INTRODUCTION TO BRITISH STUDIES

Colloquium: History + Basic facts

Names:
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (full name)
The UK (The UN)
Great Britain (the Olympics)
GB (Auto stickers)
The UK (uro son!)
British "sles:
Great Britain
Ireland
The #hetlan$ "slan$s% Orkney "slan$s% The He&ri$es% The Channel "slan$s% "sle of 'an% "sle of (i!ht
Unification complete$ in )*++,
1707 The United Kingdom of Great Britain (E ! S ! "#
1$01 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1%&& The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The Re'()li* of Ireland
The Celtic people in: "relan$% (ales% #cotlan$
-erry Calais . /o0er
The population: 1 2+ +++ +++
1 3+ +++ +++ in n!lan$
Constitutional parts:
1 England +ondon
& S*otland Edin)(rgh
, "ale- Cardiff
. Northern Ireland Belfa-t
The Union 4ack:
/ifferent fla!s for each constituent com&ine into Union 4ack
National Anthem:
5o$ #a0e the 6ueen
* +++ . 3 +++ BC Britain &ecame an islan$
), The first inha&itants . "&erians
7, Beaker people
8, The Celts after 93+, BC
Celtic tri&es:
The Britons
The 5auls : 5aelic: Northern #cotlan$
The Bel!ies
The ;omans conquere$ Britain in <8 A/
)
#cotlan$ = Cale$onia
Ha$rian>s (all (protection a!ainst the #cots an$ ?icts)
The ;omans rule$ for < centuries
"n0a$e$ &y 5erman tri&es:
An!les
#a@ons
4utes
The ;oman influence:
), Christianity
7, The Aatin lan!ua!e
8, intro$uce$ the Britten Bor$ C starte$ recor$in! e0ents
The tension &etBeen the Celtic people an$ 5ermanic people (tri&es) An!loD#a@ons
/ The Germani* infl(en*e0
the social system (the earliest class system)
the heroic co$e
the first kin!s : the title not here$itary% the elections
(esse@ : in "E century Eg)ert the first kin! of all n!lan$
ast An!lia
'ercia : in F""" century the stron!est
Offa of 'ercia%% kin! of 'ercia (939.G2)% the firs kin! Bho trie$ to rule o0er
the Bhole islan$
CroBne$ his son (ma$e the link &etBeen the church an$ the state .
the kin! chosen &y 5o$% not people)
Northum&ria : in F"" century the stron!est
(ales the lan$ of the forei!ners
/ Offa1- d23e 4 Hadrian1- "all : &uilt for protection of the in0a$ers from
(elshmen C #cots
"itan is the plural of Ol$ n!lish wita% a Bise man% a counselor, "t Bas use$ &y An!loD#a@ons sometimes in
composition Bith gemot (an assem&ly) to in$icate a royal or national councilor meetin!, The si!nificance of these
meetin!s must% o0er a lon! perio$% ha0e 0arie$, #ome ha0e seen all such councilor assem&lies as essentially un$er
royal control: to the contrary Bas the Fictorian 0ieB that these coul$ &e Hnationally> representati0e, Bede% Britin!
