi
Wlatex = Mlatex g THe = 530 R Tair = 530 R He = air = pHe RHe THe pair Rair Tair
Wlatex = 0.00625 lbf He = 0.000354 air = 0.00233 slug ft

3 3
slug ft
FBnet = air He g Applying Eqs 1 and 2 to the top balloon, for which FD = T sin ( ) = Hence But we have
D 6
FBnet = 0.0140 lbf = 65 deg sin ( ) FD = 0.0167 lbf

2
FBnet Wlatex cos ( )
FD = FBnet Wlatex tan( ) 1 1 2 2 D FD = CD air V A = CD air V 4 2 2 V = 8 FD CD air D

2
with
CD = 0.4
from Fig. 9.11 (we will check Re later)
V = 9.00
ft s V D Red = 4.14 10
4
From Table A.9
= 1.63 10
4 ft
The Reynolds number is Red =
We are okay!
For the next balloon
= 60 deg V = 8 FD CD air D
2
FD = FBnet Wlatex tan( ) V = 8.09 ft s

4
FD = 0.0135 lbf
with
CD = 0.4
The Reynolds number is Red = For the next balloon
V D
Red = 3.72 10
We are okay!
2

4
FD = 0.00927 lbf
with
CD = 0.4
V D
Red = 3.09 10
We are okay!
2

4
FD = 0.00777 lbf
with
CD = 0.4
V D
Red = 2.83 10
We are okay!
2

4
FD = 0.00544 lbf
with
CD = 0.4
V D
Red = 2.37 10
We are okay!
2

4
FD = 0.00449 lbf
with
CD = 0.4
V D
Red = 2.15 10
We are okay!
2

4
FD = 0.00283 lbf
with
CD = 0.4
V D
Red = 1.71 10
We are okay!
2

4
FD = 0.00137 lbf
with
CD = 0.4
V D
Red = 1.19 10
We are okay!
2
FD = 0.000680 lbf
with
CD = 0.4
V D
Red = 8367.80
We are okay!
In summary we have
V = ( 1.82 2.58 3.71 4.67 5.14 6.15 6.71 8.09 9.00 ) h = ( 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 ) ft
ft s
30
20
h (ft)
10 0
10
V (ft/s)
This problem is ideal for computing and plotting in Excel
Problem 9.104
V FB
[2]
FD
T x

Basic equations:
Sphere dragged through river Relative velocity of sphere
1 2 V A 2 The above figure applies to the sphere For the horizontal forces FD T sin ( ) = 0
CD =
FD
FB = g Vol
F = 0
(1) (2) and from Table A.7 = 1.41 10

5 ft 2
For the vertical forces Here
T cos ( ) + FB W = 0 D = 1 ft
SG = 0.25 = 45 deg
= 1.94
slug ft
3
Applying Eqs 1 and 2 to the sphere, for which FD = T sin ( ) =

3
FB W cos ( )
sin ( ) = g Vol ( 1 SG) tan( )
Hence But we have
F D = g
D ( 1 SG) tan( ) 6
2
FD = 24.5 lbf with CD = 0.4 from Fig. 9.11 (we will check Re later)
1 1 2 2 D F D = C D V A = C D V 4 2 2 V = 8 FD C D D
2
V = 8.97
ft s
5
The Reynolds number is Red = Try
V D
Red = 6.36 10 V = 8 FD
A bit off from Fig 9.11 V = 14.65 ft s
CD = 0.15 V D
C D D Red = 1.04 10
6
A good fit with Fig 9.11 (extreme right of graph)
Problem 9.105
[2]
Fn W

Basic equations:
Circular disk in wind Mass of disk; Plot versus V
CD =
FD 1 2 V A 2
M = 0
Summing moments at the pivotW L sin ( ) Fn L = 0 Hence The data is M g sin ( ) = = 1.225 kg m
3 2 2
and
2
Fn =
1 2 V n A C D 2
1 2 D ( V cos ( ) ) CD 4 2 V = 15 m s D = 25 mm = 10 deg CD = 1.17 (Table 9.3)
V cos ( ) D CD M = 8 g sin ( ) Rearranging V = 8 M g D C D We can plot this by choosing and computing V

80 2
M = 0.0451 kg m tan( ) s cos ( )
tan( ) cos ( )
V = 35.5
60
V (m/s)
40
20
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Angle (deg)
This graph can be easily plotted in Excel
Problem 9.106
[3]
Data on dimensions of anemometer Calibration constant; compare to actual with friction
The given data or available data is
D = 50 mm
R = 80 mm
= 1.23
kg m
3
The drag coefficients for a cup with open end facing the airflow and a cup with open end facing downstream are, respectively, from Table 9 CDopen = 1.42 1 2 The equation for computing drag is FD = A V CD 2 where A = D 4
2
CDnotopen = 0.38 (1)

3 2
A = 1.96 10
Assuming steady speed at steady wind speed V the sum of moments will be zero. The two cups that are momentarily parallel to the flow will exert no moment; the two cups with open end facing and not facing the flow will exert a moment beacuse of their drag forces. For eac the drag is based on Eq. 1 (with the relative velocity used!). In addition, friction of the anemometer is neglected 1 2 2 1 M = 0 = A ( V R ) CDopen R A ( V + R ) CDnotopen R 2 2 or ( V R ) CDopen = ( V + R ) CDnotopen
2 2
This indicates that the anemometer reaches a steady speed even in the abscence of friction because it is the relative velocity on each cup that matters: the cup that has a higher drag coefficient has a lower relative velocity V
Rearranging for
k=
V R C V Dopen = + R CDnotopen
Hence
1 + CDnotopen CDopen R k = 1 CDnotopen CDopen
k = 0.251 m
k = 0.0948
km hr
rpm
For the actual anemometer (with friction), we first need to determine the torque produced when the anemometer is stationary but about to rotate Minimum wind for rotation is Vmin = 1 km hr
The torque produced at this wind speed is

2 1 R 1 A V 2 C Tf = A Vmin CDopen min Dnotopen R 2 2
Tf = 7.75 10
N m
A moment balance at wind speed V, including this friction, is 1 2 2 1 M = 0 = A ( V R ) CDopen R A ( V + R ) CDnotopen R Tf 2 2 or 2 Tf 2 2 ( V R ) CDopen ( V + R ) CDnotopen = R A V = 10 km hr
This quadratic equation is to be solved for when
After considerable calculations
= 104 rpm
This must be compared to the rotation for a frictionless model, given by V frictionless = k frictionless = 105 rpm frictionless
The error in neglecting friction is
= 1.12 %
Problem 9.107
[2]
Problem 9.108
[2]
Problem 9.109
[3]
Problem 9.110
[3]
W = CD = A = = Computed results:
1970's Sedan 4500 lbf 0.5 24 0.00234 ft2 slug/ft3
Current Sedan 3500 lbf 0.3 20 (Table A.9) ft2
V (mph) 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
F D (lbf) 12.1 18.9 27.2 37.0 48.3 61.2 75.5 91.4 109 128 148 170 193 218 245 273 302
1970's Sedan F T (lbf) 79.6 86.4 94.7 104 116 129 143 159 176 195 215 237 261 286 312 340 370
P (hp) 4.24 5.76 7.57 9.75 12.4 15.4 19.1 23.3 28.2 33.8 40.2 47.5 55.6 64.8 74.9 86.2 98.5
F D (lbf) 6.04 9.44 13.6 18.5 24.2 30.6 37.8 45.7 54.4 63.8 74.0 84.9 96.6 109 122 136 151
Current Sedan F T (lbf) 58.5 61.9 66.1 71.0 76.7 83.1 90.3 98.2 107 116 126 137 149 162 175 189 204
P (hp) 3.12 4.13 5.29 6.63 8.18 10.0 12.0 14.4 17.1 20.2 23.6 27.5 31.8 36.6 42.0 47.8 54.3
V (mph) 47.3
F D (lbf) 67.5
F R (lbf) 67.5
V (mph) 59.0
F D (lbf) 52.5
F R (lbf) 52.5
The two speeds above were obtained using Solver
Power Consumed by Old and New Sedans

150 120 P (hp) 90 60 30 0 20 30 40 50 60 V (mph) 70 80 90 100 1970's Sedan Current Sedan
Problem 9.112
[3]
Data on a bus Power to overcome drag; Maximum speed; Recompute with new fairing; Time for fairing to pay for itself
1 2 Basic equation: FD = A V CD 2 The given data or available data is FD = The power available is 1 2 A V C D 2
P = FD V V = 50 mph FD = 478 lbf V = 73.3 ft s A = 80 ft

2
CD = 0.95
4 ft lbf
= 0.00234 P = 63.8 hp
slug ft
3
P = FD V
P = 3.51 10
Pmax = 450 hp
1 3
The maximum speed corresponding to this maximum power is obtained from
1 2 Pmax = A Vmax CD Vmax 2
or
Vmax =
We repeat these calculations with the new fairing, for which FD = 1 2 A V C D 2 FD = 428 lbf
CD = 0.85
1 A C D 2
Pmax
Vmax = 141
ft s
Vmax = 95.9 mph
Pnew = FD V
1 3
Pnew = 3.14 10
4 ft lbf
Pnew = 57.0 hp
The maximum speed is now
Vmax =
1 A C D 2
Pmax
Vmax = 146
ft s
Vmax = 99.5 mph
The initial cost of the fairing is
Cost = 4500 dollars
The fuel cost is Gain = Pnew P
dollars Costday = 200 day Gain = 89.5 %
The cost per day is reduced by improvement in the bus performance at 50 mph The new cost per day is then Hence the savings per day is The initial cost will be paid for in Costdaynew = Gain Costday Saving = Costday Costdaynew = Cost Saving
dollars Costdaynew = 179 day Saving = 21.1 dollars day
= 7.02 month
Problem 9.113
[3]
Problem 9.114
[4]
Data on a sports car Speed for aerodynamic drag to exceed rolling resistance; maximum speed & acceleration at 55 mph; Redesign change that has greatest effect
1 2 Basic equation: FD = A V CD 2 The given data or available data is
P = FD V M = 2750 lbm Pengine = 165 hp A = 18.5 ft

2
CD = 0.32 = 0.00234 slug ft

3
FR = 0.01 M g
The rolling resistance is then
FR = 27.5 lbf 1 2 V A C D = F R 2
To find the speed at which aerodynamic drag first equals rolling resistance, set the two forces equal Hence V = 2 FR A C D V = 63.0 ft s V = 43.0 mph V = 80.7
To find the drive train efficiency we use the data at a speed of 55 mph V = 55 mph The aerodynamic drag at this speed is FD = 1 2 V A C D 2 Pused = FD + FR V
ft s
Pengine = 12 hp
FD = 45.1 lbf
The power consumed by drag and rolling resistance at this speed is Hence the drive train efficiency is = Pused Pengine
Pused = 10.6 hp = 88.7 %
The acceleration is obtained from Newton's second lawM a = F = T FR FD where T is the thrust produced by the engine, given by T= P V Pengine = 165 hp
The maximum acceleration at 55 mph is when we have maximum thrust, when full engine power is used. Because of drive train inefficiencies the maximum power at the wheels is Pmax = Pengine Hence the maximum thrust is Tmax = amax = Pmax V Tmax = 998 lbf ft amax = 10.8 2 s Pmax = 146 hp
The maximum acceleration at 55 mph is then
Tmax FD FR M
The maximum speed is obtained when the maximum engine power is just balanced by power consumed by drag and rolling resistance For maximum speed:
2 1 V Pmax = Vmax A CD + FR max 2
This is a cubic equation that can be solved by iteration or by using Excel's Goal Seek or Solver We are to evaluate several possible improvements: For improved drive train = + 5 % = 93.7 % Pmax = Pengine
Vmax = 150 mph
Pmax = 155 hp
2 1 V Pmax = Vmax A CD + FR max 2
Solving the cubic (using Solver)
Vmax = 153 mph
Improved drag coefficient:
CDnew = 0.29 1 2 Pmax = Vmax A CDnew + FR Vmax 2
Vmax = 158 mph
This is the best option!
Reduced rolling resistance:
FRnew = 0.93 % M g 1 2 Pmax = Vmax A CD + FRnew Vmax 2
FRnew = 25.6 lbf
Vmax = 154 mph
Problem 9.115
[4]
Problem 9.116
[5]
Data on dimensions of anemometer Calibration constant
D = 50 mm
R = 80 mm
= 1.23
kg m
3
The drag coefficients for a cup with open end facing the airflow and a cup with open end facing downstream are, respectively, from Table 9 CDopen = 1.42 Assume the anemometer achieves steady speed due to steady wind speed V The goal is to find the calibration constant k, defined by k= V CDnotopen = 0.38
We will analyse each cup separately, with the following assumptions 1) Drag is based on the instantaneous normal component of velocity (we ignore possible effects on drag coefficient of velocity component parallel to the cup) 2) Each cup is assumed unaffected by the others - as if it were the only object present 3) Swirl is neglected 4) Effects of struts is neglected
R
Relative velocity = Vcos - R V Vcos
In this more sophisticated analysis we need to compute the instantaneous normal relative velocity. From the sketch, when a cup is at angle , the normal component of relative velocity is Vn = V cos ( ) R The relative velocity is sometimes positive sometimes negatiive. From Eq. 1, this is determined by (1)
R c = acos V
For 0 < < c c < < 2 c c < < 2 Vn > 0 Vn < 0 Vn > 0
(2)
0 Vn ( )
90
180
270
360
The equation for computing drag is
FD = A =
1 2 A V n C D 2 D 4
2
(3)
3 2
where
A = 1.96 10
In Eq. 3, the drag coefficient, and whether the drag is postive or negative, depend on the sign of the relative velocity For 0 < < c c < < 2 c c < < 2 The torque is CD = CDopen CD = CDnotopen CD = CDopen 1 2 T = F D R = A V n C D R 2 1 Tav = 2
2
FD > 0 FD < 0 FD > 0
The average torque is
1 T d = T d
where we have taken advantage of symmetry 1 Tav =

c
Evaluating this, allowing for changes when = c
1 1 2 A Vn CDopen R d A Vn CDnotopen R d 2 2 1
2 c
Using Eq. 1
A R 2 2 Tav = CDopen ( V cos ( ) R) d CDnotopen ( V cos ( ) R) d 2
c 2 2 2 A R V V Tav = CDopen cos ( ) R d CDnotopen cos ( ) R d 2 c

c
and note that
V =k 1 2 2 1 2 ( k cos ( ) R) d = k 2 cos ( ) sin ( ) + 2 2 k R sin ( ) + R 1 2 1 2 f ( ) = k cos ( ) sin ( ) + 2 k R sin ( ) + R 2 2 Tav = A R C f c CDnotopen f ( ) f c 2 Dopen
The integral is
For convenience define
Hence
( )
( ))
For steady state conditions the torque (of each cup, and of all the cups) is zero. Hence CDopen f c CDnotopen f ( ) f c or CDnotopen f c = f ( ) CDopen + CDnotopen
( )
( )) = 0
( )
Hence
CDnotopen 1 2 1 2 2 2 k cos c sin c + c 2 k R sin c + R c = k + R 2 2 2 C + C Dopen Dnotopen
( ) ( )
( )
Recall from Eq 2 that
R c = acos V
or
R c = acos k
Hence
CDnotopen 2 1 R 2 2 2 R 1 R R R k sin acos + acos 2 k R sin acos + R acos = k + R 2 k k 2 k k k CDopen + CDnotopen 2
This equation is to be solved for the coefficient k. The equation is highly nonlinear; it can be solved by iteration or using Excel's Goal Seek or Solver From the associated Excel workbook k = 0.316 m k = 0.119
km hr
rpm
[5]
Given: Data on dimensions of anemometer Find: Calibration constant Solution:

Given data: D = R = C Dopen = C Dnotopen = 50 80 1.42 0.38 mm mm
Use Solver to find k to make the error zero! k (mm) Left Right 315.85 37325.8 37326 k = k = 0.316 0.119 m km/hr/rpm
Error 0%
Problem 9.117
[4]
Problem 9.118
[4]
Problem 9.119
[5]
Problem 9.120
[2]

Basic equation:
Data on advertising banner Power to tow banner; Compare to flat plate; Explain discrepancy
FD =
1 2 A V C D 2
P = FD V V = 55 mph A = L h V = 80.7 ft s
2
L = 45 ft CD = 0.05
h = 4 ft L h
4 ft lbf
= 0.00234 CD = 0.563 P = 113 hp
slug ft
3
A = 180 ft P = FD V
4 ft 2
FD = For a flate plate, check Re ReL = CD =
1 2 A V C D 2
FD = 771 lbf = 1.62 10
P = 6.22 10
V L 0.455
(Table A.9, 69oF) so flow is fully turbulent. Hence use Eq 9.37b CD = 0.00258
ReL = 2.241 10
log ReL 1 2 F D = A V C D 2
2.58
1610 ReL FD = 3.53 lbf
This is the drag on one side. The total drag is then 2 FD = 7.06 lbf . This is VERY much less than the banner drag. The banner drag allows for banner flutter and other secondary motion which induces significant form drag.
Problem 9.121
[1]

Basic equation:
Data on car antenna Bending moment
FD =
1 2 A V C D 2 km hr V = 33.3 m s
2 5 m 2
The given or available data is
V = 120 A = L D
L = 1.8 m
D = 10 mm
A = 0.018 m kg m
3
= 1.225 V D
= 1.50 10
(Table A.10, 20oC)
For a cylinder, check Re From Fig. 9.13 The bending moment is then
Re =
Re = 2.22 10 FD =
CD = 1.0 L M = FD 2
1 2 A V C D 2
FD = 12.3 N
M = 11.0 N m
Problem 9.122
[1]

Basic equation:
Data on wind turbine blade Bending moment
FD =
1 2 A V C D 2 m s L = 0.45 m A = 15.75 m kg m
3 2 2 5 m
V = 45
W = 35 m
A = L W = 1.225
= 1.50 10
(Table A.10, 20oC)
For a flat plate, check Re
ReL = CD =
V L 0.0742 ReL
1 5
ReL = 1.35 10 1740 ReL CD = 0.00312
so use Eq. 9.37a
FD = The bending moment is then
1 2 A V C D 2
FD = 61.0 N M = 1067 N m
W M = FD 2
Problem 9.123
[4]

Basic equation:
Data on wind turbine blade Power required to maintain operating speed
FD =
1 2 A V C D 2 L = 0.45 m = 1.50 10
5 m 2
= 20 rpm = 1.225 kg m
3
w = 35 m (Table A.10, 20oC) V ( w) L Remax = 2.20 10

6
The velocity is a function of radial position, V ( r) = r , so Re varies from 0 to Remax =
The transition Reynolds number is 500,000 which therefore occurs at about 1/4 of the maximum radial distance; the boundary layer is laminar for the first quarter of the blade. We approximate the entire blade as turbulent - the first 1/4 of the blade will not exert much moment in any event Hence Re( r ) = L L V( r ) = r 1740 = 0.0742 r L L r
1 1 5 5
Using Eq. 9.37a
CD =
0.0742 ReL
1 5
1740 = ReL
0.0742
L r
1 5
1740
1 r L
The drag on a differential area is
dFD =
1 2 2 dA V CD = L V CD dr 2 2
w
The bending moment is then
dM = dFD r
Hence
1 2 M = 1 dM = L V CD r dr 2 0
w
1 1 5 1 2 3 5 r 1 dr M = L r 0.0742 r 1740 2 L L 0
1 19 5 1 1740 3 2 5 0.0742 5 M = L w w 2 3 L 19 L
1 2 M = L 2 0 M = 1.43 kN m
1 14 5 5 r 2 dr 0.0742 r 1740 L L
Hence the power is
P = M
P = 3.00 kW
Problem 9.124
[2]
Problem 9.125
[2]
Problem 9.126
[2]
Problem 9.127
[2]
Problem 9.128
[2]

Basic equation:
3 mm raindrop Terminal speed
FD =
1 2 A V C D 2
F = 0
Given or available data is
D = 3 mm
H2O = 1000
kg m
3
air = 1.225
kg m
3
= 1.50 10
2 5 m
(Table A.10, 20oC)
Summing vertical forces
M g FD = M g M = H2O D 6
3
1 2 A V CD = 0 2 air M = 1.41 10
5
Buoyancy is negligible kg A = D 4
2
A = 7.07 10
6 2
Assume the drag coefficient is in the flat region of Fig. 9.11 and verify Re later V = 2 M g CD air A V D V = 8.95 m s
3
CD = 0.4
Check Re
Re =
Re = 1.79 10
which does place us in the flat region of the curve
Actual raindrops are not quite spherical, so their speed will only be approximated by this result
Problem 9.129
[3]
Problem 9.130
[3]
Problem 9.131
[3]
F n2
Fn 1 W

Basic equations:
Circular disk in wind Mass of disk; Plot versus V
CD =
FD 1 2 V A 2
M = 0
1 D Summing moments at the pivotW L sin( ) Fn1 L L Fn2 = 0 2 2 Assume 1) No pivot friction 2) CD is valid for Vn = Vcos() The data is = 1.225 kg m D = 25 mm
3
(1) and for each normal drag
Fn =
1 2 V n A C D 2
= 1.8 10
5 N s 2
V = 15
m s = 10 deg so from Fig. 9.13 CD2 = 0.9
d = 3 mm Red =
2
L = 40 mm V d Red = 3063 Fn1 = 0.077 N
CD1 = 1.17 (Table 9.3) Hence Fn1 = Fn2 =
1 2 D ( V cos ( ) ) CD1 4 2 1 2 D 2 ( V cos ( ) ) L d CD2 2
Fn2 = 0.00992 N
The drag on the support is much less than on the disk (and moment even less), so results will not be much different from those of Problem 9
2
Hence Eq. 1 becomes
1 1 D 1 D 2 D 2 M L g sin ( ) = L ( V cos ( ) ) CD1 + L ( V cos ( ) ) L d CD2 4 2 2 2 2 2

2 2
V cos ( ) 1 D D 2 M = D CD1 + 1 L d CD2 4 g sin ( ) 2 2 2 L
M = 0.0471 kg
4 M g tan( ) 1 cos ( ) 1 D D 2 D CD1 + 1 L d CD2 2 2 L 2 We can plot this by choosing and computing V Rearranging V =
80
V = 35.5
m tan( ) s cos ( )
60
V (m/s)
40
20
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Angle (deg)
This graph can be easily plotted in Excel
Problem 9.132
[3]
Data on a tennis ball Terminal speed time and distance to reach 95% of terminal speed
2 5 m
The given data or available data is M = 57 gm D 4

2
D = 64 mm
3 2
= 1.45 10
= 1.23
kg m
3
Then
A =
A = 3.22 10
Assuming high Reynolds number At terminal speed drag equals weight The drag at speed V is given by
CD = 0.5 FD = M g FD = 1 2 A V C D 2 M g 1 A C D 2 Vt D
(from Fig. 9.11)
Hence the terminal speed is
Vt =
Vt = 23.8
m s
Check the Reynolds number
Re =
Re = 1.05 10
Check!
For motion before terminal speed Newton's second law applies M a = M dV 1 2 = M g V A CD dt 2 or

2 d V = g k V dt V
where
k =
A C D 2 M
k = 0.0174
1 m
1 dV = t g k V2 0 V ( t) = g k tanh( g k t) tanh( g k t)
1 dV = 2 g k V
1 g k
atanh
k V g
Hence
Evaluating at V = 0.95Vt
0.95 Vt =
g k
t =
1 g k
t
atanh 0.95 Vt
k g
t = 4.44 s
For distance x versus time, integrate
dx = dt
g tanh( g k t) k
x= 0
g k
tanh( g k t) dt
Note that
1 tanh( a t) dt = a ln ( cosh ( a t) ) x ( t) = 1 ln (cosh ( g k t)) k x ( t) = 67.1 m
Hence
Evaluating at V = 0.95Vt
t = 4.44 s
so
Problem 9.133
[3]

Basic equation:
Data on model airfoil Lift and drag coefficients
1 2 A V 2 Given or available data is D = 2 cm V = 30 m s
CD =
FD
CL =
FL
1 2 A V 2 (Rod) L = 25 cm FL = 50 N
where A is plan area for airfoil, frontal area for rod
b = 60 cm
c = 15 cm
(Airfoil)
FH = 6 N
Note that the horizontal force FH is due to drag on the airfoil AND on the rod = 1.225 kg m For the rod Rerod =
3
= 1.50 10
2 5 m
(Table A.10, 20oC)
V D
Rerod = 4 10 Arod = 5 10
so from Fig. 9.13 m
CDrod = 1.0
Arod = L D
3 2
1 2 FDrod = CDrod Arod V 2 Hence for the airfoil A = b c FD 1 2 A V 2
FDrod = 2.76 N FD = 3.24 N FL 1 2 A V 2 CL = 1.01 CL CD = 15.4
FD = FH FDrod CD = 0.0654 CL =
CD =
Problem 9.134
[3]
Problem 9.135
[4]
Problem 9.136
[3]
Problem 9.137
[4]
Problem 9.138
[4]
Problem 9.139
[4]
Data on a tennis ball Terminal speed time and distance to reach 95% of terminal speed
2 5 m
M = 57 gm D 4 24 Re 24 Re
0.646 2
D = 64 mm
3 2
= 1.45 10
= 1.23
kg m
3
Then From Problem 9.130
A = CD = CD =
A = 3.22 10 Re 1
1 < Re 400
5
CD = 0.5 CD = 0.000366 Re CD = 0.18 At terminal speed drag equals weight FD = M g The drag at speed V is given by Assume FD = 1 2 A V C D 2
0.4275
400 < Re 3 10
5
3 10 < Re 2 10
6
Re > 2 10
CD = 0.5 Vt = M g 1 A C D 2 Vt D Vt = 23.8 m s
Hence the terminal speed is
Check the Reynolds number
Re =
Re = 1.05 10
This is consistent with the tabulated CD values!
For motion before terminal speed, Newton's second law is
M a = M
dV 1 2 = M g V A CD dt 2
Hence the time to reach 95% of terminal speed is obtained by separating variables and integrating t= 0
0.95 Vt
1 g A C D 2 M V
2
dV
For the distance to reach terminal speed Newton's second law is written in the form M a = M V dV 1 2 = M g V A CD dx 2
Hence the distance to reach 95% of terminal speed is obtained by separating variables and integrating x= 0
0.95 Vt
V g A C D 2 M V
2
dV
These integrals are quite difficult because the drag coefficient varies with Reynolds number, which varies with speed. They are best evaluated numerically. A form of Simpson's Rule is V f ( V) dV = 3 f V0 + 4 f V1 + 2 f V2 + 4 f V3 + f VN
(( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ))
where V is the step size, and V0, V1 etc., are the velocities at points 0, 1, ... N. Here V0 = 0 VN = 0.95 Vt t = 4.69 s V = 0.95 Vt N
From the associated Excel workbook
x = 70.9 m
These results compare to 4.44 s and 67.1 m from Problem 9.132, which assumed the drag coefficient was constant and analytically integrated. Note that the drag coefficient IS essentially constant, so numerical integration was not really necessary!
[4]
Given: Data on a tennis ball Find: Terminal speed time and distance to reach 95% of terminal speed Solution:
Given data: M = = D = CD = 57 1.23 64 0.5 gm kg/m3 mm (Fig. 9.11)
= 1.45E-05 m2/s
Computed results: A = 0.00322 m2 V t = 23.8 m/s N = 20 V = 1.19 m/s For the time: V (m/s) Re 0 1.13 2.26 3.39 4.52 5.65 6.78 7.91 9.03 10.2 11.3 12.4 13.6 14.7 15.8 16.9 18.1 19.2 20.3 21.5 22.6 0 4985 9969 14954 19938 24923 29908 34892 39877 44861 49846 54831 59815 64800 69784 74769 79754 84738 89723 94707 99692 For the distance: f (V ) W xf (V ) 0.00 0.115 0.232 0.353 0.478 0.610 0.752 0.906 1.08 1.27 1.49 1.74 2.05 2.42 2.89 3.51 4.36 5.62 7.70 11.8 23.6 0.000 0.462 0.465 1.41 0.955 2.44 1.50 3.62 2.15 5.07 2.97 6.97 4.09 9.68 5.78 14.03 8.72 22.5 15.4 47.2 23.6
CD 5438 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
W 1 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 1
f (V ) W xf (V ) 0.102 0.102 0.103 0.104 0.106 0.108 0.111 0.115 0.119 0.125 0.132 0.140 0.151 0.165 0.183 0.207 0.241 0.293 0.379 0.550 1.05 0.102 0.409 0.206 0.416 0.212 0.432 0.222 0.458 0.238 0.499 0.263 0.561 0.302 0.659 0.366 0.828 0.483 1.17 0.758 2.20 1.05
Total time: 4.69 s Total distance: 70.9 m (This compares to 4.44s for the exact result) (This compares to 67.1 m for the exact result) Note that C D is basically constant, so analytical result of Problem 9.132 is accurate!
Problem 9.140
[4]
Data on an air bubble Time to reach surface; plot depth as function of time; repeat for different sizes
d0 = 0.3 in = SG w
h = 100 ft
w = 1000
2 7 m
kg m
3
SG = 1.025
(Table A.2)
= 1.05 8.03 10
(Tables A.2 & A.8)
patm = 101 kPa
The density of air is negligible compared to that of water, so Newton's second law is applicable with negligible MdV/dt M dV = 0 = F = F B F D dt or FB = FD (1)
where FB is the buoyancy force and FD is the drag (upwards is positive x) FB = Vol g FD = 1 2 A V C D 2 (2)
For a sphere, assuming high Reynolds number, from Fig. 9.11 CD = 0.5 The volume of the sphere increases as the bubble rises and experiences decreased pressure. Assuming the air is an isothermal idea gas p0 Vol0 = p Vol where p0 and Vol0 are the initial pressure and volume (at depth h), and p and Vol are the pressure and volume at any depth p0 = patm + g h p = patm + g ( h x) Hence
(patm + g h) 6 d0
3 = patm + g ( h x) d 6
d = d0
(patm + g h)
patm + g ( h x)
(3)
For example, at the free surface (x = h) d = 12.1 mm Combining Eqs. 1, 2 and 3 3 1 2 2 d = d V C D 6 2 4 4 g d 3 CD patm + g h 4 g d0 3 CD patm + g ( h x)
V =
V =
1 6
Strictly speaking, to obtain x as a function of t we would have to integrate this expression (V = dx/dt).
However, evaluating V at depth h (x = 0) and at the free surface (x = h) m s
x = 0 x = h
V0 = 0.446 V = 0.563
m s
we see that the velocity varies slightly. Hence, instead of integrating we use the approximation dx = Vdt where dx is an increment of displacement and dt is an increment of time. (This amounts to numerically integrating) Note that the Reynolds number at the initial depth (the smallest Re) is so our use of CD = 0.5 from Fig. 9.11 is reasonable The plots of depth versus time are shown in the associated Excel workbook The results are d0 = 0.3 in d0 = 5 mm d0 = 15 mm t = 63.4 s t = 77.8 s t = 45.1 s Re0 = V0 d0 Re0 = 4034
[4]
Given: Data on an air bubble Find: Time to reach surface; plot depth as function of time; repeat for different sizes Solution:
The equation is where
Given data: h = 100 ft h = 30.5 m 3 w = 1000 kg/m SG = 1.025 Table A.2) C D = 0.5 (Fig. 9.11) = 1025 kg/m3 p atm = 101 kPa Computed results: d 0 = 0.3 in d 0 = 7.62 mm t (s) x (m) V (m/s) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 63.4 0 2.23 4.49 6.76 9.1 11.4 13.8 16.1 18.6 21.0 23.6 30.5 0.446 0.451 0.455 0.460 0.466 0.472 0.478 0.486 0.494 0.504 0.516 0.563
d0 =
mm
d0 =
15
mm
t (s) x (m) V (m/s) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 77.8 0 1.81 3.63 5.47 7.32 9.19 11.1 13.0 14.9 16.9 18.8 20.8 22.9 25.0 27.1 29.3 30.5 0.362 0.364 0.367 0.371 0.374 0.377 0.381 0.386 0.390 0.396 0.401 0.408 0.415 0.424 0.435 0.448 0.456
t (s) x (m) V (m/s) 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.1 0 3.13 6.31 9.53 12.8 16.1 19.5 23.0 26.6 30.5 0.626 0.635 0.644 0.655 0.667 0.682 0.699 0.721 0.749 0.790
Use Goal Seek for the last time step to make x = h !
Depth of Air Bubbles versus Time
30 25 20 x (m) 15 10
Initial Diameter = 5 mm
5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 t (s)
Initial Diameter = 0.3 in Initial Diameter = 15 mm
60
70
80
Problem 9.141
[4]
Data on a tennis ball Maximum height
The given data or available data is M = 57 gm D 4 24 Re 24 Re

0.646 2
D = 64 mm
Vi = 50
m s m
= 1.45 10
3 2
5 m
= 1.23
kg m
3
Then
A =
A = 3.22 10
From Problem 9.130
CD = CD =
Re 1 1 < Re 400 400 < Re 3 10

0.4275 5 5 6
CD = 0.5 CD = 0.000366 Re CD = 0.18 The drag at speed V is given by FD = 1 2 A V C D 2
3 10 < Re 2 10 Re > 2 10
6
For motion before terminal speed, Newton's second law (x upwards) is
M a = M
dV 1 2 = V A CD M g dt 2 dV 1 2 = V A CD M g dx 2
For the maximum height Newton's second law is written in the form
M a = M V
Hence the maximum height is
Vi 0 V V dV dV = xmax = A C D 2 A C D 2 V g V + g 2 M 2 M V 0 i
This integral is quite difficult because the drag coefficient varies with Reynolds number, which varies with speed. It is best evaluated numerically. A form of Simpson's Rule is V f ( V) dV = f V0 + 4 f V1 + 2 f V2 + 4 f V3 + f VN 3
(( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ))
where V is the step size, and V0, V1 etc., are the velocities at points 0, 1, ... N.
Here
V0 = 0
VN = Vi xmax = 48.7 m
V =
Vi N
From the associated Excel workbook If we assume CD = 0.5 xmax = 0 xmax =

Vi
the integral
V dV A C D 2 V + g 2 M
becomes
A C D 2 M ln Vi + 1 A CD 2 M g
xmax = 48.7 m
The two results agree very closely! This is because the integrand does not vary much after the first few steps so the numerical integral is accurate, and the analytic solution assumes CD = 0.5, which it essentially does!
[4]
Given: Data on a tennis ball Find: Maximum height Solution:

The equation is
Given data: M = V0 = 57 50.0 gm m/s kg/m3 mm (Fig. 9.11)
= 1.23 D = 64 CD = 0.5
= 1.45E-05 m2/s
Computed results: A = 0.00322 m2 N = 20 V = 2.50 m/s V (m/s) 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 35.0 37.5 40.0 42.5 45.0 47.5 50.0 Re 0 11034 22069 33103 44138 55172 66207 77241 88276 99310 110345 121379 132414 143448 154483 165517 176552 187586 198621 209655 220690 CD 0.000 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 W 1 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 1 f (V ) W xf (V ) 0.000 0.252 0.488 0.695 0.866 1.00 1.09 1.16 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.18 1.15 1.13 1.10 1.06 1.03 1.00 0.970 0.940 0.000 1.01 0.976 2.78 1.73 3.99 2.19 4.63 2.39 4.84 2.42 4.80 2.36 4.62 2.25 4.38 2.13 4.13 2.00 3.88 0.940
Maximum height: 48.7 m (This is the same as the exact result) Note that C D is basically constant, so analytical result of Problem 9.132 is accurate!
Problem 9.142
[3]

Basic equation:
Data on rooftop carrier Drag on carrier; Additional fuel used; Effect on economy; Effect of "cheaper" carrier
CD =
FD
1 2 A V 2 w = 1 m V = 100 km hr kg m = 1.225 kg m
3 3
h = 50 cm V = 27.8 A = w h
5 m 2
r = 10 cm FE = 12.75 A = 0.5 m
2
d = 85 % km L FE = 30.0 mi gal kg kW hr
m s
H2O = 1000
BSFC = 0.3
= 1.50 10
s 1 2 FD = CD A V 2
(Table A.10, 20oF)
From the diagram Additional power is Additional fuel is
r = 0.2 h FD V P = d
so
CD = 0.25 P = 1.93 kW FC = 1.61 10

4 kg
FD = 59.1 N
FC = BSFC P
FC = 0.00965
kg min
Fuel consumption of the car only is (with SGgas = 0.72 from Table A.2) FC = The total fuel consumption is then V FE SGgas H2O FC = 1.57 10
3 kg
s
3 kg
FC = 0.0941 FCT = 0.104 FE = 27.2 mi
kg min kg min
FCT = FC + FC FE = V FCT SGgas H2O
FCT = 1.73 10 FE = 11.6 km L
Fuel economy with the carrier is r =0 h P = FD V d
gal
For the square-edged:
so
CD = 0.9 P = 6.95 kW
1 2 FD = CD A V 2
FD = 213 N
Additional power is
Additional fuel is
FC = BSFC P
FC = 5.79 10
4 kg
s FCT = 2.148 10 FE = 9.3 km L

3 kg
FC = 0.0348
kg min
The total fuel consumption is then
FCT = FC + FC FE = V SGgas H2O FCT
FCT = 0.129 FE = 21.9
kg min
Fuel economy withy the carrier is now
mi gal
The cost of the trip of distance d = 750 km for fuel costing p =
$ 3.50 with a rental discount = $ 5 less than the rounded carrier is then gal Cost = 69.47 $ plus the rental fee
Cost = The cost of the trip of with the rounded carrier ( FE = 11.6
d p discount FE
km ) is then L d p FE Cost = 59.78 $ plus the rental fee
Cost =
Hence the "cheaper" carrier is more expensive (AND the environment is significantly more damaged!)
Problem 9.143
[4]
Problem 9.144
[4]
Problem 9.145
[4]
Problem 9.146
[4]
Given: Data on a rocket Find: Plot of rocket speed with and without drag Solution:
From Example 4.12, with the addition of drag the momentum equation becomes
FB y + FS y t
r r v xyz V xyz dA
CV
a rf y dV =
CV
v xyz dV +
CV
where the surface force is

FS y = 1 AV 2 C D 2
Following the analysis of the example problem, we end up with

&e 1 AVCV 2 C D dVCV Ve m 2 = g & et dt M0 m
This can be written (dropping the subscript for convenience)

dV = f (V , t ) dt
(1)
where
f (V , t ) =
&e 1 AV 2 C D Ve m 2 & et M0 m
(2)
Equation 1 is a differential equation for speed V. It can be solved using Eulers numerical method
Vn +1 Vn + t f n
where Vn+1 and Vn are the n + 1th and nth values of V, fn is the function given by Eq. 2 evaluated at the nth step, and t is the time step. The initial condition is
V0 = 0 at t = 0
Given or available data: M 0 = 400 kg m e = 5 kg/s V e = 3500 m/s = 1.23 kg/m3 D = 700 mm C D = 0.3 Computed results: A = 0.385 m2 N = 20 t = 0.50 s With drag: n t n (s) V n (m/s) f n V n+1 (m/s) 0 0.0 1 0.5 2 1.0 3 1.5 4 2.0 5 2.5 6 3.0 7 3.5 8 4.0 9 4.5 10 5.0 11 5.5 12 6.0 13 6.5 14 7.0 15 7.5 16 8.0 17 8.5 18 9.0 19 9.5 20 10.0 0.0 17.0 34.1 51.2 68.3 85.5 102 119 136 152 168 184 200 214 229 243 256 269 282 293 305 33.9 34.2 34.3 34.3 34.2 34.0 33.7 33.3 32.8 32.2 31.5 30.7 29.8 28.9 27.9 26.9 25.8 24.7 23.6 22.5 21.4 17.0 34.1 51.2 68.3 85.5 102 119 136 152 168 184 200 214 229 243 256 269 282 293 305 315 Without drag: V n (m/s) f n V n+1 (m/s) 0.0 17.0 34.1 51.3 68.7 86.2 104 122 140 158 176 195 213 232 251 270 289 308 328 348 368 33.9 34.2 34.5 34.8 35.1 35.4 35.6 35.9 36.2 36.5 36.9 37.2 37.5 37.8 38.1 38.5 38.8 39.1 39.5 39.8 40.2 17.0 34.1 51.3 68.7 86.2 104 122 140 158 176 195 213 232 251 270 289 308 328 348 368 388
Trajectory of a Rocket
400 300 V (m/s) 200 100 0 0 2 4 6 t (s) 8 10 12
Without Drag With Drag
Problem 9.147
[5]
Problem 9.148
[5]
Problem 9.149
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 9.149
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 9.150
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 9.150
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 9.151
[2]

Basic equation:
Antique airplane guy wires Maximum power saving using optimum streamlining
CD =
FD
1 2 A V 2 L = 50 m A = L D kg
3
P = FD V D = 5 mm A = 0.25 m
2 2
V = 175
km hr
V = 48.6
m s
= 1.21 The Reynolds number is
= 1.50 10
5 m
m V D Re =
(Table A.10, 20oC) so from Fig. 9.13 CD = 1.0 with standard wires
Re = 1.62 10
Hence
1 2 P = CD A V V 2
P = 17.4 kW
Figure 9.19 suggests we could reduce the drag coefficient to CD = 0.06 Hence 1 2 Pfaired = C D A V V 2 P = P Pfaired P = 94 % P Pfaired = 1.04 kW P = 16.3 kW
The maximum power saving is then
Thus
which is a HUGE savings! It's amazing the antique planes flew!
Problem 9.152
[4]
Problem 9.153
[4]
Problem 9.154
[1]
Problem 9.155
[5]
Problem 9.156
[1]

Basic equation:
Aircraft in level flight Effective lift area; Engine thrust and power
CD =
FD
For level, constant speed Given or available data is
1 2 A V 2 FD = T km V = 225 hr = 1.21 kg m
3
CL =
FL
1 2 A V 2 FL = W m V = 62.5 s (Table A.10, 20oC)
P = T V
CL = 0.45
CD = 0.065
M = 900 kg
Hence
1 2 FL = CL A V = M g 2 FL FD = CL CD FL = M g T = 1275 N P = 79.7 kW
A =
2 M g C L V
2
A = 8.30 m
Also
FL = 8826 N
CD FD = FL CL
FD = 1275 N
T = FD The power required is then P = T V
Problem 9.157
[2]
Problem 9.158
[2]
Data on an airfoil Maximum payload; power required
= 1.23
kg m
3
L = 1.5 m
w = 2 m
2
V = 12
m s
CL = 0.72
CD = 0.17
Then The governing equations for steady flight are
A = w L W = FL
A = 3m and
T = FD
where W is the model total weight and T is the thrust The lift is given by FL = 1 2 A V C L 2 FL = 191 N W = M g = FL M = FL g 1 2 A V C D 2 M = 19.5 kg M = 43 lb FL = 43 lbf
The payload is then given by
or
The drag is given by Engine thrust required The power required is
FD =
FD = 45.2 N T = 45.2 N P = 542 W
FD = 10.2 lbf
T = FD P = T V
P = 0.727 hp
The model ultralight is just feasible: it is possible to find an engine that can produce about 1 hp that weighs less than about 45 lb
Problem 9.159
[3]
Problem 9.160
[3]
Data on a light airplane Angle of attack of wing; power required; maximum "g" force
= 1.23
kg
3
M = 1000 kg CL = 0.72 W = M g = FL
A = 10 m
m m V = 63 s The governing equations for steady flight are where W is the weight T is the engine thrust The lift coeffcient is given by
CD = 0.17 T = FD
FL = CL =
1 2 A V C d 2 M g 1 2 A V 2 CL = 0.402
Hence the required lift coefficient is
From Fig 9.17, for at this lift coefficient and the drag coefficient at this angle of attack is
= 3 deg CD = 0.0065
(Note that this does NOT allow for aspect ratio effects on lift and drag!) Hence the drag is and FD = 1 2 A V C D 2 FD = 159 N T = 159 N
T = FD P = T V
The power required is then
P = 10 kW
The maximum "g"'s occur when the angle of attack is suddenly increased to produce the maximum lift From Fig. 9.17 CL.max = 1.72 FLmax = The maximum "g"s are given by application of Newton's second law M aperp = FLmax where aperp is the acceleration perpendicular to the flight direction 1 A V CL.max 2
2
FLmax = 42 kN
Hence
aperp =
FLmax M
m aperp = 42 2 s
In terms of "g"s
aperp = 4.28 g
Note that this result occurs when the airplane is banking at 90o, i.e, when the airplane is flying momentarily in a circular flight path in the horizontal plane. For a straight horizontal flight path Newton's second law is M aperp = FLmax M g FLmax M m aperp = 32.2 2 s
Hence
aperp =
In terms of "g"s
aperp = 3.28 g
Problem 9.161
[3]
The given data or available data is V = 12
m s
= 1.23
2
kg m
3
c = 1.5 m
b = 2 m
Then the area is and the aspect ratio is
A = b c ar = b c
A = 3m
ar = 1.33
The governing equations for steady flight are W = FL and T = FD
where W is the model total weight and T is the thrust At a 12o angle of attack, from Fig. 9.17 where CDi is the section drag coefficient CD = CDi + ar FL = 372 N W = M g = FL M = FL g 1 2 A V C D
2
CL = 1.4
CDi = 0.012
The wing drag coefficient is given by Eq. 9.42 1 2 A V C L 2
CL
CD = 0.48 FL = 83.6 lbf
The lift is given by The payload is then given by
FL =
or
M = 37.9 kg
M = 83.6 lb
The drag is given by Engine thrust required The power required is
FD =
FD = 127.5 N T = 127.5 N P = 1.53 kW
FD = 28.7 lbf
T = FD P = T V
P = 2.05 hp
NOTE: Strictly speaking we have TWO extremely stubby wings, so a recalculation of drag effects (lift is unaffected) gives b = 1 m c = 1.5 m
and
A = b c
A = 1.5 m
ar =
b c CL
2
ar = 0.667
so the wing drag coefficient is 1 2 F D = 2 A V C D 2 T = FD P = T V
CD = CDi + ar FD = 252 N T = 252 N
CD = 0.948 FD = 56.6 lbf
The drag is
Engine thrust is
The power required is
P = 3.02 kW
P = 4.05 hp
Problem 9.162
[3]
Problem 9.163
[3]
Problem 9.164
[3]
Vold = 225
m s
= 1.23
kg m
3
A = 180 m CL = 0.3
10 arold = 1.8 CDi = 0.0062
arold = 5.56 (CDi is the old airfoil's section drag coefficient)
Assuming the old airfoil operates at close to design lift, from Fig. 9.19 CL
2
Then
CDold = CDi + arold arnew = 8 CDnew = CDi + arnew 1 2 P = T V = FD V = A V CD V 2 CL

