TECHNIA International Journal oI Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010.

(ISSN 0974-3375)
551
ANALOG & DIGITAL MODULATION
TECHNIQUES: AN OVERVIEW
D.K.Sharma
1
, A. Mishra
2
& Rajiv Saxena
3
1
Ujjain Engineering College, Ujjain, MP
2
Madhav Institute oI Technology & Science, Gwalior, MP
3
Jaypee Institute oI Engineering & Technology, Guna, MP
1
dilipsharma1172yahoo.com;
2
drabhaymishrayahoo.com;
3
rajiv.saxenajiet.ac.in,
Abstract:
A tremendous technological transformation during the last two
decades has provided a potential growth in the area of digital
communication and lot of newer applications and technologies
are coming up everyday due to these reasons. Restricting
overself to the domain of modulation techniques a brief
overview over different analog and digital modulation
techniques has been provided in this article through extensive
literature survey in a tabular manner enabling to analyze and
establish the superiority at a glance of a specific modulation
technique for a particular application.
1.0 INTRODUCTION:
Living in the era oI communication every thing
may be video, audio or any inIormation in the Iorm oI
electrical signal is termed as data and there is an enormous
requirement oI data transIer between two or more point
through the world wide web, every moment oI the clock,
which is a big threaten to the existing communication
systems because oI the problems like spectral congestion,
severe adjacent & co-channel interIerence problems and
noise corrupted data reception etc. This has resulted in
serious need Ior the research work all around the world Ior
the development oI the communication systems which can
handle the above said problems, where each aspect oI the
communication systems is dealt with the development oI
new encoding techniques, modulation techniques,
possibilities Ior newer transmission channels and oII course
the demodulation and decoding techniques |1, 2|.
The design oI a communication system is application
oriented and is dependent on the type oI the signal. The
choice oI digital communication technique over its analog
counter part becomes more evident oI the Iact that it provide
larger immunity to noise Ior even at the price oI large
bandwidth requirements, where as the requirement oI video,
Audio and data over the computer network or the mobile
telephony network termed as the third generation (3G)
mobile communication poses a serious problem Ior the
bandwidth so The existing modulation techniques need to be
modiIied Ior the purpose where it can handle both the
situations oI noise and bandwidth eIIiciency |3, 4|.
The major advantage oI using digital modulation
technique is that the use oI digital signals reduces hardware,
noise and interIerence problems as compared to the
analogue signal where large number oI waveIorms will be
required resulting in a larger bandwidth Ior the symbol to be
transmitted |5|.
Over the past years various modulation techniques
have been designed and extensively used Ior various
applications but the modern communication system requires
data transmission at a higher rate, larger bandwidth in order
to have multimedia transmission, hence the existing modulation
techniques are not able to provide a complete solution keeping
this in the view the authors oI this article have tried to draw a
sketch within the existing modulation techniques to derive out
exactly what modiIications or the alterations in the present
techniques may sort out the problem or there is still a need Ior
designing a new modulation technique Ior the purpose oI the
present communication system requirements |6, 7|.
2.0 Classification of Modulation Techniques.
Modulation is the process oI varying some parameter oI
a periodic waveIorm in order to use that signal to convey a
message. Normally a high-Irequency sinusoidal waveIorm is
used as carrier signal. Eor this purpose ,iI the variation in the
parameter oI the carrier is continuous in accordance to the input
analog signal the modulation technique is termed as analog
modulation scheme iI the variation is discrete then it is termed as
Digital Modulation Technique |8|.
Table-1: Type oI Modulation Techniques
Sr.
No
.
Modulation
Techniques
Type Notation
01 Analog
Modulation
Techniques
(i) Amplitude
Modulation
(ii) Erequency
Modulation
(iii) Phase
Modulation
A.M.
E.M.
P.M.
02 Digital
Modulation
Techniques
(i) Amplitude
ShiIt Keying
(ii) Erequency
ShiIt Keying
(iii)Phase ShiIt
Keying
A.S.K.
E.S.K.
P.S.K.
2.1 Analog Modulation Techniques:-
There are basically three type oI analog modulation
schemes the amplitude modulation , the Erequency modulation
and the phase modulation schemes which have in turn lot oI
class, subclass or derivatives as listed in Table-2 |9, 10|. In case
oI the Amplitude Modulation there are several derivatives and it
is evident Irom the comparative table -3 that the Single Side
Band Suppressed Carrier (SSS-SC) has smaller bandwidth and
power requirements in contrast with Double Side Band
Suppressed Carrier (DSB SC) and Double Side Band Eull
Carrier (DSB EC) and Single Side Band Eull Carrier (SSB EC)
but Ior detection oI this signal, we require sharp cutoII Low Pass
Eilter (LPE) which is not practically viable. Using the Vestigial
Side Band (VSB) technique in place oI (SSB SC), we can
TECHNIA International Journal oI Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375)
552
achieve a low pass Iilter with a gradual cut oII but it requires
more BW and power than SSB-SC and less then the DSB-
SC and DSB-EC and hence ideally SSB-SC is proves to be
better than other AM schemes but practically, VSB proves
to be a much better candidate then the other amplitude
modulation techniques |11, 12|.
The Amplitude modulated signals require nonlinear
ampliIiers which generate spurious out-oI-band spectral
components which are Iiltered out with a great diIIiculty.
Erequency Modulation proves to be better in comparison to
amplitude modulation and phase modulation, and the
derivative oI Irequency modulation, narrow band EM
(NBEM) is usually employed to overcome above mentioned
problems in the communication system |13, 14|.