c.98)% certainly &elie0e$ that $ecision on the con0ersion of a kin!$om coul$ &e the su&Iect of possi&ly formal% conciliar
$e&ate, The ))thDcent, e0i$ence is Iust enou!h to in$icate that some conciliar meetin!s ha$ elements of formality in
summons an$ proce$ure% perhaps enou!h to in$icate some conciliar in$epen$ence, The nature of councils in &etBeen
these perio$s is e0en more o&scureJ &ut participation in royal elections must sometimes ha0e &een important,
*9) . G++ Alfre$ the kin! of (esse@
Alfre$ the 5reat
Danela5 (hen $urin! the )+th cent, the 6i3ing settlers of eastern n!lan$ reco!niKe$ the authority of the n!lish
kin!s% they Bere alloBe$ to folloB their oBn laBs, By the ))th cent, the term H/anelaB> Bas &ein! use$ to in$icate the
7
!eo!raphical area in Bhich customary laB Bas influence$ &y /anish practice% $efine$ in )7thcent, $ocuments as
comprisin! all of eastern n!lan$ &etBeen the Thames an$ the Tees,
Can(te (or Cnut% Lnut ) /anish kin! of n!lan$ ( )+)9 . 83 )% /enmark ( )+)* . 83 )% an$ NorBay ( )+7* . 83 )
Canute &ecame kin! of n!lan$% en$in! a prolon!e$ stru!!le for the throne, As kin!% he presi$e$ o0er a perio$ of
relati0e peace, He is most commonly remem&ere$ for $emonstratin! to his faBnin! courtiers that% contrary to their
e@pectations% he Bas una&le to comman$ the ti$e to stop risin!,
(ho Bere the Normans Bho in0a$e$ in )+22M
They Bere the Fikin!s (the /anes) Bho settle$ in -rance,
)<, )+,)+22, The Battle of Hastin!s
The /ooms$ay Book : (illiam>s &ook of a complete economic sur0ey, (HoB much lan$ Bas there an$ Bho oBne$
it% hoB much $oes it Borth% hoB many families% plou!hs an$ sheep Bere thereM) "t remin$e$ the people of the paintin!s
of the /ay of 4u$!ement% so they calle$ it the /ooms$ay Book, "t Bas unpopular Bith the people &ecause they felt they
coul$n>t escape from its fin$in!s,
Fir!inia Bas name$ after the Fir!in 6ueen .lisa&eth ",
Name 8 n!lish kin!s Bho Bere not n!lishmen,
(ere &oth of Henry "">s sons croBne$ kin!sM
Nes% ;ichar$ the Aionheart an$ 4ohn the Aacklan$,
'a!na Carta = The 5reat Chart )7)3
(4ohn Iust stampe$ it . he Bas illiterate)
"t marke$ the $ecline of feu$alism,
7agna Carta (Aatin for O5reat CharterO% literally O5reat ?aperO)% also calle$ 7agna Carta +i)ertat(m (O5reat
Charter of -ree$omsO)% is an n!lish charter ori!inally issue$ in )7)3, 'a!na Carta Bas the most si!nificant early
influence on the e@tensi0e historical process that le$ to the rule of constitutional laB to$ay, 'a!na Carta influence$
many common laB an$ other $ocuments% such as the Unite$ #tates Constitution an$ Bill of ;i!hts% an$ is consi$ere$
one of the most important le!al $ocuments in the history of $emocracy,
'a!na Carta Bas ori!inally Britten &ecause of $isa!reements amon! ?ope "nnocent """% Lin! 4ohn an$ the n!lish
&arons a&out the ri!hts of the Lin!, 'a!na Carta require$ the kin! to renounce certain ri!hts% respect certain le!al
proce$ures an$ accept that his Bill coul$ &e &oun$ &y the laB, "t e@plicitly protecte$ certain ri!hts of the kin!Ps
su&Iects% Bhether free or fettere$ Q most nota&ly the ri!ht of Ha&eas Corpus% meanin! that they ha$ ri!hts a!ainst
