MD Clase 1y2 Enero 2008

Metodologas de Diseo M00843 Ing.
Eduardo Gonzlez Mendvil

Metodologas de Diseo
Semestre Enero-Mayo
2008
Ing. Eduardo Gonzlez Mendvil
Metodologas de Diseo
Semestre Enero-Mayo
2008
Ing. Eduardo Gonzlez Mendvil
Metodologas de Diseo M00843 Ing. Eduardo Gonzlez Mendvil
Ponderacin del Curso:
Primer parcial 20%
Segundo parcial 20%
Tercer parcial 20%
Proyecto Final 20%
Examen Final 20%
------------------------------------------
Total 100%
Trabajos y Tareas son para puntos extras y a criterio del Profesor
I NTRODUCTI ON - DESI GNI NG
" I t i s t hr ough knowl edge
t hat I gai n under st andi ng
- - and under st andi ng l et s
me do by choi ce what
ot her s do by const r ai nt of
f ear .
Ar i st ot l e
What Do We Under st and by Desi gni ng?
We st at ed t hat an i dea about an obj ect ( pr oduct or
pr ocess) whi ch shoul d be cr eat ed must have been
pr econcei ved and devel oped, bef or e i t can be bui l t or
r eal i zed. Somebody must t hi nk ahead. Accor di ng t o our
vi ew, t he " somebody wi t h an i dea" i s t he desi gner of :
a house, a cat hedr al , a mi l l , t hei r i nt er i or
f i t t i ngs, et c. Designing i s def i ned as t he t r ansf or mat i on of
i nf or mat i on f r omt he condi t i on of needs, demands,
r equi r ement s and const r ai nt s ( i ncl udi ng t he
demanded f unct i ons) i nt o t he descr i pt i on of a
st r uct ur e whi ch i s capabl e of f ul f i l l i ng t hese
demands. The demands must i ncl ude t he wi shes of
t he cust omer s, but al so al l st ages and
r equi r ement s of t he l i f e cycl e and al l
i nt er medi at e st at es t hat t he pr oduct must pass
t hr ough.
Taylor (1959): Engineering design is the process of applying various techniques
and scientific principles for the purpose of defining a device, a process, or a
system in sufficient detail to permit its physical realization.
Asimow (1962): Engineering design is a purposeful activity directed towards the
goal of fulfilling human needs, particularly those which can be met by the
technology factors of our culture. And: (ibid.) Decision making, in the face of
uncertainty, with high penalty for error.
Fei l den ( 1963) : Mechani cal engi neer i ng desi gn i s t he use of sci ent i f i c pr i nci pl es,
t echni cal i nf or mat i on and i magi nat i on i n t he def i ni t i on of a mechani cal st r uct ur e,
machi ne or syst emt o per f or mpr e- speci f i ed f unct i ons wi t h t he maxi mumeconomy and
ef f i ci ency. The desi gner ' s r esponsi bi l i t y cover s t he whol e pr ocess f r omconcept i on
t o t he i ssue of det ai l ed i nst r uct i ons f or pr oduct i on and hi s i nt er est cont i nues
t hr oughout t he desi gned l i f e of t he pr oduct i n ser vi ce.
Al exander ( 1963) : Fi ndi ng t he r i ght physi cal component s of a physi cal st r uct ur e.
Kessel r i ng ( 1964) : Desi gni ng means t o f i nd a t echni cal l y per f ect , economi cal l y
f avor abl e and est het i cal l y sat i sf act or y sol ut i on f or a gi ven t ask.
Booker (1964): Simulating what we want to make (or do) before we make (or do) it as
many times as may be necessary to feel confident in the final result.
Ar cher ( 1964) : A goal - di r ect ed pr obl em- sol vi ng act i vi t y.
Reswi ck ( 1965) : A cr eat i ve act i vi t y - - i t i nvol ves br i ngi ng i nt o bei ng somet hi ng
new and usef ul t hat has not exi st ed pr evi ousl y.
Hansen ( 1966) : Devel opi ng a t echni cal const r uct i s det er mi ned t hr ough pr i or vi sual
t hi nki ng out .
Jones (1966): The performing of a very complicated act of faith.
Page (1966): The imaginative jump from present facts to future possibilities.