Table-3 provides representation, bandwidth requirement and
power requirement properties oI various analog modulation
techniques. The great merit oI EM over AM is that EM
allows us to suppress the eIIects oI noise at the expense oI
bandwidth. The major limitation oI the analog modulation
systems Ior communicating over long channels is that once
noise has been introduced at any place along the channel,
then it is carried out till the end. Because the analog
modulation system ( AM, EM and PM ) are extremely
sensitive to the noise present at the receiver end in contrast
to this iI a digital signal is modulated and transmitted the
received signal is Iar less sensitive to receiver .
2.2 Digital Modulation Techniques:-
AIter the conversion oI an Analog signal to digital
by sampling diIIerent type oI digital modulation schemes
can be achieved by the variation oI diIIerent parameter oI
the carrier signal Ior example the Amplitude variation gives
BASK, Erequency variation gives BESK and the phase
variation gives BPSK. Also sometimes a combinational
variation oI this parameter is done to generate the hybrid
modulation technique viz. a combinational variation oI
Amplitude and Phase ShiIt Keying (APSK). Many more
digital modulation techniques are available and can also be
designed depending upon the type oI signal and the
application |17|.
Thus a better digital modulation technique is to be
thought over by the designer which has an ability oI
exploiting the available transmitted power and the
bandwidth to its Iull extent |18, 19|.
In order to achieve a discrete signal it is essential to
have the modulating signal oI the Iorm oI a NRZ rectangular
pulse thus yielding the modulated parameter as a discrete
signal switching or keying between two discrete values |20|.
However, ASK, ESK, and PSK with Nyquiste pulse shaping
at the base band Iorm the basic technique oI digital
modulation, but other methods are also possible with
hybridization oI two or more basic digital modulation
schemes with or without pulse shaping |21, 23|.
3. Classification of Digital Modulation.
These digital modulation techniques can be
classiIied basically either on the basis oI their detection
characteristics or in terms oI their bandwidth compaction
characteristics |24|. Various types oI digital modulation
techniques are listed in Table-4 and Iew oI them have been
comprehensively emphasized here in details providing a
comparative analysis.
3.1 Binary Amplitude Shift Keying BASK]
The BASK is obtained by the alteration oI the
amplitude oI the carrier wave |1, 11|. It is a coherent modulation
technique hence the concept oI the co-relation between the
signal, number oI basis Iunctions, the I and Q components and
the symbol shaping are not applicable here. It has very poor
bandwidth eIIiciency. The basic merit oI this technique is its
simple implementations but is highly prone to noise and the
perIormance is well established only in the linear region which
does not make it a viable digital modulation technique Ior
wireless or mobile application in the present scenario. The
combination with PSK |20| yields derivatives like QAM and M-
Ary ASK, which have much important application with
improved parameters.
3.2 Binary Frequency Shift Keying BFSK]
When two diIIerent Irequencies are used to represent
two diIIerent symbols, then the modulation technique is termed
as BESK.BESK can be a wideband or a narrow band digital
modulation technique depending upon the separation between
the two carrier Irequencies, though cost eIIective and provides
simple implementations but is not a bandwidth eIIicient
technique and is normally ruled out because oI the receiver
design complexities |1-3, 12|.
3.3 Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK]
When the phase oI the carrier wave is altered with
reIerence oI the modulating signal then the resultant modulation
scheme is termed as Phase ShiIt Keying. The digital modulation
technique can be said to be the simplest Iorm oI phase
modulation and is known as binary because the carrier phase
represents only two phase states |13|. It is normally used Ior high
speed data transIer application, provides a 3dB power advantage
over the BASK modulation technique and is robust and simple in
implementation but proves to be an ineIIicient user oI the
provided bandwidth and is normally termed as a non-linear
modulation scheme. It provides small error rates than any other
systems. The modulation techniques provide a number oI
derivatives |20|.
3.4 Differential Phase Shift Keying DPSK]
Eor the perIect detection oI a phase modulated signal, it
become evident that the receiver needs a coherent reIerence
signal but iI diIIerential encoding and phase shiIt keying are
incorporated together at the transmitter then the digital
modulation technique evolved is termed as DiIIerential Phase
ShiIt Keying |1, 14|. Eor the transmission oI a symbol 1, the
phase is unchanged whereas Ior transmission oI symbol 0, the
phase oI the signal is advanced by . The track oI the phase
change inIormation which becomes essential in determining the
relative phase change between the symbols transmitted. The
whole process is based on the assumption that the change oI
phase is very slow to an extent that it can be considered to be
almost constant over two bit intervals (7).
3.5 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
Another extension oI the PSK digital modulation technique
is the division oI the phase oI the carrier signal designed by
allotting Iour equally spaced values Ior the phase angle |1-3| as
BPSK by having the inIormation capacity double to it, i.e. the
TECHNIA International Journal oI Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375)
553
QPSK has Iour message points in the constellation diagram
and so it becomes a highly bandwidth eIIicient digital
modulation technique. But the exact phase retrieval becomes
a very important Iactor Ior the receiver design
considerations, Iailing which can give rise to erroneous
detection oI the signal. This Iactor increases the receiver
design complexities. To compensate Ior these problems,
normally the idea oI pulse shaping the carrier modulated
signal is employed with the Root Raised Cosine Pulse
shaping Ior achieving better perIormances which in turn
provides a demerits that the constant envelope property oI
the signal is lost but then there is a lost but there is a
remarkable improvement in the ISI perIormance oI this
digital modulation technique |15-18|.