2
CDold = 0.0114
The new wing aspect ratio is Hence
CDnew = 0.00978
The power required is
If the old and new designs have the same available power, then 1 1 2 2 A Vnew CDnew Vnew = A Vold CDold Vold 2 2 CDold Vnew = Vold CDnew
3
or
Vnew = 236
m s
Problem 9.165
[3]
Aircraft in circular flight Drag and power
1 2 A V 2 The given data or available data are = 0.002377 V = 150 mph slug ft
3
Basic equations:
CD =
FD
CL =
FL 1 2 A V 2
P = FD V
F = M a
R = 3250 ft V = 220 ft s
M = 10000 lbm A = 225 ft

2
M = 311 slug ar = 7
Assuming the aircraft is flying banked at angle , the vertical force balance is FL cos ( ) M g = 0 The horizontal force balance is M V FL sin ( ) = M ar = R
2
or
1 2 A V CL cos ( ) = M g 2
(1)
or
1 M V 2 A V CL sin ( ) = 2 R tan( ) = V R g
4 2
(2)
Equations 1 and 2 enable the bank angle to be found M g cos ( ) FL 1 2 A V 2
= atan
V2 R g
= 24.8 deg
Then from Eq 1
FL = CL =
FL = 1.10 10 lbf CL = 0.851 CL

2
Hence
For the section, CDinf = 0.0075 at CL = 0.851 (from Fig. 9.19), so CD Hence FD = FL FD = 524 lbf CL The power is P = FD V P = 1.15 10
5 ft lbf
CD = CDinf + ar
CD = 0.040
P = 209 hp
Problem 9.166
[4]
Aircraft in circular flight Maximum and minimum speeds; Drag and power at these extremes
1 2 A V 2 The given data or available data are = 0.002377 A = 225 ft

2
Basic equations:
CD =
FD
CL =
FL 1 2 A V 2
P = FD V
F = M a
slug ft
3
R = 3250 ft ar = 7
M = 10000 lbm
M = 311 slug
The minimum velocity will be when the wing is at its maximum lift condition. From Fig . 9. 17 or Fig. 9.19 CL = 1.72 where CDinf is the section drag coefficient The wing drag coefficient is then CD = CDinf + ar CL
2
CDinf = 0.02
CD = 0.155
Assuming the aircraft is flying banked at angle , the vertical force balance is FL cos ( ) M g = 0 The horizontal force balance is M V FL sin ( ) = M ar = R
2
or
1 2 A V CL cos ( ) = M g 2
(1)
or
1 M V 2 A V CL sin ( ) = 2 R
(2)
Equations 1 and 2 enable the bank angle and the velocity V to be determined
2 M V 2 M g R 2 2 + =1 sin ( ) + cos ( ) = 1 1 2 2 A V C A V C 2 L L 2
or
M V R
2
A V CL + M g = 4
2 2
V =
M g A CL 4
2 2 2
2 2 2
V = 149 M R
2 2
ft s
V = 102 mph
tan( ) =
V R g
= atan
V2 R g
= 12.0 deg
The drag is then
FD =
1 2 A V C D 2 P = FD V
FD = 918 lbf P = 1.37 10

5 ft lbf
The power required to overcome drag is
P = 249 hp
The analysis is repeated for the maximum speed case, when the lift/drag coefficient is at its minimum value. From Fig. 9.19, reasonable values are CL = 0.3 The wing drag coefficient is then
4 2 2 2
CDinf =
CL 47.6 CL
2
corresponding to = 2o (Fig. 9.17)
CD = CDinf + ar M g
2 2
CD = 0.0104 ft s
From Eqs. 1 and 2
V =
V = ( 309.9 + 309.9i)
2 A CL M 2 4 R
Obviously unrealistic (lift is just too low, and angle of attack is too low to generate sufficient lift)
We try instead a larger, more reasonable, angle of attack CL = 0.55 The wing drag coefficient is then
4
CDinf = 0.0065 CD = CDinf + ar M g

2 2 2
corresponding to = 4o (Fig. 9.17)

2
CL
CD = 0.0203 V = 204 mph
From Eqs. 1 and 2
V =
2 A CL M 2 4 R
V = 91.2
m s
tan( ) = The drag is then FD =
V R g
= atan
V2 R g
= 40.6 deg
1 2 A V C D 2
FD = 485 lbf P = FD V P = 1.45 10

5 ft lbf
The power required to overcome drag is
P = 264 hp
Problem 9.167
[4]
Problem 9.168
[3]
Problem 9.169
[4]
Car spoiler Whether they are effective
To perform the investigation, consider some typical data For the spoiler, assume b = 4 ft c = 6 in = 1.23 CL = 1.4 kg m From Fig. 9.17 a reasonable lift coefficient for a conventional airfoil section is Assume the car speed is V = 55 mph 1 2 A V C L 2
3
A = b c
A = 2 ft
Hence the "negative lift" is
FL =
FL = 21.7 lbf
This is a relatively minor negative lift force (about four bags of sugar); it is not likely to produce a noticeable difference in car traction The picture gets worse at 30 mph: FL = 6.5 lbf
For a race car, such as that shown on the cover of the text, typical data might be b = 5 ft In this case: c = 18 in FL = 1078 lbf A = b c A = 7.5 ft
2
V = 200 mph
Hence, for a race car, a spoiler can generate very significant negative lift!
Problem 9.170
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 9.170
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 9.171
[5]
Problem 9.172
[5]
Problem 9.173
[5]
Problem 9.174
[2]
Problem 9.175
[2]
Problem 9.176
[2]
Problem 9.177
[2]
Problem 9.178
[3]
Problem 9.179
x
[4]

Basic equations:
Baseball pitch Spin on the ball
CL =
FL
1 2 A V 2 slug = 0.00234 3 ft C = 9 in Re = V D D = C
F = M a
2
= 1.62 10
4 ft
s A = D 4
2
L = 60 ft
2
M = 5 oz Compute the Reynolds number
D = 2.86 in Re = 1.73 10
5
A = 6.45 in
V = 80 mph
This Reynolds number is slightly beyond the range of Fig. 9.27; we use Fig. 9.27 as a rough estimate The ball follows a trajectory defined by Newton's second law. In the horizontal plane (x coordinate) V FL = M aR = M ax = M R
2
and
FL =
1 2 A V C L 2
where R is the instantaneous radius of curvature of the trajectory From Eq 1 we see the ball trajectory has the smallest radius (i.e. it curves the most) when CL is as large as possible. From Fig. 9.27 we see this is when CL = 0.4 Solving for R R = 2 M C L A (1) R = 463.6 ft D = 1.8 2 V = 1.8 sin ( ) = 2 V D L R
Also, from Fig. 9.27
D = 1.5 2 V = 1.5 2 V D
to
defines the best range
Hence From the trajectory geometry
= 14080 rpm where
= 16896 rpm
x + R cos ( ) = R L x + R 1 =R R L x = R R 1 R
2 2
Hence
Solving for x
x = 3.90 ft
Problem 9.180
x
[4]

Basic equations:
Soccer free kick Spin on the ball
CL =
FL
1 2 A V 2 kg = 1.21 3 m C = 70 cm Re = D = V D C
F = M a
2 5 m
= 1.50 10
s D 4
2
L = 10 m
2
x = 1 m m s
M = 420 gm Compute the Reynolds number
D = 22.3 cm Re = 4.46 10
A =
5
A = 0.0390 m
V = 30
This Reynolds number is beyond the range of Fig. 9.27; however, we use Fig. 9.27 as a rough estimate The ball follows a trajectory defined by Newton's second law. In the horizontal plane (x coordinate) V FL = M aR = M ax = M R where R is the instantaneous radius of curvature of the trajectory Hence, solving for R From the trajectory geometry Hence R= 2 M C L A (1) where sin ( ) = L R
2
and
FL =
1 2 A V C L 2
x + R cos ( ) = R L x + R 1 =R R R =
2
Solving for R Hence, from Eq 1 For this lift coefficient, from Fig. 9.27 Hence
(L2 + x2)
2 x 2 M R A
R = 50.5 m CL = 0.353
CL =
D = 1.2 2 V = 1.2 2 V D = 3086 rpm
(And of course, Beckham still kind of rules!)
Problem 10.1
[2]
Problem 10.2
[2]

Basic equations:
Geometry of centrifugal pump Estimate discharge for axial entry; Head
(Eq. 10.2b) (Eq. 10.2c)
The given or available data is = 1.94 slug ft

3
r1 = 4 in 1 = 30 deg Vn =
r2 = 7.5 in 2 = 20 deg
b1 = 1.5 in
b2 = 1.5 in
= 1500 rpm From continuity
Q = Vrb sin ( ) 2 r b Vn sin ( )
Vrb = cos ( ) = U
Vn sin ( )
From geometry
Vt = U Vrb cos ( ) = U Vt1 = 0 U1 = r1 Q = 2 r1 b1 U1 tan 1 so
Q cot( ) 2 r b
For an axial entry
U1
Q cot 1 = 0 2 r1 b1 ft s ft Q = 7.91 s
3
( )
Using given data Hence
U1 = 52.4
( )
Q = 3552 gpm
To find the power we need U2, Vt2, and mrate The mass flow rate is mrate = Q U2 = r2 U2 = 98.2 ft s Vt2 = 53.9 ft s ft lbf s Wm = 148 hp H = 164 ft slug mrate = 15.4 s
Q Vt2 = U2 cot 2 2 r2 b2 Hence The head is
( )
Wm = U2 Vt2 U1 Vt1 mrate H = Wm mrate g
Wm = 81212
Problem 10.3
[2]

Basic equations:
Data on centrifugal pump Estimate basic dimensions
(Eq. 10.2b, directly derived from the Euler turbomachine equation)

3
Q = 150 gpm ft s
Q = 0.334
ft s
Win = 6.75 hp
= 67 %
= 3500 rpm For an axial inlet From the outlet geometry Hence, in Eq. 10.2b with and Hence
Vrb2 = 17.5 Vt1 = 0
2 = 90 deg
Vt2 = U2 Vrb2 cos 2 = U2 Wm = U2 mrate = r2 mrate Wm = Win mrate = Q r2 = Wm mrate

2 2 2 2
( )
and
U2 = r2
Wm = 4.52 hp slug mrate = 0.648 s r2 = 0.169 ft Vn2 = 17.5 ft s r2 = 2.03 in
Also From continuity Hence
Vn2 = Vrb2 sin 2 Q Vn2 = 2 r2 b2 Q b2 = 2 r2 Vn2
( )
b2 = 0.0180 ft
b2 = 0.216 in
Problem 10.4
[2]
Problem 10.5
[2]

Basic equations:
Geometry of centrifugal pump Theoretical head; Power input for given flow rate
(Eq. 10.2b) (Eq. 10.2c)

3
r1 = 3 in 1 = 60 deg Vn =
r2 = 9.75 in 2 = 70 deg
b1 = 1.5 in Q = 1500 gpm Vrb = Vn sin( )
b2 = 1.125 in Q = 3.34 ft s
3
Q = Vrb sin( ) 2 r b Vn sin ( ) cos ( ) = U ft s
From geometry
Vt = U Vrb cos ( ) = U U1 = r1
Q cot( ) 2 r b U2 = r2 Vt1 = 22.9 Vt2 = 104 ft s ft s U2 = 106.4 ft s
Using given data
U1 = 32.7
Q Vt1 = U1 cot 1 2 r1 b1 Q Vt2 = U2 cot 2 2 r2 b2 The mass flow rate is mrate = Q
( ) ( )
slug mrate = 6.48 s
Hence The head is
Wm = 66728
ft lbf s
Wm = 121 hp H = 320 ft
Problem 10.6
[2]

Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b) (Eq. 10.2c)

3
r1 = 15 in 1 = 40 deg Vn =
r2 = 45 in 2 = 60 deg
b2 = 3.25 in Q = 178 ft s
3
Q = Vrb sin( ) 2 r b Vn sin ( )
From geometry
Vt = U Vrb cos ( ) = U U1 = r1
cos ( ) = U ft s
Q cot( ) 2 r b U2 = 226 ft s ft s ft s
Using given data
U1 = 75.3
U2 = r2 Vt1 = 6.94 Vt2 = 210
Q Vt1 = U1 cot 1 2 r1 b1 Q Vt2 = U2 cot 2 2 r2 b2 The mass flow rate is mrate = Q
( ) ( )
slug mrate = 346 s
Hence The head is
Wm = 1.62 10
7 ft lbf
Wm = 2.94 10 hp H = 1455 ft
Problem 10.7
[2]

Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b) (Eq. 10.2c)
The given or available data is = 1000 kg m

3
r2 = 7.5 cm Q = 225 Vn2 = m hr

3
b2 = 2 cm Q = 0.0625 Vn2 = 6.63 m s

3
2 = 65 deg
Q 2 r2 b2
m s
From geometry
Vn2 Vt2 = U2 Vrb2 cos 2 = U2 cos 2 sin 2
( )
( )
m s
( )
Using given data Hence The mass flow rate is Hence The head is
U2 = r2
U2 = 13.7
Q Vt2 = U2 cot 2 2 r2 b2 mrate = Q Wm = U2 Vt2 mrate H = Wm mrate g
( )
Vt2 = 10.7
m s
Vt1 = 0
(axial inlet)
kg mrate = 62.5 s Wm = 9.15 kW H = 14.9 m
Problem 10.8
[2]

Basic equations:
Geometry of centrifugal pump Rotational speed for zero inlet velocity; Theoretical head; Power input
(Eq. 10.2b) (Eq. 10.2c)

3
r1 = 3 in 1 = 60 deg
r2 = 9.75 in 2 = 70 deg
b2 = 1.125 in Q = 8.91 ft s
3
From continuity
Vn =
Q = Vrb sin( ) 2 r b Vn sin( ) cos ( ) = U or
From geometry For Vt1 = 0 we get Hence, solving for
Vt = U Vrb cos ( ) = U U1 =
Q cot ( ) 2 r b r1 Q cot 1 = 0 2 r1 b1 rad s = 1001 rpm
Q cot 1 = 0 2 r1 b1 Q 2 r1 b1
2
( ) ( )
( )
cot 1
= 105 ft s
We can now find U2
U2 = r2
U2 = 85.2
Q Vt2 = U2 cot 2 2 r2 b2 The mass flow rate is Hence Eq 10.2b becomes The head is mrate = Q Wm = U2 Vt2 mrate H = Wm mrate g
( )
Vt2 = 78.4
ft s
slug mrate = 17.3 s Wm = 1.15 10

5 ft lbf
Wm = 210 hp H = 208 ft
Problem 10.9
[2]

Basic equations:
Geometry of centrifugal pump Draw inlet and exit velocity diagrams; Inlet blade angle; Power
Vn =
Q 2 r b b2 = 0.375 in Q = 1.8 ft s
3
The given or available data is R1 = 1 in = 1.94 slug ft U1 = R1 Vn2 = Q 2 R2 b2

3
R2 = 7.5 in Q = 800 gpm ft s ft s
= 2000 rpm
2 = 75 deg U2 = 131 ft s ft s
U1 = 17.5
U2 = R2 Vn1 = R2 R1 Vn2
Vn2 = 14.5
Vn1 = 109
Velocity diagrams:
Vrb1
Vt2
V n1 = V1 ( Vt1 = 0)
Vrb2
1
U1
Then From geometry Then
2
U2
V2 Vn2
Vn1 1 = atan U1
Vt1 = U1 Vn1 cos 1
1 = 80.9 deg
(Essentially radial entry) ft s Vt2 = U2 Vn2 cos 2 Wm = 5.75 10

4 ft lbf
( ) )
Vt1 = 0.2198
( )
Vt2 = 127.1
ft s
Wm = U2 Vt2 U1 Vt1 Q
Wm = 105 hp
Note: In earlier printings the flow rate was given as 8000 gpm not 800 gpm; water at 1089 ft/s would be quite dangerous!
Problem 10.10
[2]
Problem 10.11
[3]
Note: Earlier printings had 8000 gpm; it is actually 800 gpm!

Basic equations:
Geometry of centrifugal pump Shutoff head; Absolute and relative exit velocitiesTheoretical head; Power input
(Eq. 10.2b) (Eq. 10.2c)

3
R1 = 1 in 2 = 75 deg U2 = R2 Vt2 = U2 Vn2 = Q 2 R2 b2
R2 = 7.5 in Q = 800 gpm U2 = 131 ft s ft s s Vn2
b2 = 0.375 in Q = 1.8 ft s
3
= 2000 rpm At the exit At shutoff At design. from continuity
Vt2 = 131 Vn2 = 15 Vrb2 =
H0 =
1 U2 Vt2 g
H0 = 533 ft
ft
From the velocity diagram
Vn2 = Vrb2 sin 2
( ) ( )
sin 2 ft s
( )
Vrb2 = 15.0
ft s
Vt2 = U2 Vn2 cot 2 Hence we obtain with (see sketch above) For Vt1 = 0 we get V2 = Vn2 + Vt2
2 2
Vt2 = 127.0
V2 = 128
ft s
2 = atan Vn2
Vt2
Wm = 5.75 10
4 ft lbf
2 = 83.5 deg Wm = 105 hp H = 517 ft
Wm = U2 Vt2 Q H = Wm Q g
Problem 10.12
[2]

Basic equations:
Geometry of centrifugal pump Inlet blade angle for no tangential inlet velocity at 125,000 gpm; Head; Power
(Eq. 10.2b) (Eq. 10.2c)

3
r1 = 15 in 2 = 60 deg Vn =
r2 = 45 in Q = 125000 gpm
b1 = 4.75 in Q = 279 ft s
3
b2 = 3.25 in
= 575 rpm
From continuity
Q = Vrb sin( ) 2 r b Vn sin( )
Vrb = cos ( ) = U
Vn sin( )
From geometry
Vt = U Vrb cos ( ) = U U1 Q cot 1 = 0 2 r1 b1
Q cot ( ) 2 r b
For Vt1 = 0 we obtain
( )
or
cot 1 =
( )
2 r1 b1 U1 Q
Using given data
U1 = r1
U1 = 75.3
ft s 1 = 50 deg
Hence
1 = acot U2 = r2
2 r1 b1 U1 Q
U2 = 226 ft s Vt2 = 201 ft s
Also
Q Vt2 = U2 cot 2 2 r2 b2 The mass flow rate is mrate = Q
( )
slug mrate = 540 s
Hence
Wm = 2.45 10
7 ft lbf
Wm = 44497 hp H = 1408 ft
The head is
Problem 10.13
[3]
Problem 10.14
[3]
Data on a centrifugal pump Estimate exit angle of impeller blades
= 999
kg m
3
Q = 50
L s
Win = 45 kW D = 300 mm
= 75 %
= 1750 rpm
b2 = 10 mm
The governing equation (derived directly from the Euler turbomachine equation) is Wm U2 Q Wm = 33.8 kW
For an axial inlet
Vt1 = 0 D 2 Wm U2 Q Q D b2
hence
Vt2 = m s
We have
U2 =
U2 = 27.5
and
Wm = Win m s
Hence
Vt2 =
Vt2 = 24.6
From continuity
Vn2 =
Vn2 = 5.31
m s
With the exit velocities determined, can be determined from exit geometry
tan( ) =
Vn2 U2 Vt2
or
= atan
Vn2 U2 Vt2
= 61.3 deg
Problem 10.15
[3]
Problem 10.16
[1]
Impulse turbibe Optimum speed using the Euler turbomachine equation
The governing equation is the Euler turbomachine equation
In terms of the notation of Example 10.5, for a stationary CV
r1 = r2 = R Hence
U1 = U2 = U
Vt1 = V U
Vt2 = ( V U) cos ( )
and
mflow = Q
Tshaft = [ R ( V U) cos ( ) R ( V U) ] Q Wout = Tout = Q R ( V U) ( 1 cos ( ) )
Tout = Tshaft = Q R ( V U) ( 1 cos ( ) ) Wout = Q U ( V U) ( 1 cos ( ) )
The power is
These results are identical to those of Example 10.5. The proof that maximum power is when U = V/2 is hence also the same and will not be repeated here.
Problem 10.17
[3]
Data on a centrifugal pump Flow rate for zero inlet tangential velocity; outlet flow angle; power; head developed kg m r1 = 90 mm
3
= 999
= 1200 rpm
= 70 %
b1 = 10 mm
1 = 25 deg
r2 = 150 mm
b2 = 7.5 mm
2 = 45 deg
The governing equations (derived directly from the Euler turbomachine equation) are
We also have from geometry
Vt2 2 = atan Vn2
(1)
From geometry
Vn1 Vt1 = 0 = U1 Vrb1 cos 1 = r1 cos 1 sin 1
( )
( )
( )
and from continuity
Vn1 =
Q 2 r1 b1 Q = 2 r1 b1 tan 1
2
Hence
Q r1 =0 2 r1 b1 tan 1
( )
( )
Q = 29.8
L s
Q = 0.0298
m s
The power, head and absolute angle at the exit are obtained from direct computation using Eqs. 10.2b, 10.2c, and 1 above U1 = r1 From geometry U1 = 11.3 m s U2 = r2 U2 = 18.8 m s Vt1 = 0 m s
Vn2 Vt2 = U2 Vrb2 cos 2 = r2 cos 2 sin 2
( )
( )
m s
( )
and from continuity
Vn2 =
Q 2 r2 b2
Vn2 = 4.22
Hence
Vn2 Vt2 = r2 tan 2
( )
Vt2 = 14.6
m s
Using these results in Eq. 1
Vt2 2 = atan Vn2

Wm = U2 Vt2 U1 Vt1 Q H = 1 U2 Vt2 U1 Vt1 g
2 = 73.9 deg
Using them in Eq. 10.2b
Wm = 8.22 kW H = 28.1 m
Using them in Eq. 10.2c
This is the power and head assuming no inefficiency; with = 70%, we have (from Eq. 10.8c) Wh = Wm Hp = H (This last result can also be obtained from Eq. 10.8a Wh = Q g Hp) Wh = 5.75 kW Hp = 19.7 m
Problem 10.18
[1]

Basic equations:
Data on centrifugal pump Pressure rise; Express as ft of water and gasoline
Q g H Wm kg m
3
w = 1000 H = Wm
Q = 0.025
m s
Wm = 15 kW H = 171 ft
= 85 %
Solving for H
w Q g
H = 52.0 m Wm SG w Q g
For gasoline, from Table A.2
SG = 0.72
Hg =
Hg = 72.2 m
Hg = 237 ft
Problem 10.19
[3]

Basic equations:
Geometry of centrifugal pump Draw inlet velocity diagram; Design speed for no inlet tangential velocity; Outlet angle; Head; Power
(Eq. 10.2b) (Eq. 10.2c)
The given or available data is r1 = 75 mm = 1000 kg m

3
r2 = 150 mm Q = 30 L s
b1 = 7.5 mm Q = 0.030 m s
3
b2 = 6.25 mm
1 = 25 deg
2 = 40 deg
Velocity diagrams:
Vrb1
Vt2
V n1 = V1 ( Vt1 = 0)
Vrb2
1
U1
From continuity Vn = = Vrb sin ( ) 2 r b Vn sin ( ) Q
2
U2
Vrb = Vn sin ( ) cot( ) Q
V2 Vn2
Vn1 Vn2
A1 A2
r1 b1 r2 b2
From geometry For Vt1 = 0 we obtain Solving for
Vt = U Vrb cos ( ) = U U1 = cot 1 = 0 2 r1 b1 Q 2 r1 b1

2
cos ( ) = U or
Q 2 r b
( )
r1
2 r1 b1 rad s
cot 1 = 0 = 2318 rpm m s m s
( )
cot 1
( )
U1 = 18.2 m s
= 243
Hence Q 2 r2 b2
U1 = r1 Vn2 = Vn2 = 5.09 m s
U2 = r2
U2 = 36.4
Q Vt2 = U2 cot 2 2 r2 b2
( )
Vt2 = 30.3
From the sketch Hence
Vt2 2 = atan Vn2
2 = 80.5 deg Wm = U2 Vt2 Q H = Wm Q g Wm = 33.1 kW H = 113 m
The head is
Problem 10.20
[4]
Problem 10.21
[4]

Basic equations:
Geometry of centrifugal pump with diffuser casing Flow rate; Theoretical head; Power; Pump efficiency at maximum efficiency point
(Eq. 10.2b) (Eq. 10.2c)

3
r2 = 7.5 cm = 183 rad s
b2 = 2 cm
2 = 65 deg
= 1750 rpm Using given data
U2 = r2 Q = 0.065 m s
3
U2 = 13.7
m s
Illustrate the procedure with
From continuity
Vn2 =
Q 2 r2 b2
Vn2 = 6.9
m s
From geometry
Vn2 Vt2 = U2 Vrb2 cos 2 = U2 cos 2 sin 2
( )
( )
( )
Vt2 = 10.5 V2 = 12.6 m s Vt1 = 0 (axial inlet)
Hence
Q Vt2 = U2 cot 2 2 r2 b2 V2 = Vn2 + Vt2 U2 Vt2 g Wmideal

2 2
( )
m s
Hideal =
Hideal = 14.8 m Q Hideal Tfriction = 5.13 N m
Tfriction = 10 %
= 10 %
Tfriction = 10 %
Q g Hideal
Hactual = 60 %
V2
2 g
0.75
Vn2 2 g
Hactual = 3.03 m
Q g Hactual Q g Hideal + Tfriction
= 18.7 %
25 20
Efficiency (%)
15 10 5
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Q (cubic meter/s)
The above graph can be plotted in Excel. In addition, Solver can be used to vary Q to maximize . The results are Q = 0.0282 m s
3
= 22.2 %
Hideal = 17.3 m Wm = 5.72 kW
Hactual = 4.60 m
Wm = Q g Hideal + Tfriction
Problem 10.22
[2]
Problem 10.23
[2]
= 1000 kg/m3
Fitting a 2nd order polynomial to each set of data we find

2 H =-8440Q + 167Q + 59.9 2 =-302Q + 26.9Q + 0.170
Q (m /s) H (m) Pm (kW) Ph (kW) (%)

3
0.017 0.026 0.038 0.045 0.063
60 59 54 50 37
19 22 26 30 34
10.0 15.0 20.1 22.1 22.9
52.7% 68.4% 77.4% 73.6% 67.3%
Finally, we use Solver to maximize by varying Q : Q (m3/s) 0.045 H (m) 50.6 (%) 76.9%
Pump Performance Curve

70 100%
H
60 50 40 50% 30 20 10 0 0.00 0% 0.07
75%
25%
0.01
0.02
0.03
3
0.04
0.05
0.06
Q (m /s)
(%)
H (m)
= 1000 kg/m3
Fitting a 2nd order polynomial to each set of data we find H =-5404Q 2 + 194Q + 60.5 =-197Q 2 + 23.0Q + 0.150 Finally, we use Solver to maximize by varying Q : Q (m3/s) 0.058 H (m) 53.4 (%) 82.1%
Q (m3/s) H (m) Pm (kW) Ph (kW) (%) 0.018 0.028 0.035 0.050 0.058 0.081 62 62 61 57 53 41 22 26 30 34 37 45 10.9 17.0 20.9 28.0 30.2 32.6 49.8% 65.5% 69.8% 82.2% 81.5% 72.4%
Pump Performance Curve

70 100%
H
60 50 40 50% 30 20 10 0 0.00 0% 0.09
75%
25%
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
Q (m3/s)
(%)
H (m)
Problem 10.26
[3]

Basic equations:
Data on centrifugal pump Dynamic head at inlet and exit; Hydraulic power input; Pump efficiency; Motor size; Electric power required
(Eq. 10.8a)
(Eq. 10.8b)
(Eq. 10.8c)

3
= 2750 rpm z1 = 8.25 ft V1

2
e = 85 % V1 = 9 ft s
Q = 65 gpm p2 = 75 psi Hp2 = p2 g + V2
Q = 0.145 z2 = 30 ft
2
ft s
T = 6.25 lbf ft V2 = 12 ft s
p1 = 17.5 psi Then Hp1 = p1 g +
2 g
+ z1
Hp1 = 49.9 ft
2 g
+ z2
Hp2 = 205 ft Wh = 2.55 hp Wm = 3.27 hp We need a 3.5 hp motor
Also, from Eq. 10.8a
Wh = g Q Hp2 Hp1 Wm = T
Wh = 1405
ft lbf s ft lbf s
The mechanical power in is
Wm = 1800
From Eq. 10.8c
Wh p = Wm Wm We = e
p = 78.0 % We = 2117 ft lbf s We = 3.85 hp We = 2.87 kW
The input power is then
Problem 10.27
[3]

Basic equations:
Data on centrifugal pump Electric power required; gage pressure at exit
(Eq. 10.8a)
(Eq. 10.8b)
(Eq. 10.8c)

3
= 3000 rpm
p = 75 % z1 = 6.5 ft
e = 85 % V1 = 6.5 ft s
Q = 65 gpm
Q = 0.145
ft s
T = 4.75 lbf ft
p1 = 12.5 psi T p Q g
z2 = 32.5 ft
V2 = 15
ft s
From Eq. 10.8c Hence, from Eq. 10.8b Also
Hp =
Hp = 124 ft
2 2 p2 = p1 + V1 V2 + g z1 z2 + g Hp 2
p2 = 53.7 psi Wh = 1119 ft lbf s ft lbf s Wh = 2.03 hp Wm = 2.71 hp We = 2.38 kW
Wh = g Q Hp Wh Wm = p Wm We = e
The shaft work is then
Wm = 1492 We = 1756
Hence, electrical input is
ft lbf s
Problem 10.28
[2]
Problem 10.29
[2]
Problem 10.30
[2]
Problem 10.31
[2]
Problem 10.32
[2]

Basic equation:
Data on small centrifugal pump Specific speed; Sketch impeller shape; Required power input
(Eq. 10.22b)
(Eq. 10.8c)
The given or available data is = 1000 kg m Hence h = g H Q h

3 4 1 2 3
= 2875 rpm m s
2
p = 70 %
Q = 0.016
m s
H = 40 m
h = 392
(H is energy/weight. h is energy/mass)
Then
NS =
NS = 0.432
From the figure we see the impeller will be centrifugal Wh Wm = p
The power input is (from Eq. 10.8c)
Wm =
Q g H p
Wm = 8.97 kW
Problem 10.33
[3]
Data on a pump Shutoff head; best efficiency; type of pump; flow rate, head, shutoff head and power at 900 rpm

3
Ns = 1.74
D = 500 mm
Q = 0.725
m s
H = 10 m
Wm = 90 kW
' = 900 rpm
The governing equations are
Wh = Q g H
1 3 2 4 2
(10.8a)
Ns = Q h H 0 = C1 = Similarity rules Q1 1 D1
3
(7.16a)
U2 g
(From Eq. 10.7b)
Q2 2 D2
3
(10.19a)
h1 1 D1
2 2
h2 2 D2
2 2
(10.19b)
P1 1 1 D1
3 5
P2 2 2 D2
3 5
(10.19a)
h = g H
3 4
h = 98.1
J kg
Hence from Eq. 7.16a
Ns h Q
1 2
= 608 rpm
= 63.7
rad s
From Eq. 10.8a
Wh = Q g H Wh p = Wm U2 g
2
Wh = 71 kW p = 78.9 %
The shutoff head is given by
H0 =
(From Eq. 10.7b)
U2 =
D 2 U2 g Q2 2 h2 2 H'0 '
2 2 2 2
U2 = 15.9
m s
Hence
H0 =
H0 = 25.8 m
3
From Eq. 10.19a (with D1 = D2)
Q1 1 h1 1
2
or
Q Q' = '
' Q' = Q
m Q' = 1.07 s
From Eq. 10.19b (with D1 = D2)
or
H
2
H' '
2
H' = H
'
H' = 21.9 m
Also
H0
2
' H'0 = H0
H'0 = 56.6 m
U'2 (Alternatively, we could have used H'0 = ) g
From Eq. 10.19c (with D1 = D2)
P1 1
3
P2 2
3
or
Wm
3
W'm '
3
' W'm = Wm
W'm = 292 kW
Problem 10.34
[3]
Problem 10.35
[2]

Basic equation:
Data on centrifugal pump Head at 1150 rpm
(Eq. 10.2c)

3
Q = 0.025
m s
2 = 60 deg Vn2 = 3.5 m s
b2 = 1.25 cm
' = 1150 rpm Vn2 = Q 2 r2 b2
Hence
Q r2 = 2 b2 Vn2 ' V'n2 = V n2 U'2 = ' r2 V't2 = U'2 V'n2 cos 2 H' = U'2 V't2 g
r2 = 0.0909 m m V'n2 = 2.30 s m U'2 = 11.0 s
r2 = 9.09 cm
Then
Also
From the outlet geometry
( )
m V't2 = 9.80 s H' = 10.9 m
Finally
Problem 10.36
[3]

Basic equations:
Data on pumping system Number of pumps needed; Operating speed
Wh = Q g H
Wh p = Wm
3

3
Qtotal = 110 10 Wh = Qtotal g H Wm = Wh
6 L
day
Qtotal = 1.273 Wh = 125 kW Wm = 192 kW
m s
H = 10 m
= 65 %
Then for the system The required total power is
Hence the total number of pumps must be
192 = 5.12 , or at least six pumps 37.5 Qtotal 6 Q = 0.212 m s

3
The flow rate per pump will then be Q =
Q = 212
L s
From Fig. 10.15 the peak effiiciency is at a specific speed of about NScu = 2000 We also need H = 32.8 ft
3 4 1 2
Q = 3363 gpm
Hence
N = NScu
H Q
N = 473
The nearest standard speed to N = 473 rpm should be used
Problem 10.37
[3]

Basic equations:
Data on pumping system Total delivery; Operating speed
Wh = Q g H
Wh p = Wm

3
Wm = 35 hp WmTotal = 7 Wm WmTotal WhTotal g H
H = 50 ft
= 60 %
Then for the system
WmTotal = 245 hp WhTotal = 304 kW QTotal = 71.95 ft s

3
The hydraulic total power is WhTotal = The total flow rate will then be QTotal =
ft s
QTotal = 32293 gpm
The flow rate per pump is
Q =
QTotal 6
Q = 12.0
Q = 5382 gpm
From Fig. 10.15 the peak effiiciency is at a specific speed of about NScu = 2500
3 4 1 2
Hence
N = NScu
H Q
N = 641
The nearest standard speed to N = 641 rpm should be used
Problem 10.38
[3]
Given: Find:
Data on Peerless Type 10AE12 pump at 1760 rpm Data at speeds of 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600 rpm
Solution:
The governing equations are the similarity rules
Speed (rpm) = 2 Q (gal/min) Q 0 0 500 250000 1000 1000000 1500 2250000 2000 4000000 2500 6250000 3000 9000000 3500 12250000 4000 16000000
1760 Speed (rpm) = 1000 Speed (rpm) = 1200 Speed (rpm) = 1400 Speed (rpm) = 1600 H (ft) H (fit) Q (gal/min) H (ft) Q (gal/min) H (ft) Q (gal/min) H (ft) Q (gal/min) H (ft) 170 161 0 52.0 0 74.9 0 102.0 0 133.2 160 160 284 51.7 341 74.5 398 101.3 455 132.4 155 157 568 50.7 682 73.0 795 99.3 909 129.7 148 152 852 49.0 1023 70.5 1193 96.0 1364 125.4 140 144 1136 46.6 1364 67.1 1591 91.3 1818 119.2 135 135 1420 43.5 1705 62.6 1989 85.3 2273 111.4 123 123 1705 39.7 2045 57.2 2386 77.9 2727 101.7 110 109 1989 35.3 2386 50.8 2784 69.2 3182 90.4 95 93 2273 30.2 2727 43.5 3182 59.1 3636 77.2
Data from Fig. D.8 is "eyeballed" The fit to data is obtained from a least squares fit to H = H 0 - AQ 2 H0 = 161 ft A = 4.23E-06 ft/(gal/min)
Performance Curves for Pump at various Speeds

Fig. D.8 Data
180 160 140 H (ft) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Q (gal/min) 3000 3500
1000 rpm 1200 rpm 1400 rpm 1600 rpm
4000
4500
Problem 10.39
[2]
Problem 10.40
[3]
Problem 10.41
[3]
Problem 10.42
[3]
Problem 10.43
[3]
Problem 10.44
10.20 10-4
[3] Part 1/2
10.20
Problem 10.44
[3] Part 2/2
Problem 10.45
[4]
Problem 10.46
[3]

Basic equations:
Data on turbine system Model test speed; Scale; Volume flow rate
1 2 5 4
Wh = Q g H
Wmech Wh
NS =
P
1 2

3
h Wp = 17.5 MW Hp = 45 m
p = 120 rpm
Hm = 10 m
Wm = 35 kW
where sub p stands for prototype and sub m stands for model Note that we need h (energy/mass), not H (energy/weight) p Wp hp
1 2 1 2
hp = Hp g
hp = 441
m s
hm = Hm g
hm = 98.1
m s
Hence for the prototype
NS =
5 4 1 2
NS = 0.822
Then for the model
NS =
m Wm hm
1 2
5 4
m = NS
hm Wm
1 2
1 2
5 4
rad m = 42.9 s
m = 409 rpm
For dynamically similar conditions
Hp p Dp Qp p Dp
3 2 2
Hm m Dm Qm m Dm
3 2 2
so
Dm Dp
p Hm = 0.138 m Hp
3
Also
so
m Dm Qm = Qp p Dp
To find Qp we need efficiency. At Wp = 17.5 MW or Wp = 23468 hp and Hp = 45 m or Hp = 148 ft from F ig. 10.17 we find (see below), for
1 2
NScu =
N ( rpm) P ( hp) H ( ft)

5.4
= 35.7
= 93 %
Hence from
Wmech Wmech = Wh Q g H Wm g Hm
Qp =
Wp g H p m s
3
Qp = 42.6
m s
and also
Qm =
Qm = 0.384
Problem 10.47
[3]

Basic equation: Q1 1 D1
3
Data on a model pump Prototype flow rate, head, and power at 125 rpm
Wh = Q g H = Q2 2 D2
3
and similarity rules h1 1 D1

2 2
(10.19a)
h2 2 D2
2 2
(10.19b)
P1 1 1 D1 = 1000
3 5
P2 2 2 D2
3 5
(10.19a)
Nm = 100 rpm Qm = 1 m s
3
Np = 125 rpm Hm = 4.5 m Whm = 44.1 kW or
kg m
3
From Eq. 10.8a From Eq. 10.19a (with Dm/Dp = 1/3)
Whm = Qm g Hm Qp p Dp
3
Qm m Dm Np Nm hm m Dm
2 2 2 3
p Dp p 3 Qp = Qm = 3 Qm m Dm m m s
3
Qp = 27 Qm hp p Dp
2 2
Qp = 33.8
From Eq. 10.19b (with Dm/Dp = 1/3)
or
g Hp p Dp
2 2
g Hm m Dpm
2 2
p Dp p 2 Hp = Hm = 3 Hm m Dm m
From Eq. 10.19c (with Dm/Dp = 1/3) Pp p Dp
3 5
Np Hp = 9 Hm Nm
3
Hp = 63.3 m
5 3
Pm m Dm
3 5
or
p Dp p 5 Whp = Whm = 3 Whm m Dm m
Np Whp = 243 Whm Nm
Whp = 20.9 MW
Problem 10.48
[4]
Problem 10.49
[5]
Problem 10.50
[2]

Basic equation:
Data on a model pump Temperature for dynamically similar operation at 1750 rpm; Flow rate and head; Comment on NPSH Q1 1 D1 1 = 3500 rpm 1 = 1.23 10 Re1 = V1 D 1 =
2 5 ft 2 3
Re1 = Re2
and similarity rules
Q2 2 D2
3
H1 1 D1
2 2
H2 2 D2
2 2
2 = 1750 rpm
Q1 = 20 gpm
H1 = 60 ft
From Table A.7 at 59oF
s or 2 2 = 1 1 2 = 6.15 10
6 ft 2
For D = constant
1 D D 2 D D = Re2 = 1 2 , we find, by linear interpolation
From Table A.7, at 2 = 6.15 10
6 ft
T2 = 110 + Q1 1 D H1 1 D
2 2 3
( 120 110) ( 6.15 6.68) ( 6.05 6.68) Q2 2 Q2 = Q1 1
T2 = 118 degrees F
From similar operation
2 D
or
Q2 = 10 gpm
and also
H2 2 D
2 2
or
2 H2 = H1 1
H2 = 15 ft
The water at 118oF is closer to boiling. The inlet pressure would have to be changed to avoid cavitation. The increase between runs 1 and 2 would have to be p = pv2 pv1 where pv2 and pv1 are the vapor pressures at T2 and T1. From the steam tables (find them by Googling!) pv1 = 0.247 psi pv2 = 1.603 psi p = pv2 pv1 p = 1.36 psi
Problem 10.51
[3]

Basic equation:
Data on a boiler feed pump NPSHA at inlet for field temperature water; Suction head to duplicate field conditions
1 2 NPSHA = pt pv = pg + patm + V pv 2 Ds = 10 cm pinlet = 150 kPa Dd = 7.5 cm patm = 101 kPa H = 125 m zinlet = 50 cm pg = 145 kPa m s Q = 0.025 = 1000 m s
3
kg m
3
= 3500 rpm
For field conditions
pg = pinlet + g zinlet 4 Q D s
2
From continuity
Vs =
Vs = 3.18
From steam tables (try Googling!) at 115oC
pv = 169 kPa NPSHA = 82.2 kPa NPSHA = 8.38 m g NPSHA = 27.5 ft g pv = 3.57 kPa
Hence
1 2 NPSHA = pg + patm + Vs pv 2
Expressed in meters or feet of water
In the laboratory we must have the same NPSHA. From Table A.8 (or steam tables - try Googling!) at 27oC Hence The absolute pressure is pg = NPSHA patm pg + patm = 80.7 kPa 1 Vs + pv 2
2
pg = 20.3 kPa
Q (m3/s x 103) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Q2 1.00E+02 4.00E+02 9.00E+02 1.60E+03 2.50E+03 3.60E+03 4.90E+03
NPSHR (m) 2.2 2.4 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 5.1
NPSHR (fit) 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.1 3.6 4.2 5.0
The fit to data is obtained from a least squares fit to NPSHR = a + bQ 2 a = b = 2.12 m
3 3 2
Q (m3/s x 103) 81.2
NPSHR (m) 6.00 Use Goal Seek to find Q !
5.88E-04 m/(m /s x 10 )
NPSHR Curve for a Pump

5 NPSHR (m) 4 3 2 1 0 0 15 30
3 3 Q (m /s x 10 )
Data at 1500 rpm Curve Fit
45
60
75
Problem 10.53
[4]
Given data: L = e = D = K ent = L e /D = H0 = A = H = p atm = pv = = 6 0.26 15 0.5 30 3 3000 6 101 2.34 1000 m m/(m /s) m kPa kPa kg/m
2 3 3 2
Computed results: m mm cm Re f NPSHA (m) NPSHR (m) Q (m3/s) V (m/s) 0.010 0.566 8.40E+04 0.0247 16.0 3.30 0.015 0.849 1.26E+05 0.0241 16.0 3.68 0.020 1.13 1.68E+05 0.0237 15.9 4.20 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 0.045 0.050 0.055 0.060 0.065 0.070 0.0625 1.41 1.70 1.98 2.26 2.55 2.83 3.11 3.40 3.68 3.96 3.54 2.10E+05 0.0235 2.52E+05 0.0233 2.94E+05 0.0232 3.36E+05 0.0232 3.78E+05 0.0231 4.20E+05 0.0230 4.62E+05 0.0230 5.04E+05 0.0230 5.46E+05 0.0229 5.88E+05 0.0229 5.25E+05 0.0229 15.8 15.7 15.6 15.5 15.4 15.2 15.0 14.8 14.6 14.4 14.7 4.88 5.70 6.68 7.80 9.08 10.5 12.1 13.8 15.7 17.7 14.7 Error 0.00
= 1.01E-06 m /s
NPSHA and NPSHR

20 15 Head (m) 10 5 0 0.00 NPSHA NPSHR
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04 Q (m3/s)
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
Given data: L = e = D = K ent = L e /D = H0 = A = H = p atm = 6 0.26 15 0.5 30 3 3000 6 101 m mm cm
Computed results: T (oC) p v (kPa) (kg/m3) (m3/s) 0 0.661 1000 1.76E-06 5 0.872 1000 1.51E-06 10 1.23 1000 1.30E-06 15 1.71 999 1.14E-06 20 2.34 998 1.01E-06 25 30 35 3.17 4.25 5.63 997 996 994 Q (m3/s) V (m/s) 0.06290 3.56 0.06286 3.56 0.06278 3.55 0.06269 3.55 0.06257 3.54 3.53 3.52 3.50 Re 3.03E+05 3.53E+05 4.10E+05 4.67E+05 5.26E+05 f NPSHA (m) NPSHR (m) 0.0232 14.87 14.87 0.0231 14.85 14.85 0.0230 14.82 14.82 0.0230 14.79 14.79 0.0229 14.75 14.75 14.68 14.59 14.48 14.68 14.59 14.48 Error 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
m
3 2 m/(m /s) m kPa 3
8.96E-07 0.06240 8.03E-07 0.06216 7.25E-07 0.06187
5.91E+05 0.0229 6.57E+05 0.0229 7.24E+05 0.0228
= 1000 kg/m = 1.01E-06 m2/s
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Use Solver
7.38 992 6.59E-07 0.06148 3.48 7.92E+05 0.0228 14.34 14.34 9.59 990 6.02E-07 0.06097 3.45 8.60E+05 0.0228 14.15 14.15 12.4 988 5.52E-07 0.06031 3.41 9.27E+05 0.0228 13.91 13.91 15.8 986 5.09E-07 0.05948 3.37 9.92E+05 0.0228 13.61 13.61 19.9 983 4.72E-07 0.05846 3.31 1.05E+06 0.0228 13.25 13.25 25.0 980 4.40E-07 0.05716 3.23 1.10E+06 0.0227 12.80 12.80 31.2 978 4.10E-07 0.05548 3.14 1.15E+06 0.0227 12.24 12.24 38.6 975 3.85E-07 0.05342 3.02 1.18E+06 0.0227 11.56 11.56 47.4 972 3.62E-07 0.05082 2.88 1.19E+06 0.0227 10.75 10.75 57.8 969 3.41E-07 0.04754 2.69 1.18E+06 0.0227 9.78 9.78 70.1 965 3.23E-07 0.04332 2.45 1.14E+06 0.0227 8.63 8.63 84.6 962 3.06E-07 0.03767 2.13 1.05E+06 0.0228 7.26 7.26 101 958 2.92E-07 0.02998 1.70 8.71E+05 0.0228 5.70 5.70 to make the sum of absolute errors between NPSHA and NPSHR zero by varying the Q 's
NPSHR increases with temperature because the p v increases; NPHSA decreases because decreases and p v increases
Maximum Flow Rate Versus Water temperature

0.07 0.06 0.05
Q (m3/s)
0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
T (oC)
Problem 10.56
[2]
Problem 10.57
[2]
Problem 10.58
[3]