unlaBful imprisonment, 'any clauses Bere reneBe$ throu!hout the 'i$$le A!es% an$ further $urin! the Tu$or an$
#tuart perio$s% an$ the )9th an$ )*th centuries, By the late )Gth century most clauses in their ori!inal form ha$ &een
repeale$ from n!lish laB,
There are a num&er of popular misconceptions a&out 'a!na Carta% such as that it Bas the first $ocument to limit the
poBer of an n!lish kin! &y laB (it Bas not the first% an$ Bas partly &ase$ on the Charter of Ai&erties)J that it in
practice limite$ the poBer of the kin! (it mostly $i$ not in the 'i$$le A!es)J an$ that it is a sin!le static $ocument (it is
a 0ariety of $ocuments referre$ to un$er a common name,
" The Celts ("relan$% (ales% #cotlan$) preser0e$ the national i$entity ("relan$% (ales% #cotlan$)
E""
Henry "" conquere$ "relan$ (the &e!innin! of the hatre$ &etBeen the "rish an$ the n!lish)
"" The (elsh
8
)7*< (the en$ of the E"" century)
""" the #cots
8 $ates important for the creation of the UL
)9+9 5B create$ % (% #
)*+)
)G77
)++ years Bar
)889 . )<38 $Bar$ """ . Henry F"
The animosity &etBeen the n!lish an$ the -rench is the result of the )++ years Bar
Aancaster re$
Henry "F $ie$ of leprosy
Henry F $ysentery
Henry F" ma$ness (kin! of &oth n!lan$ an$ -rance)
Nork Bhite
Tu$or re$ + Bhite ($escen$ents of &oth families)
The Bars of roses class clashes o0er the throne
The $eath of ;ichar$ "" (en$ of EF century) marks the &oun$ary of the 'i$$le A!e an$ the &e!innin! of the early
mo$ern Britain
, *r(*ial *on*e't- mar3 86I *ent(r2
), Humanism $enotes the re0i0al of interest in man an$ his potentials in all spheres of life
7, ;enaissance stan$s for the re&irth of the classical concept of the Borl$ especially in art an$ philosophy%
assi!nin! a much !reater 0alue to the in$i0i$ual then the me$ie0al philosophy that prece$e$ it,
8, ;eformation in n!lan$ (the protestant reformation) Bas all at once a political% reli!ious an social e0ent .
primarily reli!ious

Henry F"">s chancellors
Thomas (oolsey
Thomas CromBell
Thomas 'oor
Henry F""">s Bi0es
Catherine of Ara!on ($i0orce$)
Anne Boleyn (e@ecute$)
4ane #eymour ($ie$)
Anne of Cle0es ($i0orce$)
Lathryn HoBar$ (e@ecute$)
Latherine ?arr (Bi$oBe$)
lisa&eth " )33* . )2+8 The 6ueen of true n!lish &loo$
The $au!hter of Henry F""" an$ Anne Boleyn
/ The 9(een reign- )(t doe- not r(le e:'lain in 2o(r o5n 5ord-
Charles " the first kin! pu&licly e@ecute$ for Ba!in! Bar on his oBn people
The ci0il Bar &etBeen the royalists (aristocracy) an$ mi$$le class (the parliamentarians)
The ori!ins ($urin! the rei!n of Charles ") of the Conser0ati0e R Ai&eral R Aa&our party
<
;oyalists 0s, ?arliamentarians
Tories (thie0es% "rish 5aelic) (hi!s (cattle $ri0ers% #cottish 5aelic)

Conser0ati0es Ai&erals
CommonBealth )2<G . )22+ (&etBeen Charles " C Charles "")
CommonBealth of n!lan$% #cotlan$% "relan$ an$ the neBly foun$e$ colonies
The ?uritan ;epu&lic% Oli0er CromBell
/ E:'lain the & meaning- of the 5ord Common5ealth
CommonBealth ()2<G . )22+)
The only perio$ in Britain>s history Bhen Britain Bas a repu&lic
SThe ?uritan ;epu&licT
Oli0er CromBell $ie$ in)23*
"hi*h definition- of Common5ealth do 2o( 3no5/
Charles "" ()22+ . )2*3) ;estoration (EF"" c,)