3.6 Minimum Shift Keying MSK]
Minimum ShiIt Keying (MSK) is a modiIied Iorm oI
continuous phase ESK. Here, in this case, the spacing
between the two carrier Irequencies is equal to halI oI the bit
rate which is the minimum spacing that allows the two
Irequencies states to be orthogonal |1-3|.
An MSK signal can e said to be derived Irom either an
OIIset Quadrature Phase ShiIt Keying (OQPSK) signal by
replacing a square pulse by cosinusoidal pulse or
alternatively Irom an ESK signal. The inIormation capacity
oI an MSK signal is equal to that oI QPSK signal but due to
the cosine pulse shaping the bandwidth requirement is
lesser than that required by QPSK. It achieved smooth
phase transitions thus providing a constant envelope. It has
lower out oI band power and can be said to be more
spectrally eIIicient than the QPSK modulation technique
|19-25|.
The major demerits which this digital modulation
scheme suIIer s is that it is in the class oI linear modulation.
The spectrum is not enough compact to realize |27| data rate
approximating RE channel bandwidth. Table-2 |26, 27|
summarizes representation and diIIerent properties oI this
technique.
3.7 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying GMSK]
An MSK signal is generated by applying a halI
sinusoidal pulse in place oI a square pulse. II a Gaussian
pulse shape is used instead then the resultant digital
modulation technique is an improved version oI the MSK
digital modulation technique in the sense oI bandwidth and
spectral eIIiciency and is termed as GMSK digital
modulation technique (Gaussian Minimum ShiIt Keying).
Moreover, the major advantage in this technique is the
suIIiciently lower side lobe levels and the narrower main
lobe as compared to a QPSK and MSK pulse |18|.
GMSK can be viewed as either a Irequency or
phase modulation scheme, although the rate oI change oI
phase is limited by the Gaussian response but he phase
carrier can still advance or retard up to 90
o
over the course
oI the bit period. The severity in pulse shaping lies on the
bandwidth time product (BT) because oI the reason that the
achieved phase change over a bit period may Iall short by
act on bit error rate |28| but
it still provides improved bandwidth eIIiciency over MSK.
The bandwidth oI a GMSK system is deIined by
the relationship between the premodulation Iilter bandwidth
B and the bit period T
B
. Thus the decision oI value oI BT
and data rate is crucial in the sense that there has to be a trade oI
between the BER and out oI band interIerence |29, 30| as the
narrow Iilter will result in provocation oI Inter Symbol
InterIerence (ISI) which on the other hand will reduce the signal
power enormously |30|.
The generation oI a GMSK signal can be done by any
one oI the two methods as in the case oI MSK signals, the
Erequency ShiIt Keying modulation method. Only diIIerence
which comes in here than the generation oI MSK signal is that
the pulse shaping by halI root raised cosine pulse is replaced by a
Gaussian pulse shape.
3.8 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM):-
The OEDM is a modulation scheme having multicarrier
transmission techniques here the available spectrum is divided
into many carriers each one being modulated at a low rate data
stream. The spacing between the carriers is closer and the
carriers are orthogonal to one another preventing interIerences
between the closely spaced carriers hence OEDM can be thought
oI as a combination oI modulation and multiplexing techniques,
each carrier in a OEDM signal has very narrow bandwidth so the
resulting symbol rate is low which means that the signal has high
tolerance to multipath delay spread reducing the possibility oI
inter symbol interIerences (ISI) which is the requirement Ior
The higher is the transmission rate, the large will be the
bandwidth oI the signal as compared with the coherence
bandwidth oI the propagation channel, at this stage the diIIerent
spectral components present in the signal will experience
diIIerent Iading characteristics, this Irequency selective Iading
has to be characterized using appropriate techniques in order to
achieve acceptable error rate at the detection or output in order to
achieve characterization in Irequency selective Iading the basic
approach is to partition the signal into Irequency bands, each one
oI which is narrow as compared to the coherence bandwidth oI
the channel and subsequently each oI this signal component is
then modulated onto a diIIerent sub carrier and the signal
components are sent parallel over the channel. Hence, each
signal component will now experience non- Irequency-selective
Iading because now the high rate serial data sequence is
converted into a number oI lower rate parallel sequences and
then each oI them is modulated onto a sub carrier, the eIIective
method to achieve this is orthogonal Irequency division
multiplexing (OEDM). The modulation parameters dependent on
the data rate used shall be set according to (Table-12) Rate
Dependant Parameter.
4.0 Comparison
The BASK technique is simpler and economic in
implementation and is less prone to errors but provides less
bandwidth eIIiciency and operates eIIiciency in the linear region
only, which does not make it an eIIicient technique Ior the
wireless communication systems. On the other hand, he BESK
technique is still less prone to errors and the bandwidth
requirement is the same as that oI BASK (Table-4) but is not a
bandwidth eIIicient technique. The error perIormance parameter
is better to BASK (Table-9,10). It requires matched Iiler
detection and because oI this, the receiver design complexities
increase and so it is seldom used Ior wireless or mobile
application.
The BPSK modulation technique is still better than the
above mentioned two modulation techniques. It is a coherent
TECHNIA International Journal oI Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375)
554
modulation technique and can be used Ior high speed data
transIer application and has a basic advantage oI double
inIormation capacity (Table-7) over BASK and BESK.