Basic equations:
Pump and reservoir system System head curve; Flow rate when pump off; Loss, Power required and cost for 1 m3/s flow rate
2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + 1 2 + g z1 + 2 2 + g z2 = hlT hp
hlT = f
L V V (K for the exit) + K 2 D 2
where points 1 and 2 are the reservoir free surfaces, and hp is the pump head Note also H = h g Pump efficiency: Wh p = Wm
Assumptions: 1) p1 = p2 = patm 2) V1 = V2 = 0 3) 2 = 0 4) z1 = 0, z2 = 15 m 4) K = Kent + Kent = 1.5 From the energy equationg z2 = f L V V hp + K 2 D 2

2 2
L V V hp = g z2 + f + K 2 D 2
L V V Hp = z2 + f + K 2 g D 2 g (Table 8.1)
Given or available data L = 300 m kg m

3
D = 40 cm
2 6 m
e = 0.26 mm
= 1000
= 1.01 10
(Table A.8)
The set of equations to solve for each flow rate Q are 4 Q D

2
V =
Re =
V D m s
3
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

m s Re = 3.15 10
6
L V V Hp = z2 + f + K 2 g D 2 g f = 0.0179 Hp = 33.1 m
For example, for

40 30
Q = 1
V = 7.96
Head (m)
20 10 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
10 20
Q (cubic meter/s)
The above graph can be plotted in Excel. In Excel, Solver can be used to find Q for Hp = 0 At Q = 1 m s
3
Q = 0.557
m s
(Zero power rate)
we saw that
Hp = 33.1 m
4
Assuming optimum efficiency at Q = 1.59 10 gpm from Fig. 10.15 Then the hydraulic power is Wh = g Hp Q Wh Wm = p
p = 92 % Wh = 325 kW Wm 2 = 706 kW
The pump power is then
If electricity is 10 cents per kW-hr then the hourly cost is about $35 If electricity is 15 cents per kW-hr then the hourly cost is about $53 If electricity is 20 cents per kW-hr then the hourly cost is about $71
Problem 10.59
[3] Part 1/2
Problem 10.59
[3] Part 2/2
Problem 10.60
[3]
Data on pump and pipe system Delivery through system
Given or available data: L1 = D1 = L2 = D2 = e = 3000 9 1000 6 0.00085 ft in ft in ft (Table 8.1) = K ent = K exp = Q loss = 1.23E-05 0.5 1 75
2 ft /s (Table A.7)
(Fig. 8.14) gpm
The system and pump heads are computed and plotted below. To find the operating condition, Goal Seek is used to vary Q 1 so that the error between the two heads is zero. Q 1 (gpm) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Q 1 (gpm) 627 Q 2 (gpm) 25 125 225 325 425 525 625 Q 2 (gpm) 552 V 1 (ft/s) 0.504 1.01 1.51 2.02 2.52 3.03 3.53 V 1 (ft/s) 3.162 V 2 (ft/s) 0.284 1.42 2.55 3.69 4.82 5.96 7.09 V 2 (ft/s) 6.263 Re 1 30753 61506 92260 123013 153766 184519 215273 Re 1 192785 Re 2 11532 57662 103792 149922 196052 242182 288312 Re 2 254580 f1 0.0262 0.0238 0.0228 0.0222 0.0219 0.0216 0.0215 f1 0.0216 f2 0.0324 0.0254 0.0242 0.0237 0.0234 0.0233 0.0231 f2 0.0232 H lT (ft) 0.498 3.13 8.27 15.9 26.0 38.6 53.6 H lT (ft) 42.4 H pump (ft) 55.6 54.5 52.8 50.4 47.3 43.5 39.0 H pump (ft) 42.4 Error) 0%
Pump and System Heads

60 50 H (ft) 40 30 20 10 0 0 100 200 300 400 Q (gal/min) 500 600 700 800
Pump System
Given or available data (Note: final results will vary depending on fluid data selected) : L = e = D = 500 0.046 20 m mm (Table 8.1) K ent = K exp = L e/D elbow = L e/D valve = 0.5 1 60 8 (Two) (Table 8.4) (Fig. 8.14)
cm = 1.01E-06 m2/s (Table A.8) z2 = 7.5 m
The pump data is curve-fitted to H pump = H 0 - AQ 2. The system and pump heads are computed and plotted below. To find the operating condition, Solver is used to vary Q so that the error between the two heads is minimized. Q (m3/s) 0.000 0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 H0 = Q2 0.00000 0.00063 0.00250 0.00563 0.01000 0.01563 0.02250 27 H p (m) 27.5 27.0 25.0 22.0 18.0 13.0 6.5 m V (m/s) 0.00 0.80 1.59 2.39 3.18 3.98 4.77 Re 0 157579 315158 472737 630317 787896 945475 f 0.0000 0.0179 0.0164 0.0158 0.0154 0.0152 0.0150 H p (fit) H lT + z 2 (m) 27 27 25 22 18 12.9 6.5 7.5 9.0 13.1 19.7 28.7 40.2 54.1
A = 9.30E+02 /(m3/s)2 Q (m3/s) V (m/s) 0.0803 2.56 Re f H p (fit) H lT + z 2 (m) Error) 21.4 cm H p (fit) H lT + z 2 (m) Error) 12.1 cm H p (fit) H lT + z 2 (m) Error) 8.9 8.9 0.00% 12.1 0.00% 21.4 0.00%
506221 0.0157 D = Re 30 f
Repeating for: Q (m3/s) V (m/s) 0.1284 1.82
539344 0.0149 D = Re 40 f
Repeating for: Q (m3/s) V (m/s) 0.1413 1.12
445179 0.0148
Pump and System Heads (20 cm pipe)

50 40 H (m) 30 20 10 0 0.00
Pump Curve Fit Pump Data Total Head Loss
0.03
0.06 Q (m3/s)
0.09
0.12
0.15
Problem 10.62
[3]
Given: Data on pump and pipe system Find: Delivery through system; valve position to reduce delivery by half Solution:
Given or available data (Note: final results will vary depending on fluid data selected) : L = 1200 D = 12 e = 0.00015 = 1.23E-05 z = -50 ft in ft (Table 8.1) ft2/s (Table A.7) ft K ent = K exp = L e/D elbow = L e/D valve = 0.5 1 30 8 (Fig. 8.14)
(Table 8.4)
The pump data is curve-fitted to H pump = H 0 - AQ 2. The system and pump heads are computed and plotted below. To find the operating condition, Solver is used to vary Q so that the error between the two heads is minimized. Q (gpm) Q 2 (gpm) H pump (ft) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 H0 = 0 250000 1000000 2250000 4000000 6250000 9000000 180 ft 179 176 165 145 119 84 43 V (ft/s) 0.00 1.42 2.84 4.26 5.67 7.09 8.51 Re 0 115325 230649 345974 461299 576623 691948 f 0.0000 0.0183 0.0164 0.0156 0.0151 0.0147 0.0145 H pump (fit) H lT + z (ft) 180 176 164 145 119 84.5 42.7 50.0 50.8 52.8 56.0 60.3 65.8 72.4
A = 1.52E-05 ft/(gpm)2 Q (gpm) V (ft/s) 2705 7.67 H pump (fit) H lT + z (ft) Error) Re f 623829 0.0146 68.3 68.3 0%

200 150 H (ft) 100 50 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Q (gal/min)
For the valve setting to reduce the flow by half, use Solver to vary the value below to minimize the error. L e/D valve = Q (gpm) V (ft/s) 1352 3.84 26858 H pump (fit) H lT + z (ft) Error) Re f 311914 0.0158 151.7 151.7 0%
Problem 10.63
[3]
Data on pump and pipe system Delivery through series pump system; valve position to reduce delivery by half
Given or available data (Note: final results will vary depending on fluid data selected) : L = D = e = = z = 1200 12 0.00015 1.23E-05 -50 ft in ft (Table 8.1) ft2/s (Table A.7) ft K ent = K exp = L e/D elbow = L e/D valve = 0.5 1 30 8 (Table 8.4) (Fig. 8.14)
The pump data is curve-fitted to H pump = H 0 - AQ 2. The system and pump heads are computed and plotted below. To find the operating condition, Solver is used to vary Q so that the error between the two heads is minimized. Q (gpm) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3250 H0 = A = Q (gpm) 3066 Q 2 (gpm) 0 250000 1000000 2250000 4000000 6250000 9000000 H pump (ft) 179 176 165 145 119 84 43 H pump (fit) 180 176 164 145 119 85 43 V (ft/s) 0.00 1.42 2.84 4.26 5.67 7.09 8.51 9.22 Re 0 115325 230649 345974 461299 576623 691948 749610 f 0.0000 0.0183 0.0164 0.0156 0.0151 0.0147 0.0145 0.0144 H pumps (par) 359 351 329 291 237 169 85 38 H lT + z (ft) 50.0 50.8 52.8 56.0 60.3 65.8 72.4 76.1
180 1.52E-05 V (ft/s) 8.70
ft ft/(gpm)2 Re 707124 f 0.0145 H pumps (par) 73.3 H lT + z (ft) 73.3 Error) 0%

400 350 300 H (ft) 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 1000 2000 Q (gal/min) 3000 4000
Pump Curve Fit Pump Data Total Head Loss Pumps in Series
For the valve setting to reduce the flow by half, use Solver to vary the value below to minimize the error. L e/D valve = Q (gpm) 1533 V (ft/s) 4.35 50723 Re 353562 f 0.0155 H pumps (par) 287.7 H lT + z (ft) 287.7 Error) 0%
Problem 10.64
[3]
Data on pump and pipe system Delivery through parallel pump system; valve position to reduce delivery by half
Given or available data (Note: final results will vary depending on fluid data selected) : L = D = e = = z = 1200 12 0.00015 1.23E-05 -50 ft in ft (Table 8.1) ft2/s (Table A.7) ft K ent = K exp = L e/D elbow = L e/D valve = 0.5 1 30 8 (Table 8.4) (Fig. 8.14)
The pump data is curve-fitted to H pump = H 0 - AQ 2. The system and pump heads are computed and plotted below. To find the operating condition, Solver is used to vary Q so that the error between the two heads is minimized. Q (gpm) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 H0 = A = Q (gpm) 4565 Q 2 (gpm) 0 250000 1000000 2250000 4000000 6250000 9000000 H pump (ft) 179 176 165 145 119 84 43 H pump (fit) 180 176 164 145 119 85 43 V (ft/s) 0.00 1.42 2.84 4.26 5.67 7.09 8.51 9.93 11.35 12.77 14.18 Re 0 115325 230649 345974 461299 576623 691948 807273 922597 1037922 1153247 f 0.0000 0.0183 0.0164 0.0156 0.0151 0.0147 0.0145 0.0143 0.0142 0.0141 0.0140 H pumps (par) 180 179 176 171 164 156 145 133 119 103 85 H lT + z (ft) 50.0 50.8 52.8 56.0 60.3 65.8 72.4 80.1 89.0 98.9 110.1
180 1.52E-05 V (ft/s) 12.95

200 150 H (ft) 100 50 0 0 1000 2000 Q (gal/min) 3000 4000 5000
Pump Curve Fit Pump Data Total Head Loss Pumps in Parallel
For the valve setting to reduce the flow by half, use Solver to vary the value below to minimize the error. L e/D valve = Q (gpm) 2283 V (ft/s) 6.48 9965 Re 526503 f 0.0149 H pumps (par) 159.7 H lT + z (ft) 159.7 Error) 0%
Problem 10.65
[4]
Data on pump and pipe system, and their aging Reduction in delivery through system after 20 and 40 years (aging and non-aging pumps)
Given or available data (Note: final results will vary depending on fluid data selected) : L = D = e = = z = 1200 12 0.00015 1.23E-05 -50 ft in ft (Table 8.1) ft2/s (Table A.7) ft K ent = K exp = L e/D elbow = L e/D valve = 0.5 1 30 8 (Fig. 8.14)
(Table 8.4)
The pump data is curve-fitted to H pump = H 0 - AQ 2. The system and pump heads are computed and plotted below. To find the operating condition, Solver is used to vary Q so that the error between the two heads is minimized.
New System: Q (gpm) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 H0 = A = Q (gpm) 2705 Q 2 (gpm) 0 250000 1000000 2250000 4000000 6250000 9000000 180 1.52E-05 V (ft/s) 7.67 ft ft/(gpm)2 Re 623829 f 0.0146 H pump (fit) 68.3 H lT + z (ft) 68.3 Error) 0% H pump (ft) 179 176 165 145 119 84 43 V (ft/s) 0.00 1.42 2.84 4.26 5.67 7.09 8.51 Re 0 115325 230649 345974 461299 576623 691948 f 0.0000 0.0183 0.0164 0.0156 0.0151 0.0147 0.0145 H pump (fit) 180 176 164 145 119 84.5 42.7 H lT + z (ft) 50.0 50.8 52.8 56.0 60.3 65.8 72.4
Pump and System Heads -When New

200 150 H (ft) 100 50 0 0 500 1000 1500 Q (gal/min) 2000 2500 3000 3500
20-Year Old System: f = 2.00 f new Q (gpm) 2541 V (ft/s) 7.21 Re 586192 f 0.0295 H pump (fit) 81.4 H lT + z (ft) 81.4 Error) 0% Flow reduction: 163 gpm 6.0% Loss
20-Year Old System and Pump: f = 2.00 f new Q (gpm) 2453 V (ft/s) 6.96 H pump = 0.90 H new Re 565685 f 0.0296 H pump (fit) 79.3 H lT + z (ft) 79.3 Error) 0% Flow reduction: 252 gpm 9.3% Loss
40-Year Old System and Pump: f = 2.40 f new Q (gpm) 2214 V (ft/s) 6.28 H pump = 0.75 H new Re 510754 f 0.0358 H pump (fit) 78.8 H lT + z (ft) 78.8 Error) 0% Flow reduction: 490 gpm 18.1% Loss
Problem 10.66
[4]
Data on pump and pipe system Delivery through series pump system; reduction after 20 and 40 years
(Table 8.4)
The pump data is curve-fitted to H pump = H 0 - AQ 2. The system and pump heads are computed and plotted below. To find the operating condition, Solver is used to vary Q so that the error between the two heads is minimized. Q (gpm) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3250 Q 2 (gpm) 0 250000 1000000 2250000 4000000 6250000 9000000 H pump (ft) 179 176 165 145 119 84 43 H pump (fit) 180 176 164 145 119 85 43 V (ft/s) 0.00 1.42 2.84 4.26 5.67 7.09 8.51 9.22 Re 0 115325 230649 345974 461299 576623 691948 749610 f 0.0000 0.0183 0.0164 0.0156 0.0151 0.0147 0.0145 0.0144 H pumps (par) 359 351 329 291 237 169 85 38 H lT + z (ft) 50.0 50.8 52.8 56.0 60.3 65.8 72.4 76.1
H0 = A = Q (gpm) 3066
180 1.52E-05 V (ft/s) 8.70

400 350 300 H (ft) 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 1000 2000 Q (gal/min) 3000 4000
Pump Curve Fit Pump Data Total Head Loss Pumps in Series
20-Year Old System: f = 2.00 f new Q (gpm) 2964 V (ft/s) 8.41 Re 683540 f 0.0291 H pumps (par) 92.1 H lT + z (ft) 92.1 Error) 0% Flow reduction: 102 gpm 3.3% Loss
20-Year Old System and Pumps: f = 2.00 f new Q (gpm) 2915 V (ft/s) 8.27 H pump = 0.90 H new Re 672235 f 0.0291 H pump (fit) 90.8 H lT + z (ft) 90.8 Error) 0% Flow reduction: 151 gpm 4.9% Loss
Problem 10.67
[4]
Data on pump and pipe system Delivery through parallel pump system; reduction in delivery after 20 and 40 years
(Table 8.4)
The pump data is curve-fitted to H pump = H 0 - AQ . The system and pump heads are computed and plotted below. To find the operating condition, Solver is used to vary Q so that the error between the two heads is minimized.
Q (gpm) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 H0 = A = Q (gpm) 4565
Q (gpm) 0 250000 1000000 2250000 4000000 6250000 9000000
H pump (ft) 179 176 165 145 119 84 43
H pump (fit) 180 176 164 145 119 85 43
V (ft/s) 0.00 1.42 2.84 4.26 5.67 7.09 8.51 9.93 11.35 12.77 14.18
Re 0 115325 230649 345974 461299 576623 691948 807273 922597 1037922 1153247
f 0.0000 0.0183 0.0164 0.0156 0.0151 0.0147 0.0145 0.0143 0.0142 0.0141 0.0140
H pumps (par) 180 179 176 171 164 156 145 133 119 103 85
H lT + z (ft) 50.0 50.8 52.8 56.0 60.3 65.8 72.4 80.1 89.0 98.9 110.1
180 1.52E-05 V (ft/s) 12.95

200 150 H (ft) 100 50 0 0 1000 2000 Q (gal/min) 3000 4000 5000
Pump Curve Fit Pump Data Total Head Loss Pumps in Parallel
20-Year Old System: f = 2.00 f new Q (gpm) 3906 V (ft/s) 11.08 Re 900891 f 0.0284 H pumps (par) 121.6 H lT + z (ft) 121.6 Error) 0% Flow reduction: 660 gpm 14.4% Loss
40-Year Old System: f = 2.40 f new Q (gpm) 3710 V (ft/s) 10.52 Re 855662 f 0.0342 H pump (fit) 127.2 H lT + z (ft) 127.2 Error) 0% Flow reduction: 856 18.7%
40-Year Old System and Pumps: f = 2.40 f new Q (gpm) 3150 V (ft/s) 8.94 H pump = 0.75 H new Re 726482 f 0.0347 H pump (fit) 106.4 H lT + z (ft) 106.4 Error) 0% Flow reduction: 1416 31.0%
Problem 10.68
[3]
Problem 10.69
[3]
Problem 10.70
10.69
[3]
10.65
10.69
Problem 10.71
8.155
[3]
Problem 10.72
[3]

Basic equations
Flow from pump to reservoir Select a pump to satisfy NPSHR

2 2 V1 V2 p1 p2 + + g z + + g z 1 2 = hlT hp 2 2
V1 L V1 hlT = hl + hlm = f + Kexit 2 D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 is approximately 1 4) V2 << Note that we compute head per unit weight, H, not head per unit mass, h, so the energy equation between Point 1 and the free surface (Point 2) becomes Solving for Hp
2 2 2 p1 V L V V Hp = z2 + f + Kexit 2 g g 2 g D 2 g 2 2 p1 V2 L V V ( z2) = f + + Kexit Hp 2 g D 2 g g 2 g
= 1.94
slug ft
3
= 1.08 10
5 ft
Re =
V D
Re = 6.94 10
For commercial steel pipe
e = 0.00015 ft
(Table 8.1)
so
e = 0.0002 D f = 0.0150
Flow is turbulent:
Given
e D 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

so we find p1 g
2 p1 L V Hp = z2 + f g D 2 g 2 p1 L V Hp = z2 + f g D 2 g
For the exit
Kexit = 1.0
Note that for an NPSHR of 15 ft this means D V 4

2
= 15 ft ft s
3
Hp = 691 ft
Note that
Q =
Q = 4.42
Q = 1983 gpm
For this combination of Q and Hp, from Fig. D.11 the best pump appears to be a Peerless two-stage 10TU22C operating at 1750 rpm After 10 years, from Problem 10.65, the friction factor will have increased by a factor of 2.2 f = 2.2 0.150 We now need to solve
2 p1 L V Hp = z2 + f g D 2 g
f = 0.330
for the new velocity V
V =
p1 2 D g Hp z2 + f L g D V 4
2
V = 2.13
3
ft s
and f will still be 2.2 0.150
Q =
Q = 0.94
ft s
Q = 423 gpm
Much less!
Problem 10.73
8.156
[3]
Problem 10.74
[3]
Pipe Data: Pipe A B C D L (ft) 150 150 150 150 D (in) 1.5 1.5 1 1.5 e (ft) 0.00085 0.00085 0.00085 0.00085
Fluid Properties: = = Flow Rate: Q = = Flows: 300 0.668 Q A (ft3/s) 0.668 V A (ft/s) 54.47 Re A 6.29E+05 fA 0.0335 gpm ft3/s Q B (ft3/s) 0.499 V B (ft/s) 40.67 Re B 4.70E+05 fB 0.0336 Q C (ft3/s) 0.169 V C (ft/s) 31.04 Re C 2.39E+05 fC 0.0384 Q D (ft3/s) 0.668 V D (ft/s) 54.47 Re D 6.29E+05 fD 0.0335 1.94 2.10E-05 slug/ft3 lbfs/ft2
Heads:
p A (psi) 804.0 (6) Q = Q B + Q C 0.00% Error:
p B (psi) 448.8
p C (psi) 448.8 (8) p B = p C 0.00%
p D (psi) 804.0
Constraints:
0.00%
Vary Q B and Q C using Solver to minimize total error
P (hp) Q (gpm) p (psi) 2057 300 360 This is a very high pressure; a sequence of pumps would be needed For the pump:
Given data: L e D K L ea /D = = = = = 300 0.26 20 1.5 90 80 24 15 m m m mm cm
Computed results: Set up Solver so that it varies all flow rates to make the total head error zero H pump (m) Q (m3/s) Q a (m3/s) V a (m/s) 24.0 0.070 0.000 0.000 24.5 0.088 0.016 0.506 25.0 0.097 0.023 0.72 25.5 0.104 0.028 0.89 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 0.110 0.116 0.121 0.126 0.131 0.135 0.139 0.144 0.148 0.033 0.036 0.040 0.043 0.046 0.049 0.052 0.054 0.057 1.03 1.16 1.27 1.38 1.47 1.56 1.65 1.73 1.81 Re a 8.62E+00 1.00E+05 1.44E+05 1.77E+05 f a H pump (Eq. 1) Q b (m3/s) V b (m/s) 7.4264 24.0 0.070 2.230 0.0231 24.5 0.072 2.292 0.0225 25.0 0.074 2.35 0.0223 25.5 0.076 2.41 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 0.078 0.079 0.081 0.083 0.084 0.086 0.088 0.089 0.091 2.47 2.52 2.58 2.63 2.69 2.74 2.79 2.84 2.89 Re b 4.42E+05 4.54E+05 4.66E+05 4.78E+05 f b H pump (Eq. 2) H (Errors) 0.0215 24.0 0.00 0.0215 24.5 0.00 0.0215 25.0 0.00 0.0215 25.5 0.00 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 Total Error: 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
L eb /D = Ha = Hb =
2.05E+05 0.0221 2.30E+05 0.0220 2.52E+05 0.0219 2.73E+05 0.0218 2.92E+05 3.10E+05 3.27E+05 3.43E+05 3.59E+05 0.0218 0.0217 0.0217 0.0217 0.0216
4.89E+05 0.0215 5.00E+05 0.0215 5.11E+05 0.0214 5.21E+05 0.0214 5.32E+05 5.42E+05 5.52E+05 5.62E+05 5.72E+05 0.0214 0.0214 0.0214 0.0214 0.0214
= 1000 kg/m3 = 1.01E-06 m2/s
For the pump head less than the upper reservoir head flow will be out of the reservoir (into the lower one)
Head Versus Flow Rate

35 30 25 Head (m) 20 15 10 5 0 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 Q (m /s)
3
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
Problem 10.77
8.158
[4]
Problem 10.78
[4]

Basic equation:
Data on flow from reservoir/pump Appropriate pump; Reduction in flow after 10 years
2 2 V1 V4 p1 p4 g + 2 g + z1 g + 2 g + z4 = HlT Hp
for flow from 1 to 4
HlT = f
Le V L V V + f + K 2 g D 2 g D 2 g
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) V2 = V3 = V4 (constant area pipe) Given or available data = 1000 kg m p2 = 150 kPa
3
= 1.01 10
6 m
pv = 2.34 kPa e = 0.046 mm V = 4 Q D

2
(Table A.8) m s
3
p3 = 450 kPa z1 = 20 m
D = 15 cm z4 = 35 m Le D = 4 12 = 48
Q = 0.075 V = 4.24 m s
For minor losses we have
Four elbows: p2 +
(Fig. 8.16)
Square inlet:
Kent = 0.5
At the pump inlet
NPSHA =
1 2 V pv 2 g Hp = 30.6 m
NPSHA = 16.0 m
The head rise through the pump is Hp =

3
p3 p2 g
m or Q = 1189 gpm and Hp = 30.6 m or Hp = 100 ft, from Appendix s D. Fig. D3 a Peerless4AE11 would suffice 2 2 Le V 2 L V V We do not know the pipe length L! Solving the energy equation for it:z1 z4 = HlT Hp = f + f + Kent Hp 2 g D 2 g D 2 g Hence for a flow rate of Q = 0.075 For f Re = V D Re = 6.303 10
5
and
e 4 = 3.07 10 D
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f
f = 0.0161
Hence, substituting values
L =
2 g D
Le Kent D z1 z4 + Hp D 2 f D f V
L = 146 m
From Problem 10.65, for a pipe D = 0.15 m or D = 5.91 in, the aging over 10 years leads to We need to solve the energy equation for a new V 2 g z1 z4 + Hp m Vworn = 2.88 L s L e + Kent fworn + D D
fworn = 2.2 f
Vworn =
Hence
Qworn =
D Vworn 4
Qworn = 0.0510 Q = 0.0240
m s
3
Q = Qworn Q Vworn D
m s
Q = 32.0 % Q
Check f
Reworn =
Given
e D 1 2.51 = 2.0 log + 3.7 f Reworn f
f = 0.0165
Hence using 2.2 x 0.0161 is close enough to using 2.2 x 0.0165
Problem 10.79
8.124
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 10.79
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 10.80
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 10.80
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 10.81
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 10.81
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 10.82
[4]
Problem 10.83
8.169
[4]
Problem 10.84

[4]

Basic equations
Fire nozzle/pump system Appropriate pump; Impeller diameter; Pump power input needed
2 2 V2 V3 p2 p3 + + g z + + g z 2 3 = hl 2 2
L V2 hl = f D 2
for the hose
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 2 and 3 is approximately 1 4) No minor loss

2 2 V2 V1 p2 p1 + 2 + g z2 + 2 + g z1 = hpump
for the pump
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) No minor loss The first thing we need is the flow rate. Below we repeat Problem 8.159 calculations Hence for the hose
2 p2 p3 p L V = = f D 2
or
V =
2 p D f L
We need to iterate to solve this for V because f is unknown until Re is known. This can be done using Excel's Solver, but here: p = 750 kPa L = 100 m e = 0 V = 2 p D f L D = 3.5 cm V = 7.25 m s = 1000 kg
3
= 1.01 10
2 6 m
Make a guess for f f = 0.01
m V D Re =
Re = 2.51 10
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2 p D f L V = 5.92 m s
f = 0.0150 V D
5
V =
Re =
Re = 2.05 10
Given
e D 2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2 p D f L
e D
f = 0.0156 m s V D
5
V =
V = 5.81
Re =
Re = 2.01 10
Given
2.51 = 2.0 log + f 3.7 Re f

2 p D f L
f = 0.0156
V =
V = 5.80
m s
Re =
V D
Re = 2.01 10
Q = We have For the pump
D V 4
Q = 5.578 10
3 3m
Q = 0.335
m min
p1 = 350 kPa
p2 = 700 kPa + 750 kPa
p2 = 1450 kPa
2 2 V2 V1 p2 p1 + 2 + g z2 + 2 + g z1 = hpump
so
hpump =
p2 p1
or
3
Hpump =
p2 p1 g
Hpump = 112 m
m We need a pump that can provide a flow of Q = 0.335 or Q = 88.4 gpm, with a head of Hpump = 112 m or Hpump = 368 ft min From Appendix D, Fig. D.1 we see that a Peerless 2AE11 can provide this kind of flow/head combination; it could also handle four such hoses (the flow rate would be 4 Q = 354 gpm). An impeller diameter could be chosen from proprietary curves. Wh The required power input is where we choose p = 75 % from Fig. 10.15 Wm = p Wm = Ppump Q g Hpump p 6.14 kW 70 % Wm = 8.18 kW for one hose or 4 Wm = 32.7 kW for four
Prequired =
Prequired =
Prequired = 8.77 kW
or
4 Prequired = 35.1 kW
for four
w = 1000
kg/m3
Fitting a 2nd order polynomial to each set of data we find p =-1.32Q 2 + 5.85Q + 48.0 =-0.0426Q 2 + 0.389Q -0.0267 Finally, we use Solver to maximize by varying Q : Q (m3/s) 4.57 p (mm) 47.2 (%) 86.1%
Q (m /s) p (mm) Pm (kW) Ph (kW) (%)

3
3 4 5 6 7 8
53 51 45 35 23 11
2.05 2.37 2.60 2.62 2.61 2.40
1.56 2.00 2.21 2.06 1.58 0.86
76.1% 84.4% 84.9% 78.6% 60.5% 36.0%
Fan Performance Curve

60 100%
50 p 40
75%
p (mm)
30
50%
20 25% 10
0 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
0%
Q (m3/s)
(%)
w = 1000 air = 1.225
kg/m3 kg/m3
Fitting a 2nd order polynomial to each set of data we find p =-1.32Q 2 + 5.85Q + 48.0 User Solver to vary H so the error in p is zero Fan Q (m3/s) p (mm) 7.08 23.3 Duct p (mm) 23.3 0.00%
2 air = 1.50.E-05 m /s L= 15 m Assume smooth ducting
Note: Efficiency curve not needed for this problem Q (m3/s) p (mm) Pm (kW) Ph (kW) (%) 3 4 5 6 7 8 53 51 45 35 23 11 2.05 2.37 2.60 2.62 2.61 2.40 1.56 2.00 2.21 2.06 1.58 0.86 76.1% 84.4% 84.9% 78.6% 60.5% 36.0% H (m) 0.472 V (m/s) 31.73 Re 9.99.E+05
f 0.0116 Error in p
Answers: Q (m3/s) 5.75
H (m) 0.394
Q (m3/s) 7.08
H (m) 0.472

60 50 100%
40 p
75%
p (mm)
30 20
50%
25% 10 0 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 0%
Q (m3/s)
(%)
At Q = h dyn =
5.75 4
m3/s mm kg/m3 kg/m3
Hence
V =
8.00
m/s
w = 1000 air = 1.225
A = 0.71838 m2 Fitting a 2nd order polynomial to each set of data we find h t = -0.12Q 2 + 0.585 Q + 4.7986
Q (m3/s) p (mm) Pm (kW) h dyn (mm) h t (cm) Ph (kW) (%) 3 4 5 6 7 8 53 51 45 35 23 11 2.05 2.37 2.60 2.62 2.61 2.40 1.09 1.94 3.02 4.36 5.93 7.74 5.41 5.29 4.80 3.94 2.89 1.87 1.59 2.08 2.36 2.32 1.99 1.47
Ph = -0.133 Q 2 + 1.43 Q - 1.5202
= -0.0331 Q 2 + 0.330 Q+ 0.0857 77.7% 87.6% 90.6%Finally, we use Solver to maximize by varying Q : 88.4% Q (m3/s) h t (cm) Ph (kW) 76.1%
61.3% 4.98 4.73 2.30
(%) 90.8%

6 100%
5 ht
75%
h t (cm), Ph (kW)
3 Ph 2
50%
25% 1
0 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
0%
Q (m3/s)
(%)
Problem 10.88
[3]

Basic equations:
Data on centrifugal fan and various sizes Suitable fan; Fan speed and input power
Q' ' D' = Q D
h' ' = h
D' D
P' ' = P
D' D
We choose data from the middle of the table above as being in the region of the best efficiency Q = 5 The flow and head are m s
3
h = 45 mm Q' = 14 m s
3
P = 2.62 kW h' = 25 mm
and
= 650 rpm
D = 1 m
These equations are the scaling laws for scaling from the table data to the new fan. Solving for scaled fan speed, and diameter using the first two equations
1 2 3 4 1 2 1 4
' =
Q h' Q' h
' = 250 rpm
D' = D
Q' h Q h'
D' = 1.938 m
This size is too large; choose (by trial and error) Q = 7 m s

3
h = 23 mm
1 2 3 4
P = 2.61 kW D' = D Q' h Q h'

1 2 1 4
' =
Q h' Q' h
' = 489 rpm
D' = 1.385 m
Hence it looks like the largest fan (1.375 m) will be the only fit; it must run at about 500 rpm. Note that it will NOT be running at best efficiency. The power will be P' = P ' D' D
3 5
P' = 5.67 kW
Problem 10.89
[4]
Problem 10.90
10.89
[4]
10.89
10.89
Problem 10.91
[3]
Problem 10.92
V1 V2 = V3 = V y 2h x CS V4
[3]

Basic equation:
Data on boat and propeller Propeller diameter; Thrust at rest; Thrust at 30 mph
(4.26)
Assumption: 1) Atmospheric pressure on CS 2) Horizontal 3) Steady w.r.t. the CV 4) Use velocities relative to CV The x-momentum is then T = u1 mrate + u4 mrate = V4 V1 mrate V = 1 V4 + V1 2
) (
lbm where mrate = 90 is the mass flow rate s
It can be shown (see Example 10.13) that For the static case From continuity V1 = 0 mph D mrate = V A = V 4 D = 4 mrate V
2
)
so V = 1 V4 + V1 2
V4 = 90 mph with
V = 45 mph
= 0.002377
slug ft
3
Hence For V1 = 0 When in motion Hence for V1 = 30 mph
D = 4.76 ft
T = mrate V4 V1 V1 = 30 mph T = mrate V4 V1
( (
)
and
T = 369 lbf V = 1 V4 + V1 2
so
V4 = 2 V V1
V4 = 60 mph
T = 123 lbf
Problem 10.93
[3]
Data on air boat and propeller Thrust at rest; Thrust at 12.5 m/s
Assume the aircraft propeller coefficients in Fi.g 10.40 are applicable to this propeller. At V = 0, J = 0. Extrapolating from Fig. 10.40b CF = 0.16 rev s
2 4
We also have
D = 1.5 m
n = 1800 rpm n = 30
and (Note: n is in rev/s)
= 1.225
kg m
3
The thrust at standstill (J = 0) is found from At a speed V = 12.5 m s J = V n D
F T = C F n D J = 0.278
2
FT = 893 N CP = 0.44 P = C P n D
3
and so from Fig. 10.40b

4
and
5
CF = 0.145 P = 111 kW
The thrust and power at this speed can be found FT = CF n D
FT = 809 N
Problem 10.94
y V
[3]
x U
CS Y X

Basic equation:
Data on jet-propelled aircraft Propulsive efficiency
(4.26)
(4.56)
Assumption: 1) Atmospheric pressure on CS 2) Horizontal 3) Steady w.r.t. the CV 4) Use velocities relative to CV The x-momentum is then or The useful work is then FD = u1 mrate + u4 mrate = ( U) mrate + ( V) mrate FD = mrate ( V U) FD U = mrate ( V U) U mrate U2 V2 2 2 (mrate) + (mrate) = (V U ) 2 2 2 = 2 ( V U ) U
lbm where mrate = 90 is the mass flow rate s
The energy equation simplifies to W =
Hence
mrate ( V U) U mrate 2 V U
(V
2 1+ V U = 2 1+ V U = 54.5 %
With
U = 450 mph
and
V = 1200 mph
Problem 10.95
9.89
[4]
9.89
Problem 10.96
V1 V2 = V3 = V y 2h x CS V4
[4]
Definition of propulsion efficiency for moving and stationary boat
Assumption: 1) Atmospheric pressure on CS 2) Horizontal 3) Steady w.r.t. the CV 4) Use velocities relative to CV
The x-momentum (Example 10.3):
T = u1 mrate + u4 mrate = mrate V4 V1
Applying the energy equation to steady, incompressible, uniform flow through the moving CV gives the minimum power input requiremen
2 2 V4 V1 Pmin = mrate 2 2
On the other hand, useful work is done at the rate of Puseful = V1 T = V1 mrate V4 V1
) ) )
Combining these expressions
V1 mrate V4 V1
2 2 V4 V1 mrate 2 2
V1 V4 V1
1 V4 V1 V4 + V1 2
)(
or
2 V1 V1 + V4 2 V1 V1 + V4 2 V1 V1 + V4
When in motion
V1 = 30 mph
and
V4 = 90 mph
= 50 %
For the stationary case
V1 = 0 mph
= 0%
Problem 10.97
[4]
9.170
9.170
Problem 10.98
Section 10-5. .
[5]
Problem 10.99
[2]
Problem 10.100
V1
[2]
Vj
U = R

Basic equations
Pelton turbine 1) Power 2) Operating speed 3) Runaway speed 4) Torque 5) Torque at zero speed
2 2 V1 Vj p1 pj hlT + + z + + z g 1 j = g 2 g 2 g g
V hlT = hl + hlm = K 2
and from Example 10.5
Tideal = Q R Vj U ( 1 cos ( ) )
= 165 deg
Assumptions: 1) pj = pamt 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and j is approximately 1 4) Only minor loss at nozzle 5) z1 = zj Given data p1g = 700 psi d = 7.5 in V1 = 15 mph D = 8 ft V1 = 22 R = D 2 ft s = 86 % K = 0.04
2 p1g V1 + 2 2
= 1.94
slug ft
3
Then
p1g g
V1
2 g
Vj
2 g
K Vj g 2
or
Vj =
1+K
2
Vj = 317
ft s
and
d Q = Vj 4
ft Q = 97.2 s
p1g V1 H = + 2 g g
H = 1622 ft
Hence
P = Q g H
P = 15392 hp ft s Urun U R rad s
From Fig. 10.10, normal operating speed is around U = 0.47 Vj At runaway Urun = Vj
U = 149
= 37.2
= 356 rpm
run =
D 2
5
rad run = 79.2 s
run = 756 rpm
From Example 10.5 Hence Stall occurs when
Tideal = Q R Vj U ( 1 cos ( ) ) T = Tideal U = 0
Tideal = 2.49 10 ft lbf T = 2.14 10 ft lbf

5
Tstall = Q R Vj ( 1 cos ( ) )
Tstall = 4.04 10 ft lbf
Problem 10.101
[2]
Problem 10.102
[2]
Problem 10.103
[3]
10.13
10.13
Problem 10.104
[3]
Problem 10.105
[3]

Basic equations:
Impulse turbine requirements 1) Operating speed 2) Wheel diameter 4) Jet diameter 5) Compare to multiple-jet and double-overhung
1 2 5 4
Vj =
2 g H
NS =
P
1 2
P Q g H
Q = Vj Aj
h Model as optimum. This means. from Fig. 10.10 Given or available data Then H = 350 m Vj = 2 g H
U = 0.47 Vj P = 15 MW Vj = 82.9 m s
and from Fig. 10.17 NScu = 5 = 1.94 slug ft

3
with
= 89 %
U = 0.47 Vj
U = 38.9
m s NS = 0.115
We need to convert from NScu (from Fig. 10.17) to NS (see discussion after Eq. 10.18b). Q = P g H
1 2 5 4
NS =
NScu 43.46
The water consumption is
Q = 4.91
m s
For a single jet
= N S
( g H) P
1 2
(1)
= 236 rpm
Dj =
4 Q V j
(2)
Dj = 0.275 m
The wheel radius is
D =
2 U
(3)
D = 3.16 m
For multiple (n) jets, we use the power and flow per jet From Eq 1 Results: n = n n = From Eq. 2 Djn = Dj n and Dn = Dn ( n) = D n from Eq. 3
n ( n) =
Djn ( n) = rpm
1 2 3 4 5
236 333 408 471 527
0.275 m 0.194 0.159 0.137 0.123
3.16 m 2.23 1.82 1.58 1.41
A double-hung wheel is equivalent to having a single wheel with two jets
H =
25
m
3
NOTE: Earlier printings had H incorrectly as 20 m, which gives efficiencies > 100%
= 1000 kg/m
R = 2.00 m
= 300 rpm Q (m3/hr) F (N) T (Nm) P (kW) (%)

44 86 124 157 211 257 33 72 107 140 194 233 66 144 214 280 388 466 2.07 4.52 6.72 8.80 12.19 14.64 69.2% 77.2% 79.6% 82.2% 84.8% 83.6%
= 325 rpm Q (m3/hr) F (N) T (Nm) P (kW) (%)

44 86 124 157 211 257 29 63 96 124 175 213 58 126 192 248 350 426 1.97 4.29 6.53 8.44 11.91 14.50 65.9% 73.2% 77.4% 78.9% 82.9% 82.8%
Turbine Performance Curves

16 14 12 10 100%
(300 rpm) (325 rpm)

P (300 rpm) P (325 rpm)
90% 80% 70%
P (kW)
8 6 4
50% 40% 30% 20%
2 0 0 50 100 150 200 250
10% 0% 300
Q (m3/hr)
(%)
60%
Problem 10.107
[4]
Problem 10.108
[3]
f = = R = =
0.02 1.94 2.00 80%
slug/ft m
3 D (in) V (m/s) Q (ft /s) Ph (hp) 10 21.1 11.5 9.10 12 23.2 18.2 17.22 14 25.0 26.7 29.54 16 26.7 37.3 47.13 18 28.4 50.1 71.18 20 29.9 65.2 102.93
Pm (hp) 7.28 13.78 23.63 37.71 56.95 82.34
Turbine efficiency varies with specific speed (Fig. 10.17). Pipe roughness appears to the 1/2 power, so has a secondary effect. A 20% error in f leads to a 10% change in water speed and 30% change in power. A Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine that does not flow full of water; it directs the stream with open buckets. A diffuser could not be used with this system. Use Goal Seek or Solver to vary D to make Pm 35 hp!
15.7 26.5 35.4 43.75 35.00 The smallest standard size is 16 in.
Power Versus Pipe Diameter

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 12 14 D (in) 16 18 20
Pm (hp)
Problem 10.110
[2]
Problem 10.111
[4]
Problem 10.112
[2]

Basic equations:
Model of farm windmill Angular speed for optimum power; Power output
CP =
P 1 3 2 V R 2
X =
R V X = 0.8 X V R
and we have
= 1.225
kg m
3
From Fig. 10.45
CPmax = 0.3 V = 10 m s
at
and
D = 1 m rad s
R =
D 2
R = 0.5 m
Hence, for
= 16
= 153 rpm
Also
1 3 2 P = CPmax V R 2
P = 144 W
Problem 10.113
[3]
Problem 10.114
[2]
Problem 10.115
[5] Part 1/3
Problem 10.115
[5] Part 2/3
Problem 10.115
[5] Part 3/3
Problem 10.116
[5] Part 1/3
10.45
Problem 10.116
[5] Part 2/3
Problem 10.116
[5] Part 3/3
Problem 11.1
[1]
Rectangular channel flow Discharge
Basic equation:
1 3 2 Q = A R S0 n
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! For a rectangular channel of width Bw = 2 m and depth y = 1.5 m we find from Table 11.2 A = Bw y A = 3.00 m
2
R =
Bw y Bw + 2 y
R = 0.600 m
Manning's roughness coefficient is

2 3
n = 0.015
1 2
and
S0 = 0.0005
3
Q =
1.49 A R S0 n
Q = 3.18
m s
Problem 11.2
[3]

Basic equation:
Data on rectangular channel Depth of flow
Q =
1 A R S0 n
2 3
1 2
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! m For a rectangular channel of width Bw = 2.5 m and flow rate Q = 3 we find from Table 11.2 s n = 0.015 S0 = 0.0004
2 3 1 3
A = Bw y
R=
Bw y B w + 2 y
and
Hence the basic equation becomes
Bw y 1 2 Q = Bw y S0 n Bw + 2 y Bw y = Bw + 2 y
2 3
Solving for y
Q n B w S0
1 2
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually Q n = 0.900 . iterate, as below, to make the left side evaluate to B w S0
2 3 1 2
For
y = 1
( m)
Bw y = 0.676 Bw + 2 y Bw y = 0.894 Bw + 2 y
2 3
For
y = 1.2
( m)
Bw y = 0.865 Bw + 2 y Bw y = 0.904 Bw + 2 y
2 3
2 3
For
y = 1.23
( m)
For
y = 1.24
( m)
The solution to three figures is
y = 1.24
(m)
Problem 11.3
[3]

Basic equation:
Data on trapzoidal channel Depth of flow
Q =
1.49 A R S0 n
2 3
1 2
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! For the trapezoidal channel we have Bw = 8 ft n = 0.015 Hence from Table 11.2 A = Bw + z y y = ( 8 + 2 y) y
2 3 1 2 2 3
z = 2
Q = 100
ft s
S0 = 0.0004
R=
(Bw + z y) y
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
( 8 + 2 y) y 8 + 2 y 5
Hence
1.49 Q = A R S0 n
5 3 2 3
1.49 ( 8 + 2 y) y 2 = ( 8 + 2 y) y 0.0004 = 100 0.015 8 + 2 y 5
(Note that we don't use units!)
Solving for y
[ ( 8 + 2 y) y]
= 50.3
(8 + 2 y 5)
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below.
5 3 2 3 5 3 2 3
For
y = 2
( ft)
[ ( 8 + 2 y) y]
= 30.27
For
y = 3
( ft)
[ ( 8 + 2 y) y]
= 65.8
(8 + 2 y 5)
[ ( 8 + 2 y) y]
(8 + 2 y 5)
[ ( 8 + 2 y) y]
5 3 2 3
5 3 2 3
For
y = 2.6
( ft)
= 49.81
For
y = 2.61
( ft)
= 50.18
(8 + 2 y 5)
(8 + 2 y 5)
y = 2.61 (ft)
Problem 11.4
[3]

Basic equation:
Data on trapezoidal channel Depth of flow
Q =
1 A R S0 n
2 3
1 2
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! For the trapezoidal channel we have Bw = 2.5 m n = 0.015 Hence from Table 11.2 A = Bw + z y y = ( 8 + 2 y) y
2 3 1 2 2 3
z = 2
Q = 3
m s
S0 = 0.0004
R =
( Bw + z y) y
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
( 2.5 + 2 y) y 2.5 + 2 y 5
Hence
1 Q = A R S0 n
5 3 2 3
1 ( 2.5 + 2 y) y 2 = ( 2.5 + 2 y) y 0.0004 = 3 0.015 2.5 + 2 y 5
Solving for y
[ ( 2.5 + 2 y) y]
= 2.25
(2.5 + 2 y 5)
5 3 2 3 5 3 2 3
For
y = 1
( m)
[ ( 2.5 + 2 y) y]
= 3.36
For
y = 0.8
(m)
[ ( 2.5 + 2 y) y]
= 2.17
( 2.5 + 2 y 5 )
[ ( 2.5 + 2 y) y]
( 2.5 + 2 y 5 )
[ ( 2.5 + 2 y) y]
5 3 2 3
5 3 2 3
For
y = 0.81
( m)
= 2.23
For
y = 0.815
(m)
= 2.25
( 2.5 + 2 y 5 )
( 2.5 + 2 y 5 )
y = 0.815 (m)
Problem 11.5
[2]