The 5reat ?la!ue ()223)
The 5reat -ire ()222)
#t ?aul>s Cathe$ralThe ma!nificent Baroque church $esi!ne$ &y #ir Christopher (ren in )298
4ames "" )2*3 . )2**)
;eintro$uce$
)2*9 the U
n!lish parliament oppose$ the kin! an$ in0ite$ (illiam """ (a /utchman enthrone$ &y the ?arliament)
'arrie$ to 4ames "">s $au!hter
The 5lorious (the &loo$less) re0olution transforme$ n!lan$ into the first parliamentary monarchy
(illiam """
Anne ('ary>s sister the last of #tuarts)
)9+9 the union Bith #cotlan$
'aritime poBer
The ol$ preten$er
The youn! preten$er
The House of Hano0er
V
V
W
6ueen Fictoria
;emarka&le chan!es
XXX toBns
(orkhouses in the 0illa!es the first unions (EF""")
nterprisin! companies
)*+) the UL of 5B an$ "relan$
5eor!e """
Colonies NA% ("% NAf
3
EF""" century 8 re0olutions
), American ()993 . )9*8) )9*8 full in$epen$ence of America
UL Hthe ci0il Bar>% U# Hthe re0olution>
7, -rench ()9*G . )9*<)
8, "n$ustrial
The Napoleonic (ars )*+3 . )*)3
)*+3 Nelson The Battle of Trafal!ar
)*)3 (ellin!ton The Battle of (aterloo
Both $efeate$ Napoleon
To enact a laB
To $raB a &ill
(illiam "F #illy Billy
/ Sla;er2 a)oli-hed 1$,,
Fictoria )*89 . )G+)
;ei!ne$ for the lon!est perio$
"n$ustrialisation . the pick of in$ustrial re0olution
Colonisation
"n EF""" century n!lan$ the first in$ustrial country
/ the )a-i- of <
Coal= iron= 5ool= *otton= te:tile ind(-tr2= maritime *o(ntr2
The 5reat @hi&ition
(the latest achie0ements in science an$ art
/ I the )eginning- of the *la-- -2-tem
/ II -tratifi*ation of -o*iet2
), Aristocracy
7, 'i$$le class
8, The Borkin! class (formin! tra$e unions)
/ 1$,$ > ?eo'le1- Charter
@the )eginning of the *harti-t mo;ement#
Ba-i* h(man right-
The 0ote for all a$ults
Fotin! in secret
(so that people coul$n>t &e force$ to 0ote for their lan$lor$ an$ his party)
The ri!ht for a man Bithout property of his oBn to &e an '?
?ayment for '?s
An election e0ery year
All of these $eman$s Bere refuse$ &y the House of Commons
The colonial e@pansion continue$ in the E"E century
"n$ia e@ploite$% the &i!!est colony
)*39 the "n$ian 'utiny
)*99 Fictoria the mpress of "n$ia
'arket potential China
The Opium (ars
/ , 5ar- d(ring the reign of 6i*toria
2
), The Bar in "n$ia
7, The Opium (ars
8, Crimean (ar (Britain fou!ht for Turkey)
<, Boers (ars (Britain 0s, /utch settlers in #A)
/ >(-tralia= NA= Canada (e0en to$ay the Britain $ominions)
Transportin! con0icts (resol0e$ the pro&lem of o0erpopulation in cities)
/ The fir-t monar*h of Britain 5ho ;i-ited R(--ia/
$Bar$ F"" (Fictoria>s son)
Also the only representati0e of the House of #a@eDCo&ur! an$ 5otten
E"E century the i$ea of Britishness
The lar!est colonial force until (("
Fictorian A!e
'anufactures XXXBritain
VX
WV
'o0in! to the cities
VX
WV
'ore people in toBns than in country
VX
WV
#ocial stratification
VX
WV

Aristocracy

The mi$$le class
upper mi$$le

The loBer class
artisans% craftsmen
/ The famil2 i- the *entre of <
5atherin! of the househol$ for $ifferent occasions
-ather the central fi!ure% Y )
/ 7anner- and moralit2 *h(r*h going
/ Binan*ial inde'enden*e
/ The Bren*h re;ol(tion im'a*t on Engli-h -o*iet2
The mi$$le class Bante$ a share in rulin!
