Structural Systems for Tall Buildings

Professor Mahjoub Elnimeiri, PhD

Fall 2009 - Lecture 1 What is structure? Structure/Architecture Interaction State of Art of Tall Buildings (from modern era to present)

What is Structure
Equilibrium

Stability

What is Structure
Strength Redundancy

Stiffness

Human Comfort

variation of B with design parameters

What is Structure
Structure under earthquake : Global Ductility

Ductility Demand and Capacity

What is Structure
Efficiency
- Materials - Gravity System - Lateral System - Foundation

Constructability
- Simplicity - Time

Steel Structural Systems

160

NUMBER OF OFFICE STORIES

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

Reinforced Concrete Structural Systems

NUMBER OF STORIES (OFFICE BUILDINGS)

POUNDS PER SQUARE FOOR (PSF)

Efficiency of Structural Steel Systems

elevator system 6-12%

MEP 20-25%

architecture 30-40%

structure 20-30%

Structural Economy, Efficiency and Constructability Cost of Structure in relation to Total Construction Costs

World Map

Meter 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Worlds Tallest Buildings Chart

John Hancock Center

Location: 875 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois Status: completed Groundbreaking: 1965 Completion: 1969 Use: Mixed use Height: 1127 feet (344 meters) Floor Count: 100 Floor Area: 853,432 sq.ft. (260,126 sq.m.)

Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP Contractor: Tishman Construction Company Developer: John Hancock Insurance

Structural System

Sears Tower

Location: 233 S Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois Status: completed Groundbreaking: 1972 Completion: 1974 Use: Office Height: 1451 feet (442 meters) Floor Count: 110 Floor Area: 4,497,700 sq.ft. (418,064 sq.m.)

Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP Contractor: Morse-Diesel Inc. Developer: Sears, Roebuck and Company

Structural System

Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974

Column Axial Load Distribution

Load behavior

Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974

Connection Details

Frame Construction Belt trusses are added to the top location of each change in bundle configuration

Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974

Modular Parts

Superstructure Construction

One Magnificent Mile

Location: 940 N Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois Status: completed Groundbreaking: 1978 Completion: 1983 Use: Mixed Height: 673 feet (205 meters) Floor Count: 57

Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP

Structural System

Structural Analysis

Onterie Center

Location: 441 E. Erie Street, Chicago, Illinois Status: completed Completion: 1986 Use: Mixed use Height: 570 feet (174 meters) Floor Count: 58

Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP

Architectural plan / section

The Attack

The World Trade Center Site, New York

Twin Towers, 1973 (Top), Freedom Tower, 2011 (Down)

World Trade Center

Groundbreaking: August 5, 1966 Completion: April 4, 1973 Destroyed: September 11, 2001 Use: Office Height: 1368 / 1362 feet (417 / 415 meters)

Architect: Minoru Yamasaki, Emery Roth & Sons Consulting Engineers: John Skilling & Leslie Robertson Contractor: Port Authority of New York & New Jersey

Typical tower floor plan

Site plan

conceptual view of structural system

conceptual view of floor system

Simulation of the collapse

Simulation of the collapse

http://video.pbs.org:8080/ramgen/wgbh/mediastorage/nova/minutes/2907_220.rm

Impact of 9/11 and the 2008 Real Estate crisis on Tall Building Construction

Jin Mao Building, Shanghai, China 1998

(Architect: SOM)

Skyscraper built before 9/11

Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan 2004

(Architect: SOM)

Skyscraper built after 9/11

Swiss Re Tower, London, UK, 2004

(Architect: Norman Foster)

Turning Torso, Malm Harbor, Sweden, 2005

(Architect: Santiago Calatrava)

Torre Caja Madrid, Madrid, Spain

(Architect: Norman Foster) under construction, 2008

Shanghai World Trade Center, Shanghai, China

(Architect: KPF) under construction, 2008

Chicago Spire

Location: 400 N Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois Status: under construction Groundbreaking: June 25, 2007 Completion: 2011 estimated Use: Residential Height: 2000 feet (609.6 meters) Floor Count: 150 Floor Area: 3,000,000 sq.ft. (278,709 sq.m.)

Architect: Santiago Calatrava and Perkins+Will Structural Engineer: Thorton Tomasetti Contractor: Case Foundation Developer: Shelbourne Development

Americas Tallest Building

Foundation 34 concrete and steel caissons 36.5m (120) deep 32m (104) diameter cofferdam 24m (78) deep 1m (3.2) wide perimeter wall 24.2m (80) deep 98 bell caissons to support substructure

Calatravas sketch

Superstructure Composite structural system : concrete core and steel columns 7 w-shaped mega columns at ground level rise to become 21 internal columns Columns shift inwards at each of the 4 outrigger floors 6 thick light weight reinforced concrete slab rotates 2 degrees on every floor

Calatravas sketch

Burj Dubai, Dubai, UAE

(Architect: SOM) under construction, 2008

Infinity Tower, Dubai, UAE

(Architect: SOM) under construction, 2008

White Luchung Plaza, Shanghai, China

Davinci Tower, Dubai, UAE

(Architect: Fisher)

New City Hall Proposal, Guangzhou, China

proposed

Nile Tower, Cairo, Egypt

(Architect: Zaha Hadid) proposed

Dubai Towers

Location: Dubai, UAE Status: proposed Completion: 2011 Use: Mixed Height: 1805 feet (550 meters) Floor Count: 120 Floor Area: 2,259,264 sq.ft. (210,000 sq.m.)

Architect: Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback Structural Engineer: cdci engineers international Developer: Sama

Tower29
Height 550m
TOWER-01 TOWER-20 TOWER-21 TOWER-29 HEIGHT 360 m 410 m 460 m 550 m BUILT-UP AREA 120,000 sq. m 140,000 sq. m 160,000 sq. m 210,000 sq. m

Towers Heights and Areas

Preliminary structural sketch

Structural Model

Architectural Model

Elevator Core/ Plan Layout

Typical Facade

Spire

Tall Building Research at IIT

Tall Building Research at IIT

Tall Building Research at IIT

Hotel Guest Rooms: 108th

Office Zone 3 Local 2: 74th 76th

Plaza Level Floor Plan 1st Floor

Tall Building Research at IIT Hangkang City Tower, Seoul, Korea proposed, 1996

Form Stiffened Structures Research at IIT