Basic equation:
Data on sluice gate Downstream depth; Froude number
p1 g
V1
2 g
+ y1 =
p2 g
V2
2 g
+ y2 + h
The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady, incompressible, frictionless flow.
Noting that p1 = p2 = patm, (1 = upstream, 2 = downstream) the Bernoulli equation becomes V1

2
2 g
+ y1 =
V2
2 g
+ y2 y1 = 2 m so Q = 8.5 V1 =
2
The given data is b = 3 m For mass flow Q = V A
m s
Q b y1
and
V2 =
Q b y2
Using these in the Bernoulli equation
Q b y 1 + y = 1 2 g
Q b y 2 + y 2 2 g
2
(1)
The only unknown on the right is y2. The left side evaluates to
Q b y 1 + y = 2.10 m 1 2 g
To find y2 we need to solve the non-linear equation. We must do this numerically; we may use the Newton method or similar, or Excel's Solver or Goal Seek. Here we interate manually, starting with an arbitrary value less than y1.
For
y2 = 0.5 m
Q b y 2 + y = 2.14 m 2 2 g Q b y 2 + y = 2.11 m 2 2 g
2
For
y2 = 0.51 m
Q by 2 + y = 2.08 m 2 2 g Q by 2 + y = 2.10 m 2 2 g
2
For
y2 = 0.505 m
For
y2 = 0.507 m
Hence
y2 = 0.507 m V2 = Q b y2 V2 = 5.59 m s Fr2 = V2 g y2 Fr2 = 2.51
Then
Problem 11.6
[1]
Data on flume Discharge
Basic equation:
1.49 3 2 Q = A R S0 n
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! For a rectangular channel of width Bw = 6 ft and depth y = 3 ft we find from Table 11.2 A = Bw y A = 18 ft
2
R =
Bw y Bw + 2 y 1 ft 1000 ft
3
R = 1.50 ft
For concrete (Table 11.1)

2 3
n = 0.013
1 2
and
S0 =
S0 = 0.001
Q =
1.49 A R S0 n
Q = 85.5
ft s
Problem 11.7
[1]
Data on flume Slope
Basic equation:
1.49 3 2 Q = A R S0 n
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! For a rectangular channel of width Bw = 3 ft and depth y = 6 ft we find A = Bw y A = 18 ft
2
R =
Bw y Bw + 2 y
R = 1.20 ft ft s
3
For wood (not in Table 11.1) a Google search finds n = 0.012 to 0.017; we use
n = 0.0145
with
Q = 90
S0 =
2 3 1.49 A R
n Q
S0 = 1.86 10
Problem 11.8
[2]

Basic equation:
Data on square channel Dimensions for concrete and soil cement
Q =
1 A R S0 n
2 3
1 2
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! For a square channel of width Bw we find A = Bw
2
R=
Bw y Bw + 2 y
Bw
Bw + 2 Bw
3 8
Bw 3
Hence
Q =
1 2 Bw Bw S0 n 3
2 3
1 2
S0 n 3
1 2 2 3
Bw
8 3
or
2 3 3 Q Bw = n 1 S 2 0
S0 = 0.003 n = .013 Bw = 2.36 m
The given data is
Q = 20
m s
For concrete, from Table 11.1 (assuming large depth)
For soil cement from Table 11.1 (assuming large depth)
n = .020 Bw = 2.77 m
Problem 11.9
[1]
Data on trapezoidal channel Bed slope
Basic equation:
1 3 2 Q = A R S0 n
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! For the trapezoidal channel we have For bare soil (Table 11.1) Hence from Table 11.2 Bw = 2.4 m n = 0.020 A = Bw + z y y
2
z = 1
y = 1.2 m
Q = 7.1
m s
A = 4.32 m
R =
( Bw + z y) y
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
R = 0.746 m
Hence
Q n S0 =
2 3 A R
S0 = 1.60 10
Problem 11.10
[1]
Data on triangular channel Required dimensions
Basic equation:
1 3 2 Q = A R S0 n
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! For the triangular channel we have For concrete (Table 11.1) Hence from Table 11.2 z = 1 n = 0.013 A = z y = y
2 2
S0 = 0.001
Q = 10
m s
(assuming y > 60 cm: verify later) R = z y 2 1 + z

2 3 1 2 2 3 2
y 2 2
8 3 1 3 1 2 8 3 1 2
Hence
Q =
1 A R S0 n
3 8
1 2 y 1 y S0 = n y n 2 2
1 S0 8
1 y S0 2 n
Solving for y
y=
2 n Q S0
y = 2.20 m
(The assumption that y > 60 cm is verified)
Problem 11.11
[2]
Data on semicircular trough Discharge
Basic equation:
1 3 2 Q = A R S0 n
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! For the semicircular channel d0 = 1 m d y 0 2 = 2 asin d0 2 y = 0.25 m S0 = 0.01
Hence, from geometry
+ 180 deg
= 120 deg
For corrugated steel, a Google search leads to
n = 0.022
Hence from Table 11.2
A =
1 2 ( sin ( ) ) d0 8 1 sin ( ) 1 d 4 0 1 n
2 3 1 3 2 m
A = 0.154 m
R =
R = 0.147 m
Then the discharge is
Q =
A R S0 s
m Q = 0.194 s
Problem 11.12
[1]
Data on semicircular trough Discharge
Basic equation:
1 3 2 Q = A R S0 n
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! For the semicircular channel d0 = 1 m = 180 deg n = 0.022 S0 = 0.01
For corrugated steel, a Google search leads to (Table 11.1)
A =
1 2 ( sin( ) ) d0 8 1 sin( ) 1 d 4 0
2 1 3
A = 0.393 m
R =
R = 0.25 m
Then the discharge is
1 3 2 m Q = A R S0 s n
Q = 0.708
m s
Problem 11.13
[3]
Data on flume with plastic liner Depth of flow
Basic equation:
1.49 3 2 Q = A R S0 n
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! For a rectangular channel of width Bw = 6 ft and depth y we find from Table 11.2 A = Bw y = 6 y and also n = 0.010
2 3
R= 1 ft 1000 ft
2 3
Bw y Bw + 2 y
6 y 6 + 2 y
and
1 2
S0 =
S0 = 0.001
1
Hence
1.49 Q = A R S0 n
5 3 2 3
1.49 6 y 2 = 6 y 0.001 = 85.5 0.010 6 + 2 y

5 3 2 3
Solving for y
85.5 0.010 1.49 .001 6 6

1 2 2 3
or
= 0.916
( 6 + 2 y)
( 6 + 2 y)
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with Problem 11.6's depth y
5 3 2 3
For
y = 3
( feet)
= 1.191
For
y = 2
( feet)
5 3 2 3
= 0.684
( 6 + 2 y)
5 3
( 6 + 2 y)
5 3
For
y = 2.5
( feet)
( 6 + 2 y)
5 3
2 3
= 0.931
For
y = 2.45
( feet)
( 6 + 2 y)
2 3
= 0.906
For
y = 2.47
( feet)
( 6 + 2 y)
2 3
= 0.916
y = 2.47
(feet)
Problem 11.14
[3]

Basic equation:
Data on trapzoidal channel New depth of flow
Q =
1 A R S0 n
2 3
1 2
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! For the trapezoidal channel we have For bare soil (Table 11.1) Hence from Table 11.2 Bw = 2.4 m n = 0.020 A = Bw + z y y = ( 2.4 + y) y
2 3 1 2 2 3
z = 1
Q = 15
m s
S0 = 0.00193
R =
( Bw + z y) y
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
( 2.4 + y) y 2.4 + 2 y 2
Hence
1 Q = A R S0 n
5 3 2 3
1 ( 2.4 + y) y 2 = ( 2.4 + y) y 0.00193 = 15 0.020 2.4 + 2 y 2
Solving for y
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
= 6.83
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with a larger depth than Problem 11.9's. [ ( 2.4 + y) y]
5 3 2 3
For
y = 1.5
( m)
= 5.37
For
y = 1.75
( m)
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
5 3 2 3
= 7.2
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
5 3 2 3
5 3 2 3
For
y = 1.71
( m)
= 6.89
For
y = 1.70
( m)
= 6.82
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
y = 1.70 (m)
Problem 11.15
[3]

Basic equation:
Data on trapzoidal channel New depth of flow
Q =
1 A R S0 n
2 3
1 2
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! For the trapezoidal channel we have For bare soil (Table 11.1) Hence from Table 11.2 Bw = 2.4 m n = 0.010 A = Bw + z y y = ( 2.4 + y) y
2 3 1 2 2 3
z = 1
Q = 7.1
m s
S0 = 0.00193
R =
( Bw + z y) y
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
( 2.4 + y) y 2.4 + 2 y 2
Hence
1 Q = A R S0 n
5 3 2 3
1 ( 2.4 + y) y 2 = ( 2.4 + y) y 0.00193 = 7.1 0.010 2.4 + 2 y 2
Solving for y
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
= 1.62
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with a shallower depth than that of Problem 11.9. [ ( 2.4 + y) y]
5 3 2 3
For
y = 1
( m)
= 2.55
For
y = 0.75
( m)
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
5 3 2 3
= 1.53
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
5 3 2 3
5 3 2 3
For
y = 0.77
( m)
= 1.60
For
y = 0.775
( m)
= 1.62
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
y = 0.775 (m)
Problem 11.16
[3]
Data on semicircular trough New depth of flow
Basic equation:
1 3 2 Q = A R S0 n
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! For the semicircular channel d0 = 1 m S0 = 0.01 Q = 0.3 m s
3
For corrugated steel, a Google search leads to (Table 11.1)
n = 0.022
From Table 11.2
A =
1 1 2 ( sin( ) ) d0 = ( sin( ) ) 8 8 1 sin( ) 1 sin( ) 1 d = 1 4 0 4

2 3
R =
Hence
1 Q = A R S0 n
2 3
2 3
1 2
1 1 1 sin ( ) 0.01 2 = 0.3 = ( sin ( ) ) 1 0.022 8 4
Solving for
( sin ( ) )
5 3
= 1.33
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with a half-full channe
2 3 2 3 5 3 5 3 2 3 2 3 5 3 5 3
For
= 180 deg
( sin ( ) )
= 3.14
For
= 140 deg
( sin ( ) )
= 1.47
For
= 135 deg
( sin ( ) )
= 1.30
For
= 136 deg
( sin ( ) )
= 1.33
= 136 deg d0 1 cos 2 2
From geometry
y =
y = 0.313 m
Problem 11.17
[2]

From Table 11.2
Triangular channel Proof that wetted perimeter is minimized when sides meet at right angles
A = z y
P = 2 y 1 + z
We need to vary z to minimize P while keeping A constant, which means that y=
A z
with A = constant
Hence we eliminate y in the expression for P

2
P = 2
A A 1 + z 2 1 + z = 2 z z
For optimizing P
dP z 1 A = 2 dz z z z + 1
=0
or
z = 1
For z = 1 we find from the figure that we have the case where the sides are inclined at 45o, so meet at 90o. Note that we have only proved that this is a minimum OR maximum of P! It makes sense that it's the minimum, as, for constant A, we get a huge P if we set z to a large number (almost vertical walls); taking the second derivative at z = 1 results in a value of 2 A, which is positive, so we DO have a minimum.
Problem 11.18
[3]

Basic equation:
Data on trapezoidal channel Critical depth and velocity
E = y+
V 2 g z =
2 2
The given data is:
Bw = 20 ft E = y+ Q
1 2
S0 = 0.0016
n = 0.025
Q = 400
ft s
In terms of flow rate
where (Table 11.2) Q

2
2 A g Hence in terms of y E = y+
A = Bw + z y y
2 Bw + z y y g For critical conditions

2 2 Bw Q dE Q z Q =0 =1 =1 2 3 3 2 3 3 dy g y Bw + y z g y Bw + y z g y Bw + y z 2
2 2
Hence
g y Bw + y z
= Bw Q
2 7 6 ft 2
The only unknown on the right is y. The right side evaluates to Bw Q = 3.20 10
To find y we need to solve the non-linear equation. We must do this numerically; we may use the Newton method or similar, or Excel's Solver or Goal Seek. Here we interate manually, starting with an arbitrary value For y = 1 ft g y Bw + y z
3
( ( (
) ) )
= 2.77 10
7 5 ft 2
For
y = 2 ft
g y Bw + y z
( ( (
) ) )
= 2.38 10
7 6 ft 2
For
y = 2.5 ft
g y Bw + y z
= 4.82 10
7 6 ft 2
For
y = 2.2 ft
g y Bw + y z
= 3.22 10
7 6 ft 2
For
y = 2.19 ft g y Bw + y z
= 3.17 10
7 6 ft 2
For
y = 2.20 ft
g y Bw + y z
= 3.22 10
7 6 ft 2
Hence the critical depth is
y = 2.20 ft
2
Also
A = Bw + z y y
A = 46.4 ft
so critical speed is
V =
Q A
V = 8.62
ft s
Problem 11.19
[3]
Data on trapezoidal channel Normal depth and velocity
Basic equation:
1.49 3 2 Q = A R S0 n
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! For the trapezoidal channel we have Bw = 20 ft z = 1 2 Q = 400 ft s
3
S0 = 0.0016
n = 0.025
1 A = Bw + z y y = 20 + y y 2
R=
2 3
(Bw + z y) y
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
20 + 1 y y 2 =
20 + y 5
Hence
20 + 1 y y 1 1 1 1 2 2 Q = A R S0 = 20 + y y 0.0016 = 400 n 0.025 2 20 + y 5

2 3 1 2
Solving for y
20 + 1 y y 2
5 3
(20 + y 5)
2 3
= 250
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can u one of a number of numerical root finding techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with an arbitrary depth
5 3
For
y = 5
( ft)
20 + 1 y y 2
( 20 + y 5 )
2 3 5 3
= 265
For
y = 4.9
( ft)
20 + 1 y y 2
5 3
(20 + y 5)
2 3 5 3
= 256
For
y = 4.85
( ft)
20 + 1 y y 2
( 20 + y 5 )
The solution to three figures is Finally, the normal velocity is y = 4.83 ft V = Q A
2 3
= 252
For
y = 4.83
( ft)
20 + 1 y y 2
( 20 + y 5 )
Then V = 3.69 A = Bw + z y y ft s
2 3
= 250
A = 108 ft
Problem 11.20
[3]
Trapezoidal channel Derive expression for hydraulic radius; Plot R/y versus y for two different side slopes
The area is (from simple geometry or Table 11.2)
1 A = Bw y + 2 y y z = Bw + z y y 2 P = Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
The wetted perimeter is (from simple geometry or Table 11.2) A = P
Hence the hydraulic radius is
R=
(Bw + z y) y
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
which is the same as that listed in Table 11.2
We are to plot
R = y z =
(Bw + z y)
Bw + 2 y 1 + z 1 tan( 30 deg) 1 tan( 60 deg)
2
with
Bw = 2 m
for = 30o and 60o, and 0.5 < y < 3 m.
Note: For = 30o
z = 1.73
Note: For = 60o
z =
z = 0.577
The graph is plotted in the associated Excel workbook
Problem 11.20
[3]

Given data:
Trapezoidal channel Derive expression for hydraulic radius; Plot R/y versus y for two different side slopes
Bw = 2 m
Computed results: = 30o = 60o z = 1.73 z = 0.577 y (m) R /y R /y 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 0.717 0.691 0.669 0.651 0.636 0.622 0.610 0.600 0.591 0.582 0.575 0.568 0.562 0.556 0.551 0.546 0.542 0.538 0.534 0.531 0.527 0.524 0.522 0.519 0.516 0.514 0.725 0.693 0.665 0.640 0.618 0.598 0.580 0.564 0.550 0.537 0.524 0.513 0.503 0.494 0.485 0.477 0.469 0.462 0.455 0.449 0.443 0.437 0.432 0.427 0.422 0.418
R /y versus y for Trapezoidal Channels

0.8
0.6 R /y 0.4
z = 1.73 z = 0.577
0.2
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 y (m) 2.5 3.0
Problem 11.21
[3]
Circular channel Derive expression for hydraulic radius; Plot R/d0 versus d0 for a range of depths
The area is (from simple geometry or Table 11.2) d0 d0 d0 1 d0 d0 A = + 2 sin + sin cos = cos 8 8 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 d0 d0 d0 d0 d0 A = + sin( 2 ) = sin( ) = ( sin( ) ) 8 8 8 8 8 P = d0 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
The wetted perimeter is (from simple geometry or Table 11.2) d0 Hence the hydraulic radius is R = A = P 8
2
( sin( ) ) d0 2 =
1 sin( ) 1 d 4 0
which is the same as that listed in Table 11.2
We are to plot
R 1 sin( ) = 1 d0 4 d0 d0 d0 + cos = 1 cos 2 2 2 2 2 y 1 = 1 cos d0 2 2
We will need y as a function of : y =
or
The graph is plotted in the associated Excel workbook
Problem 11.21
[3]
Given: Find: Solution: Given data
Circular channel Derive expression for hydraulic radius; Plot R/d0 versus d0
( )
o
R /d 0 versus y /d 0 for a Circular Channel

y /d 0 0.000 0.008 0.030 0.067 0.117 0.179 0.250 0.329 0.413 0.500 0.587 0.671 0.750 0.821 0.883 0.933 0.970 0.992 1.000 R /d 0 0.000 0.005 0.020 0.043 0.074 0.109 0.147 0.184 0.219 0.250 0.274 0.292 0.302 0.304 0.300 0.291 0.279 0.264 0.250
0.4
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
0.3
R /d 0
0.2
0.1
0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
y /d 0
Problem 11.22
[5]

Basic equation:
Data on trapezoidal channel Geometry for greatest hydraulic efficiency
Q =
1 A R S0 n
2 3
1 2
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! For the trapezoidal channel we have z = 2 Q = 10 m s
3
S0 = 0.001
n = 0.020
From Table 11.2
A = Bw + z y y
P = Bw + 2 y 1 + z
We need to vary Bw and y to obtain optimum conditions. These are when the area and perimeter are optimized. Instead of two independent variables Bw and y, we eliminate Bw by doing the following Bw = y y A z y y and so P= A 2 z y + 2 y 1 + z y
Taking the derivative w.r.t. y
P =
1 A 2 A z + 2 1 + z 2 y y y and y A =0
But at optimum conditions
P =0
Hence
0=
A y
2
z + 2 1 + z
or
A = 2 y 1 + z z y
Comparing to
A = Bw + z y y Bw = 2 y 1 + z 2 z y
2
we find
A = Bw + z y y = 2 y 1 + z z y
Hence
Then
A = Bw + z y y = y 2 1 + z z
P = Bw + 2 y 1 + z = 4 y 1 + z 2 z y
and
R=
A y 2 1 + z z 2 1 + z z = = y P 2 2 4 1 + z 2 z 4 y 1 + z 2 z y
) (
Hence
1 Q = A R S0 n
2 3
1 2
1 2 2 2 1 + z z y S 2 = y 2 1 + z z 0 n 2 4 1 + z 2 z
) (
2 3
Q =
(2 (
1+z z
5 3
S0
1 2
n 4 1 + z 2 z
2 3
8 3
Solving for y
2 3 n 4 1 + z2 2 z y = Q 5 1 3 2 2 2 1 + z z S0
3 8
y = 1.69
(m)
Finally
Bw = 2 y 1 + z 2 z y
Bw = 0.799
(m)
Problem 11.23
[3]
Data on trapezoidal channel Normal depth
Basic equation:
1.49 3 2 Q = A R S0 n
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! For the trapezoidal channel we have Bw = 20 ft n = 0.014 Hence from Table 11.2 A = Bw + z y y = ( 20 + 1.5 y) y
2 3 1 2
z = 1.5
Q = 1000
ft s
S0 = 0.0002
R =
2 3
( Bw + z y) y
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
1 2 2
( 20 + 1.5 y) y 20 + 2 y 3.25
Hence
Q =
1.49 A R S0 n
5 3 2 3
1.49 ( 20 + 1.5 y) y ( 20 + 1.5 y) y 0.0002 0.014 20 + 2 y 3.25
= 1000 (Note that we don't use units!)
Solving for y
[ ( 20 + 1.5 y) y]
= 664
(20 + 2 y
3.25)
5 3 2 3 5 3 2 3
For
y = 7.5
( ft)
[ ( 20 + 1.5 y) y]
= 684
For
y = 7.4
( ft)
[ ( 20 + 1.5 y) y]
= 667
(20 + 2 y
3.25)
(20 + 2 y
3.25)
For
y = 7.35
( ft)
[ ( 20 + 1.5 y) y]
5 3 2 3
= 658
For
y = 7.38
( ft)
[ ( 20 + 1.5 y) y]
5 3 2 3
= 663
(20 + 2 y
3.25)
(20 + 2 y
y = 7.38 (ft)
3.25)
Problem 11.24
[5]

From Table 11.2
Trapezoidal channel Geometry for greatest hydraulic efficiency
A = Bw + z y y
P = Bw + 2 y 1 + z
We need to vary Bw and y (and then z!) to obtain optimum conditions. These are when the area and perimeter are optimized. Instead of two independent variables Bw and y, we eliminate Bw by doing the following Bw = Taking the derivative w.r.t. y y y P = A z y y and so P = A 2 z y + 2 y 1 + z y
1 A 2 z + 2 1 + z A 2 y y y and
2
But at optimum conditions
P =0 A y
2
A =0
2 2 2
Hence
0 = z
z + 2 1 + z 2 y z z +1
2 2 2
or
A = 2 y 1 + z z y
2
(1)
Now we optimize A w.r.t. z
A =
2
y = 0
or
2 z = 1 3
z +1
Hence
4 z = z + 1
2 2 2 2
or
z=
We can now evaluate A from Eq 1 But for a trapezoid
A = 2 y 1 + z z y = 2 y 1 + A = Bw + z y y = Bw +
3
2
y y
1 2 1 1 2 4 y = y = 3 3 3 3
3 y
Comparing the two A expressions
A = Bw +
y = y
3 y
we find
Bw = 3
1 2 y y = 3 3
But the perimeter is
1 4 2 P = Bw + 2 y 1 + z = Bw + 2 y 1 + = Bw + y = Bw + 2 Bw = 3 Bw 3 3 z = 1 3 1 = atan z = 60 deg where is the angle the sides make with the vertical P P so each of the symmetric sides is 1 3 2 P =
In summary we have
and
Bw =
1 3
1 P 3
We have proved that the optimum shape is equal side and bottom lengths, with 60 angles i.e., half a hexagon!
Problem 11.25
[3]

Given data: B=
Rectangular channel Plot of specific energy curves; Critical depths; Critical specific energy
20
ft
Specific energy:
Q2 1 E = y+ 2 gB 2 y2
Q2 3 Critical depth: y c = gB 2
Specific Energy, E (ftlb/lb) y (ft) 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 Q = 0 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 y c (ft) E c (ft) Q = 25 0.60 0.67 0.84 1.02 1.22 1.41 1.61 1.81 2.01 2.21 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 0.365 0.547 Q = 75 1.37 1.21 1.14 1.22 1.35 1.51 1.69 1.87 2.05 2.25 2.44 2.63 2.83 3.02 3.52 4.01 4.51 5.01 0.759 1.14 Q = 125 2.93 2.28 1.75 1.61 1.62 1.71 1.84 1.99 2.15 2.33 2.51 2.69 2.88 3.07 3.55 4.04 4.53 5.02 1.067 1.60 Q = 200 6.71 4.91 3.23 2.55 2.28 2.19 2.21 2.28 2.39 2.52 2.67 2.83 3.00 3.17 3.63 4.10 4.58 5.06 1.46 2.19
y (ft)
2
Q=0 Q = 25 cfs Q = 75 cfs Q = 125 cfs Q = 200 cfs
0 0 2 4 6
E (ft)
Problem 11.26
[2]

Basic equations:
Rectangular channel flow with hump and/or side wall restriction Whether critical flow occurs
1 3
yc =
q2 g
E = y+
2 2
2 g A y = 1 m Q
A = Bw y
Emin =
3 y 2 c
(From Example 11.5)

3
Given data:
Bw = 2 m
z = 30 cm
2 2
B = 1.6 m
Q = 2.4
m s
(a) For a hump with z = 30 cm

1 3
E = y+
1 y
2
E = 1.07 m
2 g Bw
Q 2 Bw yc = g
yc = 0.528 m
Emin =
3 y 2 c
Emin = 0.791 m
zcrit = E Emin
zcrit = 0.282 m
Hence we have z = 0.3 m > zcrit = 0.282 m so the hump IS sufficient for critical flow (b) For the sidewall restriction with
2 Q B yc = g 1 3
B = 1.6 m
yc = 0.612 m
Emin =
y 2 c
Emin = 0.918 m
Hence we have E = 1.073 m > Emin = 0.918 m so the restriction is insufficient for critical flow (a) For both, we can use the minimum energy from case (b) zcrit = E Emin zcrit = 0.155 m Emin = 0.918 m
Hence we have z = 0.3 m > zcrit = 0.155 m so in this case the conditions ARE sufficient for critical flow
Problem 11.27
[1]

Basic equations:
Rectangular channel flow Critical depth

1 3
q2 yc = g
1.49 3 2 Q = A R S0 n
For a rectangular channel of width Bw = 2 m and depth y = 1.5 m we find from Table 11.2 A = Bw y A = 3.00 m
2
R =
Bw y Bw + 2 y
R = 0.600 m

2 3
n = 0.015
1 2
and
S0 = 0.0005 m s
3 1 3
Q =
1.49 A R S0 n Q Bw
Q = 3.18
Hence
q =
q = 1.59
m s
yc =
q2 g
yc = 0.637 m
Problem 11.28
[1]

Basic equations:
Rectangular channel flow Critical depth

1 3
yc =
q2 g
Given data:
Bw = 2.5 m Q Bw
Q = 3
m s
3 1 3
Hence
q =
q = 1.2
m s
yc =
q2 g
yc = 0.528 m
Problem 11.29
[2]

Given data: B=
Rectangular channel Plot of specific force curves
20
ft
Specific force:
F =
Q2 By 2 + gBy 2
3 Specific Force, F (ft )
4.5
Q = 200 621.22 310.96 156.88 107.12 84.04 72.11 66.16 63.97 64.42 66.91 71.06 76.63 83.48 91.49 100.58 110.70 140.25 175.53 216.30 262.42
y (ft) 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Q = 0 0.10 0.40 1.60 3.60 6.40 10.00 14.40 19.60 25.60 32.40 40.00 48.40 57.60 67.60 78.40 90.00 122.50 160.00 202.50 250.00
Q = 25 9.80 5.25 4.03 5.22 7.61 10.97 15.21 20.29 26.21 32.94 40.49 48.84 58.00 67.97 78.75 90.32 122.78 160.24 202.72 250.19
Q = 75 87.44 44.07 23.44 18.16 17.32 18.73 21.68 25.84 31.06 37.25 44.37 52.37 61.24 70.96 81.52 92.91 125.00 162.18 204.44 251.75
Q = 125 242.72 121.71 62.26 44.04 36.73 34.26 34.62 36.93 40.76 45.88 52.13 59.43 67.71 76.93 87.07 98.09 129.43 166.07 207.89 254.85
4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 y (ft) 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 20
Q=0 Q = 25 cfs Q = 75 cfs Q = 125 cfs Q = 200 cfs
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
3 F (ft )
Problem 11.30
[2]

Basic equations:
Vena contracta at a sluice gate Distance from vena contracta at which depth is 0.5 m
V E = y+ 2 g
R =y
Vave n (Wide channel) Sf = 2 R 3 ave
x =
Ea Eb Sf S0
(Some equations from Example 11.7)

m s
3
Given data:
q = 4.646
ya = 0.457 m m s
yb = 0.5 m q yb Vb
2
n = 0.020
S0 = 0.003 m s
Hence we find
Va =
q ya Va
2
Va = 10.2
Vb =
Vb = 9.29
Then
Ea = ya + 2 g Va + Vb 2
Ea = 5.73 m
Eb = yb + 2 g
Eb = 4.90 m
and
Vave =
Vave = 9.73
m s Rave = Ra + Rb 2 Ra = 0.457 m
Ra = ya
Rb = yb
2
Then
Vave n Sf = 2 R 3 ave
x = Ea Eb Sf S0
Sf = 0.101
Finally
x = 8.40 m
Problem 11.31
[4]

Basic equations:
Data on trapezoidal channel and dam Location upstream at which depth is 4.80 ft
From Example 11.7
2 2 V1 V2 y + 2 g 2 g x =
S0 Sf
and
Sf =
nV 2 3 1.49 R
(note the factor 1.49 because this is not SI units)

3
The given data is:
Bw = 20 ft
z =
1 2
S0 = 0.0016
n = 0.025
Q = 400
ft s
y1 = 5 ft V
2
y2 = 4.80 ft , the kinetic
We need to modify the specific energy equation to allow for the emergy correction coefficient (Section 8-6): instead of energy per unit weight is V where = 1.1 2 g
2 2 V1 V2 y + 2 g 2 g x = 2
2 g
Hence
S0 Sf
We need to obtain terms on the right
S0 = 0.0016
= 1.1
y = y1 y2
y = 0.200 ft
We will need (Table 11.2) A = Bw + z y y
R=
(Bw + z y) y
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
Then
V1 =
Q A1 Q A2
V1 =
(Bw + z y1) y1 (
Q Bw + z y2 y2
V1 = 3.56
ft s ft s
V2 =
V2 =
V2 = 3.72
For Sf we use averages for V and R (as in Example 11.7) and Vave = V1 + V2 m Vave = 1.11 2 s
R1 =
(Bw + z y1) y1 R
Bw + 2 y1 1 + z
2
1 = 3.61 ft
R2 =
(Bw + z y2) y2
Bw + 2 y2 1 + z
2
R2 = 3.50 ft
Rave =
R1 + R2 2
2
Rave = 3.55 ft
Then
Vave n Sf = 2 1.49 R 3 ave
Sf = 0.000687
Finally
2 2 V1 V2 y + 2 g 2 g x =
S0 Sf
x = 197 ft
Problem 11.32
[2]

Basic equation:
Data on rectangular channel Minimum specific energy; Flow depth; Speed
E = y+
V 2 g
(11.14)
In Section 11-2 we prove that the minimum specific energy is when we have critical flow; here we rederive the minimum energy point
ft s
3
For a rectangular channel
Q = V Bw y or E = y+
2
V =
Q Bw y
2
with
Q = 10 Bw ft
= constant
Hence, using this in Eq. 11.14
Q 1 Q 1 = y+ 2 B 2 g y2 Bw y 2 g w
2
E is a minimum when
Q 1 dE = 0 = 1 dy B 2 g y3 w q2 g
Q Bw y g D
2 1 3
or
Q y = B 2 g w
2
1 3
y = 1.46 ft
Note that from Eq. 11.22 we have
yc =
Q = B 2 g w
2
1 3
which is the same result we derived
V = 6.85 ft s D = y V = g D V = 6.85 ft s
The speed is then given by
V =
Note that from Eq. 11.20 we also have
V =
where D is the hydraulic depth
The minimum energy is then
Emin = y +
V 2 g
Emin = 2.19 ft
Problem 11.33
[3]

Basic equation:
Data on rectangular channel Depths for twice the minimum energy
E = y+
V 2 g
(11.14)
ft s
3
For a rectangular channel
Q = V Bw y E = y+
or
2
V =
Q Bw y
2
with
Q = 10 Bw ft and
= constant
Hence, using this in Eq. 11.14
Q 1 Q 1 = y+ 2 B 2 g y2 Bw y 2 g w
2
E = 2 2.19 ft
E = 4.38 ft
We have a nonlinear implicit equation for y y +
1 = E 2 B 2 g y2 w
Q
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with a y larger than the critical, and evaluate the left side of the equation so that it is equal to E = 4.38 ft For y = 2 ft y+
1 = 2.39 ft 2 B 2 g y2 w
Q
2
For
y = 4 ft
y+
1 = 4.10 ft 2 B 2 g y2 w
Q
2
For
y = 4.5 ft
Q2 1 = 4.58 ft y+ 2 B 2 g y2 w
For
Q2 1 = 4.38 ft y = 4.30 ft y + 2 B 2 g y2 w
y = 4.3 ft
Hence For the shallow depth y+
For
y = 1 ft
1 = 2.55 ft 2 B 2 g y2 w
Q
2
For
y = 0.5 ft
y+
1 = 6.72 ft 2 B 2 g y2 w
Q
2
For
y = 0.6 ft
Q2 1 = 4.92 ft y+ 2 B 2 g y2 w
For
Q2 1 = 4.33 ft y = 0.65 ft y + 2 B 2 g y2 w
y = 0.645 ft
For
Q2 1 = 4.38 ft y = 0.645 ft y + 2 B 2 g y2 w
Hence
Problem 11.34
[3]

Basic equation:
Data on trapezoidal channel Critical depth
E = y+
V 2 g
(11.14)
In Section 11-2 we prove that the minimum specific energy is when we have critical flow; here we rederive the minimum energy point For a trapezoidal channel (Table 11.2) A = Bw + z y y V = Q Q = A Bw + z y y
and
Bw = 8 ft Q = 300 ft s
3
z = 0.5
Hence for V
and
Using this in Eq. 11.14
E = y+
Q 1 Bw + z y y 2 g
E is a minimum when
dE Q z Q = 1 =0 2 3 3 2 dy g y Bw + y z g y Bw + y z
Hence we obtain for y
Q z g y Bw + y z
2
Q
3
g y Bw + y z
=1
or
) =1 3 g y (Bw + y z)
Q B w + 2 y z
3 2
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below, to make the left side equal unity
y = 1 ft
y = 3 ft
) = 41 3 3 g y (Bw + y z) 2 Q (Bw + 2 y z) = 1.33 3 3 g y (Bw + y z)

Q Bw + 2 y z
2
y = 5 ft
y = 3.5 ft
) = 0.251 3 3 g y (Bw + y z) 2 Q (Bw + 2 y z) = 0.809 3 3 g y (Bw + y z)

Q Bw + 2 y z
2
y = 3.25 ft
) = 1.03 3 3 g y (Bw + y z)
Q Bw + 2 y z
2
y = 3.28 ft
) = 0.998 3 g y (Bw + y z)
Q Bw + 2 y z
3 2
The critical depth is
y = 3.28 ft
Problem 11.35
[2]

Basic equation:
Triangular channel Critcal depth
E = y+
V 2 g
(11.14)
2
For a triangular channel (Table 11.2)
A = z y
Hence for V
V =
Q Q = 2 A z y Q 1 2 2 g z y
2 2
E = y+
E is a minimum when
dE Q 1 = 1 4 =0 2 5 dy z y 2 g
1 5
2 Q y= z2 g
Problem 11.36
[2]

Basic equation:
Trapezoidal channel Critcal depth
E = y+
V 2 g
(11.14)
The critical depth occurs when the specific energy is minimized For a trapezoidal channel (Table 11.2) A = Bw + z y y V = Q Q = A Bw + z y y
and
Bw = 8 ft Q = 300 ft s
3
z = 0.5
Hence for V
and
E = y+
Q 1 Bw + z y y 2 g
E is a minimum when
dE Q z Q =1 =0 2 3 3 2 dy g y Bw + y z g y Bw + y z
Q z g y Bw + y z
2 2
Q
3
g y Bw + y z
=1
This can be simplified to
) =1 3 3 g y (Bw + y z)
Q Bw + 2 y z
This expression is the simplest one for y; it is implicit
Problem 11.37
[2]

Basic equation:
Data on venturi flume Flow rate
V2 p2 + + y1 = + + y2 g 2 g g 2 g Q = V A = V b y
p1
V1
The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady, incompressible, frictionless flow V = Q by y2 = 0.75 ft
2
At each section
or
The given data is
b1 = 2 ft
y1 = 1 ft
b2 = 1 ft
2
Hence the Bernoulli equation becomes (with p1 = p2 = patm)
Q Q b y 1 1 + y = b2 y2 + y 1 2 2 g 2 g
3
Solving for Q
Q =
2 g y1 y2
2
)
2
Q = 3.24
1 1 b y b y 2 2 1 1
ft s
Problem 11.38
[3]

Basic equation:
Data on rectangular channel and a bump Elevation of free surface above the bump
p1 g
V1
2 g
+ y1 =
p2 g
V2
2 g
+ y2 + h
The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady, incompressible, frictionless flow. Note that at location 2 (the bump), the potential is y2 + h, where h is the bump height E1 = E2 + h
Recalling the specific energy E =
V +y 2 g or
and noting that p1 = p2 = patm, the Bernoulli equation becomes V = Q b y Q = 100 ft s

3
At each section
Q = V A = V b y
The given data is
b = 10 ft Q b y1 V1
2
y1 = 1 ft V1 = 10 ft s
h = 4 in
Hence we find
V1 =
and
E1 =
2 g
+ y1 V2
2
E1 = 2.554 ft
2
Hence
Q E1 = E2 + h = + y2 + h = + y2 + h 2 2 2 g 2 g b y2
or
2 2
2 g b y2
+ y2 = E1 h
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y2 and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We select y2 so the left side of the equation equals E1 h = 2.22 ft For y2 = 1 ft Q
2 2
2 g b y2 Q
2
+ y2 = 2.55 ft
For
y2 = 1.5 ft
2 2
2 g b y2 Q
2
+ y2 = 2.19 ft
For
y2 = 1.4 ft
2 g b y2
+ y2 = 2.19 ft
For
y2 = 1.3 ft
2 g b y2
+ y2 = 2.22 ft
Hence Note that V2 = Q b y2 V1 g y1 V2 = 7.69 ft s Fr2 = V2 g y2
y2 = 1.30 ft
so we have
Fr1 =
Fr1 = 1.76
and
Fr2 = 1.19
Problem 11.39
[3]

Basic equation:
Data on rectangular channel and a bump Local change in flow depth caused by the bump
p1 g
V1
2 g
+ y1 =
p2 g
V2
2 g
+ y2 + h
V +y 2 g or
and noting that p1 = p2 = patm, the Bernoulli equation becomes V = Q b y Q = 20 ft s

3
At each section
Q = V A = V b y
The given data is
b = 10 ft Q b y1 V1
2
y1 = 0.9 ft V1 = 2.22 ft s
h = 0.2 ft
Hence we find
V1 =
and
E1 =
2 g
+ y1 V2
2
E1 = 0.977 ft
2
Hence
Q E1 = E2 + h = + y2 + h = + y2 + h 2 2 2 g 2 g b y2
or
2 2
2 g b y2
+ y2 = E1 h
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y2 and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We select y2 so the left side of the equation equals E1 h = 0.777 ft For y2 = 0.9 ft Q
2 2
2 g b y2 Q
2
+ y2 = 0.977 ft
For
y2 = 0.5 ft
2 2
2 g b y2 Q
2
+ y2 = 0.749 ft
For
y2 = 0.6 ft
2 g b y2
+ y2 = 0.773 ft
For y2 y1 y1
y2 = 0.61 ft
2 g b y2
+ y2 = 0.777 ft
Hence
y2 = 0.61 ft V2 = Q b y2 V1 g y1 V2 = 3.28
and ft s
= 32.2 %
Note that
so we have
Fr1 =
Fr1 = 0.41
and
Fr2 =
V2 g y2
Fr2 = 0.74
Problem 11.40
[3]

Basic equation:
Data on rectangular channel and a bump Local change in flow depth caused by the bump
V2 p2 + + y1 = + + y2 + h g 2 g g 2 g
p1
V1
V +y 2 g or
and noting that p1 = p2 = patm, the Bernoulli equation becomes V = Q by Q = 20 ft s

3
At each section
Q = V A = V b y
The given data is
b = 10 ft Q b y1 V1
2
y1 = 0.3 ft V1 = 6.67 ft s
h = 0.1 ft
Hence we find
V1 =
and
E1 =
2 g
+ y1 V2
2
E1 = 0.991 ft
2
Hence
Q E1 = E2 + h = + y2 + h = + y2 + h 2 2 2 g 2 g b y2
or
2 2
2 g b y2
+ y2 = E1 h
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y2 and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We select y2 so the left side of the equation equals E1 h = 0.891 ft For y2 = 0.3 ft Q
2 2
2 g b y2 Q
2
+ y2 = 0.991 ft
For
y2 = 0.35 ft
2 2
2 g b y2 Q
2
+ y2 = 0.857 ft
For
y2 = 0.33 ft
2 g b y2
+ y2 = 0.901 ft
For y2 y1 y1
y2 = 0.334 ft
2 g b y2
+ y2 = 0.891 ft
Hence
y2 = 0.334 ft V2 = Q b y2 V1 g y1 V2 = 5.99
and ft s
= 11.3 %
Note that
so we have
Fr1 =
Fr1 = 2.15
and
Fr2 =
V2 g y2
Fr2 = 1.83
Problem 11.41
[3]

Basic equation:
Data on wide channel Stream depth after rise
V2 p2 + + y1 = + + y2 + h g 2 g g 2 g
p1
V1
V +y 2 g
and noting that p1 = p2 = patm, the Bernoulli equation becomes y1 V2 = V1 y2 ft s h = 0.5 ft
At each section
Q = V A = V1 b y1 = V2 b y2 y1 = 2 ft V1
2
The given data is
V1 = 3
Hence
E1 =
2 g
+ y1 V2
2
E1 = 2.14 ft
2 2
Then
V1 y1 1 E1 = E2 + h = + y2 + h = + y2 + h 2 2 g 2 g y2
or
V1 y1 1 + y2 = E1 h 2 2 g y2
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y2 and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We select y2 so the left side of the equation equals E1 h = 1.64 ft For y2 = 2 ft V1 y1 1 + y2 = 2.14 ft 2 2 g y2 V1 y1 2 g
2 2 2 2
For
y2 = 1.5 ft
V1 y1 1 + y2 = 1.75 ft 2 2 g y2 V1 y1 2 g
2 2
For
y2 = 1.3 ft
1 y2
2
+ y2 = 1.63 ft
For
y2 = 1.31 ft
1 y2
2
+ y2 = 1.64 ft
Hence
y2 = 1.31 ft y1 V2 = V1 y2 Fr1 = V1 g y1 ft s Fr2 = V2 g y2 Fr2 = 0.71
Note that
V2 = 4.58
so we have
Fr1 = 0.37
and
Problem 11.42
[2]

Basic equation:
Data on sluice gate Water level upstream; Maximum flow rate
V2 p2 + + y1 = + + y2 + h g 2 g g 2 g
p1
V1
Noting that p1 = p2 = patm, and V1 is approximately zero (1 = upstream, 2 = downstream) the Bernoulli equation becomes y1 = V2
2
2 g
+ y2
2
The given data is
Q m = 6.0 b s
y2 = 0.6 m or V2 = Q b y2 V2 = 10 m s
Hence
Q = V2 A2 = V2 b y2
2 V2 y1 = + y2 2 g
Then upstream
y1 = 5.70 m
The maximum flow rate occurs at critical conditions (see Section 11-2), for constant specific energy In this case V2 = Vc =
2
g yc g yc 2 g
Hence we find
y1 =
Vc
2 g 2
+ yc =
+ yc =
y 2 c Vc =
3
Hence
yc =
y 3 1
yc = 3.80 m
m s
g yc
Vc = 6.10
m s
Q = Vc yc b
Q = 23.2 b m
(Maximum flow rate)
Problem 11.43
[2]

Basic equation:
Data on sluice gate Flow rate
V2 p2 + + y1 = + + y2 + h g 2 g g 2 g
p1
V1
Noting that p1 = p2 = patm, (1 = upstream, 2 = downstream) the Bernoulli equation becomes V1

2
2 g The given data is Also
+ y1 =
V2
2 g
+ y2 y1 = 6 ft so
2
b = 3 ft Q = V A
y2 = 0.9 ft V1 =
2
Q b y1
and
V2 =
Q b y2
Using these in the Bernoulli equation
Q Q by 1 + y = b y2 + y 1 2 2 g 2 g
2 2
Solving for Q
Q =
2 g b y1 y2 y1 + y2 Q b y1 Q b y2
ft Q = 49.5 s V1 = 2.75
Note that
V1 =
ft s ft s
Fr1 =
V1 g y1 V2 g y2
Fr1 = 0.198
V2 =
V2 = 18.3
Fr2 =
Fr2 = 3.41
Problem 11.44
[4]

Basic equations:
Data on rectangular channel and weir If a hydraulic jump forms upstream of the weir
1 3
Q =
1 A R S0 n
2 3
1 2
yc =
q2 g
Note that the Q equation is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units! For a rectangular channel of width Bw = 2.45 m and depth y we find from Table 11.2 A = Bw y = 2.45 y and also n = 0.015
2 3
R =
Bw y Bw + 2 y m s
3
2.45 y 2.45 + 2 y
and
1 2
S0 = 0.0004
Q = 5.66
2 3
Hence
Q =
1 A R S0 n
5 3 2 3
1 2.45 y 2.45 y 0.0004 0.015 2.45 + 2 y

5 3
1 2
= 5.66
Solving for y
5.66 0.015 .0004 2.54 2.54

1 2 2 3
or
( 2.45 + 2 y)
( 2.54 + 2 y)
2 3
= 0.898
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with the given depth
5 3 2 3 5 3 2 3
For
y = 1.52
( m)
= 0.639
For
y = 2
( m)
= 0.908
( 2.54 + 2 y)
5 3
( 2.54 + 2 y)
5 3
For
y = 1.95
( m)
( 2.54 + 2 y) y = 1.98
2 3
= 0.879
For
y = 1.98
( m)
( 2.54 + 2 y)
2 3
= 0.896
(m)
This is the normal depth.
We also have the critical depth:
q =
Q Bw
q = 2.31
m s
yc =
q2 g
1 3
yc = 0.816 m
Hence the given depth is 1.52 m > yc, but 1.52 m < yn, the normal depth. This implies the flow is subcritical (far enough upstream it is dep 1.98 m), and that it draws down to 1.52 m as it gets close to the wier. There is no jump.
Problem 11.45
[2]

Basic equations:
Data on rectangular channel and hydraulic jump Flow rate; Critical depth; Head loss
1 3
y2
1 = 1 + y1 2
1 + 8 Fr1
2 2 V1 V2 Hl = E1 E2 = y1 + y2 + 2 g 2 g
yc =
q2 g
The given data is
b = 4 m
y1 = 0.4 m y2 y1
y2 = 1.7 m
We can solve for Fr1 from the basic equation

2
1 + 8 Fr1 = 1 + 2
Fr1 = Hence
y2 1 + 2 1 y1 8
Fr1 = 3.34 V1 = 6.62 m s

3
and
Fr1 =
V1 g y1
V1 = Fr1 g y1
Then
Q = V1 b y1
1 3
Q = 10.6
m s
q =
Q b
q = 2.65
m s
The critical depth is
yc =
q2 g
Q b y2
yc = 0.894 m
Also
V2 =
V2 = 1.56
m s
Fr2 =
V2 g y2
Fr2 = 0.381
The energy loss is
2 2 V1 V2 Hl = y1 + y2 + 2 g 2 g
Hl = 0.808 m
Note that we could use the result of Example 11.9
Hl =
(y2 y1)
4 y1 y2
Hl = 0.808 m
Problem 11.46
[2]