Chartism
"mpro0ement in architecture an$ infrastructure
/ Big Ben the -tor2 of the name
Chil$ren un$er G for&i$$en to Bork
G . )8 less than U hours
/ The 'eriod of 'ro-'erit2 of England
;omantic poets :Blake% #helly% Coleri$!e% Tennyson
No0elists : lisa&eth 5askell% /israeli% /ickens
?hilosophers : Thomas Carlyle% 4ohn ;uskin
/ +in3 arti-t 5ith monar*h-
9
/ Ne5 im'eriali-m= target-
Africa
# Asia
Asia
)*93 /israeli &ou!ht the sharehol$in! of the #ueK Channel
8 Bars in Af!hanistan
/ The Common5ealth of Nation-
The sun ne0er sets on the British mpire, (The su&Iects in colonies a$$e$:
&ut it $oesn>t shine either)

-irst foun$e$ colony NeBfoun$lan$% the en$ of )3
th
century
/ 7ain ri;al-0 S'ain= Bran*e= Holland
The $ecline of the colonial system in EF""" century
(the Bar for in$epen$ence in America)
The en$ of the -irst British mpire
The #econ$ British mpire (Asia% Africa)
Australia an$ NZ : penal colonies for prisoners
ast "n$ia Company (foun$e$ &y lisa&eth ") ha$ tra$e pri0ile!es in tra$e in the "n$ies (a special charter)
A -e'o2 (from ?ersian Siphi meanin! Osol$ierO) Bas a nati0e of "n$ia employe$ as a sol$ier in the ser0ice of a
uropean poBer% usually of the Unite$ Lin!$om, #pecifically% it Bas the term use$ in the British "n$ian Army% an$
prior to that in the Honoura&le ast "n$ia Company% for an infantry pri0ate
#epoys Bere at first loyal to British comman$ers
)*39 #epoy 'utiny (also Indian 7(tin2 or -irst "n$ian (ar of "n$epen$ence)
/ India Ce5el in the *ro5n
The ;aI British "n$ia
5ermany an$ the U#A : XXX in$ustrialisation o0ertake Brits
/ -la;er2 a)oli-hed in the earl2 8I8 D 1$07 in Britain
/ 1$01 The UK of GB and Ireland
/ 1$E7 6i*toria the Em're-- of India
/ Canada and >(-tralia dominion -tat(-
/ Canada= >(-tralia an Ne5 Aealand -()Ce*t- to the *ro5n @Ed5ard I6 head of the -tate#
/ India1- inde'enden*e 1%.7
/ Ireland 1%.% the Re'()li* of Ireland
/ 1%F0 the Common5ealth of Nation- 1E -tate- -()Ce*t-= head of -tate Eli-a)eth II
The British 'o$ern CommonBealth (38 in$epen$ent so0erei!n states% the maIority of them are e@Dcolonies)
)G72 the -irst CommonBealth
)G*7 :Ar!entina an$ the -alklan$s (the -alklan$s Bar)
)GG9 :Hon! Lon! !oes &ack to China
The reason for the chan!e of the house name has to $o Bith the (("
(the House of #a@eDCo&ur! 5otha to the House of (in$sor)
5eor!e F cousin to the 5erman Laiser chan!e$ to the House of (in$sor
?ro&lems:
"relan$
#uffra!ettes
The 5reat Bar
)G7) "relan$ in$epen$ent
*
[G77 the UL of 5B an$ N"
$Bar$ F""" ne0er croBne$ rule$ for a feB months in )G82 spen$ the rest of his lif as the 5o0ernor of the Bahamas
A&$icate$
Aor$ Cham&erlain the ?rime 'inister Bhen (("" &roke out,
#uccee$e$ in )G<+ &y (inston Churchill
/ Eli-a)eth II *ro5ned in 1%F,
Britain after ""II
8 perio$s
), the reco0ery rationin! an$ !o0ernment control
7, the Belfare state
5ra$ually losin! control o0er the colonies
No lon!er the !reat poBer compare$ to U#A an$ ###;
8, the neB politics
The Aa&our !o0ernment )G<3 . )G3)
/ Nationali-ation of 3e2 ind(-trie-
?ri0ate enterprises state
The Bank of n!lan$
Coal mines
;ailBay
lectric poBer
5asBorks
/ "ide e:'an-ion of -o*ial -er;i*e- @1%.E#
The National "nsurance Act
0eryone pays re!ular contri&ution to the fun$
The National Health #er0ice Act (N#A)
The state looke$ after e0ery&o$y
/ The 5elfare -tate finan*ed )2 ta:e-
/ 1%F1 D 1%E.