Simple implementation and robustness makes it a useIul
technique Ior satellite communication but on the other hand
it has proved an ineIIicient use oI the bandwidth and is
categorized under a class oI non-linear modulation
techniques (Table-5). The error perIormance is better and is
optimized to achieve minimum possible error rate (Table-6,
7). The detection oI phase shiIt (Table-8) makes the
receiver design complex, so the technique is not oI interest
Ior the wireless or mobile communication applications.
The DPSK technique provides inIormation capacity
similar to BPSK and is considered to be more viable
technique than BPSK and is a non coherent orthogonal
modulation (Table-4, 5). But the receiver complexities are
more than BPSK because memory is required in the system
to keep the track oI relative phase diIIerence.
The most widely used technique is the QPSK modulation
technique which has an inIormation capacity double to
BPSK (Table-4) over the same bandwidth and requires
coherent detection, so it can be considered to be highly BW
eIIicient. Since the modulation envelope is also constant
hence it is said to be spectrally eIIicient modulation
technique also. Thus it provides major advantages over
BPSK and has also overcome the major drawbacks oI the
BPSK.
In detection oI a QPSK signal, the detection oI exact
phase shit becomes an important criterion which on the
other hand increases receiver design complexities as well.
The improvement Iurther in this modulation technique can
be achieved by pulse shaping the modulated carrier. The
pulse shaping by co-sinusoidal pulse shaping provides a
better perIormance modulation technique, the Minimum
ShiIt Keying (MSK), which can also be viewed as
comprising oI two CPESK signals. This has a major
advantage that the out oI band power is signiIicantly lower
than QPSK (Table-7) and the 99 oI total power oI MSK is
1.2 T
B
thus spectrally eIIicient and constant envelopes. It
has proved to be a better modulation technique than QPSK
in the sense that the signal coherence and deviation ratio are
largely unaIIected by variation in input rates (Table 11).
But the basic demerit (Table 7) oI MSK modulation
technique is that the spectrum is not enough compact Ior the
realization oI higher data rates. The GMSK modulation
technique is a variation oI MSK where the co-sinusoidal
pulse shaping oI the modulated carrier is replaced by the
Gaussian pulse shaping. This improves the envelope and
the spectral eIIiciency (Table 6, 7). A BT 0.3 GMSK has
been more popular than its other variants as it is optimized
Ior the better bandwidth and error perIormances at this
value. The major disadvantage shown by this modulation
technique is its high susceptibility to ISI at higher data rates
due to the narrow symbol shape (Table 7). The technique is
highly used in GSM mobile communication.
The average probability oI bit error at the output oI a
demodulator and decoder is the perIormance measure oI the
demodulator decoder combination. To be more precise the
probability oI error is a Iunction oI code characteristics,
waveIorms, the transmitted power, characteristics oI the
transmission channel and the demodulation and decoder
combination. Hence the reconstructed signal at the receiving
end is an close approximation oI the transmitted signal and the
diIIerence or some Iunction oI the diIIerence in the original and
the reconstructed signal. This marks a measure oI perIormance in
terms oI distortion in a digital communication system. (Table-
10) summarizes the BER equations oI digital modulation
techniques.
The basic research work carried out in the Iield oI
communication lead to the development oI new modulation
techniques, coding techniques, error rate perIormances analysis
but the ever increasing demand oI the Iaster communication
system with large bandwidth requirements has again generated a
new hunger towards the development oI newer techniques, so
many modulation techniques like BPSK, DPSK, MSK, GMSK,
M-ary QAM have been developed. The major consideration with
any modulation technique developed is that its detection
perIormance should show a better bit error rate (BER)
perIormance, several methods have been devised Ior the exact or
improved BER perIormances oI the modulation techniques.
The main objective oI a communication system
designer is to transmit message as speedily as possible, with least
probability oI error. East communication is possible by: (i)
reducing the time oI each massage; but this, in turn, increase the
bandwidth and (ii) simultaneous transmission oI several
messages over a single physical channel. This process is known
as multiplexing. So OEDM can be a good candidate over other
digital modulation schemes.
5.0 Conclusions:
An analysis oI the digital modulation technique carried
out in this article reveals that the selection oI a digital
modulation technique is solely dependent on the type oI
application. This is because oI the Iact that some oI the
technique provide lesser complexities in the design oI the
modulation and demodulation system and prove economic like
the BASK, BESK, BPSK and DPSK techniques and can be
visualized Ior the systems which really does not require high
amount oI precisions or when economy is the major aspect and
the BER perIormances can be tolerated.
On the other hand when the system designer has a sole
consideration Ior the techniques like BASK, BESK, BPSK and
designer has to think in terms oI better modulation techniques
like the QPSK, MSK and GMSK, where GMSK has proved its
perIormance over the other two in the area oI mobile
communication because oI the spectral eIIiciency. But the
criterion Ior higher data rate communication is taking the lead in
almost every area oI communication and thus the ISI and BER
realization become very important and crucial aspect Ior any
Iuture digital modulation technique.
Taking the above Iacts into consideration, the design oI
a digital communication system is very trivial and is very much
applications oriented, as one application may require higher
precision in data reception where as the other may compromise
on this aspect but may be rigid on the aspect oI the available
bandwidth or power, thus the parameters like the modulation
bandwidth, power, channel noise and the bit error rate become
very important parameters in the designing oI digital/wireless
communication system.