Basic equations:
Data on wide channel and hydraulic jump Jump depth; Head loss
y2
1 = 1 + y1 2
ft s
3
1 + 8 Fr1
2 2 V1 V2 Hl = E1 E2 = y1 + y2 + 2 g 2 g
The given data is
Q = 20 b ft Q = V A = V b y Q b y1 y1 1 + 2 Q b y2
2 1 + 8 Fr1
y1 = 1 ft
Also
Hence
V1 =
V1 = 20.0
ft s
Fr1 =
V1 g y1
Fr1 = 3.53
Then
y2 =
V2 = 4.43 ft s
y2 = 4.51 ft V2 g y2
V2 =
Fr2 =
Fr2 = 0.368
2 2 V1 V2 The energy loss is Hl = y1 + y2 + 2 g 2 g
Hl = 2.40 ft
Hl =
(y2 y1)
4 y1 y2
Hl = 2.40 ft
Problem 11.47
[1]

Basic equations:
Data on wide channel and hydraulic jump Jump depth
y2 y1
1 1 + 2
ft s
3
1 + 8 Fr1
The given data is
Q = 30 b ft Q = V A = V b y Q b y1 y1 1 + 2 Q b y2
2 1 + 8 Fr1
y1 = 1.3 ft
Also
Hence
V1 =
V1 = 23.1
ft s
Fr1 =
V1 g y1
Fr1 = 3.57
Then
y2 =
V2 = 5.05 ft s
y2 = 5.94 ft V2 g y2
Note:
V2 =
Fr2 =
Fr2 = 0.365
Problem 11.48
[2]

Basic equations:
Data on wide channel and hydraulic jump Jump depth; Head loss
y2
1 = 1 + y1 2
3
1 + 8 Fr1
2 2 V1 V2 Hl = E1 E2 = y1 + y2 + 2 g 2 g
The given data is
Q = 200
ft s
b = 10 ft
y1 = 1.2 ft
Also
Q = V A = V b y Q b y1 y1 1 + 2 Q b y2
2 1 + 8 Fr1
Hence
V1 =
V1 = 16.7
ft s
Fr1 =
V1 g y1
Fr1 = 2.68
Then
y2 =
V2 = 5.01 ft s
y2 = 3.99 ft V2 g y2
V2 =
Fr2 =
Fr2 = 0.442
Hl = 1.14 ft
Hl =
(y2 y1)
4 y1 y2
Hl = 1.14 ft
Problem 11.49
[2]

Basic equations:
Data on wide channel and hydraulic jump Flow rate; Head loss
y2
1 = 1 + y1 2
1 + 8 Fr1
2 2 V1 V2 Hl = E1 E2 = y1 + y2 + 2 g 2 g
The given data is
b = 5 ft
y1 = 0.66 ft y2 y1
y2 = 3.0 ft
We can solve for Fr1 from the basic equation

2
1 + 8 Fr1 = 1 + 2
Fr1 = Hence
y2 1 + 2 1 y1 8
Fr1 = 3.55 V1 = 16.4 ft s

3
and
Fr1 =
V1 g y1
V1 = Fr1 g y1
Then
Q = V1 b y1 Q b y2
Q = 54.0
ft s
Also
V2 =
V2 = 3.60
ft s
Fr2 =
V2 g y2
Fr2 = 0.366
Hl = 1.62 ft
Hl =
(y2 y1)
4 y1 y2
Hl = 1.62 ft
Problem 11.50
[2]

Basic equations:
Data on wide spillway flow Depth after hydraulic jump; Specific energy change
y2
1 = 1 + y1 2 y1 = 0.9 m Fr1 = V1 g y1 y1 1 + 2
1 + 8 Fr1
2 2 V1 V2 Hl = E1 E2 = y1 + y2 + 2 g 2 g
The given data is
V1 = 25
m s
Then Fr1 is
Fr1 = 8.42
Hence
y2 =
2 1 + 8 Fr1
y2 = 10.3 m y1 V2 = V1 y2 m s
Then
Q = V1 b y1 = V2 b y2
2
V2 = 2.19
For the specific energies
E1 = y1 + 2 g V2
2
V1
E1 = 32.8 m
E2 = y2 + 2 g
E2 = 10.5 m
E2 E1
= 0.321
The energy loss is
H l = E1 E2
Hl = 22.3 m
Hl =
(y2 y1)
4 y1 y2
Hl = 22.3 m
Problem 11.51
[2]

Basic equations:
Data on rectangular channel flow Depth after hydraulic jump; Specific energy change
y2
1 = 1 + y1 2 y1 = 0.4 m
1 + 8 Fr1
2 2 V1 V2 Hl = E1 E2 = y1 + y2 + 2 g 2 g
The given data is
b = 1 m Q b y1
Q = 6.5
m s
Then
Q = V1 b y1 = V2 b y2
V1 =
V1 = 16.3
m s
Then Fr1 is
Fr1 =
V1 g y1 y1 1 + 2 Q b y2 V1
2 2 1 + 8 Fr1
Fr1 = 8.20
Hence
y2 =
y2 = 4.45 m m s
and
V2 =
V2 = 1.46
For the specific energies
E1 = y1 + 2 g V2
2
E1 = 13.9 m
E2 = y2 + 2 g
E2 = 4.55 m
The energy loss is
H l = E1 E2
Hl = 9.31 m
Hl =
(y2 y1)
4 y1 y2
Hl = 9.31 m
Problem 11.52
[3]
Data on rectangular, sharp-crested weir Required weir height
Basic equations: Given data: Hence we find
2 2 Q = Cd 2 g B' H 3 B = 1.6 m
3
where Q = 0.5
Cd = 0.62 m s
3
and
B' = B 0.1 n H
with
n = 2
2 2 2 2 Q = Cd 2 g B' H = Cd 2 g ( B 0.1 n H) H 3 3 ( B 0.1 n H) H

3 2
Rearranging
3 Q 2 2 g C d
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for H and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below.
5 2 5 2 3 2 5 2
The right side evaluates to
3 Q 2 2 g Cd
= 0.273 m
3 2
For
H = 1 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
= 1.40 m
For
5 2 5 2
H = 0.5 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
= 0.530 m
For
H = 0.3 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
3 2 3 2
= 0.253 m
For
H = 0.35 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
3 2 3 2
= 0.317 m
5 2 5 2
For
H = 0.31 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
= 0.265 m
For
H = 0.315 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
= 0.272 m
For
H = 0.316 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
3 2
= 0.273 m
5 2
H = 0.316 m
But from the figure
H + P = 2.5 m
P = 2.5 m H
P = 2.18 m
Problem 11.53
[1]

Basic equation:
Data on rectangular, sharp-crested weir Discharge
Q = Cw B H
3 2
where
Cw = 3.33
and
B = 8 ft
P = 2 ft
H = 1 ft
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3 2
Q = Cw B H
Q = 26.6
ft s
Problem 11.54
[3]
Data on rectangular, sharp-crested weir Required weir height
Basic equations: Given data: Hence we find
2 2 Q = Cd 2 g B' H 3 B = 1.5 m
3
where Q = 0.5
Cd = 0.62 m s
3
and
B' = B 0.1 n H
with
n = 2
2 2 2 2 Q = Cd 2 g B' H = Cd 2 g ( B 0.1 n H) H 3 3 ( B 0.1 n H) H

3 2
Rearranging
3 Q 2 2 g Cd
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for H and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below.
5 2 5 2 3 2 5 2
The right side evaluates to
3 Q 2 2 g Cd
= 0.273 m
3 2
For
H = 1 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
= 1.30 m
For
5 2 5 2
H = 0.5 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
= 0.495 m
For
H = 0.3 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
3 2 3 2
= 0.237 m
For
H = 0.35 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
3 2 3 2
= 0.296 m
5 2 5 2
For
H = 0.34 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
= 0.284 m
For
H = 0.33 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
= 0.272 m
For
H = 0.331 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
3 2
= 0.273 m
5 2
H = 0.331 m
But from the figure
H + P = 2.5 m
P = 2.5 m H
P = 2.17 m
Problem 11.55
[1]
Data on V-notch weir Flow head
Basic equation:
8 2 Q = Cd 2 g tan H 15 2 H =
where
2 5
Cd = 0.58
= 60 deg
Q = 150
L s
8 Cd 2 g tan 15 2
Q
H = 0.514 m
Problem 11.56
[1]

Basic equation:
Data on V-notch weir Discharge
Q = Cw H
5 2
where
H = 1.5 ft
Cw = 2.50
for
= 90 deg
Note that this is an "engineering" equation in which we ignore units!

5 2 3
Q = Cw H
Q = 6.89
ft s
Problem 11.57
[1]

Basic equation:
Data on V-notch weir Weir coefficient
Q = Cw H
5 2
where
H = 180 mm
Q = 20
L s
Note that this is an "engineering" equation in which we ignore units! Q H

5 2
Cw =
Cw = 1.45
Problem 12.1
[2]

Basic equations:
Air flow through a filter Change in p, T and
h2 h1 = cp T2 T1
p = R T
Assumptions: 1) Ideal gas 2) Throttling process In a throttling process enthalpy is constant. Hence h2 h1 = 0 so T2 T1 = 0 or T = constant p2 < p1 2 < 1
The filter acts as a resistance through which there is a pressure drop (otherwise there would be no flow. Hence p1 p2 1 T1 2 T2
From the ideal gas equation
so
T1 p2 p2 2 = 1 = 1 T2 p1 p1 T2 p2 s = cp ln R ln T1 p1 p2 and < 1 p1
Hence
The governing equation for entropy is
Hence
s = R ln
p2 p1
so
s > 0
Entropy increases because throttling is an irreversible adiabatic process
Problem 12.2
[2]
Problem 12.3
[2]

Basic equation:
Data on an air compressor Whether or not the vendor claim is feasible
T2 p2 s = cp ln R ln T1 p1
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is: p1 = 101 kPa p2 = ( 650 + 101) kPa J cp = 1004 kg K T1 = ( 20 + 273) K T2 = ( 285 + 273) K R = 287 J kg K
Then
s = 71.0
J kg K
The second law of thermodynamics states that, for an adiabatic process s 0 or for all real processes s > 0
Hence the process is feasible!
Temperature T Entropy s
Problem 12.4
[2]

Basic equation:
Adiabatic air compressor Lowest delivery temperature; Sketch the process on a Ts diagram
The lowest temperature implies an ideal (reversible) process; it is also adiabatic, so s = 0, and
p1 T 2 = T 1 p2
1k k
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is:p1 = 14.7 psi

1k k
p2 = ( 100 + 14.7) psi
T1 = ( 68 + 460) R
k = 1.4
Hence
p1 T2 = T1 p2
T2 = 950 R
T2 = 490 F
Temperature T Entropy s
The process is
Problem 12.5
[2]

Basic equation:
Test chamber with two chambers Pressure and temperature after expansion
p = R T
u = q w
(First law - closed system)
u = cv T
Assumptions: 1) Ideal gas 2) Adiabatic 3) No work For no work and adiabatic the first law becomes We also have M = Vol = const p2 p1 2 T 2 1 = 1 T 1 2 and u = 0 Vol2 = 2 Vol1 or for an Ideal gas so T = 0 T2 = T1 2 = p2 = 1 2 1 1 p 2 1
From the ideal gas equation
so
Hence
T2 = 20 F
p2 =
200 kPa 2
p2 = 100 kPa
Note that
T2 p2 1 s = cp ln R ln = R ln = 0.693 R 2 T1 p1
so entropy increases (irreversible adiabatic)
Problem 12.6
[2]

Basic equation:
Supercharger Pressure, temperature and flow rate at exit; power drawn
p = Rair T h = q w
(First law - open system) h = cp T
Assumptions: 1) Ideal gas 2) Adiabatic In an ideal process (reversible and adiabatic) the first law becomes h = w or for an Ideal gas
k1 k
wideal = cp T
For an isentropic process
T2 p2 s = 0 = cp ln R ln T1 p1
3
or p1 = 14.7 psi k = 1.4
T2 T1
p2 p1
The given or available data is T1 = ( 70 + 460) R Q1 = 0.5 ft s
p2 = ( 200 + 14.7) psi Btu cp = 0.2399 lbm R
= 70 % Rair = 53.33 ft lbf lbm R
Hecne
T2 =
p2 p1
k1 k
T1
T2 = 1140 R 1 Q 2 = Q 1 2
T2 = 681 F p1 T2 Q2 = Q1 p2 T1
p2 = 215 psi Q2 = 0.0737 ft s

3
We also have
mrate = 1 Q1 = 2 Q2
For the power we use
Pideal = mrate wideal = 1 Q1 cp T 1 = 0.00233 slug ft

3
p1 From the ideal gas equation 1 = Rair T1 Hence The actual power needed is Pideal = 1 Q1 cp T2 T1 Pactual = Pideal
or
1 = 0.0749
lbm ft
3
Pideal = 5.78 kW Pactual = 8.26 kW
A supercharger is a pump that forces air into an engine, but generally refers to a pump that is driven directly by the engine, as opposed to a turbocharger that is driven by the pressure of the exhaust gases.
Problem 12.7
[2]

Basic equation:
Cooling of air in a tank Change in entropy, internal energy, and enthalpy
p = R T u = cv T
h = cp T
Assumptions: 1) Ideal gas 2) Constant specific heats Given or available data M = 5 kg J cp = 1004 kg K T1 = ( 250 + 273) K J cv = 717.4 kg K p2 p1 = T2 T1 T2 = ( 50 + 273) K k = cp cv T2 p T1 1 k = 1.4 p1 = 3 MPa R = cp cv R = 287 J kg K
For a constant volume process the ideal gas equation gives
p2 =
p2 = 1.85 MPa
Then
u = cv T2 T1 h = cp T2 T1
s = 346 u = 143 h = 201
J kg K kJ kg kJ kg J K
( (
) )
Total amounts are
S = M s U = M u H = M h
S = 1729
U = 717 kJ H = 1004 kJ
Problem 12.8
[3]
Air in a piston-cylinder Heat to raise temperature to 1200oC at a) constant pressure and b) constant volume
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is: T1 = ( 100 + 273) K T2 = ( 1200 + 273) K R = 287 J kg K J cp = 1004 kg K cv = cp R J cv = 717 kg K
a) For a constant pressure process we start with Hence, for p = const. But Hence b) For a constant volume process we start Hence, for v = const. But Hence
T ds = dh v dp ds = dh dT = cp T T
q = T ds q = cp dT T ds = du + p dv ds = du dT = cv T T q = cp dT q = cp T2 T1
q = 1104
kJ kg
q = T ds q = cv dT q = cv dT q = cv T2 T1
q = 789
kJ kg
Heating to a higher temperature at constant pressure requires more heat than at constant volume: some of the heat is used to do work in expanding the gas; hence for constant pressure less of the heat is available for raising the temperature. From the first law: Constant pressure: q = u + w Constant volume: q = u
The two processes can be plotted using Eqs. 11.11b and 11.11a, simplified for the case of constant pressure and constant volume.
a) For constant pressure
T2 p2 s2 s1 = cp ln R ln T1 p1 T2 v2 s2 s1 = cv ln + R ln T1 v1
so
T2 s = cp ln T1 T2 s = cv ln T1
b) For constant volume
so
The processes are plotted in the associated Excel workbook
[3]
Given: Air in a piston-cylinder Find: Heat to raise temperature to 1200oC at a) constant pressure and b) constant volume; plot Solution:
The given or available data is: T1 = T2 = R = cp = cv = 100 1200 287 1004 717
o o
C C
J/kg.K J/kg.K J/kg.K
The equations to be plotted are:
T (K) 373 473 573 673 773 873 973 1073 1173 1273 1373
a) s J/kgK) 0 238 431 593 732 854 963 1061 1150 1232 1308
b) s J/kgK) 0 170 308 423 522 610 687 758 821 880 934
1500 1250 T (K) 1000 750 500 250 0 0
T-s Diagram for Constant Pressure and Constant Volume Processes
a) Constant Pressure b) Constant Volume

250 500 750 s (J/kg.K) 1000 1250 1500
Problem 12.9
[4]
Data on Otto cycle Plot of pV and Ts diagrams; efficiency
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is: J cp = 1004 kg K p1 = 100 kPa V4 = V1 Computed results: M = p1 V1 R T1 = constant M = 5.95 10
k 4
R = 287
J kg K
cv = cp R T3 = ( 2750 + 273) K
J cv = 717 kg K V1 = 500 cc
k =
cp cv V1 8.5
k = 1.4
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
V2 =
V2 = 58.8 cc
kg
For process 1-2 we have isentropic behavior
T v
k1
p v = constant
(12.12 a and 12.12b)
Hence
V1 T2 = T1 V2
k1
T2 = 690 K
V1 p2 = p1 V2
k
p2 = 2002 kPa
The process from 1 -2 is
V1 p ( V) = p1 V
and
s = constant
The work is
V2 p1 V1 p2 V2 W12 = p ( V ) dV = V k1 1
V3 = V2
W12 = 169 J
Q12 = 0 J
(Isentropic)
For process 2 - 3 we have constant volume T3 p3 = p2 T2
V3 = 58.8 cc p3 = 8770 kPa
Hence
V = V2 = constant
and
T s = cv ln T2
(From 12.11a)
W23 = 0 J
Q23 = M u = M cv dT For process 3 - 4 we again have isentropic behavior
Q23 = M cv T3 T2
Q23 = 995 J
Hence
V3 T4 = T3 V4
k1
T4 = 1284 K
V3 p4 = p3 V4
k
p4 = 438 kPa
The process from 3 - 4 is
V3 p ( V) = p3 V
W34 =
and
s = constant
The work is
p3 V3 p4 V4 k1
W34 = 742 J
Q34 = 0 J
For process 4-1 we again have constant volume The process from 4 -1 is V = V4 = constant and T s = cv ln T 4 (From 12.11a) Q41 = M cv T1 T4 The net work is W41 = 0 J
Q41 = 422 J Wnet = 572 J
Wnet = W12 + W23 + W34 + W41
The efficiency is
Wnet Q23
= 57.5 % 1 Otto = 1 k1 r r = 8.5
This is consistent with the expression for the Otto efficiency V1 V2
where r is the compression ratio
r =
Otto = 57.5 % Plots of the cycle in pV and Ts space are shown in the associated Excel workbook
[4]
Given: Data on Otto cycle Find:

Plot of pV and Ts diagrams; efficiency
Solution:
The given, available, or computed data is: R = cp = cv = k = T1 = T2 = T3 = T4 = 287 1004 717 1.4 293 690 3023 1284 J/kg.K J/kg.K J/kg.K
K K K K
p1 = p2 = p3 = p4 =
100 2002 8770 438
kPa kPa kPa kPa
V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 =
500 58.8 58.8 500
cc cc cc cc
The computations are: V (cc) 1 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 58.8 58.8 58.8 58.8 58.8 58.8 58.8 58.8 58.8 58.8 58.8 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 p (kPa) 100 116 137 165 204 264 361 540 952 2002 2176 2901 3626 4352 5077 5802 6527 7253 7978 8770 4172 2364 1580 1156 896 722 599 508 438 410 375 341 307 273 239 205 171 137 100 T (K) 293 306 320 338 359 387 423 474 558 690 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3023 2445 2078 1852 1694 1575 1481 1403 1339 1284 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 293 s J/kgK) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 160 366 526 657 767 863 947 1023 1091 1159 1159 1159 1159 1159 1159 1159 1159 1159 1159 1111 1049 980 905 820 724 614 483 323 100 Initial entropy is arbitrary Temperatures from Eq. 12.12b
Uniform temperature steps
Temperatures from Eq. 12.12b
p - V Diagram for Otto Cycle

10000 8000 p (kPa) 6000 4000 2000 0 0 100 200 V (cc) 300 400 500
T - s Diagram for Otto Cycle

3500 3000 T (K) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 250 500 s (J/kg.K) 750 1000 1250
Problem 12.10
[4]
Data on diesel cycle Plot of pV and Ts diagrams; efficiency
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is: J cp = 1004 kg K p1 = 100 kPa V2 = V1 12.5 R = 287 J kg K cv = cp R J cv = 717 kg K T3 = ( 3000 + 273) K V3 = V2 V4 = 1.75 V3 k = cp cv k = 1.4
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K V2 = 40 cc p1 V1 R T1 T v
k1
V1 = 500 cc V4 = 70 cc V5 = V1
4
Computed results:
M =
M = 5.95 10
kg
For process 1-2 we have isentropic behavior
= constant (12.12a)
p v = constant
k
(12.12c)
Hence
V1 T2 = T1 V2
k1
T2 = 805 K
V1 p2 = p1 V2
k
p2 = 3435 kPa
V1 p ( V) = p1 V
W12 = V
V2
and
s = constant
The work is
p ( V) dV =
1
p1 V1 p2 V2 k 1
W12 = 218 J
Q12 = 0 J (Isentropic)
For process 2 - 3 we have constant volume T3 p3 = p2 T2
V3 = V2
V3 = 40 cc
Hence
p3 = 13963 kPa
V = V2 = constant
and
T s = cv ln T2
(From Eq. 12.11a)
W23 = 0 J
Q23 = M u = M cv dT p4 = p3
Q23 = M cv T3 T2
)
V4 T4 = T3 V3 T s = cp ln T3
Q23 = 1052 J
For process 3 - 4 we have constant pressure
p4 = 13963 kPa
T4 = 5728 K
p = p3 = constant
and
(From Eq. 12.11b) W34 = p3 V4 V3
W34 = 419 J
k1
Q34 = M cp T4 T3
Q34 = 1465 J
For process 4 - 5 we again have isentropic behavior
V4 T5 = T4 V5
T5 = 2607 K
Hence
V4 p5 = p4 V5
p5 = 890 kPa
V4 p ( V) = p4 V
W45 =
and
s = constant
The work is
p4 V4 p5 V5 k1
W45 = 1330 J
Q45 = 0 J
For process 5-1 we again have constant volume
V = V5 = constant
and
T s = cv ln T 5 (From Eq. 12.11a)
Q51 = M cv T1 T5
Q51 = 987 J
W51 = 0 J
The net work is
Wnet = W12 + W23 + W34 + W45 + W51 Qadded = Q23 + Q34 Qadded = 2517 J
Wnet = 1531 J
The heat added is
The efficiency is
Wnet Qadded
= 60.8 %
This is consistent with the expression from thermodynamics for the diesel efficiency
r k1 c diesel = 1 k1 k ( r 1) r c
1 V1 V2
where r is the compression ratio
r =
r = 12.5
and rc is the cutoff ratio
V4 rc = V3
rc = 1.75 diesel = 58.8 %
The plots of the cycle in pV and Ts space are shown in the associated Excel workbook
[4]
Given: Data on diesel cycle Find:

Plot of pV and Ts diagrams; efficiency
Solution:
The given, available, or computed data is: R = cp = cv = k = T1 = T2 = T3 = T4 = T5 = 287 1004 717 1.4 293 805 3273 5728 2607 J/kg.K J/kg.K J/kg.K
K K K K K
p1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = p5 =
100 3435 13963 13963 890
kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 = V5 =
500 40 40 70 500
cc cc cc cc cc
The computations are: V (cc) 1 500 400 300 250 200 150 100 75.0 50.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 42.8 45.8 48.9 51.9 55.0 58.1 61.1 64.2 67.2 70.0 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 p (kPa) 100 137 204 264 361 540 952 1425 2514 3435 3840 4266 5333 6399 7466 8532 9599 10666 11732 13963 13963 13963 13963 13963 13963 13963 13963 13963 13963 13963 8474 4803 3210 2349 1820 1466 1216 1031 890 853 768 683 597 512 427 341 256 171 100 T (K) 293 320 359 387 423 474 558 626 736 805 900 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3273 3500 3750 4000 4250 4500 4750 5000 5250 5500 5728 4966 4222 3763 3441 3199 3007 2851 2720 2607 2500 2250 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500 293 s J/kg.K) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 180 255 415 546 657 752 837 912 981 1105 1173 1242 1307 1368 1425 1479 1531 1580 1627 1667 1667 1667 1667 1667 1667 1667 1667 1667 1667 1637 1562 1477 1381 1271 1140 980 774 483 100 Initial entropy is arbitrary Temperatures from Eq. 12.12b
Temperatures from Eq. 12.12b
p - V Diagram for Diesel Cycle

16000 14000 p (kPa) 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 100 200 V (cc) 300 400 500
T - s Diagram for Diesel Cycle

7000 6000 T (K) 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 500 1000 s (J/kg.K) 1500 2000
Problem 12.11
[3]
Problem 12.12
[2]
Problem 12.13
[3]
Problem 12.14
[3]
Data on flow through compressor Efficiency at which power required is 30 MW; plot required efficiency and exit temperature as functions of efficiency
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is: R = 518.3 J kg K J cp = 2190 kg K cv = cp R J cv = 1672 kg K V1 = 32 m s k = cp cv k = 1.31
T1 = ( 13 + 273) K p2 = 8 MPa + 101 kPa
p1 = 0.5 MPa + 101 kPa Wcomp = 30 MW
D = 0.6 m
The governing equation is the first law of thermodynamics for the compressor
2 2 V2 V1 Mflow h2 + h1 + = Wcomp 2 2 2 2 V2 V1 Wcomp = Mflow cp ( T2 T1) + 2
or
We need to find the mass flow rate and the temperature and velocity at the exit p1 2 Mflow = 1 A1 V1 = D V1 R T1 4 The exit velocity is then given by p1 2 Mflow = D V1 R T1 4 V2 = kg Mflow = 36.7 s 4 Mflow R T2 p2 D
2
p2 2 Mflow = D V2 R T2 4
(1)
The exit velocity cannot be computed until the exit temperature is determined!
Using Eq. 1 in the first law
Wcomp = Mflow cp (T2 T1) +
2 4 Mflow R T2 V12 p D 2 2 2
In this complicated expression the only unknown is T2, the exit temperature. The equation is a quadratic, so is solvable explicitly for T2, but instead we use Excel's Goal Seek to find the solution (the second solution is mathematically T2 = 660 K correct but physically unrealistic - a very large negative absolute temperature). The exit temperature is If the compressor was ideal (isentropic), the exit temperature would be given by
1k k
T p
= constant
(12.12b)
Hence
p1 T2s = T1 p2
1k k
T2s = 529 K h2s h1 h2 h1 T2s T1 T2 T1 T2s T1
For a compressor efficiency , we have
or
= 65.1 %
To plot the exit temperature and power as a function of efficiency we use
T2 = T1 +
with
V2 =
4 Mflow R T2 p2 D
2
and
2 2 V2 V1 Wcomp = Mflow cp (T2 T1) + 2
The dependencies of T2 and Wcomp on efficiency are plotted in the associated Excel workbook
[3]
Data on flow through compressor Efficiency at which power required is 30 MW; plot required efficiency and exit temperature as functions of efficiency
The given or available data is: R = cp = cv = k = T1 = p1 = V1 = p2 = D = W comp = 518.3 2190 1672 1.31 286 601 32 8101 0.6 30 J/kg.K J/kg.K J/kg.K K kPa m/s kPa m/s MW
Computed results:
M flow =
36.7
kg/s
Use Goal Seek to vary T 2 below so that the error between the left and right sides is zero! T2 = LHS (MW) 30.0 660 RHS (MW) 30.0 K Error 0.00%
T 2s =
529
65.1%
85% 80% 70% 50% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15%
T 2 (K) 572 590 634 773 894 981 1097 1259 1503 1908
V 2 (m/s) 4.75 4.90 5.26 6.41 7.42 8.14 9.11 10.45 12.47 15.84
W comp (MW) 23 24 28 39 49 56 65 78 98 130
Required Compressor Power as a Function of Efficiency

140 W comp (MW) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
2500 2000
Gas Exit Temperature as a Function of Efficiency
T (K)
1500 1000 500
0 100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Problem 12.15
[4]
Problem 12.16
[3]
Given: Data on flow rate and balloon properties Find:

"Volumetric efficiency" over time
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = T atm = p atm = k = V rate = 53.3 519 14.7 200 0.1 ft.lbf/lboR R psi lbf/ft3 ft3/min
Computing equations:
Computed results: air = 0.0765 M rate = 0.000128 lb/ft3 lb/s
r (in) 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00
p (psi) 29.2 30.0 30.7 31.4 32.2 32.9 33.6 34.3 35.1
(lb/ft3) 0.152 0.156 0.160 0.164 0.167 0.171 0.175 0.179 0.183
V ball (ft3) 0.303 0.351 0.403 0.461 0.524 0.592 0.666 0.746 0.831
M ball (lb) 0.0461 0.0547 0.0645 0.0754 0.0876 0.101 0.116 0.133 0.152
t (s) 0.00 67.4 144 229 325 433 551 683 828
V/V rate 0.00 42.5% 41.3% 40.2% 39.2% 38.2% 37.3% 36.4% 35.5%
44% 42% V/V flow 40% 38% 36% 34% 0
Volume Increase of Balloon as Percentage of Supplied Volume
250
500 t (s)
750
1000
Problem 12.17
[3]

Basic equation:
Sound wave Estimate of change in density, temperature, and velocity after sound wave passes
p = R T du = cv dT
dh = cp dT
Assumptions: 1) Ideal gas 2) Constant specific heats 3) Isentropic process 4) infinitesimal changes Given or available data T1 = ( 20 + 273) K c = k R T 1 p1 = 100 kPa c = 343
2
dp = 20 Pa
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
J kg K
m s so d = dp c
2
For small changes, from Section 11-2 p1 The air density is 1 = R T1 Then dVx = 1 dp 1 c
dp = c d kg m
3
d = 1.70 10
4 kg 3
a very small change!
1 = 1.19
dVx = 0.049
m s
This is the velocity of the air after the sound wave! p = R T and differentiate dp = d R T + R dT
For the change in temperature we start with the ideal gas equation Dividing by the ideal gas equation we find Hence dp d dT = + p T dT = 0.017 K
dp d dT = T1 p1 1
dT = 0.030 F
a very small change!
Problem 12.18
[3]

Basic equations:
Sound wave Estimate of change in density, temperature, and velocity after sound wave passes
p = R T
Ev =
dp
d
Assumptions: 1) Ideal gas 2) Constant specific heats 3) Infinitesimal changes To find the bulk modulus we need dp d p Hence p E v = k
k
in
Ev =
dp
d
dp d
For rapid compression (isentropic)
= const
and so
dp p = k d Ev = k p p = R T so dp = d R T
For gradual compression (isothermal) we can use the ideal gas equation Hence E v = ( R T ) = p Ev = p
We conclude that the "stiffness" (Ev) of air is equal to kp when rapidly compressed and p when gradually compressed. To give an idea of v For water Ev = 2.24 GPa Rapid compression Ev = k p Ev = 141 kPa Ev = 101 kPa
For air (k = 1.4) at p = 101 kPa
Gradual compression Ev = p
Problem 12.19
[2]

Basic equation:
Device for determining bulk modulus Time delay; Bulk modulus of new material
c=
Ev GN m
2
Hence for given data
Ev = 200
L = 1 m
and for steel
SG = 7.83
w = 1000
kg m
3
For the steel
c =
Ev SG w
c = 5054 L c
m s t = 1.98 10 t = 0.5 ms
4
Hence the time to travel distance L is For the unknown material M = 0.25 kg M L The speed of sound in it is c = L t
2
t =
t = 0.198 ms
t = 198 s
D = 1 cm kg m c = 2000 m s GN m
2 3
The density is then
D 4
= 3183
Hence th bulk modulus is
E v = c
Ev = 12.7
Problem 12.20
[2]

Basic equation:
Hunting dolphin Time delay before it hears prey at 1000 m
c=
Ev SG = 1.025 Ev = 2.42 GN m
2
Given (and Table A.2) data
L = 1000 m Ev SG w
w = 1000
kg m
3
For the seawater
c =
c = 1537 L c
m s t = 0.651 s t = 651 ms
Hence the time for sound to travel distance L is
t =
Problem 12.21
[2]

Basic equation:
Submarine sonar Separation between submarines
c=
Ev SG = 1.025 Ev = 2.42 GN m
2
Given (and Table A.2) data
t = 25 s Ev SG w
w = 1000
kg m
3
For the seawater
c =
c = 1537
m s L = 38.4 km x = 19.2 km
Hence the distance sound travels in time t is The distance between submarines is half of this
L = c t x = L 2
Problem 12.22
[1]

Basic equation: Available data At
Airplane cruising at two different elevations Mach numbers
c=
k R T J kg K
M=
V c
R = 286.9 z = 1600 ft T = 285 K
k = 1.4 z = 488 m interpolating from Table A.3 T = 288.2 K + ( 284.9 288.2) K ( z 0m) ( 500 0) m
Hence
c =
k R T
c = 338 M = V c
m s
c = 757 mph M = 0.529 T = 216.7 K c = 660 mph M = 1.10
and we have
V = 400 mph
The Mach number is Repeating at Hence z = 50000 ft c = k R T
z = 15240 m c = 295 M = V c m s
and we have
V = 725 mph
The Mach number is
Problem 12.23
[1]
Problem 12.24
[1]
V = 500 mph R = 286.90 J/kgK k = 1.40
(Table A.6)
Data on temperature versus height obtained from Table A.3 z (m) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 T (K) 288.2 284.9 281.7 278.4 275.2 271.9 268.7 265.4 262.2 258.9 255.7 249.2 242.7 236.2 229.7 223.3 c (m/s) c (mph) 340 338 336 334 332 330 329 326 325 322 320 316 312 308 304 299 661 658 654 650 646 642 639 635 631 627 623 615 607 599 590 582 M 0.756 0.760 0.765 0.769 0.774 0.778 0.783 0.788 0.793 0.798 0.803 0.813 0.824 0.835 0.847 0.859
Mach Number versus Elevation

0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
z (m)
Problem 12.26
[2]

Basic equation:
Fireworks displays! How long after seeing them do you hear them?
c=
k R T
Assumption: Speed of light is essentially infinite (compared to speed of sound) ft lbf lbm R
The given or available data is Hence
TJuly = ( 75 + 460) R cJuly = tJuly = k Rair TJuly L cJuly
L = 1 mi ft cJuly = 1134 s tJuly = 4.66 s
k = 1.4
Rair = 53.33
Then the time is
In January Hence
TJan = ( 5 + 460) R cJan = tJan = k Rair TJan L cJan ft cJan = 1057 s tJan = 5.00 s
Then the time is
p2 = p1 = p =
10 5 5
MPa MPa MPa
Data on specific volume versus temperature can be obtained fro any good thermodynamics text (try the Web!)
p1
o 3
p2 0.0009952 0.0009973 0.0010035 0.0010127 0.0010244 0.0010385 0.0010549 0.0010738 0.0010954 0.0011200 0.0011482 2.52 2.31 2.18 2.14 2.19 2.31 2.42 2.68 2.82 3.18 3.70 1409 1472 1514 1528 1512 1470 1437 1366 1330 1254 1162
T ( C) v (m /kg) v (m3/kg) (kg/m3) c (m/s) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0.0009977 0.0009996 0.0010057 0.0010149 0.0010267 0.0010410 0.0010576 0.0010769 0.0010988 0.0011240 0.0011531
Speed of Sound versus Temperature

1600 1500 1400
c (m/s)
1300 1200 1100 1000 0 50 100 150 200
T ( C)
Problem 12.28
(Eq. 12.18, Section 12-2)
[3]
Section 12-2
Problem 12.29
[2]
Given: Find: Solution
Data on atmospheric temperature variation with altitude Sound of speed at sea level; plot speed as function of altitude
The given or available data is: R = k = 286.9 1.4 J/kg.K
Computing equation:
c = kRT
Computed results: (Only partial data is shown in table) z (m) T (K) c (m/s) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 288.2 284.9 281.7 278.4 275.2 271.9 268.7 265.4 262.2 258.9 255.7 249.2 242.7 236.2 229.7 223.3 340 338 336 334 332 330 329 326 325 322 320 316 312 308 304 299
Speed of Sound Variation with Altitude

350 325 c (m/s) 300 275 250 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 z (m) 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000
Problem 12.30
[3]
Given: Data on atmospheric temperature variation with altitude Find:

Lapse rate; plot of rate of change of sonic speed with altitude
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = T0 = T 10k = 286.9 1.4 288.2 223.3 J/kg.K K K
Computed results: m = z (km) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -0.00649 T (K) 288.2 281.7 275.2 268.7 262.2 255.8 249.3 242.8 236.3 229.8 223.3 K/m dc/dz (s-1) -0.00383 -0.00387 -0.00392 -0.00397 -0.00402 -0.00407 -0.00412 -0.00417 -0.00423 -0.00429 -0.00435 (Using T at z = 10 km)
Rate of Change of Sonic Speed with Altitude

-0.0038 -0.0039
-1 dc/dz (s )
-0.0040 -0.0041 -0.0042 -0.0043 -0.0044 0 2 4 z (km) 6 8 10
Problem 12.31
[1]

Basic equations:
Air flow at M = 1.9 Air speed; Mach angle
c=
k R T
M =
V c
= asin k = 1.4 ft s ft s
1 M
Rair = 53.33 ft lbf lbm R
T = ( 77 + 460) R
M = 1.9
Hence
c =
k Rair T
c = 1136
Then the air speed is
V = M c = asin 1 M
V = 2158
V = 1471 mph
The Mach angle is given by
= 31.8 deg
Problem 12.32
[1]
Problem 12.33
[1]
Problem 12.34
[2]
Problem 12.35
[2]
Problem 12.36
x
[2]

Basic equations:
High-speed jet flying overhead Estimate speed and Mach number of jet
c=
k R T
M=
V c
= asin k = 1.4 t = 5 s
1 M
R = 286.9 J kg K
T = ( 30 + 273) K
h = 3500 m
The time it takes to fly from directly overhead to where you hear it is The distance traveled, moving at speed V, is x = V t
The Mach angle is related to height h and distance x by and also we have sin ( ) = 1 c = M V
tan( ) = (2)
sin ( ) h h = = cos ( ) x V t
(1)
Dividing Eq. 2 by Eq 1
cos ( ) =
c V t c t = V h h
Note that we could have written this equation from geometry directly! We have Hence Then the speed is c = M = k R T 1 sin ( ) c = 349 m s so = acos c t h = 60.1 deg
M = 1.15 V = 402 m s
V = M c
Note that we assume the temperature of the air is uniform. In fact the temperature will vary over 3500 m, so the Mach cone will be curved. This speed and Mach number are only rough estimates
Problem 12.37
[2]
Problem 12.38
x
[3]

Basic equations:
Supersonic aircraft flying overhead Time at which airplane heard
c=
k R T m s
M =
V c
= asin k = 1.4 t = x V
1 M
R = 286.9 J kg K
V = 1000
h = 3 km
The time it takes to fly from directly overhead to where you hear it is If the temperature is constant then x= h tan( )
The temperature is not constant so the Mach line will not be straight. We can find a range of t by considering the temperature range At h = 3 km we find from Table A.3 that Using this temperature Hence c = k R T 1 M T = 268.7 K c = 329 m s and x = h tan( ) M = V c M = 3.04 t = x V t = 8.62 s
= asin
= 19.2 deg T = 288.2 K c = 340 m s
x = 8625 m
At sea level we find from Table A.3 that Using this temperature Hence c = k R T 1 M
and x = h tan( )
M =
V c
M = 2.94 t = x V t = 8.29 s
= asin
= 19.9 deg
x = 8291 m
Thus we conclude that the time is somwhere between 8.62 and 8.29 s. Taking an average
t = 8.55 s
Problem 12.39
[3]
x = V t

Basic equations:
Supersonic aircraft flying overhead Location at which first sound wave was emitted
c=
k R T m s
M =
V c
= asin k = 1.4
1 M
R = 286.9 J kg K
V = 1000
h = 3 km x = h tan( )
We need to find x as shown in the figure
The temperature is not constant so the Mach line will not be straight ( is not constant). We can find a range of and x by considering the temperature range At h = 3 km we find from Table A.3 that Using this temperature Hence c = k R T 1 M T = 268.7 K c = 329 m s and x = h tan( ) M = V c M = 3.04
= asin
= 19.2 deg T = 288.2 K c = 340 m s
x = 1043 m
At sea level we find from Table A.3 that Using this temperature Hence c = k R T
and x = h tan( )
M =
V c
M = 2.94
= asin
= 19.9 deg
x = 1085 m
Thus we conclude that the distance is somwhere between 1043 and 1085 m. Taking an average
x = 1064 m
Problem 12.40
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 12.40
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 12.41
[2]
Speed of automobile Whether flow can be considered incompressible
Consider the automobile at rest with 60 mph air flowing over it. Let state 1 be upstream, and point 2 the stagnation point on the automobile The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is: R = 287 J kg K k = 1.4 V1 = 60 mph p1 = 101 kPa
1 k1
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
The basic equation for the density change is
( k 1) 2 = M 1 + 2
(12.20c)
1 k1
or
0 = 1 1 +
( k 1) 2 M1 2
1 = For the Mach number we need c m s k1 2

2 M1 1 k1
p1 R T1 k R T1
1 = 1.201 m c1 = 343 s
kg m
3
c1 =
V1 = 26.8
V1 M1 = c1 kg m
3
M1 = 0.0782 0 1 0
0 = 1 1 +
0 = 1.205
The percentage change in density is
= 0.305 %
This is an insignificant change, so the flow can be considered incompressible. Note that M < 0.3, the usual guideline for incompressibility
For the maximum speed present

1 k1
V1 = 120 mph
V1 = 53.6
m s
V1 M1 = c1
M1 = 0.156 0 1 0
0 = 1 1 +
k1 2
2 M1
0 = 1.216
kg m
3
The percentage change in density is
= 1.21 %
This is still an insignificant change, so the flow can be considered incompressible.
Problem 12.42
[5]
Supersonic transport aircraft Explanation of sound wave refraction
A sound wave is refracted when the speed of sound varies with altitude in the atmosphere. (The variation in sound speed is caused by temperature variations in the atmosphere, as shown in Fig. 3.3) Imagine a plane wave front that initially is vertical. When the wave encounters a region where the temperature increase with altitude (such as between 20.1 km and 47.3 km altitude in Fig. 3.3), the sound speed increases with elevation. Therefore the upper portion of the wave travels faster than the lower portion. The wave front turns gradually and the sound wave follows a curved path through the atmosphere. Thus a wave that initially is horizontal bends and follows a curved path, tending to reach the ground some distance from the source. The curvature and the path of the sound could be calculated for any specific temperature variation in the atmosphere. However, the required analysis is beyond the scope of this text.
Problem 12.43
[2]
Given: Mach number range from 0.05 to 0.95 Find:

Plot of percentage density change; Mach number for 1%, 5%, and 10% change
Solution:
The given or available data is: k = 1.4
Computing equation:
Computed results: M 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 / o 0.1% 0.5% 1.1% 2.0% 3.1% 4.4% 5.9% 7.6% 9.4% 11% 14% 16% 18% 21% 23% 26% 29% 31% 34%
To find M for specific density changes use Goal Seek repeatedly / o M 0.142 1% 0.322 5% 0.464 10% Note: Based on (not o) the results are: 0.142 0.314 0.441
Density Variation with Mach Number

40% 30% / 20% 10% 0% 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 M 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Problem 12.44
[1]

Basic equations:
Aircraft flying at 250 m/s Stagnation pressure

k k 1
c=
k R T
M =
V c
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
V = 250
m s
T = ( 50 + 273) K m s
p = 28 kPa V c
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
J kg K
First we need
c =
k R T
c = 299
k k 1
then
M =
M = 0.835
Finally we solve for p0
p0 = p 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
p0 = 44.2 kPa
Problem 12.45
[2]
Pressure data on aircraft in flight Change in air density; whether flow can be considered incompressible
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is: k = 1.4 p0 = 48 kPa p = 27.6 kPa T = ( 55 + 273) K
Governing equation (assuming isentropic flow): p

k
= constant
1 k
(12.12c)
Hence
p = 0 p0
so
0 0 p0 = = 1 = p
1 k
= 48.5 %
NOT an incompressible flow!
Problem 12.46
[1]

Basic equations:
Car at sea level and aircraft flying at 30,000 ft Ratio of static to total pressure in each case
k k 1
c=
k R T
M =
V c ft s ft lbf lbm R
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
Vcar = 55 mph k = 1.4
Vcar = 80.7
Vplane = 550 mph
Vplane = 807
ft s
Rair = 53.33 or c = 1116

k k 1
At sea level, from Table A.3 Hence
T = 288.2 K c = k Rair T
T = 519 R ft s Mcar = Vcar c Mcar = 0.0723
The pressure ratio is
p k 1 2 = Mcar 1 + p0 2
= 0.996
Note that the Bernoulli equation would give the same result! At h = 30000 ft or h = 9144 m ,interpolating from Table A.3 T = 229.7 K + ( 223.3 229.7) K ( 9144 9000) ( 10000 9000) c = 995
T = 229 K Vplane c
T = 412 R
Hence
c =
k Rair T
ft s
Mplane =
Mplane = 0.811
The pressure ratio is
p k1 2 = Mplane 1 + p0 2
k k1
= 0.649
Problem 12.47
[2]

Basic equations:
Aircraft flying at 12 km Dynamic and stagnation pressures

k k 1
c=
k R T
M =
V c
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
pdyn = J kg K
1 2 V 2
M = 2 kg m
3
h = 12 km
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
SL = 1.225
pSL = 101.3 kPa kg m