Far r ( 1966) : The condi t i oni ng f act or f or t hose par t s of t he pr oduct whi ch come
i nt o cont act wi t h peopl e.
Gr egor y ( 1966) : Rel at i ng pr oduct wi t h si t uat i on t o gi ve sat i sf act i on.
Mat chet t ( 1966) : The opt i mumsol ut i on t o t he sumof t he t r ue needs of a
par t i cul ar set of ci r cumst ances.
Nadl er ( 1967) : Pl anni ng and desi gn ( P & D) i s a pr ocess t o cr eat e or
r est r uct ur e a si t uat i on- speci f i c sol ut i on. The r esul t may be a house,
l egi sl at i on, an i nf or mat i on syst em, a cor por at e pl an, an appr opr i at e t echnol ogy
t r ansf er , a r egi onal housi ng pl an, a pr oduct desi gn, a cour se out l i ne, a
f act or y l ayout - - al most anyt hi ng.
Al exander ( 1979) : Desi gn i s t he pr ocess of i nvent i ng physi cal t hi ngs whi ch
di spl ay new physi cal or der , or gani zat i on, f or m, i n r esponse t o f unct i on.
J ones ( 1980) : . . . t he chai n of event s t hat begi ns wi t h t he sponsor ' s wi sh and
moves t hr ough t he act i ons of desi gner s, manuf act ur er s, di st r i but or s and
consumer s t o t he ul t i mat e ef f ect s of a newl y desi gned t hi ng upon t he wor l d. Al l
one can say wi t h cer t ai nt y i s t hat soci et y or t he wor l d i s not t he same as i t
was bef or e t he new desi gn appear ed.
Kat z ( 1984) : . . . we nor mal l y t hi nk of desi gn as t he act i vi t y i nvol ved wi t h
act ual l y const r uct i ng t he syst em; i . e. , gi ven a speci f i cat i on of t he syst em, we
map t hat speci f i cat i on i nt o i t s physi cal r eal i zat i on ( e. g. , an i nt egr at ed
ci r cui t chi p, a comput er pr ogr am, a physi cal pl ant or ai r pl ane) . The desi gn
t ask, however , ext ends t hr oughout a syst eml i f e cycl e, f r omt he i ni t i al
commi t ment t o bui l d a new syst emt o i t s f i nal f ul l scal e pr oduct i on.
Suh (1989): ... the creation of a synthesized solution in the form of
products, processes or systems that satisfy perceived needs through mapping
between the functional requirements (FRs) in the functional domain and the
design parameters (DPs) of the physical domain, through proper selection of the
The nat ur e of desi gni ng i s r ef l ect ed i n many ot her st at ement s whi ch at best
capt ur e onl y par t s of t he t r ut h. Typi cal f or such st at ement s ( each made wi t h t he
per sonal convi ct i on of i t s aut hor t o have f ul l y expl ai ned desi gni ng wi t h one
si mpl i st i c phr ase) ar e, t hat " desi gn i s " :
* an ar t , not a sci ence,
* pr obl ems sol vi ng,
* deci si on maki ng,
* appl yi ng sci ence,
* cr eat i vi t y and i magi nat i on,
* heur i st i c sear ch,
* l ear ni ng,
* evol ut i on,
* sel ect i ng sui t abl e pat t er ns and adj ust i ng,
* deal i ng wi t h peopl e,
* t eam- bui l di ng,
* col l ect i ng and pr ocessi ng dat a,
* negot i at i ng t o achi eve a sat i sf act or y sol ut i on,
* accept i ng adequat e sol ut i ons, sat i sf i ci ng,
* opt i mi zi ng,
* t r ansf er r i ng and t r ansf or mi ng knowl edge,
* dr awi ng and cal cul at i ng,
* di r ect i ng, l eadi ng, or gani zi ng,
* consi der i ng t he "bot t oml i ne" of cost s and pr of i t ,
* sat i sf yi ng needs, sat i sf yi ng t he cust omer ,
* et hi cal and pr of essi onal conduct ,
* f or esi ght t owar ds pr oduct i on, assembl y, t est i ng and ot her pr ocesses,
* et c.
Black Box Design
The desi gn pr ocess i s modi f i ed i n i t s br eadt h accor di ng t o
t he obj ect t o be desi gned and/ or t he st ages i n t he desi gn
pr ocess. To desi gnat e such cases, par t i cul ar t er ms have
become t r adi t i onal . Some exampl es ar e:
* pl anni ng - - emphasi zes t he t empor al di mensi on of t he
pr obl ems ( most l y of l onger dur at i on) and t he scal e of t he
sol ut i on suggest i ons ( most l y l ar ger ) whi ch r esul t i n a l ar ge
number of smal l er pr obl ems f or ot her mor e speci al i zed ar eas;
t hi s expr essi on i s used especi al l y i n connect i on wi t h t he
pl anni ng of r egi ons, ci t i es, et c. and t he over al l
const r uct i on of l ar ge pl ant . " Desi gni ng" i s of t en descr i bed
as " par t t he pl anni ng pr ocess, " but t he r el at i onshi p i s
r eci pr ocal ;
* pr oj ect engi neer i ng - - t he obj ect t o be const r uct ed i s
usual l y a l ar ge t o medi umi ndust r i al pl ant , wher e many of t he
el ement s ar e sel ect ed as i ndependent machi nes f r omsui t abl e
manuf act ur er s' cat al ogs or ar e pr oduced by manuf act ur er s t o
speci al or der ( "one- of - a- ki nd" or smal l ser i es) ;
* devel opi ng - - t he obj ect shoul d be a new, unknown
syst em( at t hat t i me) - - caut i on i s needed i n t hi s
connect i on, t he same wor d i s al so used f or t he di f f er ent
pr ocess of t est i ng and modi f yi ng an exi st i ng, newl y bui l t
( r eal i zed) syst em( e. g. , a pr ot ot ype) t o achi eve sat i sf act or y
oper at i onal par amet er s;
* or gani zi ng - - t he obj ect consi st s most l y of humans ( and
t echni cal means t o suppor t human act i vi t i es) , t he t ask i s
composed of gener at i ng goal s, and gi vi ng t he i nst r uct i ons
Ot her act i vi t y wor ds r ef er t o par t i al ar eas of desi gni ng, but
t hey can be consi der ed under some ci r cumst ances as equi val ent
t o desi gni ng:
* concept ual i zi ng - - concei vi ng one or sever al possi bl e
st r uct ur es whi ch coul d f ul f i l l t he gi ven needs, demands,
r equi r ement s and const r ai nt s. A concept can be a sket ched
i nt er pr et at i on of a pr oposed sol ut i on, but al so an
i nt el l ect ual abst r act i on wi t h r el at i onshi ps f or a cl ass of
obj ect s or phenomena;
* l ayi ng out - - r epr esent i ng and deci di ng about t he
possi bl e ar r angement s of physi cal el ement s and t hei r
f unct i onal l y condi t i oned si zes and f or ms, nor mal l y by
pr oduci ng dr awi ngs ( si mi l ar l y t o an assembl y dr awi ng) i n
whi ch onl y t he mai n di mensi ons ( and connect i ng di mensi ons
bet ween t he el ement s) ar e i ndi cat ed and whi ch del i ver t he
i nf or mat i on f or pr oduci ng det ai l dr awi ngs ( or t hei r anal ogs
on dat a car r i er s - - e. g. , comput er medi a) ;
* det ai l i ng - - pr oduci ng t he i ndi vi dual dr awi ngs ( or
t hei r comput er anal ogs) f or t he component s whi ch shoul d be
manuf act ur ed;
* f or m- gi vi ng - - est abl i shi ng t he possi bl e and necessar y
f or ms ( and si zes) f or t he compl et e assembl y and t he
component s.
KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS
(SCIENCE) AND DESIGNING
" Knowl edge i s power "
Fr anci s Bacon
" Wenn man wi ssen wi l l , WOHI N man
geht , sol l t e man zuer st f est st el l en,
WOHER man kommt . ( I f you wi sh t o know
WHERE you ar e goi ng, you shoul d f i r st
est abl i sh FROM WHERE you came) "
Vi zebr ger mei st er Fr anz J ochum,
Kl agenf ur t ( Vi ce- Mayor of Kl agenf ur t )
Science and Designing
One i mpor t ant r ol e f or sci ence i s
col l ect i ng, def i ni ng,
cat egor i zi ng and cl assi f yi ng
knowl edge. Thi s i ncl udes f i ndi ng
r el at i onshi ps, st r uct ur i ng, and
syst emat i zi ng. An accept ed model
f or sci ent i f i c pr ocedur e i s: ( a)
ask an appr opr i at e quest i on, ( b)
pr opose a model and a hypot hes i s,
( c) col l ect dat a, ( d) anal yze t he
dat a, ( e) f or mul at e an answer ,
( f ) accept t he new knowl edge and
r ever t t o ( a) .
Technical (Branch, Domain) Knowledge
For t he ar ea of desi gni ng i n engi neer i ng,
t he t er mt echni cal syst em( TS) was
i nt r oduced t o emphasi ze t he most i mpor t ant
char act er i st i c ( pr oper t y) of t echni cal
obj ect s, namel y bel ongi ng t o a syst em.
Ot her wi se t he t er ms " t echni cal obj ect " or
" t echni cal wor k" woul d al so be usef ul . We
can t her ef or e def i ne " t echni cal syst ems"
as ar t i f i ci al ( i mpl ement ed or manuf act ur ed
by humans) pr ocess obj ect s and mat er i al
( r eal ) obj ect s. The t echni cal syst emi s
t he obj ect of st udy f or t he t echnol ogi cal
( engi neer i ng) sci ences.
NOMINAL GROUP TECHNIQUE (NGT)
Purpose:
To organize more productive meetings especially for problem identification,
problem-solving, and program planning. To balance and increase participation and
reduce errors in group decisions.
Summary:
Meetings within organizations are not always productive. Most managers feel that
much of their time which is taken up in meetings is not well spent. Nominal group
Technique is a way of organizing a meeting to enhance its productivity. Its purpose
is to balance and increase participation, to use different processes for different
phases of creative problem solving and to reduce the errors in aggregating
individual judgments into group decisions. It is especially useful for problem
identification, problem-solving and program planning.
Process:
Small group meeting process. Time 2 - 3 hours for the full step-by-step process,
although the silent generation and balloting of ideas can be used strategically in a
wide variety of situations, taking relatively little time, e..g, for quick agenda setting.
Numbers 6 - 12, larger groups can work in subgroups on the same topic or on
different topics dending on the situation. The results can later be shared.
The name, Nominal Group Technique, describes how the
process works. It is a process for a group of people who
become a group in name in only (hence the name, nominal
group) when they are using the technique. The purpose of
NGT is to eliminate social and psychological dynamics of
group behavior which tend to inhibit individual creativity and
participation in group decisions. For the time that the group
uses the technique they avoid the normal problems of a few
individuals doing all the talking, the rest listening, and very
few people taking the time to actually think about the issue
at hand. Individuals can be more creative and everyone is
given a structured opportunity to participate. This helps to
overcome these common problems often encountered in
small group meetings organized for the purpose of
generating ideas, planning programs, and problem solving
The following outline lists each step of NGT along with ways in which that
step contributes to better meetings and decisions. This listing will help to
clarify how and why NGT works.
-Silent Generation of Ideas in Writing
Provides time to think Provides a creative setting
Provides focus and uninterrupted thought
Encourages each member to search for ideas
Avoids competition and status differences
Avoids conformity pressures
Avoids evaluation and closure
Avoids polarizing on ideas
-Recorded Round-Robin Listing of Ideas on Chart
Structures equal sharing and participation
Encourages problem
Encourages each member to build on other member's ideas Depersonalized
ideas
Tolerates conflicting ideas
Reinforces concentration: hear and see ideas
Provides written permanence
-Discussion and Clarification of Each Idea on Chart
Each idea is as important as another
Equal time to each idea
Clarifies ideas
-Preliminary Vote on Priorities
Provides focus on important issues
Structures equality in choices
Allows a "trial run"
Avoids a premature decision
Avoids dominance by strong members
-Discussion of Preliminary Vote
Clarifies misunderstandings
Encourages minority opinions
Promotes "criticizing" ideas on wall - not people
Provides preparation for decision
-Final Vote on Priorities
Structures an independent judgment from each member
Provides closure
Promotes sense of accomplishment
Motivates involvement in future phases of planning and problem-solving
Provides a written record of the ideas generated

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Metodologas de Diseo M00843 Ing.

Eduardo Gonzlez Mendvil

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