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TECHNIA International Journal oI Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375)
555
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Table-2: ClassiIication oI Analog Modulation Techniques
Sr.
No. MODULATION
TECHNIQUES
REPRESENT
ATION
TYPE
1
Amplitude Modulation
Double-Sideband
Suppressed Carrier
AM
DSB-SC Linear
2
Amplitude Modulation
Double-Sideband With Eull
Carrier
AM
DSB-EC
Linear
3
Amplitude Modulation
Single-Sideband Suppressed
Carrier
AM
SSB-SC
Linear
4
Amplitude Modulation
Single-Sideband With Eull
Carrier
AM
SSB-EC
Linear
5
Amplitude Modulation
Vestigial-Sideband
AM
VSB
Linear
6 Narrow-Band Erequency
Modulation
NBEM Non-
Linear
7 Wide-Band Erequency
Modulation
WBEM Non-
Linear
8 Phase Modulation PM Non-
Linear
Table-3: PerIormance Analysis oI Analog Modulation Schemes
Sr.
No
.
TYPE OE
ANALOG
MODULATION
BANDWI
DTH
(B. W.)

POWER
SAVING
POWER
REQUIREM
ENT
1 AM-DSB-EC
m
2
Standard 3/2 Pc
2 AM-DSB-SC
m
2
66.67 5/4 Pc
3 AM-SSB-EC
m
16.67 1/2 Pc
4 AM-SSB-SC
m
83.33 1/4 Pc
5 AM-VSB
m
~SSB-SC Greater than
SSB-SC
6 NBEM
m
2
Same as
DSB-SC
Same as
DSB-SC
7 WBEM
F m
.
More
than
NBEM
More than
NBEM
m

modulating
Irequency
F

modulatio
n index in
EM
P

modulati
on in PM
Pc carrier
power
Table 4: ClassiIication & PerIormance Analysis oI Digital Modulation
Techniques |1-7|
Sr. Modulation Representation Type 8w
TECHNIA International Journal oI Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375)
556
No. Technique requ|rerer|
Binary
Modulation
Scheme
01
Binary
Amplitude
ShiIt Keying
BASK
Non
coherent
2R8
02
Binary
Erequency
ShiIt Keying
BESK
Non
coherent
2R8
03
Binary Phase
ShiIt Keying
BPSK Coherent 2R8
04
DiIIerential
Phase ShiIt
Keying
DPSK
Non
coherent
2R8
Quadrature
Modulation
Scheme
01
Quadrature
Phase ShiIt
Keying
QPSK Coherent 2R8
02
Minimum
Phase ShiIt
Keying
MSK Coherent Less |rar
0P3K
M-ray
Modulation
Scheme
Where
N
M
N
, 2
01
M-ary Phase
ShiIt Keying
M-ary PSK
Coherent
2 /N
02
M-ary
Quadrature
Amplitude
ShiIt
Modulation
M-ary QAM
Coherent
2 /N
03
M-ary
Erequency
ShiIt Keying
M-ary ESK Coherent
M 2 /N
Orthogonal
Erequency
Division
Multiplexing
OEDM
Coherent
01
Binary Phase
ShiIt Keying
OEDM
BPSK-OEDM Coherent
Less |rar
0|rer
|ecrr|ques
02
Quadrature
Amplitude
Modulation
OEDM
QAM-OEDM
Coherent
Less |rar
0|rer
|ecrr|ques
03
16-
Quadrature
Amplitude
Modulation
OEDM
16-QAM-
OEDM
Coherent
Less |rar
0|rer
|ecrr|ques
04
64-
Quadrature
Amplitude
Modulation
OEDM
64-QAM-
OEDM
Coherent
Less |rar
0|rer
|ecrr|ques
Table-11: Modulation Parameters oI Digital Modulation Techniques in
multicarrier Modulation Schemes
Sr. Data Modulati Codin Coded Coded Data
N
o.
Rate
(Mbit
s/s)
on g
Rate
( R )
bits
Per
Sub-
carrier
BPSC
bits
Per
OEDM
Symbo
l
CBPS
bits
Per
OEDM
Symbo
l
DBPS
1 6 BPSK 1 48 24
2 9 BPSK / 1 48 36
3 12 QPSK 2 96 48
4 18 QPSK / 2 96 72
5 24 16-QAM 4 192 96
6 36 16-QAM / 4 192 144
7 48 64-QAM 2/3 6 288 192
8 54 64-QAM / 6 288 216
Table-12: Numerical Values Ior the OEDM |Multicarrier Modulation Schemes|
Parameters
Sr.
No.
PARAMETERS VALUE
1
Sampling Rate 1/T
20Mhz
2 UseIul Symbol Part Duration 64*T
3.2 microsecond
3
Cyclic PreIix Duration
16*T, 0.8 Sec. (mand.)
8*T, 0.4 Sec. (Opti.)
4
Symbol Interval 80*T, 4 Sec,
72*T
5 Number oI Data Sub-carriers
SD
48
6 Number oI Pilot Sub-carriers
SP
4
7 Total Number oI Sub-
carriers
ST
52 (
SD

SP
)
8
Sub-carrier Spacing
F
0.3125 Mhz ( 1/ )
9 Spacing Between the two
outmost sub-carriers
16.25 Mhz
(
ST F
)
10
EET Size,
FFT
64
11 Used Sub-carrier index -26 to -1 , 1 to 26 }
Table-6: Parametric Study oI Digital Modulation Techniques |1, 8-30|
3r. 0|g||a| No. ol Type ol No. ol Vessage lrlorra||or 8w 8w Ell|c|ercy 3yroo|
TECHNIA International Journal oI Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375)
557
No. Vodu|a||or
Tecrr|que
Type
3yroo|s Erve|ope po|r|s Capac||y requ|red 3rap|rg
01 8A3K 01
No|
Cors|ar|
01 Poor 2R8 Poor No| requ|red
02 8F3K 01 Cors|ar| 01
8e||er |rar
8A3K (NC)
2R8 No| 8w Ell|c|er| No| requ|red
03 8P3K 02 Cors|ar| 02
0ouo|e |o
8F3K (NC)
2R8
used lor ||gr
speed da|a
|rarsler
No| requ|red
01 0P3K 02 Cors|ar| 01
3are as
8P3K
2R8
For Ved|ur
speed
corrur|ca||or
No| requ|red
05 0P3K 01 Cors|ar|
01
Expressed |r
|errs ol 3|gra|
Erergy/3yroo|
0ouo|e ol
8P3K
2R8
||gr|y 8w
ell|c|er|
Requ|red,
Rec|argu|ar
Pu|se
0 V3K 01 Cors|ar|
01
Expressed |r
|errs ol 3|gra|
Erergy/8||
3are as
0P3K
Less |rar
0P3K
0u| ol 8ard
PoWer
3|gr|l|car||y
|oWer |rar
0P3K, 99 ol
|o|a| PoWer ol
V3K |s 1.2T8
Requ|red
|a|l Co-
3|ruso|da|
pu|se
0Z 0V3K 01 Cors|ar| 01
3are as
V3K
NarroW 8T-
0.3 popu|ar
Exce||er|
Requ|red
0auss|ar
Pu|se
08
0F0V
8P3K0F0V
0AV-0F0V
1-0AV
1-0AV
02
01
1
1
No|
Cors|ar|
02
01
1
1
||gr
Trar
aoove
Less |rar
0|rer
|ecrr|ques
Exce||er|
Trar
aoove
8e||er |rar
Aoove
3creres
Table-7: Merits & Demerits oI Digital Modulation Techniques |1, 7-14, 19-30|
3r.
No.
Type ol 0|g||a|
Vode Tecr
0er|ved Fror V3LL Ver||s 0erer||s
01 8A3K A3K - 13 do 3|rp|e |rp|erer|a||or, |oW cos|
No| ar 8w ell|c|er|
|ecrr|que, rore ro|se
prore, opera|es or|y |r
||rear reg|or
02 8F3K F3K - 13 do 3|rp|e |rp|erer|a||or, |oW cos| Rece|ved des|gr corp|ex
03 8P3K P3K - 13 do
3|rp|e |rp|erer|a||or, roous|, used
ros||y lor sa|e||||e corrur|ca||or, 3 d8
PoWer advar|age over 8A3K
lrell|c|er| use ol 8w, ror-
||rear rodu|a||or screre
01 0P3K P3K - 13 do
Reduces corp|ex|||es ol Rece|ver des|gr
lor ror corerer| case
Ell|c|er| |ess |rar corerer|
P3K
05 0P3K P3K - 13 do
TW|ce |re da|a |r sare 8w, rerce 8w
ell|c|er|, rore spec|ra||y ell|c|er| |rar
8P3K
Corp|ex rece|ver des|gr,
pu|se srap|rg |s requ|red
ou| |rer || |osses ||s
cors|ar| erve|ope proper|y
0 V3K
Fror 00P3K oy
rep|ac|rg square
pu|se oy Co-
s|ruso|da| pu|se
- 13 do
Cors|ar| erve|ope, ou| ol oard poWer |s
|oWer, r|r|rur spac|rg a||oWs |Wo
lrequerc|es |o oe or|rogora|, spec|ra||y
ell|c|er| ard eas||y gerera|ed, sroo|r
prase |rars|||or as corpared |o 0P3K
L|rear rodu|a||or, |re
spec|rur |s ro| corpac|
erougr |o rea||ze da|a ra|es
approx|ra||rg rl C|ANNEL
oW
0Z 0V3K
Fror F3K oy
rep|ac|rg Co-
3|ruso|da| pu|se
oy 0auss|ar
pu|se
Fas| ro|| ol lac|or
W||r 8T = 0.3,
rarroW ra|r |ooe,
|oWer s|de |ooe
|eve|
Cors|ar| erve|ope, spec|ra||y ell|c|er|,
W|de|y used |r 03V roo||e
corrur|ca||or W||r 8T = 0.3
Proro|es l3l a| r|grer o||
ra|e |rarsr|ss|or
08
0F0V
8P3K-0F0V
0AV-0F0V
1-0AV
1-0AV
Fror ru|||carr|er
rodu|a||or
screre
__
Roous| |o lCl & l3l, ||gr 3pec|ra|
Ell|c|ercy, Ell|c|er||y |rp|erer|a||or oy
FFT, LoW sers|||v||y |o ||re
syrcrror|za||or errors, Tured suo crarre|
rece|ver l|||er are ro| requ|red, Fac||||a|es
s|rg|e lrequercy re|Wor| |., Corp|ex
equa||za||or.
1. 3ers|||ve |o 0opp|er 3r|l|.
2. To lrequercy
syrcrror|za||or proo|er. 3.
lrell|c|er| |rarsr|||er poWer
corsurp||or s|rce ||rear
poWer arp||l|er |s requ|red.
Tao|e 8: 0e|ec||or Perlorrarce Ara|ys|s ol 0|g||a| Vodu|a||or Tecrr|ques [1-Z, 19-30|
3r.
No.
0|g||a|
Vodu|a||or
Tecrr|ques
0erodu|a||or Perlorrarce
Coro|ra||or W||r o|rer
|ecrr|ques
0er|va||ves
01 8A3K 3|rp|e derodu|a||or w||r P3K
0AV 0uadra|ure Arp|||ude
Vodu|a||or (used ex|ers|ve|y |r
d|g||a| r|croWave ||r|s V-ray A3K
02 8F3K 3|rp|e derodu|a||or (Va|cred l|||er 3pec|a| case ol or|rogora| V-ray F3K
TECHNIA International Journal oI Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375)
558
de|ec||or) rodu|a||or
03 8P3K
Prase sr|l| de|ec||or ra|es |re Rx
corp|ex
w||r A3K-0AV
0AV, |rcorerer| de|ec||or, 0P3K,
00P3K, 8P3K, /1P3K, 1 P3K,
VP3K
01 0P3K
Rece|ver requ|res rerory |o reasure
re|a||ve prase d|llererce oe|Weer Wave
lorrs rece|ved |r success|ve |r|erva|s
Nor corerer| or|rogora|
rodu|a||or Wrer cors|dered
over |Wo o|| |r|erva|
/1 0P3K
05 0P3K Prase sr|l| de|ec||or |s |rpor|ar|
0|llerer| prase var|a||or.
Rep|acerer| ol a square pu|se
oy s|ruso|da| pu|se |o g|ve
V3K
00P3K-0 crarre| sr|l|ed oy
symbol QPSK to OQPSK to
/1 0P3K Wrer d|llerer||a||y
decoded relerred |o as /1 00P3K
0 V3K
0|rec| |rjec||or ol NRZ da|a |o lrequercy
rodu|a|or W||r Vodu|a||or lrdex 0.5
Rep|acerer| ol co-s|ruso|da|
pu|se oy 0auss|ar pu|se |o g|ve
0V3K
0V3K
0Z 0V3K
8ardW|d|r ||re produc| 8T |s ar |rpor|ar|
lac|or perlorrarce |s reasured oy 3NR
versus 8ER
N||
0V3K 8T = 0.3
0V3K 8T = 0.5
08 0F0V
8ardW|d|r ||re produc| 8T |s ar |rpor|ar|
lac|or perlorrarce |s reasured oy 3NR
versus 8ER
8P3K,0AV,1-0AV,
1-0AV
8P3K,0AV,1-0AV,
1-0AV
Table-9: PerIormance Characteristics oI Digital Modulation Techniques (1-7, 12-18)
1 Digital
Modulation
Technique
Error
Probability
Error
PerIormance
ISI
Status
Dimens
ions
No.
oI
Basis
Eunct
ions
01 8A3K
BW Amplitude
Noisepower
f or
o
o
,
, ,
,
8
exp
2
1
2
2
EIIicient only in linear
region
Nil One One
02 8F3K
, & &
,
2
exp
2
1
densitv Bit Noise
b o
PerIorms Well at high
values as PSK &
ESK Ior same signal
energy and bit rate.
Nil One One
03 8P3K
erf c
2
1
Small error rate than
any other system but
restriction oI AWGN on
1 bit decoding .It is
optimum as it achieves
minimum possible error
rate.
Less
Prone
Two Two
01 0P3K
2
exp
2
1
Required is 3
dBless than that oI
BESK Ior same error
rate.
Less
Prone
Two Two
05 0P3K 2
PerIormance better over
BPSK & BESK but
major draw back is used
oI square pulse, can be
improved by shaping
with root raised cosine
improving ISI.
Prone
To
ISI
Two Two
0 V3K
2
The signal coherence
and derivation ratio are
largely unaIIected by
variations in input data
rate.
Less
Prone
Than
QPSK
Two Two
0Z 0V3K
BT BT
Q
e
, 85 . 0 , 25 . 0
, 68 . 0 ,
2
The carrier is lag oI lead
by
0
90 over bit
period, w.r.t. BT
resulting in BER.
More
Prone
Than
MSK
Two Two
TECHNIA International Journal oI Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375)
559
08 0F0V
d d d
W W W
erfc
S
T P
2 2
0 2
2
2
2
1
Minimum than other
schemes
Nil 2 in
BPSK
4 in
QPSK
16 in
16-
QAM
2 in
BPS
K
4 in
QPS
K
16 in
16-
QAM
Table-10: BER Equations oI Digital Modulation Techniques
S
r
.
N
o
.
MOD.
N
M
2
B.
W.
1 BPSK 2,1
2 QPSK 4,2
/
2
3 SQPSK 4,2
/
2
4 MSK 4,2
/
2
5 M-PSK M,N
/
N
6 16-
QAM
16,4
/
4
7 M-
QAM
M,N
/
N
8 QPR L
level
s
/
4
9 LQPR L
level
s
| / }) 1
/ 6 ( ) (log 4 / |
| / 1 1 | 2
2 / 1 2
2 / 1
2 2
o b
N E L
L
erfc L
/
L
1
0
M-ESK M,N M
/
L
1
1
OEDM
-BPSK 2
. 1 cos
cos
sin
2
1
1
0
2
1
0
2 2
f m k f
m k
c where
d c E e
c E
m P
I
m k
N
k
m k
I
m k
o
I
b
Mini
mum
B.W.
is
requir
ed
than
other
sche
mes
1
2
OEDM
-QPSK
4
Q
m k
k
m k
m k
Q
b
c c
e
where
d c c m
cos cos
. cos sin
2
1
1
0
2
1
0
0 0
2 2
Mini
mum
B.W.
is
requir
ed
than
other
sche
mes
1
3
OEDM
-
16QA
M
16
0 0
0
0 0 1
Q Q
i
Mini
mum
B.W.
is
requir
TECHNIA International Journal oI Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375)
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1
0
2
1
0 0
0
0 0 2
. cos 2 cos cos 2 cos
. cos 2 cos sin 2 sin 2 sin 2
2
1
2 2
k
m k
Q
m k
Q
m k m k m k
Q Q
i
dc dc dc dc
e
d dc dc dc dc d m
ed
than
other
sche
mes
Tao|e 5: Va|rera||ca| Represer|a||or ol 0|g||a| Vodu|a||or Tecrr|ques [1-8, 1Z, 18|
Vod. Va|rera||ca| Represer|a||or Type Corre|a||or
oe|Weer
s|gra|s
Corporer| 0 corporer|
1 8A3K X(|) = Ar (|) cos2 lc| lor 0 < 1 < T8, r(|) = 1 lor 8|| 1 & 0 lor 8|| 0
3|gra| erergy represer|a||or
X(|) = t f
T
E
c
B
2 cos
2
Nor
Corerer|
Nor
corre|a||or
N|| N||
2 8F3K
X|(|) =
B
cos(2 lc|) lor 0 < | | < T8, | = 1,2 lc =
B
c
X1 (|) = 1, (l1) & X2 (|) = 0, (l2) ard
Nor
Corerer|
Nor
corre|a||or
N|| N||
3 8P3K
X1(|) =
B
B
T
E 2
cos(2 lc|) & X2(|) =
B
B
T
E 2
cos(2 lc| )
X1(|) lor 8|| 1 & X2(|) lor 8|| 0
Corerer| Nor
corre|a||or
N|| N||
1 0P3K 0ver dua| o|| |r|erva|
X1(|) =
B B c
B
B
B c
B
B
X2(|) =
B B c
B
B
B c
B
B
T t T f or t f
T
E
T t f or t f
T
E
2 ) 2 cos(
2
0 ) 2 cos(
2
l| |s a spec|a| case ol Nor corerer| 0r|rogora| Vodu|a||or lor T8 = 2T8 & E8
= 2E8 X1(|) lor 8|| 1 ard X2(|) lor 8|| 0
Nor
corerer|
Corre|a||or
ex|s|s
N|| N||
5 0P3K
(Prase
d|v|s|or)
Prase
arg|es
15,135,
225 ard
315degr
ee
Xo(|) =
) 2 sin(
4
) 1 2 sin(
2
) 2 cos(
4
) 1 2 cos(
2
t f n
T
E
t f n
T
E
c
B
B
c
B
B
lor 0 < | < T8, wrere r = 1`,2,3,1 ard lor
8|| 10 00 01 11
Prase /1 3 /1 5 /1 Z /1
Corerer| Corre|a||or
ex|s|
X|(|) =
B
r = 1, 2, 3, 1
X0(|) = -
4
) 1 2 (
sin
n
E
B
r = 1, 2, 3, 1
V3K
X1(|) = cos 0 2
B
c
T
t AB
t f
wrere |re va|ue ol = 0 lor A = 1 ard |re va|ue ol = lor A = -1. Trus
|re aoove express|or car oe ol |re lorr
(1) X1(|) = cos
B
c
lor A = 1 & 8 = 1
Corerer| Corre|a||or
ex|s|
X|(|) =
t
T
T
E
B
B
B
2
cos
2
To < 1 < To
X0(|) =
t
T
T
E
B
B
B
2
sin
2
0 < 1 < To
TECHNIA International Journal oI Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 1, July 2010. (ISSN 0974-3375)
561
(2) X1(|) = cos
B
c
T
t
t f 2 lor A = -1 & 8 = 1
Z 0P3K
0(|) =
2 log
5 . 0
2
2 log
5 . 0
2
2
1
e
B
ban
e
B
ban
T t
B Q
T t
B Q
T
0(|) =
t
2
, 8oar |s |re oardW|d|r ol |re l|||er
Corerer| Corre|a||or
ex|s|s
l(|) = cos[C(|)| For C |o oe a
cors|ar| sucr |ra|
T
T
dt t CG
2
) (
0(|) = s|r
[C(|)|
8 OEDM
. 0 ; / 2 exp
1
1
0
t t f t
T Signal Duration, N N-Point IDET,
1
Scale Iactor,
Signal
samples . 1 , ,......... 2 , 1 , 0 ; n
n
Sub carrier Irequency
Sub-carriers. E8 = Erergy ol |re 8||, T8 = T|re dura||or ol |re 8||, lc =
Carr|er Frequercy, r(|) = Vodu|a||or lrdex, A = Arp|||ude, rc = No|se
Nor
Corerer|
Nor
corre|a||or
N|| N||
9 OEDM
With
(BPSK,
QAM,
16-
QAM,
64-
QAM)
1
0
2
k
k
k
t f f
c
is complex data symbol, T OEDM block duration, t g pulse
shape , carrier Irequency.
Nor
Corerer|
Nor
corre|a||or
N|| N||