3
At h = 12 km ,from Table A.3
= 0.2546 SL
= 0.312
k k 1
p = 0.1915 pSL
p = 19.4 kPa
T = 216.7 K
Hence Also Hence
p0 = p 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
p0 = 152 kPa m s V = M c V = 590 m s
c =
k R T 1 2 V 2
c = 295
pdyn =
pdyn = 54.3 kPa
Problem 12.48
[1]
Problem 12.49
[1]
Problem 12.50
[1]
Problem 12.51
[2]
Mach number of aircraft Pressure difference; air speed based on a) compressible b) incompressible assumptions
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is: R = 287 J kg K J cp = 1004 kg K T = 223.3 K
k k1
k = 1.4
M = 0.65
From Table A.3, at 10 km altitude
p = 0.2615 101 kPa
p = 26.4 kPa
The governing equation for pressure change is:
p0 p
k 1 2 = M 1 + 2
k k1
(12.20a)
Hence The pressure difference is
p0 = p 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
p0 = 35.1 kPa
p0 p = 8.67 kPa c = k R T c = 300 m s V = M c V = 195 m s
a) Assuming compressibility
b) Assuming incompressibility Here the Bernoulli equation applies in the form p R T m s 205 195 = 5.13 % 195
2 p0 p V + = 2
so
V =
2 p0 p kg m
3
)
V = 2 p0 p
For the density
= 0.412
Hence
V = 205
In this case the error at M = 0.65 in computing the speed of the aircraft using Bernoulli equation is
Problem 12.52
[1]
Problem 12.53
[2]
Flight altitude of high-speed aircraft Mach number and aircraft speed errors assuming incompressible flow; plot
k k1
The governing equation for pressure change is:
p0
k 1 2 = M 1 + p 2
(12.20a)
k k1 k 1 2 p = p M 1 1 + 2
Hence
p0 p = p0 p = p 1 p
(1)
For each Mach number the actual pressure change can be computed from Eq. 1 Assuming incompressibility, the Bernoulli equation applies in the form 2 p k R T
2 p0 p V + = 2
so
V =
2 p0 p =
2 p
and the Mach number based on this is
V Mincomp = = c
2 p k R T
Using Eq. 1
Mincomp =
k k 1 2 k 1 2 1 + M 1 k 2
The error in using Bernoulli to estimate the Mach number is For errors in speed: Actual speed: Speed assuming incompressible flow: V = M c
Mincomp M M = M M
V = M k R T Vinc = Mincomp k R T Vincomp V V = V V
The error in using Bernoulli to estimate the speed from the pressure difference is
The computations and plots are shown in the associated Excel workbook
[2]
Given: Flight altitude of high-speed aircraft Find: Mach number and aircraft speed errors assuming incompressible flow; plot Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = T = 286.9 1.4 216.7 J/kg.K K (At 12 km, Table A.3)
Computed results: c = M 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 295 M incomp 0.100 0.201 0.303 0.408 0.516 0.627 0.744 0.865 0.994 m/s M/M 0.13% 0.50% 1.1% 2.0% 3.2% 4.6% 6.2% 8.2% 10.4% V (m/s) 29.5 59.0 88.5 118 148 177 207 236 266 V incomp (m/s) 29.5 59.3 89.5 120 152 185 219 255 293 V/V 0.13% 0.50% 1.1% 2.0% 3.2% 4.6% 6.2% 8.2% 10.4%
Error in Mach Number Using Bernoulli

12% 10% 8% M/M 6% 4% 2% 0% 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 M 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Error in Speed Using Bernoulli

12% 10% 8% V/V 6% 4% 2% 0% 0 50 100 150 V (m/s) 200 250 300
Problem 12.54
[2]

Basic equations:
Wind tunnel at M = 2.5 Stagnation conditions; mass flow rate

k k 1
c=
k R T
M =
V c
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
T0 T
=1+
k 1 2 M 2
2
M = 2.5 k = 1.4 T0 = T 1 +
T = ( 15 + 273) K R = 286.9 k 1 2 M 2 k 1 2 M 2
k k 1
p = 35 kPa
A = 0.175 m
J kg K T0 = 648 K T0 = 375 C
Then
Also
p0 = p 1 +
p0 = 598 kPa
The mass flow rate is given by We need
mrate = A V c = k R T p R T c = 340 m s kg m
3
V = M c
V = 850
m s
and also
= 0.424
Then
mrate = A V
kg mrate = 63.0 s
Problem 12.55
[2]
Problem 12.56
[3]

Basic equations:
Wind tunnel test of supersonic transport Lift and drag coefficients

k k 1
c=
k R T FL 1 2 V A 2
M =
V c FD 1 2 V A 2
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
T0 T
= 1+
k1 2 M 2
CL =
CD =
M = 1.8 A = 100 in
2
T0 = ( 500 + 460) R k = 1.4
p0 = 200 psi ft lbf lbm R
FL = 12000 lbf
FD = 1600 lbf
Rair = 53.33
We need local conditions
p = p0 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
k k 1
p = 34.8 psi
T = 1+ Then and We also need c =
T0 k 1 2 M
2
T = 583 R
T = 123 F
k Rair T
c = 1183
ft s ft s slug ft
3
c = 807 mph V = 1452 mph
V = M c = p Rair T FL 1 2 V A 2 FD 1 2 V A 2
V = 2129
= 0.00501
Finally
CL =
CL = 1.52
CD =
CD = 0.203
Problem 12.57
[2]
Problem 12.58
[2]
Problem 12.59
[2]
Data on air flow in a duct Stagnation pressures and temperatures; explain velocity increase; isentropic or not?
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is: R = 287 J kg K J cp = 1004 kg K p1 = 1000 kPa k 1 2 M1 2 k 1 2 M2 2 k = 1.4
M1 = 0.1
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
M2 = 0.7 T01 = 293.6 K T02 = 293.6 K
T2 = ( 5.62 + 273) K T01 = 20.6 C T02 = 20.6 C
p2 = 136.5 kPa
For stagnation temperatures:
T01 = T1 1 +
T02 = T2 1 +
(Because the stagnation temperature is constant, the process is adiabatic)

k k 1
For stagnation pressures:
p01 = p1 1 +
k 1 2 M1 2 k1 2
2 M2
p01 = 1.01 MPa
p02 = p2 1 +
k k1
p02 = 189 kPa
The entropy change is:
V1 = 34.3 m s V2 = M2 k R T2
s = 480
J kg K
Note that
V1 = M1 k R T1
V2 = 229
m s
Although there is friction, suggesting the flow should decelerate, because the static pressure drops so much, the net effect is flow acceleration! The entropy increases because the process is adiabatic but irreversible (friction). q From the second law of thermodynamics ds : becomes ds > 0 T
Problem 12.60
[2]
Data on air flow in a duct Stagnation temperatures; explain; rate of cooling; stagnation pressures; entropy change
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is: T1 = ( 500 + 273) K M1 = 0.5 For stagnation temperatures: p1 = 500 kPa M2 = 0.2 T01 = T1 1 +
R = 287
J kg K
J cp = 1004 kg K T2 = ( 18.57 + 273) K
k = 1.4 p2 = 639.2 kPa
kg Mrate = 0.05 s k1 2 M1 2 k 1 2 M2 2 T01 = 811.7 K T01 = 539 C
T02 = T2 1 +
T02 = 256.5 K
T02 = 16.5 C
The fact that the stagnation temperature (a measure of total energy) decreases suggests cooling is taking place. For the heat transfer: Q = Mrate cp T02 T01 p01 = p1 1 + k 1 2 k 1 2
)
k k 1
Q = 27.9 kW
For stagnation pressures:
2 M1
p01 = 593 kPa

k k 1
p02 = p2 1 +
2 M2
p02 = 657 kPa
The entropy change is:
s = 1186
J kg K
The entropy decreases because the process is a cooling process (Q is negative). q From the second law of thermodynamics: ds becomes ds ve T Hence, if the process is reversible, the entropy must decrease; if it is irreversible, it may increase or decrease
Problem 12.61
[3]
Problem 12.62
[3]

Basic equations:
Air flow in duct with heat transfer and friction Heat transfer; Stagnation pressure at location 2
k k1
c=
k R T
M=
V c V1
2
p0 p
2
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
V A = const
V2 Q h1 + + = h2 + 2 2 dm T1 = 325 K T2 = 450 K k = 1.4 kg m

3
p1 = 400 kPa p2 = 275 kPa J cp = 1004 kg K
V1 = 150
m s
R = 286.9 p2 R T2
J kg K 2 = 2.13 kg m
3
Then
1 =
p1 R T1
1 = 4.29
2 =
and from
V A = const
1 V2 = V1 2
2 2
V2 = 302
m s
Also
V2 V1 Q = q = h2 h1 + dm 2 q = cp T2 T1 +
V2 V1 2
q = 160
kJ kg M2 = 0.711
We also have
c2 =
k R T2
m c2 = 425 s k1 2
2 M2 k k1
so
V2 M2 = c2
Hence
p02 = p2 1 +
p02 = 385 kPa
Problem 12.63
[2]
Problem 12.64
[2]

Basic equations:
Air flow through turbine Stagnation conditions at inlet and exit; change in specific entropy; Plot on Ts diagram
k k 1
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
T0 T
=1+
k 1 2 M 2
M1 = 0.4 M2 = 0.8 J cp = 1004 kg K T01 = T1 1 +
p1 = 625 kPa p2 = 20 kPa k = 1.4
T1 = ( 1250 + 273) K T2 = ( 650 + 273) K R = 286.9 J kg K T01 = 1299 C
Then
k 1 2 M1 2 k 1 2 M1 2 k1 2 M2 2 k1 2 M2 2
k k1 k k 1
T01 = 1572 K
p01 = p1 1 +
p01 = 698 kPa T02 = 1041 K T02 = 768 C
T02 = T2 1 +
p02 = p2 1 +
p02 = 30 kPa J kg K
p01 T 01 p1
s = 485
T1
p 02 T 02 p2
T2
Problem 12.65
[3]
Problem 12.66
[2]

Basic equations:
Air flow leak in window of airplane Mass flow rate

1 k1
mrate = V A
Vcrit =
2 k R T0 k+1
0 crit
k + 1 2
The interior conditions are the stagnation conditions for the flow Given or available data T0 = 271.9 K SL = 1.225 kg m
3
0 = 0.7812 SL
0 = 0.957
kg m
3
(Above data from Table A.3 at an altitude of 2500 m) A = 1 mm

2
J cp = 1004 kg K 0 crit = 0.607 kg m

3
k = 1.4 2 k R T0 k+1
R = 286.9
J kg K m s
Then
crit =
k + 1 2
The mass flow rate is
1 k1
Vcrit =
Vcrit = 302
mrate = crit Vcrit A
mrate = 1.83 10
4 kg
Problem 12.67
[1]
Problem 12.68
[1]
Data on helium in reservoir Critical conditions
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is: RHe = 386.1 ft lbf lbm R k = 1.66 T0 Tcrit k+1 2
k k 1
T0 = 3600 R T0
k +1 2
p0 = ( 725 + 14.7)psi
p0 = 740 psi
For critical conditions
Tcrit =
Tcrit = 2707 R
k + 1 = pcrit 2
p0
pcrit =
p0
k + 1 2
Vcrit = k RHe Tcrit Vcrit = 7471 ft s
k k 1
pcrit = 361 psi
absolute
Problem 12.69
[1]
Problem 12.70
[1]
Data on hot gas stream Critical conditions
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is: R = 287 J kg K k = 1.4 T0 Tcrit k+1 2
k k 1
T0 = ( 1500 + 273) K T0
k +1 2
T0 = 1773 K
p0 = 140 kPa
For critical conditions
Tcrit =
Tcrit = 1478 K
k + 1 = pcrit 2
p0
pcrit =
p0
k + 1 2
Vcrit = k R Tcrit Vcrit = 770 m s
k k 1
pcrit = 74.0 kPa
absolute
Problem 13.1
[2]

Basic equations:
Air extracted from a large tank Mass flow rate

( 1k) k
mrate = V A T0 = ( 70 + 273) K D = 15 cm
h1 +
V1 2
= h2 + 2
V2
p
k
= const
T p
= const
p0 = 101 kPa J cp = 1004 kg K A = D 4

2
p = 25 kPa k = 1.4 R = 286.9 J kg K
The mass flow rate is given by
mrate = A V
A = 0.0177 m
We need the density and velocity at the nozzle. In the tank

1 k
0 =
p0 R T0 kg m
3
0 = 1.026
kg m
3
From the isentropic relation
p = 0 p 0
= 0.379
We can apply the energy equation between the tank (stagnation conditions) and the point in the nozzle to find the velocity h0 = h + V 2
2
V =
2 h 0 h =
( 1k) k
2 cp T0 T
)
T = 43.0 C
Fot T we again use insentropic relations
p0 T = T0 p
2 cp T0 T
T = 230.167 K
Then The mass flow rate is
V =
V = 476
m s
mrate = A V
kg mrate = 3.18 s c = k R c T = 304 m s M = V c M = 1.57
Note that the flow is supersonic at this point Hence we must have a converging-diverging nozzle
Problem 13.3
[2]

Basic equations:
Steam flow through a nozzle Speed and Mach number; Mass flow rate; Sketch the shape
mrate = V A
h1 +
V1 2
= h2 + 2
V2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Isentropic 3) Uniform flow 4) Superheated steam can be treated as ideal gas Given or available data T0 = ( 450 + 273) K D = 2 cm p0 = 6 MPa k = 1.30 p = 2 MPa R = 461.4 J kg K (Table A.6)
From the steam tables (try finding interactive ones on the Web!), at stagnation conditions J s0 = 6720 kg K J and s = s0 = 6720 kg K h0 = 3.302 10
6 J
kg
Hence at the nozzle section
p = 2 MPa T = 289 C h = 2.997 10

6 J
From these values we find from the steam tables that Hence the first law becomes V = 2 h 0 h
kg
v = 0.1225
m kg
)
A V v
V = 781
m s
2
The mass flow rate is given by
mrate = A V = A V v
A =
D 4
A = 3.14 10
4 2
Hence
mrate = c =
kg mrate = 2.00 s c = 581 m s M = V c M = 1.35
For the Mach number we need
k R T
The flow is supersonic starting from rest, so must be converging-diverging
Problem 13.4
[2]

Basic equations:
Air flow in a passage Mach number; Sketch shape
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
k k1
c=
k R T m s J kg K
T1 = ( 10 + 273) K p2 = 50 kPa
p1 = 150 kPa k = 1.4 m c1 = 337 s M1 = 0.356 p0 p2 k1 2 = M2 1 + 2
V1 = 120
R = 286.9
The speed of sound at state 1 is Hence
c1 =
k R T1
V1 M1 = c1
k k1
For isentropic flow stagnation pressure is constant. Hence at state 2

k k1
Hence
p0 = p1 1 +
k1 2 M1 2
p0 = 164 kPa
Solving for M2
M2 =
k1 k 2 p0 1 k 1 p2
M2 = 1.42
Hence, as we go from subsonic to supersonic we must have a converging-diverging nozzle
Problem 13.5
[2]
Given: Data on flow in a passage Find:

Pressure at downstream location
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = T1 = p1 = V1 = M2 = Equations and Computations: From T 1 and Eq. 12.18 c1 = Then From M 1 and p 1, and Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M ,k )) M1 = 1160 1.51 ft/s 53.33 1.4 560 30 1750 2.5 ftlbf/lbmoR
o
psi ft/s
p 01 = For isentropic flow (p 01 = p 02) p 02 = From M 2 and p 02, and Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M ,k )) p2 =
111
psi
111
psi
6.52
psi
Problem 13.6
[3]
Given: Data on flow in a nozzle Find:

Mass flow rate; Throat area; Mach numbers
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = T0 = p1 = A = Equations and Computations: We don't know the two Mach numbers. We do know for each that Eq. 13.7a applies: 286.9 1.4 523 200 1 J/kgK K kPa cm2
p2 =
50
kPa
Hence we can write two equations, but have three unknowns ( M 1, M 2, and p 0)! We also know that states 1 and 2 have the same area. Hence we can write Eq. 13.7d twice:
We now have four equations for four unknowns (A *, M 1, M 2, and p 0)! We make guesses (using Solver) for M 1 and M 2, and make the errors in computed A * and p 0 zero. For: from Eq. 13.7a: and from Eq. 13.7d: M1 = p0 = A* = 0.512 239 0.759 kPa cm
2
M2 = p0 = A* =
1.68 239 0.759 kPa cm2 Sum
Errors 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Note that the throat area is the critical area The stagnation density is then obtained from the ideal gas equation 0 = 1.59 kg/m3
The density at critical state is obtained from Eq. 13.7a (or 12.22c) * = 1.01 kg/m
3
The velocity at critical state can be obtained from Eq. 12.23)
V* = The mass flow rate is *V *A * m rate =
418
m/s
0.0321
kg/s
Problem 13.8
[3]

Basic equations:
Air flow in a passage Speed and area downstream; Sketch flow passage
k +1 2 ( k 1)
T0 T
= 1+
k1 2 M 2
c =
k R T
1 + k 1 M2 A 1 2 = k +1 Acrit M 2
M1 = 1.75 Rair = 53.33
2
T1 = ( 32 + 460) R T2 = ( 225 + 460) R D1 = 3 ft
p1 = 25 psi k = 1.4 A1 = D 1 4
ft lbf lbm R
A1 = 7.07 ft T0 = 334 F
Hence
T0 = T1 1 +
k 1 2 M1 2
T0 = 793 R
For isentropic flow stagnation conditions are constant. Hence M2 = We also have c2 =
2 T0 1 k 1 T2
k Rair T2
M2 = 0.889 ft c2 = 1283 s V2 = 1141 ft s Acrit = 5.10 ft

2
Hence
V2 = M2 c2 Acrit = A1 M1
From state 1
1 + k 1 M 2 1 2 k+ 1 2
k+ 1 2 ( k1)
Hence at state 2
k1 2 Acrit 1 + 2 M2 A2 = k+ 1 M2
k+ 1 2 ( k1)
A2 = 5.15 ft
Hence, as we go from supersonic to subsonic we must have a converging-diverging diffuser
Problem 13.10
[2]
Given: Data on flow in a passage Find:

Flow rate; area and pressure at downstream location; sketch passage shape
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = A1 = T1 = p1 = V1 = T2 = M2 = Equations and Computations: From T 1 and Eq. 12.18 c1 = Then M1 = 337 1.75 (12.18) m/s 286.9 1.4 0.25 283 15 590 410 0.75 J/kg.K m2 K kPa m/s
Because the flow decreases isentropically from supersonic to subsonic the passage shape must be convergent-divergent
From p 1 and T 1 and the ideal gas equation 1 = The mass flow rate is m rate = 1A 1V 1 m rate = 27.2 kg/s 0.185 kg/m3
From M 1 and A 1, and Eq. 13.7d (using built-in function IsenA (M ,k ))
(13.7d)
A* = From M 2 and A *, and Eq. 13.7d (using built-in function IsenA (M ,k )) A2 = From M 1 and p 1, and Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M ,k ))
0.180
m2
0.192
m2
(13.7a) p 01 = For isentropic flow (p 01 = p 02) p 02 = From M 2 and p 02, and Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M ,k )) p2 = 55.0 kPa 79.9 kPa 79.9 kPa
Problem 13.11
[3]
Given: Flow in a converging nozzle to a pipe Find:

Plot of mass flow rate
Solution:
The given or available data is R = 287 J/kgK k = 1.4 T 0 = 293 K p 0 = 101 kPa Dt = Equations and Computations: The critical pressure is given by 1 cm 2 A t = 0.785 cm
p * = 53.4 kPa Hence for p = 100 kPa down to this pressure the flow gradually increases; then it is constant p M T (K) (kPa) (Eq. 13.7a) (Eq. 13.7b) 100 0.119 292 99 0.169 291 98 0.208 290 97 0.241 290 96 0.270 289 95 0.297 288 90 0.409 284 85 0.503 279 80 0.587 274 75 0.666 269 70 0.743 264 65 0.819 258 60 0.896 252 55 0.974 246 53.4 1.000 244 53 1.000 244 52 1.000 244 51 1.000 244 50 1.000 244 c V = M c = p /RT 3 (m/s) (m/s) (kg/m ) 343 41 1.19 342 58 1.18 342 71 1.18 341 82 1.17 341 92 1.16 340 101 1.15 337 138 1.11 335 168 1.06 332 195 1.02 329 219 0.971 326 242 0.925 322 264 0.877 318 285 0.828 315 306 0.778 313 313 0.762 313 313 0.762 313 313 0.762 313 313 0.762 313 313 0.762 Flow (kg/s) 0.00383 0.00539 0.00656 0.00753 0.00838 0.0091 0.0120 0.0140 0.0156 0.0167 0.0176 0.0182 0.0186 0.0187 0.0187 0.0187 0.0187 0.0187 0.0187
Flow Rate in a Converging Nozzle

0.020 0.018 0.016 Flow Rate (kg/s) 0.014 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 50 60 70 p (kPa) 80 90 100
Using critical conditions, and Eq. 13.9 for mass flow rate: 53.4 1.000 244 313 313 0.762 0.0185 (Note: discrepancy in mass flow rate is due to round-off error)
Problem 13.12
[2]
Given: Flow in a converging-diverging nozzle to a pipe Find:

Plot of mass flow rate
Solution:
The given or available data is R = k = T0 = p0 = Dt = At = Equations and Computations: The critical pressure is given by 286.9 1.4 293 101 1 0.785 J/kgK K kPa cm cm2 De = Ae = 2.5 4.909 cm cm2
p* =
53.4
kPa
This is the minimum throat pressure
For the CD nozzle, we can compute the pressure at the exit required for this to happen A* = A e/A * = 0.785 cm2 or or (= A t) 3.41 67.2 (Eq. 13.7d) kPa (Eq. 13.7a)
6.25 M e = 0.0931 p e = 100.4
Hence we conclude flow occurs in regimes iii down to v (Fig. 13.8); the flow is ALWAYS choked!
p* M T * (K) c* V * = c * = p /RT (kPa) 13.7a) (Eq. 13.7b) (m/s) (m/s) (kg/m3) 53.4 1.000 244 313 313 0.762 (Note: discrepancy in mass flow rate is due to round-off error)
Flow (kg/s) 0.0187 0.0185
(Using Eq. 13.9)
Problem 13.13
[3]
Given: Data on tank conditions; isentropic flow Find:

Plot cross-section area and pressure distributions
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = T0 = p0 = pe = m rate = Equations and Computations: From p 0, p e and Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function IsenMfromp (M,k)) 53.33 1.4 500 45 14.7 2.25 ftlbf/lbmoR
o
psia psia lbm/s
(13.7a) Me = 1.37
Because the exit flow is supersonic, the passage must be a CD nozzle We need a scale for the area. From p 0, T 0, m flow, and Eq. 13.10c
(13.10c) Then At = A* = 0.0146 ft2
For each M , and A *, and Eq. 13.7d (using built-in function IsenA (M ,k )
(13.7d)
we can compute each area A . From each M , and p 0, and Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M ,k ) we can compute each pressure p .
L (ft) 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 14.6 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00
M 0.069 0.086 0.103 0.120 0.137 0.172 0.206 0.274 0.343 0.412 0.480 0.549 0.618 0.686 0.755 0.823 0.892 0.961 1.000 1.098 1.166 1.235 1.304 1.372
A (ft 2) 0.1234 0.0989 0.0826 0.0710 0.0622 0.0501 0.0421 0.0322 0.0264 0.0227 0.0201 0.0183 0.0171 0.0161 0.0155 0.0150 0.0147 0.0146 0.0146 0.0147 0.0149 0.0152 0.0156 0.0161
p (psia) 44.9 44.8 44.7 44.5 44.4 44.1 43.7 42.7 41.5 40.0 38.4 36.7 34.8 32.8 30.8 28.8 26.8 24.9 23.8 21.1 19.4 17.7 16.2 14.7
Area Variation in Passage

0.14 0.12 0.10 A (ft2) 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0 5 10 L (ft) 15 20
Pressure Variation in Passage

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 L (ft) 12 14 16 18 20
p (psia)
Problem 13.14
[2]

Basic equations:
Air flow in a converging nozzle Mass flow rate
mrate = V A
p = R T
T0 T
= 1+
k1 2 M 2
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
k k 1
Given or available data pb = 35 psi k = 1.4 pb p0
p0 = 60 psi Rair = 53.33 ft lbf lbm R
T0 = ( 200 + 460) R At = 2 D 4 t
Dt = 4 in At = 0.0873 ft
2
Since
= 0.583
is greater than 0.528, the nozzle is not choked and

k1 k 2 p0 1 k1 pt
pt = pb
Hence
Mt =
Mt = 0.912
and
Tt =
T0 1+ k1 2 Mt
2
Tt = 566 R
Tt = 106 F
ct =
k Rair Tt pt Rair Tt
Vt = ct
3 slug 3
Vt = 1166
ft s
t =
t = 5.19 10
ft
mrate = t At Vt
slug mrate = 0.528 s
lbm mrate = 17.0 s
Problem 13.15
[2]

Basic equations:
Isentropic air flow in converging nozzle Pressure, speed and Mach number at throat
k k 1
T0 T
=1+
k 1 2 M 2
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2 m s J kg K
p1 = 350 kPa k = 1.4
V1 = 150
M1 = 0.5
pb = 250 kPa
R = 286.9
The flow will be choked if pb/p0 < 0.528 p0 = p1 1 + k 1 2 M1 2

k k 1
p0 = 415 kPa
pb p0
= 0.602
(Not choked)
Hence
p0 pt
k 1 2 = Mt 1 + 2
k k 1
where
pt = pb
pt = 250 kPa
so
Mt =
k1 k 2 p0 1 k1 pt
Mt = 0.883 1 V1 T1 = k R M1 T0 = 235 K
2
Also
V1 = M1 c1 = M1 k R T1 T0 = T1 1 + k1 2
2 M1
or
T1 = 224 K
T1 = 49.1 C
Then
T0 = 37.9 C
Hence
Tt =
T0 k1 2 Mt 1+ 2 k R Tt
Tt = 204 K
Tt = 69.6 C
Then
ct =
m ct = 286 s Vt = 252 m s
Finally
Vt = Mt ct
Problem 13.16
[3]
Given: Data on three tanks Find:

Mass flow rate; Pressure in second tank
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = At = 286.9 1.4 1 J/kg.K cm2
We need to establish whether each nozzle is choked. There is a large total pressure drop so this is likely. However, BOTH cannot be choked and have the same flow rate. This is because Eq. 13.9a, below (13.9b)
indicates that the choked flow rate depends on stagnation temperature (which is constant) but also stagnation pressure, which drops because of turbulent mixing in the middle chamber. Hence BOTH nozzles cannot be choked. We assume the second one only is choked (why?) and verify later. T 01 = p 01 = p e1 = We make a guess at the pressure at the first nozzle exit: NOTE: The value shown is the final answer! It was obtained using Solver ! p 02 = This will also be tank 2 stagnation pressure: p3 = Pressure in tank 3: Temperature and pressure in tank 1: Equations and Computations: From the p e1 guess and Eq. 13.17a: Then at the first throat (Eq.13.7b): The density at the first throat (Ideal Gas) is: Then c at the first throat (Eq. 12.18) is: Then V at the first throat is: Finally the mass flow rate is: M e1 = T e1 = 0.556 290 6.33 341 190 0.120 308 650 527 527 65 K kPa kPa kPa kPa
e1 =
c e1 = V e1 = m rate =
K kg/m3 m/s m/s kg/s
First Nozzle!
For the presumed choked flow at the second nozzle we use Eq. 13.9a, with T 01 = T 02 and p 02: m rate = 0.120 kg/s Second Nozzle!
For the guess value for p e1 we compute the error between the two flow rates: m rate = 0.000 Use Solver to vary the guess value for p e1 to make this error zero! Note that this could also be done manually. kg/s
Problem 13.17
[2]
Problem 13.19
[2]
Given: Data on converging nozzle; isentropic flow Find:

Pressure and Mach number; throat area; mass flow rate
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = A1 = T1 = V1 = p atm = Equations and Computations: From T 1 and Eq. 12.18 c1 = Then M1 = 333 0.60 (12.18) m/s 286.9 1.4 0.05 276.3 200 101 J/kg.K m2 K m/s kPa
To find the pressure, we first need the stagnation pressure. If the flow is just choked pe = p atm = From p e = p * and Eq. 12.22a
p* =
101
kPa
(12.22a) p0 = From M 1 and p 0, and Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M ,k ) 191 kPa
(13.7a) Then p1 = 150 kPa
The mass flow rate is m rate = 1A 1V 1 Hence, we need 1 from the ideal gas equation. 1 = The mass flow rate m rate is then m rate = 18.9 kg/s 1.89 kg/m3
The throat area A t = A * because the flow is choked. From M 1 and A 1, and Eq. 13.7d (using built-in function IsenA (M ,k )
(13.7d)
A* = Hence At =
0.0421 0.0421
m2 m2
Problem 13.20
[2]
Problem 13.21
[2]
Problem 13.23
[2]
Given: Temperature in and mass flow rate from a tank Find:

Tank pressure; pressure, temperature and speed at exit
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = T0 = At = m rate = Equations and Computations: Because p b = 0 Hence the flow is choked! Hence From T 0, and Eq. 12.22b (12.22b) T* = Te = 228 228 -45.5 Also Hence From T e and Eq. 12.18 ce = Then Ve = 302 302 Me = Ve = 1 V* = ce (12.18) m/s m/s K K
o
286.9 1.4 273 0.001 2
J/kg.K K m2 kg/s
pe =
p*
Te =
T*
To find the exit pressure we use the ideal gas equation after first finding the exit density. The mass flow rate is m rate = eA eV e Hence From the ideal gas equation p e = eRT e pe = From p e = p * and Eq. 12.22a (12.22a) p0 = We can check our results: From p 0, T 0, A t, and Eq. 13.9a 817 kPa 432 kPa e = 6.62 kg/m3
(13.9a) Then m choked = m choked = 2.00 m rate kg/s Correct!
Problem 13.24
[2]

Basic equations:
Isentropic air flow into a tank Initial mass flow rate; Ts process; explain nonlinear mass flow rate
k k1
T0 T
= 1+
k1 2 M 2 pb = p0 10 kPa R = 286.9 J kg K
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
mrate = A V T0 = ( 20 + 273) K
p0 = 101 kPa k = 1.4
pb = 91 kPa D = 5 mm Avena = 12.8 mm

2
Then
A =
2 D 4
Avena = 65 % A pb p0
k k 1
The flow will be choked if pb/p0 < 0.528
= 0.901
(Not choked)
Hence
k 1 2 = M 1 + pvena 2
p0
where
pvena = pb
pvena = 91 kPa
so
Mvena =
k1 k 2 p0 1 k 1 pvena
Mvena = 0.389
Then
Tvena =
T0 k1 2 Mvena 1+ 2 k R Tvena
Tvena = 284 K m cvena = 338 s Vvena = 131 vena = 1.12 m s kg m

3 3 kg
Tvena = 11.3 C
Then and
cvena =
Vvena = Mvena cvena vena = pvena R Tvena
Also
Finally
mrate = vena Avena Vvena
mrate = 1.87 10
The Ts diagram will be a vertical line (T decreases and s = const). After entering the tank there will be turbulent mixing (s increases) and th comes to rest (T increases). The mass flow rate versus time will look like the curved part of Fig. 13.6b; it is nonlinear because V AND va
Problem 13.25
[3]

Basic equations:
Spherical cavity with valve Time to reach desired pressure; Entropy change
k k1
T0 T
= 1+
k1 2 M 2
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
k 2 mchoked = At p0 R T0 k + 1 d = 1 mm J kg K 3 D 3
k+ 1 2 ( k1)
p = R T
c=
k R T
mrate = A V
p0 = 101 kPa pf = 45 kPa
Tatm = ( 20 + 273) K Tf = Tatm At = 0.785 mm

2
T0 = Tatm
D = 50 cm J cp = 1004 kg K V = 0.131 m
3
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
Then the inlet area is
At =
2 d 4
and tank volume is V = pb p0
The flow will be choked if pb/p0 < 0.528; the MAXIMUM back pressure is The final density is f = pf R Tf f = 0.535 kg m
3
pb = pf
so
= 0.446
(Choked) M = 0.0701 kg
and final mass is M = f V M = mrate t or t = M mrate
Since the mass flow rate is constant (flow is always choked)

k+ 1 2 ( k1)
k 2 We have choked flow so mrate = At p0 R T0 k + 1 Hence t = M mrate
mrate = 1.873 10 t = 6.23 min
4 kg
t = 374 s
The air in the tank will be cold when the valve is closed. Because =M/V is constant, p = RT = const x T, so as the temperature rises to ambient, the pressure will rise too.
T2 p2 For the entropy change during the charging process is given by s = cp ln R ln where T1 = Tatm T1 p1
and p1 = p0 p2 = pf Hence
T2 = Tatm
s = 232
J kg K
Problem 13.26
[3]
Problem 13.27
[3]
Problem 13.28
[3]
Problem 13.29
[3]
Given: Air-driven rocket in space Find:

Tank pressure; pressure, temperature and speed at exit; initial acceleration
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = T0 = At = M = m rate = Equations and Computations: Because p b = 0 Hence the flow is choked! Hence From T 0, and Eq. 12.22b (12.22b) T* = Te = 332 332 58.7 Also Hence From T e and Eq. 12.18 ce = Then Ve = 365 365 Me = Ve = 1 V* = ce (12.18) m/s m/s K K
o
286.9 1.4 398 25 25 0.05
J/kg.K K mm2 kg kg/s
pe =
p*
Te =
T*
To find the exit pressure we use the ideal gas equation after first finding the exit density. The mass flow rate is m rate = eA eV e Hence From the ideal gas equation p e = eRT e pe = From p e = p * and Eq. 12.22a (12.22a) p0 = We can check our results: From p 0, T 0, A t, and Eq. 13.9a (13.9a) 9.87 kPa 5.21 kPa e = 0.0548 kg/m3
Then
m choked = m choked =
0.050 m rate
kg/s Correct!
The initial acceleration is given by: (4.33)
which simplifies to:
pe At Max = mrateV
ax =
or: 1.25
ax =
m/s2
m rate V + p e At M
Problem 13.30
[3]

Basic equations:
Gas cylinder with broken valve Mass flow rate; acceleration of cylinder
k k1
T0 T
= 1+
k1 2 M 2
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
p = R T
c=
k R T
mrate = A V
(4.33)
Given or available data patm = 101 kPa d = 10 mm
p0 = 20 MPa so the nozzle area is
T0 = ( 20 + 273) K Ae = pb p0 2 d 4
3
k = 1.4
2
R = 286.9
J kg K
Ae = 78.5 mm
MCV = 65 kg
The flow will be choked if pb/p0 < 0.528: T0
pb = patm
so
= 5.05 10
(Choked: Critical conditions)
The exit temperature is Te =
1 + k 1 2
Te = 244 K m s
Te = 29 C
ce =
k R Te
The exit speed is
Ve = ce p0
Ve = 313
The exit pressure is
pe =
1 + k 1 2
Then
k k1
pe = 10.6 MPa
and exit density is
e =
pe R Te
e = 151
kg m
3
mrate = e Ae Ve
kg mrate = 3.71 s
The momentum equation (Eq. 4.33) simplifies to
(pe patm) Ae MCV ax = Ve mrate

m ax = 30.5 2 s
Hence
ax =
(pe patm) Ae + Ve mrate

MCV
The process is isentropic, followed by nonisentropic expansion to atmospheric pressure
Problem 13.32
[4]

Basic equations:
Spherical air tank Air temperature after 30s; estimate throat area
T0 T
= 1+
k1 2 M 2
p
k
= const
dVCV + V dACS = 0 t
(4.12)
Assumptions: 1) Large tank (stagnation conditions) 2) isentropic 3) uniform flow Given or available data patm = 101 kPa M = 30 kg p1 = 2.75 MPa t = 30 s T1 = 450 K k = 1.4 pb p1 D = 2 m V = J kg K 3 D 6 V = 4.19 m
3
R = 286.9
The flow will be choked if pb/p1 < 0.528:
pb = patm
so
= 0.037
(Initially choked: Critical conditions)
We need to see if the flow is still choked after 30s The initial (State 1) density and mass are 1 = p1 R T1 1 = 21.3 kg m
3
M1 = 1 V M2 V
M1 = 89.2 kg kg m
3
The final (State 2) mass and density are then
M2 = M1 M
M2 = 59.2 kg
2 = pb p2
2 = 14.1
For an isentropic process
p
k
= const p2 2 R
so
2 p2 = p1 1
T2 = 382 K
p2 = 1.55 MPa
= 0.0652
(Still choked)
The final temperature is
T2 =
T2 = 109 C M t tave Vtave
To estimate the throat area we use
M = mtave = tave At Vtave t
or
At =
where we use average values of density and speed at the throat. The average stagnation temperature is T0ave = p0ave = T1 + T2 2 p1 + p2 2 T0ave = 416 K p0ave = 2.15 MPa
The average stagnation pressure is
Hence the average temperature and pressure (critical) at the throat are T0ave p0ave
Ttave =
1 + k 1 2
Ttave = 347 K
and
ptave =
1 + k 1 2
Vtave = 373 m s
4 2
k k1
ptave = 1.14 MPa
Hence
Vtave =
k R Ttave
tave =
ptave R Ttave
2
tave = 11.4
kg m
3
Finally
At =
M t tave Vtave
At = 2.35 10
At = 235 mm
This corresponds to a diameter 4 At
Dt =
Dt = 0.0173 m
Dt = 17.3 mm
The process is isentropic, followed by nonisentropic expansion to atmospheric pressure
Problem 13.33
[4]

Basic equations:
Ideal gas flow in a converging nozzle Exit area and speed

k k1 k+ 1 2 ( k1)
T0 T
= 1+
k1 2 M 2
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2 ft s
1 + k 1 M2 A 1 2 = k+ 1 Acrit M 2
A1 = 1 ft c1 = k
2
p1 = 35 psi c1 =
1 = 0.1
lbm ft
3
V1 = 500
p2 = 25 psi ft c1 = 1424 s
k = 1.25
Check for choking:
k R T1 or, replacing R using the ideal gas equation M1 = 0.351

k k1
p1 1
Hence
V1 M1 = c1 p0 = p1 1 + k1 2 M1 2
Then
p0 = 37.8 psi pcrit = 21.0 psi Hence p2 > pcrit, so NOT choked
The critical pressure is then pcrit =
p0
k + 1 2
k k1
Then we have
M2 =
k1 k 2 p0 1 k 1 p2
M2 = 0.830 k1 2 Acrit 1 + 2 M2 A2 = k+ 1 M2
k+ 1 2 ( k1)
From M1 we find
Acrit =
M1 A1
1 + k 1 M 2 1 2 k+ 1 2
For isentropic flow p = const
k
k+ 1 2 ( k1)
Acrit = 0.557 ft
A2 = 0.573 ft
so
p1 2 = 1 p2
1 k
2 = 0.131
lbm ft
3
Finally from continuity
A V = const
so
A1 1 V2 = V1 A2 2
V2 = 667
ft s
Problem 13.34
[4] Part 1/3
Problem 13.34
[4] Part 2/3
Problem 13.34
[4] Part 3/3
Problem 13.35
[4]
Problem 13.36
[2]

Basic equations:
CD nozzle attached to large tank Flow rate

k k1
T0 T
= 1+
k1 2 M 2
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
mrate = V A
p0 = 150 kPa k = 1.4
T0 = ( 35 + 273) K R = 286.9 J kg K
pe = 101 kPa Ae = 2 D 4
D = 2.75 cm
2
Ae = 5.94 cm
For isentropic flow
Me =
k1 k 2 p0 1 k 1 pe
Me = 0.773
Then
Te =
T0
1 + k 1 M 2 e 2
k R Te m ce = 332 s
Te = 275 K
Te = 1.94 C
Also
ce =
Ve = Me ce
Ve = 257
m s
e =
pe R Te
e = 1.28
kg m
3
Finally
mrate = e Ve Ae
kg mrate = 0.195 s
Problem 13.37
[2]
Given: Design condition in a converging-diverging nozzle Find:

Tank pressure; flow rate; throat area
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = T0 = Ae = pb = Me = Equations and Computations: At design condition pe = pe = From M e and p e, and Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M ,k ) (13.7a) pb 14.7 psia 53.33 1.4 560 1 14.7 2 ft.lbf/lbm.oR
o
in2 psia
p0 = From M e and A e, and Eq. 13.7d (using built-in function IsenA (M ,k )
115
psia
(13.7d)
A* = Hence From p 0, T 0, A t, and Eq. 13.10a At =
0.593 0.593
in2 in2
(13.10a) m choked = 1.53 lb/s
Problem 13.38
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 13.38
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 13.39
[2]
Problem 13.43
[3] Part 1/2
Problem 13.43
[3] Part 2/2
Problem 13.44
[3]

Basic equations:
Rocket motor on test stand Mass flow rate; thrust force

k k1
T0 T
= 1+
k1 2 M 2
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
p = R T
c=
k R T
mrate = A V
(patm pe) Ae + Rx = mrate Ve

Given or available data pe = 75 kPa d = 25 cm patm = 101 kPa
Momentum for pressure pe and velocity Ve at exit; Rx is the reaction for
p0 = 4 MPa
T0 = 3250 K Ae = 2 d 4
k = 1.25
2
R = 300
J kg K
so the nozzle exit area is
Ae = 491 cm
From the pressures
Me =
k1 k 2 p0 1 k 1 pe
Me = 3.12
The exit temperature is Te =
T0
1 + k 1 M 2 e 2
Te = 1467 K
ce =
k R Te
m ce = 742 s pe R Te
The exit speed is
Ve = Me ce
Ve = 2313
m s
and
e =
e = 0.170
kg m
3
Then
mrate = e Ae Ve
kg mrate = 19.3 s
The momentum equation (Eq. 4.33) simplifies to
(pe patm) Ae MCV ax = Ve mrate

Rx = 43.5 kN
Hence
Rx = pe patm Ae + Ve mrate
Problem 13.47
[3]
Problem 13.48
[4]

Basic equations:
Compressed CO2 in a cartridge expanding through a nozzle Throat pressure; Mass flow rate; Thrust; Thrust increase with diverging section; Exit area
Assumptions: 1) Isentropic flow 2) Stagnation in cartridge 3) Ideal gas 4) Uniform flow J kg K
Given or available data:
k = 1.29 p0 = 35 MPa
R = 188.9
patm = 101 kPa dt = 0.5 mm pcrit = 19.2 MPa
T0 = ( 20 + 273) K p0
From isentropic relations pcrit =
1 + k 1 2
Since pb << pcrit, then Throat is critical so pt = pcrit mrate = t Vt At Tt = T0 k1 1+ 2 k R Tt dt 4 pt R Tt
2
k k 1
pt = 19.2 MPa
Tt = 256 K m s
7 2
Vt = At = t =
Vt = 250
At = 1.963 10 t = 396 kg m
3
mrate = t Vt At
kg mrate = 0.0194 s
For 1D flow with no body force the momentum equation reduces to Rx = mrate Vt + ptgage At
Rx ptgage At = mrate Vt Rx = 8.60 N
ptgage = pt patm
When a diverging section is added the nozzle can exit to atmospheric pressure pe = patm
1 2
Hence the Mach number at exit is
k1 k 2 p0 Me = 1 k 1 pe
Me = 4.334
Te =
T0 1+ k1 2 Me 2
Te = 78.7 K m ce = 138 s Ve = 600 m s
ce =
k R Te
Ve = Me ce The mass flow rate is unchanged (choked flow) From the momentum equation Rx = mrate Ve 11.67 N 8.60 N = 35.7 % 8.60 N mrate = e Ve Ae and
Rx = 11.67 N
The percentage increase in thrust is
The exit area is obtained from
e =
pe R Te
6 2
e = 6.79
kg m
3
Ae =
mrate e Ve
Ae = 4.77 10
Ae = 4.77 mm
p0 T0 pt Tt
Conv. Nozzle CD Nozzle
pb
Te s
Problem 13.49
[3]
Given: CO2 cartridge and convergent nozzle Find:

Tank pressure to develop thrust of 15 N
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = T0 = pb = Dt = Equations and Computations: At = The momentum equation gives R x = m flowV e Hence, we need m flow and V e For isentropic flow pe = pe = pb 101 kPa 0.196 mm2 188.9 1.29 293 101 0.5 J/kgK K kPa mm
If we knew p 0 we could use it and p e, and Eq. 13.7a, to find M e. Once M e is known, the other exit conditions can be found. Make a guess for p 0, and eventually use Goal Seek (see below). p0 = From p 0 and p e, and Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function IsenMfromp (M ,k ) 44.6 MPa
(13.7a) Me = 4.5
From M e and T 0 and Eq. 13.7b (using built-in function IsenT (M ,k )
(13.7b)
Te = From T e and Eq. 12.18 ce = Then Ve =
74.5
K (12.18)
134.8 606
m/s m/s
The mass flow rate is obtained from p 0, T 0, A t, and Eq. 13.10a
(13.10a) m choked = Finally, the momentum equation gives R x = m flowV e = 15.0 We need to set R x to 15 N. To do this use Goal Seek to vary p 0 to obtain the result! 0.0248 kg/s
Problem 13.50
[2]

Basic equations:
Air flow in an insulated duct Mass flow rate; Range of choked exit pressures
k+ 1 2 ( k1)
T0 T
= 1+
k1 2 M 2
c=
k R T
1 + k 1 M2 A 1 2 = k+ 1 Acrit M 2
p1 = 13 psi ft lbf lbm R A = D 4
2
T0 = ( 80 + 460) R k = 1.4
p0 = 14.7 psi Rair = 53.33
D = 1 in
2
A = 0.785 in
Assuming isentropic flow, stagnation conditions are constant. Hence

k1 k 2 p0 1 k 1 p1
M1 =
M1 = 0.423 m c1 = 341 s 1 = 0.0673 lbm ft

3
T1 =
T0 1+ k1 2 M1
2
T1 = 521 R m s
T1 = 61.7 F
c1 = Also 1 =
k Rair T1 p1 Rair T1
V1 = M1 c1
V1 = 144
Hence When flow is choked
mrate = 1 V1 A hence M2 = 1
We also have
c2 =
k Rair T2
lbm mrate = 0.174 s T0 T2 = k1 1+ 2 ft c2 = 1040 s V1 2 = 1 V2 p2 = 5.11 psi
T2 = 450 R
T2 = 9.7 F ft s
V2 = c2 2 = 0.0306 lbm ft
3
V2 = 1040
From continuity
1 V1 = 2 V2 p2 = 2 Rair T2
Hence
The flow will therefore choke for any back pressure (pressure at the exit) less than or equal to this pressure (From Fanno line function p1 pcrit = 2.545 at M1 = 0.423 so pcrit = p1 2.545 pcrit = 5.11 psi Check!)
Problem 13.51
[4]
Given: Air flow from converging nozzle into pipe Find:

Plot Ts diagram and pressure and speed curves
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = cp = T0 = p0 = pe = Equations and Computations: From p 0 and p e, and Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function IsenMfromp (M ,k )) Using built-in function IsenT (M ,k ) Using p e, M e, and function Fannop (M ,k ) Using T e, M e, and function FannoT (M ,k ) 53.33 1.4 0.2399 187 710 25 24 ftlbf/lbmoR
o Btu/lbm R
ftlbf/lbm R R
psi psi
Me = Te = p* = T* =
0.242 702 5.34 592

o
psi
o
We can now use Fanno-line relations to compute values for a range of Mach numbers: s o (ftlbf/lbm R) Eq. (12.11b) 315 4.50 24.0 0.00 325 4.35 23.2 1.57 337 4.19 22.3 3.50 350 Ts Curve 4.03 (Fanno) 21.5 5.35 363 3.88 20.7 7.11 376 3.75 20.0 8.80 388 3.62 19.3 10.43 401 3.50 18.7 11.98 414 3.39 18.1 13.48 427 3.28 17.5 14.92 439 3.19 17.0 16.30 452 3.09 16.5 17.63 464 3.00 16.0 18.91 477 2.92 15.6 20.14 489 2.84 15.2 21.33 502 2.77 14.8 22.48 514 2.70 14.4 23.58 527 2.63 14.0 24.65 2.56 13.7 30 25.68 10539 20 40 552 2.50 13.4 26.67 . o s (ft lbf/lbm 564 2.44 13.0 R) 27.63 576 2.39 12.7 28.55 V (ft/s) p /p * p (psi)
M 0.242 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.4 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45
T /T * 1.186 1.185 1.184 1.183 1.181 1.180 1.179 1.177 1.176 1.174 1.173 1.171 1.170 1.168 1.166 1.165 1.163 1.161 1.159 1.157 1.155 1.153
o T ( R)
c (ft/s) 1299 1298 1298 1297 1296 1296 1295 1294 1293 1292 1292 1291 1290 1289 1288 1287 1286 1285 1284 1283 1282 1281
702 701 701 700 699 698 720 697 697 700 696 695 680 694 660 T (o693 R) 692 640 691 690 620 689 600 688 687 580 686 0 685 684 682
50
0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.5 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.6 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.7 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.8 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1
1.151 1.149 1.147 1.145 1.143 1.141 1.138 1.136 1.134 1.132 1.129 1.127 1.124 1.122 1.119 1.117 1.114 1.112 1.109 1.107 1.104 1.101 1.098 1.096 1.093 1.090 1.087 1.084 1.082 1.079 1.076 1.073 1.070 1.067 1.064 1.061 1.058 1.055 1.052 1.048 1.045 1.042 1.039 1.036 1.033 1.029 1.026 1.023 1.020 1.017 1.013 1.010 1.007 1.003 1.000
681 1280 589 2.33 12.4 29.44 680 1279 601 2.28 12.2 30.31 679 1277 613 2.23 11.9 31.14 677 1276 625 Velocity V 2.18 Versus M11.7 (Fanno) 31.94 676 1275 638 2.14 11.4 32.72 675 1274 650 2.09 11.2 33.46 1400 674 1273 662 2.05 11.0 34.19 672 1200 1271 674 2.01 10.7 34.88 671 1270 686 1.97 10.5 35.56 669 1000 1269 698 1.93 10.3 36.21 668 1267 710 1.90 10.1 36.83 800 667 1266 722 1.86 9.9 37.44 V (ft/s) 665 733 1.83 9.8 38.02 600 1265 664 1263 745 1.80 9.6 38.58 400 1262 662 757 1.76 9.4 39.12 661 1260 769 1.73 9.2 39.64 200 659 1259 781 1.70 9.1 40.14 658 792 1.67 8.9 40.62 0 1258 656 1256 804 1.65 8.8 41.09 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 655 1255 815 1.62 8.6 41.53 M 653 1253 827 1.59 8.5 41.96 652 1252 839 1.57 8.4 42.37 650 1250 850 1.54 8.2 42.77 648 1248 861 1.52 8.1 43.15 647 1247 873 1.49 8.0 43.51 645 1245 884 Pressure p 1.47 Versus M7.8 (Fanno)43.85 643 1244 895 1.45 7.7 44.18 642 1242 907 1.43 7.6 44.50 30 640 1240 918 1.41 7.5 44.80 638 1239 929 1.38 7.4 45.09 25 636 1237 940 1.36 7.3 45.36 635 20 1235 951 1.35 7.2 45.62 633 1234 962 1.33 7.1 45.86 631 1232 973 1.31 7.0 46.10 p (psi) 15 629 1230 984 1.29 6.9 46.31 628 10 1228 995 1.27 6.8 46.52 626 1227 1006 1.25 6.7 46.71 624 1225 1017 1.24 6.6 46.90 5 622 1223 1027 1.22 6.5 47.07 620 1221 1038 1.20 6.4 47.22 0 619 1219 1049 1.19 6.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 47.37 0.8 617 1218 1059 1.17 6.3 47.50 M 6.2 615 1216 1070 1.16 47.63 613 1214 1080 1.14 6.1 47.74 611 1212 1091 1.13 6.0 47.84 609 1210 1101 1.11 6.0 47.94 607 1208 1112 1.10 5.9 48.02 605 1206 1122 1.09 5.8 48.09 603 1204 1132 1.07 5.7 48.15 601 1202 1142 1.06 5.7 48.20 600 1201 1153 1.05 5.6 48.24 598 1199 1163 1.04 5.5 48.27 596 1197 1173 1.02 5.5 48.30 594 1195 1183 1.01 5.4 48.31 592 1193 1193 1.00 5.3 48.31
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.0
Problem 13.52
[4]
Given: Air flow from converging-diverging nozzle into pipe Find:

Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = cp = T0 = p0 = pe = Equations and Computations: From p 0 and p e, and Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function IsenMfromp (M ,k )) Using built-in function IsenT (M ,k ) Using p e, M e, and function Fannop (M ,k ) Using T e, M e, and function FannoT (M ,k ) 53.33 1.4 0.2399 187 710 25 2.5 ftlbf/lbmoR Btu/lbmoR
o
ftlbf/lbmoR R psi psi
Me = Te = p* = T* =
2.16 368 6.84 592

o
psi
o
We can now use Fanno-line relations to compute values for a range of Mach numbers: s (ftlbf/lbmoR) Eq. (12.11b) 0.37 2.5 0.00 0.41 2.8 7.18 0.41 2.8 7.63 0.41 (Fanno) 2.8 8.07 Curve 0.42 2.9 8.51 0.42 2.9 8.95 0.42 2.9 9.38 0.43 2.9 9.82 0.43 2.9 10.25 0.43 3.0 10.68 0.44 3.0 11.11 0.44 3.0 11.54 0.44 3.0 11.96 0.45 3.1 12.38 0.45 3.1 12.80 0.45 3.1 13.22 0.46 3.1 13.64 0.46 3.1 14.05 0.46 15 20 3.2 25 14.46 30 0.47 3.2 o 14.87 . s (ft lbf/lbm 0.47 3.2 R) 15.28 0.47 3.2 15.68 0.48 3.3 16.08 0.48 3.3 16.48 0.49 3.3 16.88 0.49 3.3 17.27 0.49 3.4 17.66 0.50 3.4 18.05 0.50 3.4 18.44 0.50 3.5 18.82 0.51 3.5 19.20 0.51 3.5 19.58 p /p * p (psi)
M 2.157 2 1.99 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.9 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.8 1.79 1.78 1.77 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.71 1.7
T /T * 0.622 0.667 0.670 0.673 0.676 0.679 0.682 0.685 0.688 0.691 0.694 0.697 0.700 0.703 0.706 0.709 0.712 0.716 0.719 0.722 0.725 0.728 0.731 0.735 0.738 0.741 0.744 0.747 0.751 0.754 0.757 0.760
T (oR) 368 394 396 398 400 402 403 405 407 409 410 o 412 R) T ( 414 416 418 420 421 423 425 427 429 431 433 435 436 438 440 442 444 446 448 450
c (ft/s) 940 974 976 978 980 982 985 987 989 991 993 996 998 1000 1002 1004 1007 1009 0 1011 5 1013 1015 1018 1020 1022 1024 1027 1029 1031 1033 1036 1038 1040
V (ft/s) 2028 1948 1942 1937 1931 1926 1920 1914 1909 1903 1897 1892 1886 1880 1874 1868 1862 1856 1850 10 1844 1838 1832 1826 1819 1813 1807 1801 1794 1788 1781 1775 1768
Ts
650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300
35
40
1.69 1.68 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.6 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.5 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.4 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.3 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.2 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.1 1.09 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01 1
0.764 0.767 0.770 0.774 0.777 0.780 0.784 0.787 0.790 0.794 0.797 0.800 0.804 0.807 0.811 0.814 0.817 0.821 0.824 0.828 0.831 0.834 0.838 0.841 0.845 0.848 0.852 0.855 0.859 0.862 0.866 0.869 0.872 0.876 0.879 0.883 0.886 0.890 0.893 0.897 0.900 0.904 0.907 0.911 0.914 0.918 0.921 0.925 0.928 0.932 0.935 0.939 0.942 0.946 0.949 0.952 0.956 0.959 0.963 0.966 0.970 0.973 0.976 0.980 0.983 0.987 0.990 0.993 0.997 1.000
452 1042 454 1045 456 1047 458 1049 460 1051 462 1054 464 1056 466 1058 468 1060 470 1063 472 1065 2500 474 1067 476 1069 478 2000 1072 480 1074 482 1500 1076 484 1078 V (ft/s) 486 1080 1000 488 1083 490 1085 500 1087 492 494 1089 496 0 1092 498 1094 2.0 500 1096 502 1098 504 1101 506 1103 508 1105 510 1107 512 1110 514 1112 516 1114 8 518 1116 520 7 1118 522 1121 6 524 1123 527 5 1125 529 1127 p (psi) 4 531 1129 533 3 1132 535 2 1134 537 1136 539 1 1138 541 0 1140 543 2.0 1143 545 1145 547 1147 549 1149 551 1151 553 1153 555 1155 557 1158 559 1160 561 1162 564 1164 566 1166 568 1168 570 1170 572 1172 574 1174 576 1176 578 1179 580 1181 582 1183 584 1185 586 1187 588 1189 590 1191 592 1193
1761 0.52 3.5 19.95 1755 0.52 3.6 20.32 1748 0.53 3.6 20.69 1741 0.53 3.6 21.06 1735 0.53 3.7 21.42 1728 0.54 3.7 21.78 1721 0.54 3.7 22.14 1714 0.55 3.7 22.49 1707 Velocity V 0.55 Versus M 3.8 (Fanno) 22.84 1700 0.56 3.8 23.18 1693 0.56 3.8 23.52 1686 0.57 3.9 23.86 1679 0.57 3.9 24.20 1672 0.58 3.9 24.53 1664 0.58 4.0 24.86 1657 0.59 4.0 25.18 1650 0.59 4.0 25.50 1642 0.60 4.1 25.82 1635 0.60 4.1 26.13 1627 0.61 4.1 26.44 1620 0.61 4.2 26.75 1612 0.62 4.2 27.05 1605 0.62 4.3 27.34 1597 0.63 4.3 27.63 1.8 1.6 1.4 1589 0.63 4.3 27.92 M4.4 1582 0.64 28.21 1574 0.65 4.4 28.48 1566 0.65 4.5 28.76 1558 0.66 4.5 29.03 1550 0.66 4.5 29.29 1542 Pressure p 0.67 Versus M4.6 (Fanno)29.55 1534 0.68 4.6 29.81 1526 0.68 4.7 30.06 1518 0.69 4.7 30.31 1510 0.69 4.8 30.55 1502 0.70 4.8 30.78 1493 0.71 4.8 31.01 1485 0.71 4.9 31.24 1477 0.72 4.9 31.46 1468 0.73 5.0 31.67 1460 0.74 5.0 31.88 1451 0.74 5.1 32.09 1443 0.75 5.1 32.28 1434 0.76 5.2 32.48 1426 0.76 5.2 32.66 1417 0.77 5.3 32.84 1.8 1.6 1.4 1408 0.78 5.3 33.01 M 5.4 1399 0.79 33.18 1390 0.80 5.4 33.34 1381 0.80 5.5 33.50 1372 0.81 5.6 33.65 1363 0.82 5.6 33.79 1354 0.83 5.7 33.93 1345 0.84 5.7 34.05 1336 0.85 5.8 34.18 1327 0.86 5.9 34.29 1318 0.87 5.9 34.40 1308 0.87 6.0 34.50 1299 0.88 6.0 34.59 1290 0.89 6.1 34.68 1280 0.90 6.2 34.76 1271 0.91 6.2 34.83 1261 0.92 6.3 34.89 1251 0.93 6.4 34.95 1242 0.94 6.5 34.99 1232 0.96 6.5 35.03 1222 0.97 6.6 35.06 1212 0.98 6.7 35.08 1203 0.99 6.8 35.10 1193 1.00 6.8 35.10
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.0
Problem 13.53
[2]
Problem 13.54
[3]

Basic equations:
Air flow in a converging nozzle and insulated duct Pressure at end of duct; Entropy increase
k k1
T0 T
= 1+
k1 2 M 2
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
T2 p2 s = cp ln Rair ln T1 p1
p1 = 125 psi Rair = 53.33 ft lbf lbm R
c=
k R T
T0 = ( 250 + 460) R k = 1.4
p0 = 145 psi Btu cp = 0.2399 lbm R
T2 = ( 150 + 460) R
Assuming isentropic flow in the nozzle

k1 k 2 p0 1 k 1 p1
M1 =
M1 = 0.465
T1 =
T0 1+ k1 2 M1
2
T1 = 681 R
T1 = 221 F
In the duct T0 (a measure of total energy) is constant, so M2 = At each location c1 = c2 = Also 1 = k Rair T1 k Rair T2 p1 Rair T1
2 T0 1 k 1 T2
M2 = 0.905 V1 = 595 ft s ft s
ft c1 = 1279 s ft c2 = 1211 s 1 = 0.4960 so lbm ft

3
V1 = M1 c1 V2 = M2 c2
V2 = 1096
Hence
mrate = 1 V1 A = 2 V2 A p2 = 2 Rair T2 p2 = 60.8 psi M1 = 0.465 Finally T1 Tcrit p1 pcrit
V1 2 = 1 V2
2 = 0.269
lbm ft
3
Then
Tcrit = T1 1.150 p1 2.3060
s = 0.0231
Btu lbm R
(Note: Using Fanno line relations, at
= 1.150
Tcrit = 329 K
= 2.306
pcrit =
pcrit = 54.2 psi
Then
T2 Tcrit
= 1.031
so
M2 = 0.907
p2 pcrit
= 1.119
p2 = 1.119 pcrit
p2 = 60.7 psi
Check!)
Problem 13.57
[3]

Basic equations:
Air flow in a CD nozzle and insulated duct Temperature at end of duct; Force on duct; Entropy increase
Fs = p1 A p2 A + Rx = mrate V2 V1 T1 = ( 100 + 460) R k = 1.4
T0 T
=1+
k 1 2 M 2
M2 = 1 Rair = 53.33 A = 1 in ft lbf lbm R
2
p1 = 18.5 psi Btu cp = 0.2399 lbm R
M1 = 2
Assuming isentropic flow in the nozzle k 1 2 M1 1+ T0 T2 2 = T1 T0 k 1 2 1+ M2 2 Also c1 = k Rair T1 V1 = M1 c1 p1 Rair T1 lbm ft

3
1+ so T2 = T1 1+
k 1 2 k 1 2 c2 =
M1 M2
2 2
T2 = 840 R
T2 = 380 F
V1 = 2320
ft s
k Rair T2 V2 = M2 c2 V1 2 = 1 V2 p2 = 45.3 psi
V2 = 1421
ft s lbm ft
3
1 =
1 = 0.0892
mrate = 1 V1 A = 2 V2 A2
so
2 = 0.146
mrate = 1 V1 A
lbm mrate = 1.44 s
p2 = 2 Rair T2
Hence
Rx = p2 p1 A + mrate V2 V1
Rx = 13.3 lbf
(Force is to the right)
Finally
M1 = 2 T1 Tcrit p1 pcrit = T1 T2 p1 p2 = 0.6667
s = 0.0359
Btu lbm R T2 = T1 0.667 T2 = 840 R
(Note: Using Fanno line relations, at
= 0.4083
p2 =
p1 0.4083
p2 = 45.3 psi
Check!)
Problem 13.59
[4]
Problem 13.61
[4]
Problem 13.62
[2]
Problem 13.63
[2]

Basic equations:
Air flow in a converging nozzle and insulated duct Length of pipe
Fanno-line flow equations, and friction factor T0 = ( 250 + 460) R D = 2 in p0 = 145 psi k = 1.4
1 2
p1 = 125 psi Btu cp = 0.2399 lbm R
T2 = ( 150 + 460) R Rair = 53.33 ft lbf lbm R
From isentropic relations
k1 k 2 p0 M1 = 1 k 1 p1
M1 = 0.465
T0 T1
= 1+
k1 2 M1 2
so
T1 =
T0
1 + k 1 M 2 1 2
2
T1 = 681 R
T1 = 221 F
Then for Fanno-line flow
fave Lmax1 1 M1 k + 1 ( k + 1) M1 = + ln = 1.3923 2 Dh 2 k 1 + k 1 M 2 k M1 2 1 2

2
2 1 = = pcrit p2 M1 k1 2 1+ M1 2
p1 p1 pcrit = p1 2.3044 pcrit = 54.2 psi
k+ 1 2
k+ 1
1 2
= 2.3044
T1 Tcrit
= 1+
k+ 1 2
k1 2 M1 2
= 1.150
Tcrit =
T1 1.150
Tcrit = 592 R
Tcrit = 132 F
Also, for
T2 Tcrit
= 1.031
T2 Tcrit
= 1+
k1 2 M2 2
2
leads to
M2 =
2 k1
k + 1 Tcrit 2
T2
M2 = 0.906
Then
fave Lmax2 1 M2 k + 1 ( k + 1) M2 = + ln = 0.01271 2 2 k Dh 1 + k 1 M 2 k M2 2 2 2

2
Also
1 =
p1 Rair T1
1 = 0.496
lbm ft
3
V1 = M1 k Rair T1
V1 = 595
ft s
For air at T1 = 221 F, from Table A.9 (approximately) For commercial steel pipe (Table 8.1) e = 0.00015 ft
= 4.48 10
7 lbf s 2
so
Re1 =
1 V1 D
6
ft
e 4 = 9 10 D f = 0.01924
and
Re1 = 3.41 10
Hence at this Reynolds number and roughness (Eq. 8.37)
Combining results
2 ft f L f L 12 ave max1 D ave max2 L12 = ( 1.3923 0.01271) = Dh Dh f .01924
L12 = 12.0 ft
These calculations are a LOT easier using the Excel Add-ins!
Problem 13.65
[3] Part 1/2
Problem 13.65
[3] Part 2/2
Problem 13.67
Example 13.7
[3]
Example 13.7
Problem 13.68
[3]
Problem 13.69
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 13.69
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 13.70
[2]
Air flow through a CD nozzle and tube. Average friction factor; Pressure drop in tube
Assumptions: 1) Isentropic flow in nozzle 2) Adiabatic flow in tube 3) Ideal gas 4) Uniform flow Given or available data: k = 1.40 p0 = 1.35 MPa R = 286.9 J kg K p1 = 15 kPa D = 2.5 cm where State 1 is the nozzle exit L = 1.5 m
T0 = 550 K
1 2
k 1 k 2 p0 From isentropic relations M1 = 1 k 1 p1
M1 = 3.617
Then for Fanno-line flow (for choking at the exit)
fave Lmax 1 M1 k + 1 ( k + 1) M1 = + ln = 0.599 2 Dh 2 k k 1 2 k M1 M1 2 1 + 2

2 2
Hence
k + 1 ( k + 1) M1 D 1 M1 fave = + ln 2 2 k L k M k 1 M 2 2 1 + 1 1 2
fave = 0.0100
2 1 = = pcrit p2 M1 k1 2 1+ M1 2
p1 p1 p2 = p1
1 2 k+ 1 2 1 M k1 2 1 1 + 2 M1
k+ 1
1 2
= 0.159
p2 = 94.2 kPa
p = p1 p2 These calculations are a LOT easier using the Excel Add-ins!
p = 79.2 kPa
Problem 13.71
[3]

Basic equations:
Air flow in a CD nozzle and insulated duct Duct length; Plot of M and p
Fanno-line flow equations, and friction factor p1 = 18.5 psi Btu cp = 0.2399 lbm R M1 = 2 M2 = 1 Rair = 53.33 A = 1 in ft lbf lbm R
2
Given or available data T1 = ( 100 + 460) R k = 1.4 Then for Fanno-line flow at M1 = 2
k+ 1 2 1 = = = 0.4082 pcrit p2 M1 k1 2 1+ M1 2 1 2
p1
p1
fave Lmax1 1 M1 k + 1 ( k + 1) M1 = + ln = 0.3050 2 Dh 2 k k 1 2 k M1 M1 2 1 + 2

2 2
so
pcrit =
p1 0.4082
2
pcrit = 45.3 psi

2
and at M2 = 1
fave Lmax2 1 M2 k + 1 ( k + 1) M2 = + ln =0 2 Dh 2 k k 1 2 k M2 M2 2 1 + 2
1 = lbm 1 = 0.089 3 Rair T1 ft p1 V1 = M1 k Rair T1 = 3.96 10
7 lbf s 2
Also
V1 = 2320 so
ft s
D =
4 A D = 1.13 in
For air at T1 = 100 F, from Table A.9 For commercial steel pipe (Table 8.1) e = 0.00015 ft
Re1 =
1 V1 D
6
ft
e 3 = 1.595 10 D f = .02222 1.13
and
Re1 = 1.53 10
Hence at this Reynolds number and roughness (Eq. 8.37)
Combining results
ft 12 D fave Lmax2 fave Lmax1 L12 = = ( 0.3050 0) Dh Dh f .02222
L12 = 1.29 ft
L12 = 15.5 in
These calculations are a LOT easier using the Excel Add-ins! The M and p plots are shown in the associated Excel workbook
[3]
Air flow in a CD nozzle and insulated duct Duct length; Plot of M and p
The given or available data is:
f = 0.0222 p * = 45.3 kPa D = 1.13 in
M 2.00 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.50 1.45 1.40 1.35 1.30 1.25 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.05 1.00
fL max/D fL max/D x (in) p /p * p (psi) 0.305 0.290 0.274 0.258 0.242 0.225 0.208 0.190 0.172 0.154 0.136 0.118 0.100 0.082 0.065 0.049 0.034 0.021 0.010 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.015 0.031 0.047 0.063 0.080 0.097 0.115 0.133 0.151 0.169 0.187 0.205 0.223 0.240 0.256 0.271 0.284 0.295 0.302 0.305 0 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.1 4.9 5.8 6.7 7.7 8.6 9.5 10.4 11.3 12.2 13.0 13.8 14.5 15.0 15.4 15.5 0.408 0.423 0.439 0.456 0.474 0.493 0.513 0.534 0.557 0.581 0.606 0.634 0.663 0.695 0.728 0.765 0.804 0.847 0.894 0.944 1.000 18.49 19.18 19.90 20.67 21.48 22.33 23.24 24.20 25.22 26.31 27.47 28.71 30.04 31.47 33.00 34.65 36.44 38.37 40.48 42.78 45.30
Fanno Line Flow Curves(M and p )
2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 M 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0 4 8 x (in)
45 40 35 30 p (psi) 25
M Pressure
20 15
12
16
Problem *13.73
[2]

Basic equations:
Isothermal air flow in a duct Downstream Mach number; Direction of heat transfer; Plot of Ts diagram
h1 +
V1 2
V2 Q + = h2 + 2 dm
T0 T
=1+
k 1 2 M 2
mrate = V A M1 = 0.1 1 V1 = 2 V2 p2 = 150 kPa
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K mrate = 1 V1 A = 2 V2 A p = R T p1 R T1 and p2 M c R T2 2 2 c1 = c2
p1 = 350 kPa so V c
From continuity
Also
M =
or
V = M c
Hence continuity becomes
M1 c1 =
Since
T1 = T2 p1 M2 = M p2 1
so
p1 M1 = p2 M2
Hence
M2 = 0.233
2 2
From energy
V2 V1 Q = h2 + h + 1 2 = h02 h01 = cp T02 T01 dm 2
But at each state
T0 T
= 1+
k1 2
or
T0 = T 1 +
k1 2
2 M
p02
Since T = const, but M2 > M1, then T02 > T01, and Q >0 dm so energy is ADDED to the system
p01 T 01 p1
T02 p2
Problem *13.74
[5]

Basic equations:
Isothermal air flow in a pipe Mach number and location at which pressure is 500 kPa
mrate = V A T1 = ( 15 + 273) K
p = R T
f Lmax D
1 k M k M
2
+ ln k M
)
p2 = 500 kPa
p1 = 1.5 MPa
V1 = 60
m s J kg K V2
f = 0.013
D = 15 cm
k = 1.4
R = 286.9 p1 T1
From continuity
1 V1 = 2 V2
or
V1 =
p2 T2
Since
T1 = T2 c1 = k R T1
and m c1 = 340 s M2 = 0.529

2
V = M c = M k R T V1 M1 = c1
p1 M2 = M1 p2 M1 = 0.176
Then
p1 M2 = M1 p2 f Lmax1 D 1 k M1 k M1
2
At M1 = 0.176
2 + ln k M1 = 18.819
At M2 = 0.529
f Lmax2 D
1 k M2 k M2
2
2 + ln k M2 = 0.614
Hence
f L12 D
f Lmax2 D
f Lmax1 D
= 18.819 0.614 = 18.2
L12 = 18.2
D f
L12 = 210 m
Problem *13.75
[2]
Problem *13.76
[4] Part 1/2
Problem *13.76
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 13.78
[4]
Given: Air flow from converging nozzle into heated pipe Find:
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = cp = T0 = p0 = pe= Equations and Computations: From p 0 and p e, and Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function IsenMfromp (M ,k )) Using built-in function IsenT (M ,k ) Using p e, M e, and function Rayp (M ,k ) Using T e, M e, and function RayT (M ,k ) 53.33 1.4 0.2399 187 710 25 24 ftlbf/lbmoR Btu/lbmoR
o
ftlbf/lbmoR R
psi psi
Me = Te = p* = T* =
0.242 702 10.82 2432

o
psi
o
We can now use Rayleigh-line relations to compute values for a range of Mach numbers: s (ftlbf/lbmoR) Eq. (12.11b) 2.22 24.0 0.00 2.21 23.9 10.26 2.19 23.7 22.81 2.18(Rayleigh) 23.6 34.73 Curve 2.16 23.4 46.09 2.15 23.2 56.89 2.13 23.1 67.20 2.12 22.9 77.02 2.10 22.7 86.40 2.08 22.5 95.35 2.07 22.4 103.90 2.05 22.2 112.07 2.03 22.0 119.89 2.01 21.8 127.36 2.00 21.6 134.51 1.98 21.4 141.35 1.96 21.2 147.90 1.94 21.0 154.17 20.8 160.17 100 1.92 150 200 250 1.91 . 20.6 165.92 o s (ft lbf/lbm 1.89 20.4 R) 171.42 1.87 20.2 176.69 1.85 20.0 181.73 p /p * p (psi)
M 0.242 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.4 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46
T /T * 0.289 0.304 0.325 0.346 0.367 0.388 0.409 0.430 0.451 0.472 0.493 0.514 0.535 0.555 0.576 0.595 0.615 0.634 0.653 0.672 0.690 0.708 0.725
T (oR) 702 740 790 841 892 943 3000 994 1046 2500 1097 11492000 1200 1250 T (o R) 1500 1301 13511000 1400 1448 500 1496 0 1543 1589 0 1635 1679 1722 1764
c (ft/s) 1299 1334 1378 1422 1464 1506 1546 1586 1624 1662 1698 1734 1768 1802 1834 1866 1897 1926 1955 1982 2009 2035 2059
V (ft/s) 315 334 358 384Ts 410 437 464 492 520 548 577 607 637 667 697 728 759 790 50 821 852 884 916 947
300
0.47 0.48 0.49 0.5 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.6 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.7 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.8 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1
0.742 0.759 0.775 0.790 0.805 0.820 0.834 0.847 0.860 0.872 0.884 0.896 0.906 0.917 0.927 0.936 0.945 0.953 0.961 0.968 0.975 0.981 0.987 0.993 0.998 1.003 1.007 1.011 1.014 1.017 1.020 1.022 1.024 1.025 1.027 1.028 1.028 1.029 1.029 1.028 1.028 1.027 1.026 1.025 1.023 1.021 1.019 1.017 1.015 1.012 1.009 1.006 1.003 1.000
1805 2083 979 1.83 19.8 186.57 1845 2106 1011 1.81 19.6 191.19 1884 2128 1043 1.80 19.4 195.62 Velocity V Versus M (Rayleigh) 1922 2149 1075 1.78 19.2 199.86 1958 2170 1107 1.76 19.0 203.92 3000 1993 2189 1138 1.74 18.8 207.80 2027 2208 1170 1.72 18.6 211.52 2500 2060 2225 1202 1.70 18.4 215.08 2091 2242 1233 1.69 18.2 218.48 2000 2122 2258 1265 1.67 18.0 221.73 2150 2274 1296 1.65 17.9 224.84 V (ft/s) 1500 2178 2288 1327 1.63 17.7 227.81 2204 1000 2302 1358 1.61 17.5 230.65 2230 2315 1389 1.60 17.3 233.36 2253 1420 1.58 17.1 235.95 500 2328 2276 2339 1450 1.56 16.9 238.42 2298 1481 1.54 16.7 240.77 0 2350 2318 2361 0.3 1511 1.53 16.5 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 243.010.8 2337 2370 1541 1.51 16.3 245.15 M 2355 2379 1570 1.49 16.1 247.18 2371 2388 1600 1.47 15.9 249.12 2387 2396 1629 1.46 15.8 250.96 2401 2403 1658 1.44 15.6 252.70 2415 2409 1687 1.42 15.4 254.36 2427 2416 1715 1.41 255.93 Pressure p Versus M 15.2 (Rayleigh) 2438 2421 1743 1.39 15.0 257.42 2449 2426 1771 1.37 14.9 258.83 30 2458 2431 1799 1.36 14.7 260.16 2466 2435 1826 1.34 14.5 261.41 25 2474 2439 1853 1.33 14.4 262.59 2480 2442 1880 1.31 14.2 263.71 20 2486 2445 1907 1.30 14.0 264.75 2447 1933 1.28 13.9 265.73 p 2490 (psi) 15 2494 2449 1959 1.27 13.7 266.65 2497 10 2450 1985 1.25 13.5 267.50 2499 2451 2010 1.24 13.4 268.30 2501 5 2452 2035 1.22 13.2 269.04 2502 2452 2060 1.21 13.1 269.73 2502 0 2452 2085 1.19 12.9 270.36 2501 2452 2109 1.18 12.8 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 270.94 0.8 2500 2451 2133 1.17 12.6 271.47 M 2498 2450 2156 1.15 12.5 271.95 2495 2449 2180 1.14 12.3 272.39 2492 2448 2203 1.12 12.2 272.78 2488 2446 2226 1.11 12.0 273.13 2484 2444 2248 1.10 11.9 273.43 2479 2441 2270 1.09 11.7 273.70 2474 2439 2292 1.07 11.6 273.92 2468 2436 2314 1.06 11.5 274.11 2461 2433 2335 1.05 11.3 274.26 2455 2429 2356 1.04 11.2 274.38 2448 2426 2377 1.02 11.1 274.46 2440 2422 2398 1.01 10.9 274.51 2432 2418 2418 1.00 10.8 274.52
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.0
Problem 13.79
[4]
Given: Air flow from converging-diverging nozzle into heated pipe Find:
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = cp = T0 = p0 = pe = Equations and Computations: From p 0 and p e, and Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function IsenMfromp (M ,k )) Using built-in function IsenT (M ,k ) Using p e, M e, and function Rayp (M ,k ) Using T e, M e, and function RayT (M ,k ) 53.33 1.4 0.2399 187 710 25 2.5 ftlbf/lbmoR Btu/lbmoR
o
ftlbf/lbmoR R psi psi
Me = Te = p* = T* =
2.16 368 7.83 775

o
psi
o
We can now use Rayleigh-line relations to compute values for a range of Mach numbers: s (ftlbf/lbmoR) Eq. (12.11b) 2.5 0.00 2.8 13.30 2.9 14.15 2.9 14.99 (Rayleigh) 2.9 15.84 2.9 16.69 3.0 17.54 3.0 18.39 3.0 19.24 3.0 20.09 3.1 20.93 3.1 21.78 3.1 22.63 3.2 23.48 3.2 24.32 3.2 25.17 3.2 26.01 3.3 26.86 40 3.3 50 27.70 60 3.3 o 28.54 . (ft lbf/lbm 3.4 R) 29.38 3.4 30.22 3.4 31.06 3.5 31.90 3.5 32.73 3.5 33.57 3.6 34.40 3.6 35.23 3.6 36.06 3.7 36.89 3.7 37.72 3.7 38.54 p (psi)
M 2.157 2 1.99 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.9 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.8 1.79 1.78 1.77 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.71 1.7
T /T * 0.475 0.529 0.533 0.536 0.540 0.544 0.548 0.552 0.555 0.559 0.563 0.567 0.571 0.575 0.579 0.584 0.588 0.592 0.596 0.600 0.605 0.609 0.613 0.618 0.622 0.626 0.631 0.635 0.640 0.645 0.649 0.654
T (oR) 368 410 413 416 418 421 424 427 430 433 436 o 440 R) T ( 443 446 449 452 455 459 462 465 468 472 475 479 482 485 489 492 496 499 503 507
c (ft/s) 940 993 996 1000 1003 1007 1010 1014 1017 1021 1024 1028 1032 1035 1039 1043 1046 1050 0 1054 10 1057 1061 1065 1069 1073 1076 1080 1084 1088 1092 1096 1100 1104
V (ft/s) 2028 1985 1982 1979Ts 1976 1973 1970 1966 1963 1960 1957 1953 1950 1946 1943 1939 1936 1932 1928 20 1925 1921 1917 1913 1909 1905 1901 1897 1893 1889 1885 1880 1876
p /p * 0.32 0.36 0.37 0.37 Curve 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.42 30 0.43 s 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.48
800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300
70
80
1.69 1.68 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.6 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.5 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.4 1.39 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.3 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.2 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.1 1.09 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01 1
0.658 0.663 0.668 0.673 0.677 0.682 0.687 0.692 0.697 0.702 0.707 0.712 0.717 0.722 0.727 0.732 0.737 0.742 0.747 0.753 0.758 0.763 0.768 0.773 0.779 0.784 0.789 0.795 0.800 0.805 0.811 0.816 0.822 0.827 0.832 0.838 0.843 0.848 0.854 0.859 0.865 0.870 0.875 0.881 0.886 0.891 0.896 0.902 0.907 0.912 0.917 0.922 0.927 0.932 0.937 0.942 0.946 0.951 0.956 0.960 0.965 0.969 0.973 0.978 0.982 0.986 0.989 0.993 0.997 1.000
510 1107 514 1111 517 1115 521 1119 525 1123 529 1127 532 1131 536 1135 540 1139 544 1143 548 1147 2500 551 1151 555 1155 559 2000 1159 563 1164 567 1500 1168 571 1172 V (ft/s) 575 1176 1000 579 1180 583 1184 500 1188 587 591 1192 595 0 1196 599 1200 2.0 603 1204 607 1208 612 1213 616 1217 620 1221 624 1225 628 1229 632 1233 636 1237 9 641 1241 645 8 1245 649 7 1249 653 1253 6 657 1257 5 662 1261 p (psi) 666 4 1265 670 3 1269 674 1273 2 678 1277 682 1 1281 686 0 1285 690 2.0 1288 694 1292 699 1296 703 1300 706 1303 710 1307 714 1310 718 1314 722 1318 726 1321 730 1324 733 1328 737 1331 741 1334 744 1337 747 1341 751 1344 754 1347 757 1349 761 1352 764 1355 767 1358 769 1360 772 1362 775 1365
1872 1867 1863 1858 1853 1849 1844 1839 1834 Velocity V 1829 1824 1819 1814 1809 1803 1798 1793 1787 1782 1776 1770 1764 1758 1752 1.8 1746 1740 1734 1728 1721 1715 1708 Pressure p 1701 1695 1688 1681 1674 1667 1659 1652 1645 1637 1629 1622 1614 1606 1.81598 1589 1581 1573 1564 1555 1546 1537 1528 1519 1510 1500 1491 1481 1471 1461 1451 1441 1430 1420 1409 1398 1387 1376 1365
0.48 3.8 39.36 0.48 3.8 40.18 0.49 3.8 41.00 0.49 3.9 41.81 0.50 3.9 42.62 0.50 3.9 43.43 0.51 4.0 44.24 0.51 4.0 45.04 0.52 4.1 45.84 Versus M (Rayleigh) 0.52 4.1 46.64 0.53 4.1 47.43 0.53 4.2 48.22 0.54 4.2 49.00 0.54 4.3 49.78 0.55 4.3 50.56 0.56 4.3 51.33 0.56 4.4 52.10 0.57 4.4 52.86 0.57 4.5 53.62 0.58 4.5 54.37 0.58 4.6 55.12 0.59 4.6 55.86 0.60 4.7 56.60 0.60 4.7 57.33 1.6 1.4 0.61 4.8 58.05 M4.8 0.61 58.77 0.62 4.9 59.48 0.63 4.9 60.18 0.63 5.0 60.88 0.64 5.0 61.56 0.65 5.1 62.24 Versus M (Rayleigh) 0.65 5.1 62.91 0.66 5.2 63.58 0.67 5.2 64.23 0.68 5.3 64.88 0.68 5.3 65.51 0.69 5.4 66.14 0.70 5.5 66.76 0.71 5.5 67.36 0.71 5.6 67.96 0.72 5.6 68.54 0.73 5.7 69.11 0.74 5.8 69.67 0.74 5.8 70.22 0.75 5.9 70.75 0.76 6.0 71.27 1.6 1.4 0.77 6.0 71.78 M 6.1 0.78 72.27 0.79 6.2 72.75 0.80 6.2 73.21 0.80 6.3 73.65 0.81 6.4 74.08 0.82 6.4 74.50 0.83 6.5 74.89 0.84 6.6 75.27 0.85 6.7 75.63 0.86 6.7 75.96 0.87 6.8 76.28 0.88 6.9 76.58 0.89 7.0 76.86 0.90 7.1 77.11 0.91 7.1 77.34 0.92 7.2 77.55 0.93 7.3 77.73 0.94 7.4 77.88 0.95 7.5 78.01 0.97 7.6 78.12 0.98 7.6 78.19 0.99 7.7 78.24 1.00 7.8 78.25
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.0
Problem 13.80
[2]
Problem 13.81
[2]
Problem 13.82
[2]

Basic equations:
Frictionless air flow in a pipe Heat exchange per lb (or kg) at exit, where 500 kPa
mrate = V A
p = R T
Q = cp T02 T01 dm p1 = 1 MPa k = 1.4 kg m V1 = 119 m s m s

3
(Energy)
p1 p2 = 1 V1 V2 V1
(Momentum)
Given or available data T1 = ( 15 + 273) K D = 5 cm p1 R T1
M1 = 0.35 J cp = 1004 kg K c1 = k R T1
p2 = 500 kPa R = 286.9 m c1 = 340 s J kg K
M2 = 1
At section 1
1 =
1 = 12.1
V1 = M1 c1 p1 p2 1 V1
From momentum
V2 =
+ V1
V2 = 466
From continuity
1 V1 = 2 V2 p2 2 R k 1 2 k 1 2
V1 2 = 1 V2 T2 = 564 K
2 M2
2 = 3.09
kg m
3
Hence
T2 =
T2 = 291 C
and
T02 = T2 1 +
T02 = 677 K
T02 = 403 C
with
T01 = T1 1 +
2 M1
T01 = 295 K
T01 = 21.9 C
Then
Q Btu kJ = cp T02 T01 = 164 = 383 dm lbm kg T0 T0crit so = 0.4389 T01 0.4389
(Note: Using Rayleigh line functions, for M1 = 0.35
T0crit =
T0crit = 672 K close to T2 ... Check!)
Problem 13.83
[2]

Basic equations:
Frictionless flow of Freon in a tube Heat transfer; Pressure drop NOTE: 2 is NOT as stated; see below
mrate = V A
p = R T
Q = mrate h02 h01 lbm ft A = 2 D 4

3
h0 = h +
V 2
p1 p2 = 1 V1 V2 V1 lbm ft
3
Btu Given or available data h1 = 25 lbm D = 0.65 in mrate V1 = 1 A mrate V2 = 2 A
1 = 100
h2 = 65
Btu lbm
2
2 = 0.850
A = 0.332 in
lbm mrate = 1.85 s

2
Then
ft V1 = 8.03 s
h01 = h1 + 2
V1
h01 = 25.0
Btu lbm
ft V2 = 944 s
h02 = h2 + 2
V2
h02 = 82.8
Btu lbm
The heat transfer is
Q = mrate h02 h01
) )
Q = 107
Btu s
(74 Btu/s with the wrong 2!)
The pressure drop is
p = 1 V1 V2 V1
p = 162 psi
(-1 psi with the wrong 2!)
Problem 13.84
[3]
Problem 13.86
[3]
Problem 13.87
[3]

Basic equations:
Frictionless flow of air in a duct Heat transfer without choking flow; change in stagnation pressure
k k1
T0 T
= 1+
k1 2 M 2 mrate V2 V1 A
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
p = R T
mrate = A V
p1 p2 =
Q = cp T02 T01 dm p1 = 70 kPa
)
kg mrate = 0.5 s J cp = 1004 kg K D = 10 cm R = 286.9 m c1 = 331 s M1 = 0.215
2
Given or available data T1 = ( 0 + 273) K A = 2 D 4 A = 78.54 cm 1 = p1 R T1

2
k = 1.4
M2 = 1 1 = 0.894 V1 = 71.2 kg m m s
3
J kg K
At state 1
c1 = then
k R T1
From continuity
mrate V1 = 1 A p1 p2 =
V1 M1 = c1 V = c M =
2 2
From momentum
mrate 2 2 V2 V1 = 2 V2 1 V1 A
but
p 2 2 k R T M = k p M R T p2 = 31.1 kPa
Hence
p1 p2 = k p2 M2 k p1 M1
or
1 + k M 2 1 p2 = p1 1 + k M 2 2
k p1 M1 = 2 V2 = R T1
2
From continuity
1 V1 = p1 M1 T1
p1 p1 M1 c1 = M k R T1 = R T1 R T1 1 p2 M2 T2 k1 2 k1 2
2 M2
k p2 M2 R T2 T2 = 888 C k1 2 k1 2
2 M1
Hence
p2 M2 T2 = T1 p1 M1
T02 = 1394 K
T2 = 1161 K T01 = T1 1 +
Then
T02 = T2 1 +
T01 = 276 K
p02 = p2 1 +
2 M2
k k1
p02 = 58.8 kPa
p01 = p1 1 +
2 M1
k k1
p01 = 72.3 kPa
Finally
Q MJ = cp T02 T01 = 1.12 dm kg T01 T0crit = T01
p0 = p02 p01
p0 = 13.5 kPa
(Using Rayleigh functions, at M1 = 0.215
T01 = 0.1975 T02 = T02 0.1975
T02 = 1395 K
and ditto for p02 ...Check!)
Problem 13.88
[3]
Problem 13.93
[3]
Given: Data on flow through gas turbine combustor Find:

Maximum heat addition; Outlet conditions; Reduction in stagnation pressure; Plot of process
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = cp = T1 = p1 = M1 = 286.9 1.4 1004 773 1.5 0.5 J/kgK J/kgK K MPa
p02 T02 p2 T p01 T01 T1 p1 T2
Equations and Computations: From From
p1 = 1 RT1
1=
V1 =
6.76 279
kg/m3 m/s
V1 = M 1 kRT1
s
Using built-in function IsenT (M,k): T 01 /T 1 = Using built-in function Isenp (M,k): p 01 /p 1 = For maximum heat transfer: M2 = 1.05 T 01 = 812 K
1.19 1
p 01 =
1.78
MPa
Using built-in function rayT0 (M,k), rayp0 (M,k), rayT (M,k), rayp (M,k), rayV (M,k): * T 01 /T 0* = T0 = 0.691 1174 K p 01 /p 0 = T /T * = p /p =
* *
( = T 02) ( = p 02) ( = T 02) ( = p 2) ( = 2)
1.114 0.790 1.778 0.444
p0 = T* = p =
* *
1.60 978 0.844 3.01
MPa K MPa 3 kg/m
/ =
*
Note that at state 2 we have critical conditions! Hence: p 012 p 01 = -0.182 MPa -182 kPa
From the energy equation:
Q
dm
= c p (T02 T01 )
364 kJ/kg
Q /dm =
Problem 13.94
[3]
Problem 13.95
[3]
Problem 13.96
[3]
Problem 13.97
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 13.97
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 13.98
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 13.98
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 13.99
[3]

Basic equations:
Normal shock due to explosion Shock speed; temperature and speed after shock
V Shock speed Vs Shift coordinates: (Vs V) ( Vs)
M2 =
2 M1 + k1
2
Shock at rest
2 k M 2 1 1 k 1
V = M c = M k R T
p2 p1
2 k 2 k1 M1 k+1 k+1
1 + k 1 M 2 k M 2 k 1 1 1 2 2 = 2 T1 k + 1 M 2 1 2
T2 J kg K p2 = 30 MPa p1 = 101 kPa T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
From the pressure ratio
M1 =
k + 1 p2 + k 1 2 k p1 k + 1
M1 = 16.0
Then we have
1 + k 1 M 2 k M 2 k 1 1 1 2 2 T2 = T1 2 k + 1 M 2 1 2
2 2 M1 + k1
T2 = 14790 K
T2 = 14517 C
M2 =
2 k M 2 1 1 k 1
V1 = M1 k R T1 V2 = M2 k R T2 V = Vs V2 V1 = 5475 V2 = 930 V = 4545 m s
M2 = 0.382
Then the speed of the shock (Vs = V1) is
Vs = V1
Vs = 5475
m s
After the shock (V2) the speed is V2 = Vs V
m s m s
But we have
These results are unrealistic because at the very high post-shock temperatures experienced, the specific heat ratio will NOT be constant! The extremely high initial air velocity and temperature will rapidly decrease as the shock wave expands in a spherical manner and thus weakens.
Problem 13.100
[3]
C-D nozzle with normal shock Mach numbers at the shock and at exit; Stagnation and static pressures before and after the shock
k+ 1 2 ( k1)
Basic equations: Isentropic flow
1 + k 1 M2 A 1 2 = k+ 1 Acrit M 2
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
k k1
Normal shock
M2 =
2 2 M1 + k1
p2 p1
2 k M 2 1 1 k 1
ft lbf lbm R
2 k 2 k1 M1 k+1 k+1
p02 p01
k + 1 M 2 1 2 1 + k 1 M12 2
k k1
2 k M 2 k 1 1 k + 1 k + 1
p01 = 125 psi (Shock area) T0 = ( 175 + 460) R Ae = 3.5 in
2
1 k1
k = 1.4 At = 1.5 in
2
Rair = 53.33 As = 2.5 in

