18ARC82_MATERIALS AND METHODS IN BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION VIII
VIII SEMESTER C
SECTION
INTRODUCTION

There are a few fundamental methods to construct

buildings, they are:
• In-situ Reinforced concrete
• Structural steel
• Precast
• Combination of the above methods
INTRODUCTION

There are only 3 work

components for working
with in-situ Reinforced
concrete, that is:
• FORM W ORK
ERECTION
• REINFORCEMEN
T FIXING
• CONCRETING

Out of these
components, formwork
is costly and
demanding highest
level of technological
input, as well as
other work and
resources related
planning
INTRODUCTION
Formwork system is the key factor determining the success of a construction project in terms
of
• SPEED
A formwork system if not appropriately
Designed to fit the actual site condition will
have Low efficiency and affect the speed of
work
(e.g., Wrong selection due to insufficient experience
in using the system, inefficient fixing method, difficult d. Formwork
location of work, more labor intensive etc.
• COST
Cost of formwork include material (plywood
And hardwood waling), cost of cutting,
material Wastage, labour to assemble and
erection, Striking and transportation of
formwork panels, Replacement of reused panel
etc.
• QUALITY
Quality of concrete can be affected by formwork
in the following ways:
a. The accurate shape of the formwork panel
b. Dimensional accuracy of the formwork
c. The verticality, leveling or alignment of the
e. The tightness of joining of the panels
f. Whether the panel surfaces is in good
condition
• SAFETY OF WORKS
Dangerous occur due to:
a. Often need to work at height,
b. Panels are heavy for human worker
c. Unstable formwork erection will cause
d. Collapse and harm people working on it
e. Working area nearby the formwork are
f. Usually congested and not easy to get access
into.
FORMWORK SELECTION PARAMETERS

Formwork system is the key factor determining the success of a construction project in terms
of
FORMWORK SELECTION PARAMETERS

INTERNAL PARAMETERS EXTERNAL PARAMETERS

Constraint of existing road or

Repetitive Simple /
GEOMETRY SPACE building Storage area
complex Changing
Assembly area
geometry

Rate of pouring/ concrete

CONCRETE pressure Concrete Finish WIND Wind load
Curing time
Capacity
SEQUENCE OF Availabilit
Cycle time CRANE
WORK y Type
Boom
reach
Existing formwork material to be
FORMWORK
reused Rental or purchase
CHOICE SAFETY Special requirements needed
Best value for current project
v/s Flexibility for future projects
Milestone
CONSTRUCTION Working schedule/shifts
PLANNING Project duration
Holidays
LOCAL RULES Permits
AND Restricted
REGULATION Noise
S Safety
FORMWORK SELECTION PARAMETERS

CLASSIFICATION CATEGORY
Size • Small-Sized: operated manually
• Large-Sized: crane facilities are required in the
operation, or self-climbing
System vs. Location of Use • Traditional timber form /Aluminum form: irregular frame
structure
• Gang form /Climb form /Jump form: core wall
• Table form: slabs
• Tunnel form: repeated regular section
Construction Materials TIMBER: STEEL:
Aluminum:
• Stiff and
• Adaptable to • Sections: Hot light weight
complex shape. rolled or Cold • Excellent
• Labor intensive formed finish
• Environment • Heavy weight • High
all y • material and
unfriendly Suitable for labor cost
• Low initial large sized
cost panels
• Most popular
Nature of Operation • Manually Operated
• Self-Lifted
• Crane-Lifted
FORMWORK SELECTION PARAMETERS
TYPES O F FOR MW ORK SLIPFORM C O N STRUC TION

Slipform construction technique is an alternative for

conventional formwork system which helps in continuous
vertical and horizontal construction. The slipform helps to
conduct continuous pouring of the concrete to the moving
formwork. The process stops only when the required length
of casting is completed

DEVELOPMENT OF SLIPFORM CONSTRUCTION

• The property of cement and concrete to gain sufficient
strength to stay in shape once cast within the initial
setting time of 3 0 minutes lead to the development of
slip form construction technique. Engineers took this
property to develop a moving formwork system so that
the concrete can be poured continuously.

• The height of the formwork is designed such a way

that, during the pouring of the upper-level formwork,
the concrete poured in the below formwork would
have gained initial setting. The concrete exposed when
the formwork moves up will remain firm.
TYPES O F FOR MW ORK SLIPFORM C O N STRUC TION

COMPONENTS OF SLIPFORM
• The slipform system is designed
with varied features.
Generally, it consist of yoke
legs.
• Yoke legs are employed to
lift and sustain the weight of
the entire structure, so that it
behaves as a single unit.
• Yoke legs are also used
to connect with the
beams, scaffoldings and
working platforms to
serve the supporting
purpose.
• To the yoke legs, walk-away
brackets are connected.
These walkway brackets will
enable proper placement of
the concrete.
TYPES O F FOR MW ORK SLIPFORM C O N STRUC TION

APPLICATIONS ADVANTAGES OF SLIPFORM DISADVANTAGES OF SLIPFORM

1. Construction of CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE
Regular core TECHNIQUE
high rise • High –cost for initial setup
structures • Non-stop Method of • Requires Specialized
2. Chimney Construction workers and expertise
Constructio • Increase rate of • Need sophisticated
n construction Equipment
3. Construction of • Increase the • Dimensional Accuracy can go
Steel Tanks productivity low in certain conditions
4. Construction of • Provide more
Water Towers working space
• Creates safe work
environment
for the workers
• Employs less accessory
equipment
• Increase flexibility
in construction
• Reduced Labor
costs
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SIZE: LARGE SIZED FORMWORK
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SIZE: LARGE SIZED FORMWORK

Stiffening components - studs and

soldier.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO LOCATION OF USE: LARGE SIZED FORMWORK
TYPES O F FORM W O RK JUMP FO RM

• Generally the jump form systems

comprises the formwork and
working platforms for
cleaning/fixing of the formwork,
steel fixing and concreting
• Jump form, often described as
climbing form, it is suitable for
construction of multi – floor vertical
concrete elements in high – rise
structures such as shear walls, core
walls , lift shafts, stair shafts and
bridge pylons
• It is highly productive system
designed to increase speed and
efficiency while minimizing labor and
time
TYPES OF FORM WORK CLIMB FORM CONSTRUCTION

• It is a special type formwork for

vertical concrete structures that
rises with the building process.
• It is economical, rapid and
accurate method of constructing
reinforced concrete or post-
tensioned concrete structures
• At its most basic level, climb forming
is a type of movable formwork which
is slowly raised, allowing continuous
extrusion of concrete
• Effective solution for buildings that
are either very repetitive in form
(such as towers or skyscrapers) or
that require a seamless wall
structure
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO LOCATION OF USE
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO LOCATION OF USE
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO LOCATION OF USE
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO LOCATION OF USE TABLE FORM/ FLYING FORM WORK

• A table form work is a large pre – assembled formwork and

falsework unit, often forming a complete bay of suspended
floor slab
• It offers mobility and quick installation for construction
projects with regular plan layouts or long repetitive
structures so it is highly suitable for flat slab and beam
layouts
• It is routinely used for residential, hotels, hostels, offices and
commercial buildings
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO LOCATION OF USE
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO LOCATION OF USE
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO LOCATION OF USE
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO LOCATION OF USE
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO LOCATION OF USE TUNNEL FORMWORK

Tunnel formwork is used to form repetitive cellular structures and

is widely recognized as a modern innovation that enables that
construction of horizontal and vertical elements together
Significant productivity benefits have been achieved by using
tunnel form to construct cellular buildings such as hotels, low and
high rise housing, hostels, student accommodation, prison and
barracks accommodation
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MATERIALS TIMBER FORM WORK
CLASSIFICATION A CC O RDING TO MATERIALS STEEL A N D A LUM INIUM FO RM W O RK
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MATERIALS ALUMINIUM FORM WORK
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MATERIALS ALUMINIUM FORM WORK
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MATERIALS BRANDS
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MATERIALS BRANDS

• M I V A N FORMWORK
Mivan is the name of the company which invented "Aluminum Formwork".
• In Mivan shuttering we can cast the whole slab, beam, and column at one go making the unit
a
c o m p o s ite structure.
• In this system of formwork construction, cast–in–situ concrete wall and floor slabs cast
monolithic provide the structural system in one continuous pour.
• To facilitate fast construction, early removal of forms can be achieved by hot air
curing/curing compounds.
• The frames for windows, doors, and ducts for services are placed in the form before
concreting.
• Staircase flights, façade panels, chajjas and jails etc., and other pre-fabricated items are
also integrated into the structure.
• High-quality Mivan Formwork panels ensure consistency of dimensions. On the removal of the
formwork mold a high-quality concrete finish is produced to accurate tolerances and
verticality
• The high tolerance of the finish means that no further plastering is required.
 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MATERIALS BRANDS

Advantages
1.Fast completion of floors
2. Uniformity in structural components.
3. Good finishing can be seen.
4.No need of plastering.

Disadvantages
1.Expensive, used for typical floors only.
2. Initial setup takes time.
3. Construction joints should be executed
properly.
4.Alignment maintenance needs skilled
laborers.
5.Holes caused by wall tie should be
grouted properly with GP2 else the
will be problem of leakage in
columns
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MATERIALS BRANDS

• PERI has introduced many panel-based pre-engineered wall

formworks Wall Formworks
• The girder wall formwork consists of timber and/or steel girders connected to each other
that form the support surface for the form lining.
• The optimization of individual elements and the development of a wide range of accessories
for connections and attachments still makes girder wall formwork cost-effective in spite of the
relatively high number of components
• A major advantage is the flexibility in order to be able to adapt to complex shapes and
high loads.
• In particular, architectural concrete structures with special requirements for surfaces and anchor
patterns can often only be efficiently realized with girder wall formwork.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MATERIALS BRANDS
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MATERIALS BRANDS

DOKA
DOKA uses lightweight steel construction with yellow coated frames faced with a
wood/plastic- composite sheet
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MATERIALS
ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
Types, Properties and Materials
ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS

ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
The Enclosure is the term given to any
part of a building that physically
separates the external from the interior
environment. It is often referred to as the
‘building envelope’, although ‘enclosure’
is considered the more precise term. The
physical components of the building
enclosure include:

i. The roof system.

ii. The above-grade wall
system (including windows and
doors).
iii. The below-grade wall system.
iv. The base floor system.
The primary function of the enclosure is
to separate the interior environment from
the exterior environment to which it is
exposed.
ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS

THE EVOLUTION OF THE BUILDING

ENVELOPE
 ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
The building enclosure is a three-dimensional, multi-layer, multi- material assembly that
extends from the inside face of the innermost interior layer (e.g., the paint or
wallpaper) to the outside face of the outermost layer (e.g., paint or roof shingles). The
overall enclosure is made up of all the contiguous enclosure sub- assemblies.

Function
A building envelope serves many functions. These functions can
be divided into 4 categories :

1. Support: to ensure strength and rigidity; providing structural support

against
internal and external loads and forces.
2. Control: to control the exchange of water, air, condensation and
heat between the interior and exterior of the building.
3. Finish: this is for aesthetic purposes. To make the building look attractive
while still performing support and control functions.
4. Distribute: i.e., to distribute services or utilities such as power,
communication, water in its various forms, gas, and
conditioned
air, to, from, and within the enclosure itself.
 ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS

There are many type building enclosure

systems
• Stick
• Unitized
• Panel
• Cable net/Point supported Glazing
• Window Wall/Store Front
• Glass Fin walls
• Double wall assemblies

•Stick
Stick system are often used on low to mid rise
System:
buildings.
• Fabricated as individual pieces and parts
• Assembled and erected on the job site. of
• Generally supported off of the face or the
top
Unitized
buildings
System
floor structure.
• Benefit greatly from repetition of form and extensive ‘shop’ fabrication.
• Fabricated as individual units in shop environment
• Erected on the job site with a minimum of additional field assembly
required.
ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
Panel Sy s t e m :
• Cast concrete panel system
• Benefit greatly from repetition of size and shape.

Cable net/Point supported Glazing :

• Large expanses of glass
• Transparent architecture

Window Wall/Store Front

• Gravity loaded between floors
• Unitized, stick, or a combination, referred to as a unit
on a stick.

Glass Fin walls

• Utilizes glass as a structural element
• Used to achieve a high degree of transparency
• Glass is gravity loaded at the bottom
• Generally used at main entries and lobbies
ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS

Double-wall assemblies
• Ventilated double wall systems are assemblies
consisting
of 2 glazed walls often separated by an air cavity.
• Designed to increase the use of fresh air and daylight
for the building occupants
• Increase the overall energy efficiency of the building.
• Automatic Daylight control
• Draw heat away from the interior
• Insulates interior during the cooling season

Pressure-equalized Rain Screens

• The concept behind pressure equalized rain screens is to
create air pressure chambers behind the cladding by
compartmentalizing the air space with baffles.
• Wind pressures would be neutralized in these pressure
equalization compartments, thus eliminating a driving
force for rain penetration
ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS

Designing an effective building OF G O O D

enclosure must PROPERTIES properly consider the following
i. Good strengthENCLOSURE
and rigidity.
• Climatic zone where the building is
factors: ii. Control of heat flow.
located iii. Control of airflow.
• Annual exposure to precipitation (interio iv. Control of water vapor flow.
• Intended use or occupancy of the r v. Control of liquid water movement.
• building
Visual/spatial
climateconsiderations
class), – visual how the vi. Stability and durability of
gone
system
look
is like materials.
• Gravity loads – how the gravity- type of loads transfer vii. Fire resistance.
it onto the structure. viii.Aesthetic considerations.
• Lateral resistance ix. Cost efficient.
• Seismic loads
• Live load deflection
• A ir and water containment – weather and
climate
• Noise and vibration
• Soil type
• Topography – is becoming more and
• important,
Energy especially
efficiencymore
in China, they are becoming
more
and more aware of energy concerns in past few years.
MATERIALS

LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE

Preparation of lightweight concrete

1. Lightweight concrete is obtained inserting
by gas bubbles or air into the mixture of
plastic cement(mixed with fine sand)
2. Lightweight concrete did not contain
stones included as porous mortar.

ADVANTAGES
• High thermal insulation.
• High moisture movement.
• High shrinkage.
• Acoustic properties.
• Durability.
• Fire insulation
MATERIALS

ZINC PANELLING
Lightweight material par excellence, Zinc is a non-ferrous
metal that provides an effective solution for coating
buildings exposed to adverse weather conditions while
simultaneously delivering a creative response to the
requirements of the program and the users of the
project.
• Zinc panels can adapt to complex shapes
and be precisely perforated
Zinc responds to the environment and protects itself
over time
• Striated panels increase rigidity and avoid
deformations in the material
MATERIALS

GLASS-REINFORCED CONCRETE
Glass-reinforced concrete (GRC), or glass-fiber
reinforced concrete(GFRC), is a construction
material that is commonly used to form exterior
cladding panels. It has grown in popularity
with architects and engineers because of its
ability to be formed into various sizes, shapes, or
profile
• GRC is typically manufactured in thin sections,
by machine-spraying an enriched ordinary
Portland cement and aggregate mix with glass
fibers dispersed throughout. These fibers serve a
similar purpose to steel rebar in reinforced
concrete but are not susceptible to rust.
SPECIAL AND LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS
Ex. Concretes, plastics
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

Lightweight materials include lightweight concrete and plastics and other

composite
materials used for construction.
A representative survey of trade visitors has shown that about half consider lightweight
construction a priority when it comes to developing innovative components, followed by
the reduction of materials cost and automation

ADVANTAGES OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION

• Lightweight construction aims to save
weight through clever engineering
• Reduction of cost
• Reduction of weight
• Shorter process cycles
• Achievement in a special design
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

TYPES

• C o m p o sites- Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic, Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic

• Metals- Aluminum, H i g h Strength Steel, M a gnesium, Titanium

• Plastics- Polycarbonate, Polypropylene

SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE BRICKS

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete is a lightweight,
loadbearing, high-insulating, durable building
product, which is produced in a wide range of
sizes and strengths. A A C block is lightweight
and compared to the red bricks A A C blocks are
three times lighter.

Applications
• Load bearing and
• Non load-bearing walls

ADVANTAGES
• Excellent thermal insulation
• Acoustic absorption properties
• Light weight
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

N O FINES CONCRETE
No fines concrete is one type of
lightweight concrete. As the name
indicates, this is a concrete mix without
fine aggregate or sand. This type of
concrete consists of only water,
cement, and coarse aggregate.

The uses of this type of concrete are as

follows:
• Construction of external load-
bearing
wall
• Construction of the small
retaining wall
• As damp-proof material
• Construction of temporary
structures
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LWC

ADVANTAGES
• Reduces the dead load of the building.
• Easy to handle and hence reduces the cost
of transportation and handling.
• Improves theworkability.
• Relatively low thermal conductivity.
• Comparatively more durable.
• Good resistance to freezing and thawing action when compared to
conventional concrete.

DISADVANTAGES
• V ery sensitive to water content in the mixture.
• Difficult to place and finish because of porosity and angularity of the aggregate. In
some mixed, the cement mortar may separate the aggregate and float towards the
surface.
• Mixing time is longer than conventional concrete to assure proper
mixing.
• Lightweight Concrete is porous and shows poor resistance.
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

Glass-reinforced
concrete
Glass-reinforced concrete (GRC), or glass-fiber
reinforced concrete(GFRC), is cement plus sand,
and the glass fibers. Glass fibers are used as
reinforcement for concrete.

Application
Building renovation works Water
and drainage works Bridge and
tunnel lining panels
Architectural cladding
Acoustic barriers and screens

Advantages
• its ability to be formed into various
sizes, shape, or profile
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

The structure of Heydar

main
Aliyev the centr is a of
cultural
reinforced e mix
steel
concrete, and composite frame
structures, beams and
decks. The space frame is composed
of a special tube and node system
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

Digitally controlled shading canopy

SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

PLASTICS
'Plastic' is a general name given to a wide
range of synthetic materials that are based
on polymers.

The construction industry uses plastic for a

wide range of applications because of its
versatility, strength-to-weight ratio, durability,
corrosion resistance, and so on.

Plastic can be manufactured into forms such as

pipes, cables, coverings, panels, films, sheets,
and so on; and can be formed or expanded to
create low-density materials; and be dissolved
in solvents or dispersed as emulsions.
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
TYPE
S
Some the main types of tha are in
of plastic t used construction
•include:
ACRYLIC
• COMPOSITES
• EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE
• ETFE
• POLYCARBONATE
• POLYETHYLENE
• POLYPROPYLENE
• POLYVINYL CHLORIDE(PVC)
• PTF
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

A CRYLI
C• Sheeting is often referred to
as
Plexi Glass or Acrylic glass.
• It has been around for decades
and is a much stronger and
safer alternative building material
than glass and other plastics.
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

A CRYLI
CSES
U
• Commercial and Residential Windows
• Skylights
• Secure Facilities
• When it comes to security, plexiglass acrylic plays an essential role. Government
buildings, ATMs, detention centers, and other secure facilities use plexiglass to
keep the building and people safe. Because it’s much lighter than other materials,
plexiglass acrylic is easy to install and is extremely cost-effective.
• It has a very high resistance to damage and abrasions, making it one of the
strongest plastics, providing a high level of protection for facilities.
• Solar Panels
 SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
PVC-POLYVINYL CHLORIDE

• PVC makes a major contribution to

the quality, safety and cost- effectiveness
of construction materials, as well as
helping to contribute to the
sustainability of completed projects.
• PVC is the most widely
used in building and construction
applications.
• PV C has a versatility that helps it
meet modern design needs.
• In addition to new projects, PVC is
also widely used in refurbishment
where it often replaces traditional
materials such as clay and wood.
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE) Building

Material
Sustainable building material is a 1 0 0 %
post- consumer recycled plastic made from
high- density polyethylene (HDPE).
It can be used for both interior and exterior
applications, such as outdoor play equipment,
cutting boards, bathroom partitions, and boat
cabinetry. It has a UV stabilizer that keeps
colors vibrant even if the material is left
outside
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

PO LYC A RBO NA TES (PC) are a group of

thermoplastic polymers containing
carbonate groups in their chemical
structures. Polycarbonates used in engineering
are strong, tough materials, and some grades
are
optically transparent. They are easily worked,
molded, and thermoformed.
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

ETFE
Ethylene tetra fluoro ethylene is a fluorine-
based plastic. It was designed to have high
corrosion resistance and strength over a wide
temperature range
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

USES
• Cladding and roofing membranes
• Floor and wall coverings
• Window and door profiles
• Wiring and cable sheathing
• Insulation
• Pipes and conduit

LIGHTWEIGHT PLASTIC ROOFING

Properties
• UV protection
• Composite Lightweight Plastic roofing
materials/Synthetic Resin roof
tile/PVC plastic roofing
• Polycarbonate Sheet Roofing
Material Lightweight Plastic Sheet,
Polycarbonate Honeycomb
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

PVC flooring PVC Jali

PVC flooring PVC Mat

 SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

POLYCARBONATE
• Polycarbonate is a kind of thermoplastic- that
is a polymer that becomes pliable or mouldable
above a specific temperature and returns to a
solid state upon cooling.
• Polycarbonate panels are used mainly for façade
glazing and cladding, as an alternative to glass or
GRP curtain walling and cladding, as well as
conventional rain-screen systems. They can also
be used for roofing, canopies, and interior design
elements.
• Polycarbonate falls under
engineering thermoplastics.
• Because of specific properties that allow them to
be used in rigorous applications, particularly in the
electronics, automotive, construction and
manufacturing fields.
SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANELS

• Aluminium composite panels are nothing but
sandwich panels comprising of two
aluminium sheets bonded to a non-
aluminium core.

Applications
1. Interior designs
2. Outdoor works

Advantages
3. Economical cladding material
4. Durable and strong
5. Easy installation
6. Unbreakable
7. Stain resistant
8. Weather resistant
QUESTIONS FROM PREVIOUS YEAR PAPERS

These questions are for your reference only. Kindly prepare for the entire module for your
exams.
REFERENCES

Form Work
• Abou Ibrahim, Hisham & Hamzeh, Farook. (2015). Role of Formwork Systems in High-Rise
Construction. 10.13140/RG.2.1.3386.6083.
• https://const-infobank.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Formwork-for-High-rise-and-
Complex.pdf