The la& lost the elections an$ Churchill returne$ to the office
(the affluent society% mana!e$ economy)
arly 2+s inflation% unemployment% tra$e union $ifficulties
)G2+ uropean -ree Tra$e Association (-TA)
Harol$ (ilson the neB Aa&our ?' )G2< . )G9+
The uncertain 9+s 9+ . 9<
The Conser0ati0es took the Britain to C
Unemployment% inflation% &ankruptcy
)G97 . 9G a!ain the Aa&our 5o0ernment (ilson ?' for the secon$ time
""" ?erio$ NeB ?olitics
)G9G . )GG+ The "ron Aa$y% first \ ?'% the lon!est ser0in! ?'
)G*7 the -alklan$s (ar (she sent the sol$iers to Bar Bithout checkin! Bith the ?arliament) a 0ery popular mo0e
Thatcher succee$e$ &y 4ohn 'aIor )GG+ . )GG9
)GG9 . 7++9 Blair
5or$on BroBn
The n!lish Channel
G
The 'inister for urope
U encoura!es
), economic policy
7, tra$e
8, tra0el &etBeen the mem&ers (no passport)
/ EU the )eginning 1%F7 EEC (nder the treat2 of Rome
)G29 C (uropean Community)
Britain Ioine$ C (The Common 'arketT Britain name) in )G98
/urin! Thatcher man$ate
)GG7 The 'aastricht Treaty U
U institutions
), uropean Commission
7, Council of 'inisters
8, The uropean ?arliament
Official currency (from )GGG)
U (paper money from 4anuary 7+++
/enmark% #Be$en% 5B kept their oBn currency
7 !roups of politicians
), proDuropean (in fa0our of close links Bith U)
7, uroD sceptics (U too much controls British affaires)
)G93 uroDsceptics referen$um (the first in British history
#houl$ Britain stay in UM
The tunnel un$er the Channel )3 km (starte$ in 7 occasions)
5o0ernment politics
The 6ueen summons an$ $issol0es the ?arliament an$ appoints the ?'
The 8 parliaments
), The n!lish ?arliament V
7, The #cottish ?arliament V laBs Bith royal assent
8, The N" Assem&ly V
Ca&inet 7+ 'inisters% appointe$ &y ?'
The #ecretary of #tate has to support the !o0ernmental policy or resi!n
No conflict &etBeen pu&lic $uties an$ pri0ate affairs
'inisters of #tate = mi$$le U ministers% un$ersecretaries
A$0isers politically neutral ci0il ser0ants pai$ &y the ?arliament
The ?arliament of 5B an$ N" the supreme le!islati0e &o$ies
The 6ueen the hea$ of the ?arliament
), The House of Aor$s
7, The House of Commons
'eet in the ?alace of (estminster
/i0i$e$ into 7 houses $urin! the rei!n of $Bar$ """
/urin! CromBell the House of Aor$s a&olishe$
Constitutional 'onarchy intro$uce$ &y the Bill of Right-
'? = 'em&er of ?arliament
37G : n!lan$
<+ : (ales
<G : #cotlan$
)+
*+ : Northern "relan$
#peaker resi!ns from his party
#ince the EF""" century tBoDparty system
#ince )G in poBer either Tories or Aa&
The 5o0ernment
/ The large-t minorit2 'art2 the o''o-ition leader ! it- o5n *a)inet G the -hado5 *a)inet
Tories% An!lican Church an$ lan$lor$s conser0ati0es
(hi!s
/ominate$ the scene until )G7+s
The chief AeftD(in! Aa&ourites
The li&erals mer!e$ Bith the social $emocrats into
5o0ernment an$ Opposition opposite each others% the supporters on the &ack &enches
Neutrals on the cross &enches in the House of Aor$s
The opposition can ask for the Confi$ence Fote
?rece$in! the !eneral elections the 6ueen $issol0es the ?arliament
)* $ays to or!anise elections
The 5o0ernment in office until the results are knoBn
/ General ele*tion- at lea-t e;er2 F 2ear-
ByDelections for in$i0i$ual '?s
Unconstitutional for the ;oyal family to 0oteJ they may $o so &ut they $on>t

))