2
Because we have a normal shock the CD must be accelerating the flow to supersonic so the throat is at critical state. Acrit = At
At the shock we have
As Acrit
1 + k 1 M 2 1 1 2 At this area ratio we can find the Mach number before the shock from the isentropic relation = k+ 1 Acrit M1 2
As Solving iteratively (or using Excel's Solver, or even better the function isenMsupfromA from the Web site!)
= 1.667
k+ 1 2 ( k1)
M1 = 1.985 p01 = 125 psi
The stagnation pressure before the shock was given: p01
The static pressure is then
p1 =
1 + k 1 M 2 1 2
k k1
p1 = 16.4 psi
After the shock we have
M2 =
2 2 M1 + k1
2 k M 2 1 1 k 1
k k1
M2 = 0.580
Also
k + 1 M 2 1 2 1 + k 1 M12 2 p02 = p01
2 k M 2 k 1 1 k + 1 k + 1
1 k1
p02 = 91.0 psi
and
2 k 2 k 1 p2 = p1 M1 k + 1 k + 1
p2 = 72.4 psi
Finally, for the Mach number at the exit, we could find the critical area change across the shock; instead we find the new critical area from isentropic conditions at state 2.
k+ 1 2 ( k1)
1 + k 1 M 2 2 2 Acrit2 = As M2 k+ 1 2
Acrit2 = 2.06 in
At the exit we have
Ae Acrit2
= 1.698
k+ 1 2 ( k1)
1 + k 1 M 2 e 1 2 At this area ratio we can find the Mach number before the shock from the isentropic relation = k+ 1 Acrit2 Me 2
Ae Solving iteratively (or using Excel's Solver, or even better the function isenMsubfromA from the Web site!)
Me = 0.369
These calculations are obviously a LOT easier using the Excel functions available on the Web site!
Problem 13.101
[2]

Basic equations:
Normal shock near pitot tube Air speed

k k1
p1 p2 = 1 V1 V2 V1
(Momentum)
p0 p
= 1 +
k 1 2 M 2
Given or available data T1 = 285 R k = 1.4

k 1 k 2 p02 1 k 1 p2 2 2
p1 = 1.75 psi Rair = 53.33 ft lbf lbm R
p02 = 10 psi
p2 = 8 psi
At state 2
M2 =
M2 = 0.574
From momentum
p1 p2 = 2 V2 1 V1
2
but
2
V = c M =
p 2 2 k R T M = k p M R T
p1 p2 = k p2 M2 k p1 M1
or
2 2 p1 1 + k M1 = p2 1 + k M2
Hence
M1 =
1 p2 2 1 + k M2 1 k p1
k Rair T1
M1 = 2.01 ft c1 = 827 s V1 = 1666 ft s ft s M2 = 0.573 Check!)
Also
c1 =
Then
V1 = M1 c1
Note: With p1 = 1.5 psi we obtain p2 p1 = 4.571 we find
V1 = 1822 M1 = 2.02
(Using normal shock functions, for
Problem 13.103
[2]
Problem 13.104
[2]
Given: Normal shock Find:

Speed and temperature after shock; Entropy change
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = cp = T 01 = p1 = M1 = Equations and Computations: From 53.33 1.4 0.2399 1250 20 2.5 ftlbf/lbmR Btu/lbmR R psi 0.0685 Btu/lbmR
p1 = 1 RT1
1 =
V1 =
300.02 764
kg/m3 m/s
Using built-in function IsenT (M,k): T 01 /T 1 = Using built-in function NormM2fromM (M,k): M2 = Using built-in function NormTfromM (M,k): T 2 /T 1 =
2.25
T1 =
556 96
o o
R F
0.513
2.14
T2 =
1188 728
o o
R F
Using built-in function NormpfromM (M,k): p 2 /p 1 = From From
7.13 867 ft/s
p2 =
143
psi
V 2 = M 2 kRT 2
T2 s = c p ln T 1 p2 p R ln 1
V2 =
s =
0.0476 37.1
Btu/lbmR ftlbf/lbmR
Problem 13.106
[2]

Pressure after shock; Compare to isentropic deceleration
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = T 01 = p 01 = M1 = Equations and Computations: 286.9 1.4 550 650 2.5 J/kgK K kPa
Using built-in function Isenp (M,k): p 01 /p 1 = Using built-in function NormM2fromM (M,k): M2 = Using built-in function NormpfromM (M,k): p 2 /p 1 = Using built-in function Isenp (M,k) at M 2: p 02 /p 2 = But for the isentropic case: Hence for isentropic deceleration: p 02 = p 01
17.09
p1 =
38
kPa
0.513
7.13
p2 =
271
kPa
1.20
p2 =
543
kPa
Problem 13.107
[2]

Speed and Mach number after shock; Change in stagnation pressure
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = T1 = p1 = V1 = Equations and Computations: From Then 53.33 1.4 445 5 2000 ftlbf/lbmR
o
0.0685
Btu/lbmR
R 2933 ft/s
psi mph
c1 = kRT1
c1 = M1 =
1034 2.84
ft/s
Using built-in function NormM2fromM (M,k): M2 = Using built-in function NormdfromM (M,k): 2 / 1 = Using built-in function Normp0fromM (M,k): p 02 /p 01 = Then
V2 =
0.486
3.70
0.378 541 mph 793 ft/s
1 V1 2
V2 =
Using built-in function Isenp (M,k) at M 1: p 01 /p 1 = From the above ratios and given p 1: p 01 = p 02 = p 01 p 02 = 143 54.2 89.2 psi psi psi 28.7
Problem 13.108
[2]

Speed; Change in pressure; Compare to shockless deceleration
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = T1 = p1 = V1 = Equations and Computations: From Then 53.33 1.4 452.5 14.7 1750 ftlbf/lbmR
o
0.0685
Btu/lbmR
R 2567 ft/s
psi mph
c1 = kRT1
c1 = M1 =
1043 2.46
ft/s
Using built-in function NormM2fromM (M,k): M2 = Using built-in function NormdfromM (M,k): 2 / 1 = Using built-in function NormpfromM (M,k): p 2 /p 1 =
0.517
3.29
6.90
p2 = p2 p1 =
101 86.7 781
psi psi ft/s
Then
V2 =
1 V1 2
V2 =
532
mph
Using built-in function Isenp (M,k) at M 1: p 01 /p 1 = Using built-in function Isenp (M,k) at M 2: p 02 /p 2 = 1.20 p2 = p2 p1 = 197 182 psi psi 16.1
From above ratios and p 1, for isentropic flow (p 0 = const):
Problem 13.109
[2]
Problem 13.111
[2]
Problem 13.112
[4]

Basic equations:
Normal shock Rankine-Hugoniot relation
Momentum: Energy:
p1 + 1 V1 = p2 + 2 V2 h1 + 1 1 2 2 V1 = h2 + V2 2 2
Mass: Ideal Gas:
1 V1 = 2 V2 p = R T
From the energy equation From the momentum equation Hence
2 h2 h1 = 2 cp T2 T1 = V1 V2 = V1 V1 V1 + V2 p2 p1 = 1 V1 2 V2 = 1 V1 V1 V2 V1 V2 = p2 p1 1 V1 1
2 2
)(
(1)
where we have used the mass equation
Using this in Eq 1
p2 p1 p2 p1 V2 p2 p1 2 cp T2 T1 = V1 + V2 = 1 + 1 + = 1 V1 1 1 V1
1 1 = (p2 p1) + 2 1 2
where we again used the mass equation Using the idea gas equation 2 cp
p2 2 R
1 1 = (p2 p1) + 1 R 1 2
p1
Dividing by p1 and multiplying by 2, and using R = cp - cv, k = cp/cv 2 cp p2 2 2 k p2 2 p2 = 2 = 1 + 1 R p1 1 k 1 p1 1 p1 1 2 1 = 1 k 1 1 1 ( k + 1) 2 1 ( k 1) 1 ( k + 1) ( k 1) 2 1 2 1 = ( k + 1) = 2 1 ( k 1) 2 1 2 k 2 2
Collecting terms
p2 2 k 1 p1 k 1
p2 p1
2 k 2 2 1 k 1 1 1
2 k 1 k 1
2 1
or
p2 p1
1
=0
( k + 1) ( k 1) k+1 k1
For an infinite pressure ratio
( k + 1) ( k 1)
or
(= 6 for air)
Problem 13.113
[3]
Problem 13.114
[3]
Problem 13.115
[3]
Problem 13.117
[3]
Problem 13.119
[4]
Problem 13.120
[2]
Problem 13.121
[2]
Problem 13.124
[3]
Given: Normal shock in CD nozzle Find:

Exit pressure; Throat area; Mass flow rate
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = T 01 = p 01 = M1 = A1 = Ae = 286.9 1.4 550 700 2.75 25 40 J/kgK K kPa cm2 cm2
Equations and Computations (assuming State 1 and 2 before and after the shock):
Using built-in function Isenp (M,k): p 01 /p 1 = Using built-in function IsenT (M,k): T 01 /T 1 = Using built-in function IsenA (M,k): A 1 /A 1* = Then from the Ideal Gas equation:
25.14
p1 =
28
kPa
2.51
T1 =
219
3.34
A 1* = A t =
7.49
cm2
1 =
Also: So: Then the mass flow rate is: c1 = V1 = m rate = m rate =
0.4433 297 815
kg/m3 m/s m/s
1 V 1A 1
0.904 kg/s
For the normal shock: Using built-in function NormM2fromM (M,k): M2 =
0.492
Using built-in function Normp0fromM (M,k) at M 1: p 02 /p 01 = 0.41 For isentropic flow after the shock: Using built-in function IsenA (M,k): A 2 /A 2* = A2 = But: Hence: A 2* =
p 02 =
284
kPa
1.356 A1 18.44 cm2
Using built-in function IsenAMsubfromA (Aratio,k): A e /A 2* = For: 2.17 Using built-in function Isenp (M,k): p 02 /p e =
Me=
0.279
1.06
pe=
269
kPa
Problem 13.125
[2]
Problem 13.128
[3]
Problem 13.129
[3]
Problem 13.131
[3]
Problem 13.132
[4]
Problem 13.133
[3]
Problem *13.135
[5]
Problem *13.136
[2]
Problem *13.137
[4]
Problem 13.138
[3]

Basic equations:
Normal shock Approximation for downstream Mach number as upstream one approaches infinity
M2n =
2 2 M1n + k 1
2 k M 2 1 1n k 1
(13.48a)
M2n = M2 sin ( )
(13.47b)
2 2 M1n + k 1 M2n M2 = = sin( )
Combining the two equations
2 k M 2 1 1n k 1 =
sin( )
2 2 M1n + k 1
2 k M 2 1 sin( ) 2 1n k 1
1+ M2 =
2 ( k 1) M1n
2
1 2 k 2 sin( ) 2 k 1 M1n
As M1 goes to infinity, so does M1n, so M2 = 1 M2 = k1 2 k sin ( )

2
2 k sin ( ) 2 k 1
Problem 13.139
[3]
Given: Data on an oblique shock Find:

Mach number and pressure downstream; compare to normal shock
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = p1 = M1 = = Equations and Computations: From M 1 and M 1n = M 1t = From M1n and p1, and Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k )) (13.48d) 1.43 2.05 286.9 1.4 80 2.5 35
o
J/kg.K kPa
p2 = The tangential velocity is unchanged V t1 = Hence c t1 M t1 = (T 1 )

1/2
178.6
kPa
V t2 c t2 M t2
M t1 = (T 2)1/2 M t2 M 2t = (T 1/T 2)1/2 M t1
From M1n, and Eq. 13.48c (using built-in function NormTfromM (M ,k )) T 2/T 1 = Hence M 2t = 1.28 1.81
Also, from M1n, and Eq. 13.48a (using built-in function NormM2fromM (M ,k ))
(13.48a)
M 2n = The downstream Mach number is then
0.726
M 2 = (M 2t2 + M 2n2)1/2 M2 = Finally, from geometry V 2n = V 2sin( - ) Hence or = - sin-1(V 2n/V 2) = - sin-1(M 2n/M 2) = For the normal shock: From M1 and p1, and Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k )) p2 = Also, from M1, and Eq. 13.48a (using built-in function NormM2fromM (M ,k )) M2 = 0.513 570 kPa 13.2
o
1.95
For the minimum : The smallest value of is when the shock is a Mach wave (no deflection) = sin-1(1/M 1) = 23.6
o
Problem 13.140
[3]
Given: Oblique shock in flow at M = 3 Find:

Minimum and maximum , plot of pressure rise across shock
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = M1 = 286.9 1.4 3 J/kg.K
Equations and Computations: The smallest value of is when the shock is a Mach wave (no deflection) = sin-1(1/M 1) = The largest value is = 19.5 90.0
o
The normal component of Mach number is M 1n = M 1sin() For each , p2/p1 is obtained from M1n, and Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k )) (13.48d) (13.47a)
Computed results: (o) 19.5 20 30 40 50 60 70 75 80 85 90 M 1n 1.00 1.03 1.50 1.93 2.30 2.60 2.82 2.90 2.95 2.99 3.00 p 2/p 1 1.00 1.06 2.46 4.17 5.99 7.71 9.11 9.63 10.0 10.3 10.3
Pressure Change across an Oblique Shock

12.5 10.0 7.5 5.0 2.5 0.0 0 30 ( )
o
p 2/p 1
60
90
Problem 13.141
[3]
Given: Velocities and deflection angle of an oblique shock Find:

Shock angle ; pressure ratio across shock
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = V1 = V2 = = Equations and Computations: From geometry we can write two equations for tangential velocity: For V 1t For V 2t V 1t = V 1cos() V 2t = V 2cos( - ) (1) (2) 286.9 1.4 1250 650 35 J/kg.K m/s m/s
o
For an oblique shock V 2t = V 1t, so Eqs. 1 and 2 give V 1cos() = V 2cos( - ) Solving for (3)
= tan-1((V 1 - V 2cos())/(V 2sin())) = 62.5

o
(Alternatively, solve Eq. 3 using Goal Seek !)
For p 2/p 1, we need M 1n for use in Eq. 13.48d
(13.48d)
We can compute M 1 from and , and Eq. 13.49 (using built-in function Theta (M ,, k ))
(13.49)
For
= = M1 =
35.0 62.5 3.19
o o
This value of M 1 was obtained by using Goal Seek : Vary M 1 so that becomes the required value. (Alternatively, find M 1 from Eq. 13.49 by explicitly solving for it!) We can now find M 1n from M 1. From M 1 and Eq. 13.47a M 1n = M 1sin() Hence M 1n = 2.83 (13.47a)
Finally, for p 2/p 1, we use M 1n in Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k ) p 2 /p 1 = 9.15
Problem 13.142
Given: Data on an oblique shock Find:

Deflection angle ; shock angle ; Mach number after shock
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = M1 = T1 = p 2 /p 1 = 286.9 1.4 3.25 283 5 J/kg.K
Equations and Computations: From p 2/p 1, and Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k ) and Goal Seek or Solver ) (13.48d)
For
p 2 /p 1 = M 1n =
5.00 2.10
From M 1 and M 1n, and Eq 13.47a M 1n = M 1sin( ) = From M 1 and , and Eq. 13.49 (using built-in function Theta (M , , k ) 40.4
o
(13.47a)
(13.49)
23.6
To find M 2 we need M 2n. From M 1n, and Eq. 13.48a (using built-in function NormM2fromM (M ,k ))
(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.561
The downstream Mach number is then obtained from from M 2n, and , and Eq. 13.47b M 2n = M 2sin( - ) Hence M2 = 1.94 (13.47b)
Problem 13.143
[4]
Given: Airfoil with included angle of 20o Find:

Mach number and speed at which oblique shock forms
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = T1 = = 286.9 1.4 288 10 J/kg.K K
o
Equations and Computations:
From Fig. 13.29 the smallest Mach number for which an oblique shock exists at a deflection = 10o is approximately M 1 = 1.4. By trial and error, a more precise answer is (using built-in function Theta (M ,, k ) M1 = = = c1 = V1 = A suggested procedure is: 1) Type in a guess value for M 1 2) Type in a guess value for 1.42 67.4 10.00 340 483
o o
m/s m/s
3) Compute from Eq. 13.49 (using built-in function Theta (M ,, k ))
(13.49) 4) Use Solver to maximize by varying o 5) If is not 10 , make a new guess for M 1 6) Repeat steps 1 - 5 until = 10 Computed results: M1 1.42 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 ()
o o
()
o
67.4 56.7 45.5 39.3 35.0 31.9 27.4 22.2 19.4 17.6 16.4
10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Sum:
Error 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
To compute this table: 1) Type the range of M 1 2) Type in guess values for 3) Compute from Eq. 13.49 (using built-in function Theta (M ,, k ) o Compute the absolute error between each and = 10 4) 5) Compute the sum of the errors 6) Use Solver to minimize the sum by varying the values (Note: You may need to interactively type in new values if Solver generates values that lead to no , or to values that correspond to a strong rather than weak shock)
Oblique Shock Angle as a Function of Aircraft Mach Number

90 75 60 (o) 45 30 15 0 1 2 3 4 M 5 6 7
Problem 13.144
[4]

Plot of temperature and pressure as functions of angle of attack
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = T1 = p1 = V1 = = 286.9 1.4 276.5 75 1200 60 J/kg.K K kPa m/s
o
Equations and Computations: From T 1 Then c1 = M1 = 333 3.60 m/s
Computed results: ( )
o
()
o
( ) Needed
o
()
o
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00
47.1 44.2 41.5 38.9 36.4 34.1 31.9 29.7 27.7 25.7 23.9 22.1 20.5 18.9 17.5 16.1
30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0
30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 Sum:
Error 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
M 1n 2.64 2.51 2.38 2.26 2.14 2.02 1.90 1.79 1.67 1.56 1.46 1.36 1.26 1.17 1.08 1.00 Max:
p 2 (kPa) 597 539 485 435 388 344 304 267 233 202 174 149 126 107 90 75 597
T 2 (oC) 357 321 287 255 226 198 172 148 125 104 84 66 49 33 18 3 357
To compute this table: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Type the range of Type in guess values for Compute Needed from = /2 - Compute from Eq. 13.49 (using built-in function Theta (M ,, k ) Compute the absolute error between each and Needed Compute the sum of the errors Use Solver to minimize the sum by varying the values (Note: You may need to interactively type in new values if Solver generates values that lead to no ) For each , M 1n is obtained from M 1, and Eq. 13.47a For each , p 2 is obtained from p 1, M 1n, and Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k )) For each , T 2 is obtained from T 1, M 1n, and Eq. 13.48c (using built-in function NormTfromM (M ,k ))
8) 9) 10)
Pressure on an Airfoil Surface as a Function of Angle of Attack

700 600 p 2 (kPa) 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 5 10 15 ( )
o
20
25
30
Temperature on an Airfoil Surface as a Function of Angle of Attack

400 350 300
o T 2 ( C)
250 200 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 ( )

o
20
25
30
Problem 13.145
[4]

Angle of attack at which oblique shock becomes detached
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = T1 = p1 = V1 = = Equations and Computations: From T 1 Then c1 = M1 = 333 3.60 m/s 286.9 1.4 276.5 75 1200 60 J/kg.K K kPa m/s
o
From Fig. 13.29, at this Mach number the smallest deflection angle for which an oblique shock exists is approximately = 35o.
By using Solver , a more precise answer is (using built-in function Theta (M ,, k ) M1 = = = A suggested procedure is: 1) Type in a guess value for 2) Compute from Eq. 13.49 (using built-in function Theta (M ,, k )) 3.60 65.8 37.3
o o
(13.49) 3) Use Solver to maximize by varying For a deflection angle the angle of attack is = - /2 = 7.31
Computed results: (o) 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.25 7.31 (o) 47.1 48.7 50.4 52.1 54.1 57.4 58.1 58.8 59.5 60.4 61.3 62.5 64.4 65.8 (o) Needed 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.5 35.8 36.0 36.3 36.5 36.8 37.0 37.3 37.3 (o) 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.5 35.7 36.0 36.2 36.5 36.7 37.0 37.2 37.3 Sum: To compute this table: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Type the range of Type in guess values for Compute Needed from = + /2 Compute from Eq. 13.49 (using built-in function Theta (M ,, k ) Compute the absolute error between each and Needed Compute the sum of the errors Use Solver to minimize the sum by varying the values (Note: You may need to interactively type in new values if Solver generates values that lead to no ) For each , M 1n is obtained from M 1, and Eq. 13.47a For each , p 2 is obtained from p 1, M 1n, and Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k )) For each , T 2 is obtained from T 1, M 1n, and Eq. 13.48c (using built-in function NormTfromM (M ,k )) Error 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% M 1n 2.64 2.71 2.77 2.84 2.92 3.03 3.06 3.08 3.10 3.13 3.16 3.19 3.25 3.28 Max: p 2 (kPa) 597 628 660 695 731 793 805 817 831 845 861 881 910 931 931 T 2 (oC) 357 377 397 418 441 479 486 494 502 511 521 533 551 564 564
8) 9) 10)
Pressure on an Airfoil Surface as a Function of Angle of Attack

1000 900 p 2 (kPa) 800 700 600 500 0 2 4
o ( )
Temperature on an Airfoil Surface as a Function of Angle of Attack

600 550 T 2 ( C) 500 450 400 350 300 0 2 4 (o) 6 8
Problem 13.146
Given: Data on airfoil flight Find:

Lift per unit span
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = p1 = M1 = = c = 286.9 1.4 70 2.75 7 1.5
o
J/kg.K kPa
Equations and Computations: The lift per unit span is L = (p L - p U)c (Note that p L acts on area c /cos(), but its normal component is multiplied by cos()) For the upper surface: pU = pU = p1 70.0 kPa (1)
For the lower surface: We need to find M 1n The deflection angle is = = From M 1 and , and Eq. 13.49 (using built-in function Theta (M , ,k )) (13.49) 7
o
For
= =
7.0 26.7
o o
(Use Goal Seek to vary so that = ) From M 1 and M 1n = 1.24
From M 1n and p 1, and Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k ))
(13.48d) p2 = pL = pL = From Eq 1 L = 113 p2 113 64.7 kPa kN/m kPa
Problem 13.147
[3]
Given: Data on airfoil flight Find:

Lift per unit span
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = p1 = M1 = U = L = c = Equations and Computations: The lift per unit span is L = (p L - p U)c (Note that each p acts on area c /cos(), but its normal component is multiplied by cos()) For the upper surface: We need to find M 1n(U) The deflection angle is U = U = From M 1 and U, and Eq. 13.49 (using built-in function Theta (M , ,k )) (13.49) U 5
o
286.9 1.4 75 2.75 5 15 2
J/kg.K kPa
o o
(1)
For
U = U =
5.00 25.1
o o
(Use Goal Seek to vary U so that U = U) From M 1 and U M 1n(U) = 1.16
From M 1n(U) and p 1, and Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k )) (13.48d)
p2 = pU = pU = For the lower surface: We need to find M 1n(L) The deflection angle is L = L = From M 1 and L, and Eq. 13.49 (using built-in function Theta (M , ,k )) For L = L = (Use Goal Seek to vary L so that L = L) From M 1 and L M 1n(L) =
106 p2 106
kPa
kPa
L 15
o
15.00 34.3
o o
1.55
From M 1n(L) and p 1, and Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k )) p2 = pL = pL = From Eq 1 L = 198 p2 198 183 kPa kN/m kPa
Problem 13.148
[3]
Given: Oblique shock Mach numbers Find:

Deflection angle; Pressure after shock
Solution:
The given or available data is: k = p1 = M1 = M2 = Equations and Computations: We make a guess for : = 33.6
o
1.4 75 4 2.5
kPa
From M 1 and , and Eq. 13.49 (using built-in function Theta (M , ,k )) (13.49) = From M 1 and From M 2, , and M 1n = M 2n = 21.0 2.211 0.546
o
(1)
We can also obtain M 2n from Eq. 13.48a (using built-in function normM2fromM (M ,k ))
(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.546
(2)
We need to manually change so that Eqs. 1 and 2 give the same answer. Alternatively, we can compute the difference between 1 and 2, and use Solver to vary to make the difference zero Error in M 2n = 0.00%
Then p 2 is obtained from Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function normpfromm (M ,k )) (13.48d)
p2 =
415
kPa
Problem 13.149
[4]
Given: Air flow into engine Find:

Pressure of air in engine; Compare to normal shock
Solution:
The given or available data is: k = p1 = M1 = = Equations and Computations: Assuming isentropic flow deflection p 0 = constant p 02 = p 01 1.4 50 3 7.5
o
kPa
For p 01 we use Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) (13.7a)
p 01 = p 02 = For the deflection =
1837 1837 7.5
kPa kPa
o
From M 1 and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k )) (13.55) 1 = Deflection = Applying Eq. 1 2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1) 2 = 2 = 1 - 42.3 49.8
o
(1) (Compression!)
o
From 2, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k )) For 2 = M2 = (Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 is correct) Hence for p 2 we use Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2) p2 = For the normal shock (2 to 3) M2 = 86.8 2.64 kPa 42.3 2.64
o
From M 2 and p 2, and Eq. 13.41d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k )) (13.41d)
p3 =
690
kPa
For slowing the flow down from M 1 with only a normal shock, using Eq. 13.41d p = 517 kPa
Problem 13.150
[3]
Given: Air flow in a duct Find:

Mach number and pressure at contraction and downstream;
Solution:
The given or available data is: k = M1 = = p1 = Equations and Computations: For the first oblique shock (1 to 2) we need to find from Eq. 13.49 (13.49) 1.4 2.5 7.5 50
o
kPa
We choose by iterating or by using Goal Seek to target (below) to equal the given Using built-in function theta (M, ,k ) = = 7.50 29.6
o o
Then M 1n can be found from geometry (Eq. 13.47a) M 1n = Then M 2n can be found from Eq. 13.48a) Using built-in function NormM2fromM (M,k ) (13.48a) M 2n = Then, from M 2n and geometry (Eq. 13.47b) M2 = 2.19 0.822 1.233
From M 1n and Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k )) (13.48d)
p 2/p 1 = p2 =
1.61 80.40
Pressure ratio
We repeat the analysis of states 1 to 2 for states 2 to 3, to analyze the second oblique shock We choose for M 2 by iterating or by using Goal Seek to target (below) to equal the given Using built-in function theta (M, ,k ) = = 7.50 33.5
o o
Then M 2n (normal to second shock!) can be found from geometry (Eq. 13.47a) M 2n = Then M 3n can be found from Eq. 13.48a) Using built-in function NormM2fromM (M,k ) M 3n = Then, from M 3n and geometry (Eq. 13.47b) M3 = 1.91 0.837 1.209
From M 2n and Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k )) p 3/p 2 = p3 = 1.54 124 Pressure ratio
Problem 13.151
[3]
NOTE: Angle is 30o not 50o!
Given: Air flow in a duct Find:

Mach number and pressure at contraction and downstream;
Solution:
The given or available data is: k = M1 = = p1 = Equations and Computations: For the first oblique shock (1 to 2) we find from Eq. 13.49 (13.49) Using built-in function theta (M, ,k ) = 7.99
o
1.4 2.5 30 50
o
kPa
Also, M 1n can be found from geometry (Eq. 13.47a) M 1n = Then M 2n can be found from Eq. 13.48a) Using built-in function NormM2fromM (M,k ) (13.48a) M 2n = Then, from M 2n and geometry (Eq. 13.47b) M2 = 2.17 0.813 1.250
From M 1n and Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k )) (13.48d)
p 2/p 1 = p2 =
1.66 82.8
Pressure ratio
We repeat the analysis for states 1 to 2 for 2 to 3, for the second oblique shock We choose for M 2 by iterating or by using Goal Seek to target (below) to equal the previous Using built-in function theta (M, ,k ) = = 7.99 34.3
o o
Then M 2n (normal to second shock!) can be found from geometry (Eq. 13.47a) M 2n = Then M 3n can be found from Eq. 13.48a) Using built-in function NormM2fromM (M,k ) M 3n = Then, from M 3n and geometry (Eq. 13.47b) M3 = 1.87 0.829 1.22
From M 2n and Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k )) p 3/p 2 = p3 = 1.58 130 Pressure ratio
Problem 13.152
[3]
Given: Deflection of air flow Find:

Pressure changes
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = p = M = 1 = 2 = 286.9 1.4 95 1.5 15 15 J/kg.K kPa
o o
Equations and Computations: We use Eq. 13.55 (13.55)
and Deflection = a - b = (M a) - (M b) (1)
From M and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k )) = For the first deflection: Applying Eq. 1 1 = 1 = 1 = From 1, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k )) 1 - 1 + 26.9
o
11.9
For
1 = M1 =
26.9 2.02
(Use Goal Seek to vary M 1 so that 1 is correct) Hence for p 1 we use Eq. 13.7a (13.7a)
The approach is to apply Eq. 13.7a twice, so that (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) p 1 = p (p 0/p )/(p 0/p 1) p1 = 43.3 kPa
For the second deflection: We repeat the analysis of the first deflection Applying Eq. 1 2 + 1 = 2 = 2 = 2 - 2 + 1 + 41.9
o
(Note that instead of working from the initial state to state 2 we could have worked from state 1 to state 2 because the entire flow is isentropic) From 2, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k )) For 2 = M2 = 41.9 2.62
o
(Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 is correct) Hence for p 2 we use Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) p 2 = p (p 0/p )/(p 0/p 2) p2 = 16.9 kPa
Problem 13.153
[3]
Given: Deflection of air flow Find:

Mach numbers and pressures
Solution
The given or available data is: R = k = p2 = M2 = 1 = 2 = Equations and Computations: We use Eq. 13.55 (13.55) 286.9 1.4 10 4 15 15 J/kg.K kPa
o o
and Deflection = a - b = (M a) - (M b) (1)
From M and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k )) 2 = For the second deflection: Applying Eq. 1 1 = 1 = From 1, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k )) For 1 = M1 = 50.8 3.05
o
65.8
2 - 2 50.8
o
(Use Goal Seek to vary M 1 so that 1 is correct)
Hence for p 1 we use Eq. 13.7a (13.7a)
The approach is to apply Eq. 13.7a twice, so that (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) p 1 = p 2(p 0/p 2)/(p 0/p 1) p1 = For the first deflection: We repeat the analysis of the second deflection Applying Eq. 1 2 + 1 = 2 - 38.1 kPa
= 2 - (2 + 1) = 35.8
o
(Note that instead of working from state 2 to the initial state we could have worked from state 1 to the initial state because the entire flow is isentropic) From , and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k )) For = M = 35.8 2.36
o
(Use Goal Seek to vary M so that is correct) Hence for p we use Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) p = p 2(p 0/p 2)/(p 0/p ) p = 110 kPa
Problem 13.154
[4]
Given: Mach number and deflection angle Find:

Static and stagnation pressures due to: oblique shock; compression wave
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = p1 = M1 = = Equations and Computations: For the oblique shock: We need to find M 1n The deflection angle is From M 1 and , and Eq. 13.49 (using built-in function Theta (M , ,k )) (13.49) = 35
o
286.9 1.4 50 3.5 35
J/kg.K kPa
o
For
= =
35.0 57.2
o o
(Use Goal Seek to vary so that = 35o) From M 1 and M 1n = 2.94
From M 1n and p 1, and Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k )) (13.48d)
p2 =
496
kPa
(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.479
The downstream Mach number is then obtained from from M 2n, and , and Eq. 13.47b M 2n = M 2sin( - ) Hence For p 02 we use Eq. 12.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) (13.7a) M2 = 1.27 (13.47b)
p 02 = p 2/(p 02/p 2) p 02 = For the isentropic compression wave: For isentropic flow p 0 = constant p 02 = For p 01 we use Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) p 01 = p 02 = 3814 3814 kPa kPa p 01 1316 kPa
(Note that for the oblique shock, as required by Eq. 13.48b
(13.48b)
p 02/p 01 = 0.345 (using built-in function Normp0fromM (M ,k )
0.345 (using p 02 from the shock and p 01)
p 02/p 01 =
For the deflection
= =
-35.0
(Compression )
o
We use Eq. 13.55
(13.55) and Deflection = 2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1) (1)
From M 1 and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k )) 1 = Applying Eq. 1 2 = 2 = From 2, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k )) For 2 = M2 = (Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 = 23.5o) Hence for p 2 we use Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2) p2 = 572 kPa 23.5 1.90
o
58.5 1 + 23.5
Problem 13.155
[3]
Given: Wedge-shaped airfoil Find:

Lift per unit span assuming isentropic flow
Solution:
The given or available data is: R k p M = = = = 286.9 1.4 70 2.75 7 1.5 J/kg.K kPa
o
= c = Equations and Computations: The lift per unit span is
L = (p L - p U)c (Note that p L acts on area c /cos(), but its normal component is multiplied by cos()) For the upper surface: pU = pU = For the lower surface: = = We use Eq. 13.55 -7.0
o
(1)
p 70 kPa
(13.55)
and Deflection = L - = (M L) - (M ) (2)
From M and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k )) = Applying Eq. 2 44.7
o
= L = L =
L - + 37.7
o
From L, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k )) For L = ML = (Use Goal Seek to vary M L so that L is correct) Hence for p L we use Eq. 13.7a (13.7a) 37.7 2.44
o
The approach is to apply Eq. 13.7a twice, so that (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) p L = p (p 0/p )/(p 0/p L) pL = From Eq 1 L = 113 64.7 kPa kN/m
Problem 13.156
[4]
Given: Mach number and airfoil geometry Find:

Lift and drag per unit span
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = p1 = M1 = = c = Equations and Computations: The net force per unit span is Hence, the lift force per unit span is L = (p L - p U)c cos() The drag force per unit span is D = (p L - p U)c sin() For the lower surface (oblique shock): We need to find M 1n The deflection angle is = = From M 1 and , and Eq. 13.49 (using built-in function Theta (M , ,k )) (13.49) 18
o
286.9 1.4 50 1.75 18 1
J/kg.K kPa
o
F = (p L - p U)c
(1)
(2)
For
= =
18.0 62.9
o o
(Use Goal Seek to vary so that is correct) From M 1 and M 1n = 1.56
p2 = pL = pL =
133.2 p2 133.2
kPa
kPa
For the upper surface (isentropic expansion wave): For isentropic flow p 0 = constant p 02 = For p 01 we use Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) (13.7a) p 01
p 01 = p 02 = For the deflection = = We use Eq. 13.55
266 266 18.0
kPa kPa (Compression )

o
From M 1 and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k )) 1 = Applying Eq. 3 2 = 2 = 19.3 1 + 37.3
o o
From 2, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k )) For 2 = M2 = (Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 is correct) Hence for p 2 we use Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2) p2 = pU = pU = From Eq. 1 From Eq. 2 L = D = 17.6 p2 17.6 110.0 35.7 kPa kN/m kN/m kPa 37.3 2.42
o
Problem 13.157
[4]
Mach number and airfoil geometry Plot of lift and drag and lift/drag versus angle of attack
The given or available data is: k = p1 = M1 = = c = Equations and Computations: The net force per unit span is F = (p L - p U)c Hence, the lift force per unit span is L = (p L - p U)c cos() The drag force per unit span is D = (p L - p U)c sin() (2) (1) 1.4 50 1.75 12 1
o
kPa
For each angle of attack the following needs to be computed: For the lower surface (oblique shock): We need to find M 1n Deflection =
From M 1 and , and Eq. 13.49 (using built-in function Theta (M , ,k )) (13.49)
find
(Use Goal Seek to vary so that is the correct value) From M 1 and find M 1n From M 1n and p 1, and Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k )) (13.48d)
find and
p2 pL = p2
For the upper surface (isentropic expansion wave): For isentropic flow p 0 = constant p 02 = For p 01 we use Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) p 01
(13.7a)
find Deflection we use Eq. 13.55
p 02 = =
266
kPa
(13.55)
and Deflection = 2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1) (3)
From M 1 and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k )) find Applying Eq. 3 1 = 2 = 19.3 1 +
o
(4)
From 2, and Eq. 12.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k )) From 2 find M2
(Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 is the correct value) Hence for p 2 we use Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2) pU = p2
Finally, from Eqs. 1 and 2, compute L and D Computed results:

o ( )
(o) 35.3 35.8 36.2 36.7 38.7 39.7 45.5 53.4 55.6 56.8 58.3 60.1 62.9
(o) 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 4.00 5.00 10.0 15.0 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 4.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00
Error 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
M 1n 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.05 1.09 1.12 1.25 1.41 1.44 1.47 1.49 1.52 1.56
p L (kPa) 51.3 52.7 54.0 55.4 61.4 64.5 82.6 106.9 113.3 116.9 121.0 125.9 133.4
2 ( )
o
2 from M 2 ( )
o
19.8 20.3 20.8 21.3 23.3 24.3 29.3 34.3 35.3 35.8 36.3 36.8 37.3
19.8 20.3 20.8 21.3 23.3 24.3 29.3 34.3 35.3 35.8 36.3 36.8 37.3
Error 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
M2 1.77 1.78 1.80 1.82 1.89 1.92 2.11 2.30 2.34 2.36 2.38 2.40 2.42
p U (kPa) 48.7 47.4 46.2 45.0 40.4 38.3 28.8 21.3 20.0 19.4 18.8 18.2 17.6
L (kN/m) 2.61 5.21 7.82 10.4 20.9 26.1 53.0 82.7 89.6 93.5 97.7 102.7 110
D (kN/m) 0.0227 0.091 0.205 0.364 1.46 2.29 9.35 22.1 25.7 27.7 29.9 32.4 35.8
L/D 115 57.3 38.2 28.6 14.3 11.4 5.67 3.73 3.49 3.38 3.27 3.17 3.08
Sum: 0.0%
Sum: 0.0%
To compute this table: 1) Type the range of 2) Type in guess values for 3) Compute from Eq. 13.49 (using built-in function Theta (M ,, k ) 4) Compute the absolute error between each and 5) Compute the sum of the errors 6) Use Solver to minimize the sum by varying the values (Note: You may need to interactively type in new values if Solver generates values that lead to no ) 7) For each , M 1n is obtained from M 1, and Eq. 13.47a 8) For each , p L is obtained from p 1, M 1n, and Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k )) 9) For each , compute 2 from Eq. 4 10) For each , compute 2 from M 2, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M ,k )) 11) Compute the absolute error between the two values of 2 12) Compute the sum of the errors 13) Use Solver to minimize the sum by varying the M 2 values (Note: You may need to interactively type in new M 2 values) if Solver generates values that lead to no ) 14) For each , p U is obtained from p 02, M 2, and Eq. 13.47a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) 15) Compute L and D from Eqs. 1 and 2
Lift and Drag of an Airfoil as a Function of Angle of Attack

120 L and D (kN/m) 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 (o) 12 14 16 18 20 Lift Drag
Lift/Drag of an Airfoil as a Function of Angle of Attack

140 120 100 L/D 80 60 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 (o) 12 14 16 18 20
Problem 13.158
[4]

Drag coefficient
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = p1 = M1 = = = Equations and Computations: The drag force is D = (p F - p R)cs tan(/2) (s and c are the span and chord) This is obtained from the following analysis Airfoil thickness (frontal area) = 2s (c /2tan(/2)) Pressure difference acting on frontal area = (p F - p R) (p F and p R are the pressures on the front and rear surfaces) The drag coefficient is But it can easily be shown that V 2 = pkM 2 Hence, from Eqs. 1 and 2 C D = (p F - p R)tan(/2)/(1/2pkM 2) For the frontal surfaces (oblique shocks): We need to find M 1n The deflection angle is = = From M 1 and , and Eq. 13.49 (using built-in function Theta (M , ,k )) /2 5
o 2 C D = D /(1/2V A )
286.9 1.4 95 2 0 10
J/kg.K kPa
o o
(1)
(2)
(3)
(13.49)
For
= =
5.0 34.3
o o
p2 = pF = pF =
125.0 p2 125.0
kPa
kPa
(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.891
The downstream Mach number is then obtained from from M 2n, and , and Eq. 13.47b M 2n = M 2sin( - ) Hence For p 02 we use Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) (13.7a) M2 = 1.82 (13.47b)
p 02 =
742
kPa
For the rear surfaces (isentropic expansion waves): Treating as a new problem Here: M 1 is the Mach number after the shock and M 2 is the Mach number after the expansion wave p 01 is the stagnation pressure after the shock and p 02 is the stagnation pressure after the expansion wave
M 1 = M 2 (shock) M1 = 1.82
p 01 = p 02 (shock) p 01 = For isentropic flow 742 kPa
p 0 = constant p 02 = p 02 = p 01 742 kPa
For the deflection
= =
10.0
o
We use Eq. 13.55
o o
From 2, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega(M, k)) For 2 = M2 = 31.3 2.18
o
(Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 = 31.3o) Hence for p 2 we use Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2) p2 = pR = pR = Finally, from Eq. 1 CD = 71.2 p2 71.2 0.0177 kPa kPa
Problem 13.159
[4]
1 FL
FU
RU RL

Lift and Drag coefficients
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = k = p1 = M1 = = = Equations and Computations: Following the analysis of Example 13.14 the force component perpendicular to the major axis, per area, is F V/sc = 1/2{(p FL + p RL) - (p FU + p RU)} and the force component parallel to the major axis, per area, is F H/sc = 1/2tan(/2){(p FU + p FL) - (p RU + p RL)} using the notation of the figure above. (s and c are the span and chord) The lift force per area is F L/sc = (F Vcos() - F Hsin())/sc The drag force per area is F D/sc = (F Vsin() + F Hcos())/sc (4) (3) (2) (1) 286.9 1.4 95 2 12 10 J/kg.K kPa
o o
The lift coefficient is But it can be shown that
C L = F L/(1/2V 2A )
(5)
V 2 = pkM 2 Hence, combining Eqs. 3, 4, 5 and 6

2 C L = (F V/sc cos() - F H/sc sin())/(1/2pkM )
(6)
(7)
Similarly, for the drag coefficient C D = (F V/sc sin() + F H/sc cos())/(1/2pkM 2) (8)
For surface FL (oblique shock): We need to find M 1n The deflection angle is = = From M 1 and , and Eq. 13.49 (using built-in function Theta (M , ,k )) (13.49) + /2 17
o
For
= =
17.0 48.2
o o
p2 = p FL = p FL =
230.6 p2 230.6
kPa
kPa
(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.704
The downstream Mach number is then obtained from from M 2n, and , and Eq. 13.47b M 2n = M 2sin( - ) Hence For p 02 we use Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) M2 = 1.36 (13.47b)
(13.7a)
p 02 =
693
kPa
For surface RL (isentropic expansion wave): Treating as a new problem Here: M 1 is the Mach number after the shock and M 2 is the Mach number after the expansion wave p 01 is the stagnation pressure after the shock and p 02 is the stagnation pressure after the expansion wave M 1 = M 2 (shock) M1 = 1.36
p 01 = p 02 (shock) p 01 = For isentropic flow 693 kPa
p 0 = constant p 02 = p 02 = p 01 693 10.0

o
kPa
For the deflection
= =
We use Eq. 13.55
o o
From 2, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k )) For 2 = M2 = 17.8 1.70
o
(Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 = 17.8o) Hence for p 2 we use Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2) p2 = p RL = p RL = 141 p2 141 kPa kPa
For surface FU (isentropic expansion wave): M1 = For isentropic flow 2.0
p 0 = constant p 02 = p 01
For p 01 we use Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) p 01 = p 02 = For the deflection = = We use Eq. 13.55 and Deflection = 2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1) (3) 743 743 - /2 7.0
o
kPa
o o
o
(Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 = 33.4o) Hence for p 2 we use Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2) p2 = p FU = p FU = For surface RU (isentropic expansion wave): Treat as a new problem. Flow is isentropic so we could analyse from region FU to RU but instead analyse from region 1 to region RU. M1 = For isentropic flow 2.0 62.8 p2 62.8 kPa kPa
p 0 = constant p 02 = p 01
p 01 = p 02 = TOTAL deflection = = We use Eq. 13.55 and Deflection =
743 743 + /2 17.0
kPa kPa
2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1)
(3)
o o
o
(Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 = 43.4o) Hence for p 2 we use Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k )) p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2) p2 = p RU = p RU = The four pressures are: p FL = p RL = p FU = p RU = From Eq 1 From Eq 2 From Eq 7 From Eq 8 F V/sc = F H/sc = CL = CD = 230.6 140.5 62.8 32.4 138 5.3 0.503 0.127 kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa 32.4 p2 32.4 kPa kPa

Manual de Soluções - Introdução A Mecânica Dos Flúidos 7 Ed (Capítulos 7 Ao 13) - INGLÊS

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Manual de Soluções - Introdução A Mecânica Dos Flúidos 7 Ed (Capítulos 7 Ao 13) - INGLÊS

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Problem 7.

Given: Find: Solution:

Equation for beam Dimensionless groups

Denoting nondimensional quantities by an asterisk

Substituting into the governing equation The final dimensionless equation is

The dimensionless group is

Given: Find: Solution:

Equations for modeling atmospheric motion Non-dimensionalized equation; Dimensionless groups

Recall that the total acceleration is

Substituting into the governing equation

The final dimensionless equation is

The dimensionless groups are

Given: Find: Solution:

Equations Describing pipe flow Non-dimensionalized equation; Dimensionless groups

Nondimensionalizing the velocity, pressure, spatial measures, and time:

Substituting into the governing equation

The final dimensionless equation is

The dimensionless groups are

Given: Find: Solution:

Equation for unsteady, 2D compressible, inviscid flow Dimensionless groups

Denoting nondimensional quantities by an asterisk

Substituting into the governing equation

The final dimensionless equation is

No dimensionless group is needed for this equation!

Given: Find: Solution:

Apply the Buckingham procedure

Select primary dimensions M, L, t

Then n m = 1 dimensionless groups will result. Setting up a dimensional equation,

Check using F, L, t as primary dimensions

The relation between drag force F and speed V must then be

The drag is proportional to the square of the speed.

Given: Find: Solution:

Apply the Buckingham procedure V D

Select primary dimensions M, L, t

Then n m = 2 dimensionless groups will result. Setting up a dimensional equation,

The relation between drag force speed V is

Given: Find: Solution:

That light objects can be supported by surface tension Dimensionless groups

Apply the Buckingham procedure W p

Select primary dimensions M, L, t

Then n m = 2 dimensionless groups will result. Setting up a dimensional equation,

Given: Find: Solution:

That automobile buffer depends on several parameters Dimensionless groups

Apply the Buckingham procedure T

Select primary dimensions M, L, t

Then n m = 3 dimensionless groups will result. Setting up a dimensional equation,

ML b1 M = M 0 L0t 0 2 = F e = 2 (L ) t Lt t M: a +1 = 0 a = 1 L: a + b 1 = 0 b=2 Hence t : 2a c 1 = 0 c = 1

ML b1 M 3 = F e = 2 (L ) 2 = M 0 L0t 0 t t t M: a +1 = 0 a = 1 L: a+b=0 b =1 Hence t : 2a c 2 = 0 c = 0

Check using F, L, t as primary dimensions

Problem 7.22 (In Excel)

The following groups from Example 7.1 are not used: M 0 3: a = b = c =

The final result is

Given: Find: Solution:

That the power of a vacuum depends on various parameters Dimensionless groups

Apply the Buckingham procedure P p D d Select primary dimensions M, L, t

Then n m = 5 dimensionless groups will result. Setting up a dimensional equation,

Problem 7.30 (In Excel)

Note that groups 1 and 4 can be obtained by inspection

Problem 7.32 (In Excel)

Note that the 1 , 3 and 4 groups can be obtained by inspection

Problem 7.33 (In Excel)

Note that the 1 group can be obtained by inspection

Given: Find: Solution: