CHAPTER 12: MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

I. Motivation
A. Vocabulary
1. motivation int!rnal "roc!##!# t$at initiat!% #u#tain% an& &ir!ct
activiti!#.
2. n!!& an int!rnal &!'ici!ncy t$at may !n!r(i)! b!$avior.
*. &riv! "#yc$olo(ical !+"r!##ion o' int!rnal n!!&# or valu!& (oal#% !.(.%
$un(!r% t$ir#t% or a &riv! 'or #ucc!##.
,. r!#"on#! any action% (lan&ular activity% or ot$!r i&!nti'iabl!
b!$avior.
-. (oal tar(!t or ob.!ctiv! o' motivat!& b!$avior.
/. inc!ntiv! valu! valu! o' a (oal abov! an& b!yon& it# ability to 'ill a
n!!&.
0. Ty"! o' Motiv!#
1. "rimary motiv!# innat! motiv!# ba#!& on biolo(ical n!!&#.
2. #timulu# motiv!#1 innat! n!!&# 'or #timulation an& in'ormation
*. #!con&ary motiv!# motiv!# ba#!& on l!arn!& n!!&#% &riv!#% an& (oal#.
,. $om!o#ta#i# a #t!a&y #tat! o' bo&ily !2uilibrium.
II. Hun(!r
A. 0rain M!c$ani#m#
1. $y"o(lyc!mia b!lo31normal bloo& #u(ar l!v!l.
2. $y"ot$alamu# #mall ar!a at t$! ba#! o' t$! brain t$at r!(ulat!# many
a#"!ct# o' motivation an& !motion% !#"!cially $un(!r% t$ir#t% an& #!+ual
b!$avior.
*. '!!&in( #y#t!m ar!a# o' t$! $y"ot$alamu# t$at initiat! !atin( 3$!n
#timulat!& 4lat!ral $y"ot$alamu#5. It6# #!n#itiv! to l!v!l# o' (luco#!7#u(ar
in t$! bloo& an& c$!mical# in mari.uana.
,. #ati!ty #y#t!m ar!a# in t$! $y"ot$alamu# t$at t!rminat! !atin(
4v!ntrom!&ial $y"ot$alamu#5.
-. n!uro"!"ti&! 8 a #ub#tanc! in t$! brain t$at initiat!# !atin(.
/. (luca(on#1li9! "!"ti&! 1 a #ub#tanc! in t$! brain t$at t!rminat!#
!atin(: r!l!a#!& by int!#tin!#: ta9!# about 1; 'or $y"ot$alamu# to r!#"on&.
<. #!t "oint "ro"ortion o' bo&y 'at t$at t!n&# to b! maintain!& by
c$an(!# in $un(!r an& !atin(.
=. l!"tin a #ub#tanc! r!l!a#!& by 'at c!ll# t$at in$ibit# !atin(.
0. Ob!#ity
1. !+t!rnal !atin( cu! any !+t!rnal #timulu# t$at t!n&# to !ncoura(!
$un(!r or to !licit !atin(.
2. &i!t ty"!# an& amount# o' 'oo& an& &rin9 r!(ularly con#um!& ov!r a
"!rio& o' tim!.
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C. Para&o+ o' 8o18o Di!tin(
1. 3!i($t cyclin( r!"!at!& #3in(# b!t3!!n lo#in( an& (ainin( 3!i($t.
2. m!tabolic rat! rat! at 3$ic$ !n!r(y i# con#um!& by bo&ily activity.
*. b!$avioral &i!tin( 3!i($t r!&uction ba#!& on c$an(in( !+!rci#! an&
!atin( $abit# rat$!r t$an t!m"orary #!l'1#tarvation.
D. Ot$!r >actor# in Hun(!r
1. cultural valu!# im"ortanc! an& &!#irability o' variou# ob.!ct# an&
activiti!# a# &!'in!& by "!o"l! in a (iv!n cultur!.
2. ta#t!
a. ta#t! av!r#ion i# an activ! &i#li9! 'or a "articular 'oo&.
b. bait #$yn!## an un3illin(n!## or $!#itation on t$! "art o'
animal# to !at a "articular 'oo&.
E. Eatin( Di#or&!r#
1. anor!+ia n!rvo#a activ! #!l'1#tarvation or a #u#tain!& lo## o' a""!tit!
t$at $a# "#yc$olo(ical ori(in#.
2. bulimia n!rvo#a !+c!##iv! !atin(7(or(in( u#ually 'ollo3!& by #!l'1
in&uc!& vomitin( an&7or ta9in( la+ativ!#.
*. cau#!# r!lat!& to control i##u!#: $av! a &i#tort!& vi!3 o' t$!m#!lv!#
an& !+a((!rat!& '!ar# o' b!comin( 'at.
,. tr!atm!nt
III. Primary Motiv!# R!vi#it!&
A. T$ir#t
1. !+trac!llular t$ir#t t$ir#t cau#!& by a r!&uction in t$! volum! o' 'lui&#
'oun& b!t3!!n bo&y c!ll#: cau#!& by vomitin(7#3!atin(7"!r#"iration.
2. intrac!llular t$ir#t t$ir#t tri((!r!& 3$!n 'lui& i# &ra3n out o' c!ll# &u!
to an incr!a#!& conc!ntration o' #alt# an& min!ral# out#i&! t$! c!ll: cau#!&
by !atin( !+c!## #alt.
0. Pain
1. !"i#o&ic &riv! a &riv! t$at occur# in &i#tinct !"i#o&!#% !.(.% "ain.
C. ?!+ Driv!
1. !#tro(!n any o' a numb!r o' '!mal! #!+ $ormon!#.
2. an&ro(!n any o' a numb!r o' mal! #!+ $ormon!#% !.(.% t!#to#t!ron!.
*. non1$om!o#tatic &riv! a &riv! t$at i# r!lativ!ly in&!"!n&!nt o'
"$y#ical &!"rivation cycl!# or bo&ily n!!& #tat!#. In $uman#% #!+ &riv! i#
r!lativ!ly in&!"!n&!nt o' bo&ily n!!& #tat!# an& i# non1$om!o#tatic.
,. Cooli&(! !''!ct ". ,,2.
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IV. ?timulu# Driv!#
A. Arou#al T$!ory
1. #timulu# &riv!# &riv!# ba#!& on n!!&# 'or !+"loration% mani"ulation%
curio#ity% an& #timulation.
2. arou#al t$!ory a##um!# t$at "!o"l! "r!'!r to maintain i&!al% or
com'ortabl!% l!v!l# o' arou#al.
*. arou#al ov!rall l!v!l o' activation in t$! bo&y an& n!rvou# #y#t!m o'
a "!r#on or animal.
0. ?!n#ation #!!9in( "!r#onality c$aract!ri#tic o' "!r#on# 3$o "r!'!r $i($
l!v!l# o' #timulation.
C. @!v!l# o' Arou#al
1. inv!rt!& A 'unction a curv!% rou($ly in t$! #$a"! o' an u"#i&!1&o3n
A% t$at r!lat!# "!r'ormanc! to l!v!l# o' arou#al.
2. 8!r9!#1Do&#on la3 a #ummary o' t$! r!lation#$i"# amon( arou#al%
ta#9 com"l!+ity% an& "!r'ormanc!.
*. t!#t an+i!ty $i($ l!v!l# o' arou#al an& 3orry t$at #!riou#ly im"air t!#t
"!r'ormanc!.
D. Circa&ian R$yt$m#
1. circa&ian r$yt$m# cyclical c$an(!# in bo&ily 'unction# an& arou#al
l!v!l# t$at vary on a #c$!&ul! a""ro+imatin( a 2,1$our &ay.
2. #$i't 3or9 an& .!t la(
*. "r!a&a"tation (ra&ual matc$in( o' #l!!"13a9in( cycl!# to a n!3 tim!
#c$!&ul! b!'or! an antici"at!& c$an(! in circa&ian r$yt$m#.
,. m!latonin a $ormon! "ro&uc!& by t$! "in!al (lan& in r!#"on#! to
cycl!# o' li($t an& &ar9.
V. @!arn!& Motiv!#
A. O""on!nt1Proc!## T$!ory #tat!# t$at #tron( !motion# t!n& to b! 'ollo3!& by
an o""o#it! !motional #tat!: al#o t$! #tr!n(t$ o' bot$ !motional #tat!# c$an(!#
ov!r tim!.
0. ?ocial Motiv!# l!arn!& motiv!# ac2uir!& a# "art o' (ro3in( u" in a
"articular #oci!ty or cultur!.
C. N!!& 'or Ac$i!v!m!nt
1. n!!& 'or ac$i!v!m!nt &!#ir! to !+c!l or m!!t #om! int!rnali)!&
#tan&ar& o' !+c!ll!nc!.
2. n!!& 'or "o3!r t$! &!#ir! to $av! #ocial im"act an& control ov!r
ot$!r#.
*. c$aract!ri#tic# o' ac$i!v!r# mo&!rat! ri#9 ta9!r#.
*
D. B!y to ?ucc!##
1. 0loom 'oun& t$at &riv! an& &!t!rmination v#. (r!at tal!nt l!& to
!+c!"tional #ucc!##.
2. #!l'1con'i&!nc! b!li!' t$at on! can #ucc!##'ully carry out an activity
or r!ac$ a (oal.
VII. Motiv!# in P!r#"!ctiv!
A. Hi!rarc$y o' $uman n!!&# Abra$am Ma#lo36# or&!rin( o' n!!&#% ba#!& on
t$!ir "r!#um!& #tr!n(t$ or "ot!ncy.
1. ba#ic n!!&# 'ir#t o' 'our l!v!l# o' n!!&# in Ma#lo36# $i!rarc$y: lo3!r
n!!&# t!n& to b! mor! "ot!nt t$an $i($!r n!!&#.
2. (ro3t$ n!!&# in Ma#lo36# $i!rarc$y% t$! $i($!r1l!v!l n!!&#
a##ociat!& 3it$ #!l'1actuali)ation.
0. Intrin#ic an& E+trin#ic Motivation
1. intrin#ic motivation motivation t$at com!# 'rom 3it$in% rat$!r t$an
'rom !+t!rnal r!3ar&#: motivation ba#!& on "!r#onal !n.oym!nt o' a ta#9
or activity.
2. !+trin#ic motivation motivation ba#!& on obviou# !+t!rnal r!3ar&#%
obli(ation#% or #imilar 'actor#.
C. Turnin( Play into Cor9
VIII. In#i&! an Emotion
A. Vocabulary
1. !motion a #at! c$aract!ri)!& by "$y#iolo(ical arou#al% c$an(!# in
'acial !+"r!##ion% (!#tur!#% "o#tur!% an& #ub.!ctiv! '!!lin(#.
2. a&a"tiv! b!$avior# action# t$at ai& att!m"t# to #urviv! an& a&a"t to
c$an(in( con&ition#.
*. "$y#iolo(ical c$an(!# 4in !motion#5 alt!ration# in $!art rat!% bloo&
"r!##ur!% "!r#"iration% an& ot$!r involuntary r!#"on#!#.
,. a&r!nalin! a $ormon! "ro&uc!& by t$! a&r!nal (lan&# t$at t!n&# to
arou#! t$! bo&y.
-. !motional !+"r!##ion out3ar& #i(n# t$at an !motion i# occurrin(.
/. !motional '!!lin(# "rivat!% #ub.!ctiv! !+"!ri!nc! o' $avin( an
!motion.
0. Primary !motion#
1. "rimary !motion# 1 accor&in( to Rob!rt Plutc$i9% t$! mo#t ba#ic
!motion# ar! '!ar% #ur"ri#!% #a&n!##% &i#(u#t% an(!r% antici"ation% .oy% an&
acc!"tanc!.
2. moo& a lo31int!n#ity% lon(1la#tin( !motional #tat!.
C. 0rain an& !motion
1. amy(&ala "art o' t$! limbic #y#t!m t$at "ro&uc!# '!ar r!#"on#!#.
,
ID. P$y#iolo(y an& Emotion
A. >li($t or >li($t
1. autonomic n!rvou# #y#t!m 4AN?5 #y#t!m o' n!rv!# t$at conn!ct# t$!
brain 3it$ t$! int!rnal or(an# an& (lan&#.
2. #ym"at$!tic branc$ "art o' t$! AN? t$at activat!# t$! bo&y at tim!#
o' #tr!##.
*. "ara#ym"at$!tic branc$ "art o' t$! AN? t$at 2ui!t# t$! bo&y an&
con#!rv!# !n!r(y.
,. "ara#ym"at$!tic r!boun& !+c!## activity in t$! "ara#ym"at$!tic
n!rvou# #y#t!m 'ollo3in( a "!rio& o' int!n#! !motion.
0. @i! D!t!ctor#
1. "oly(ra"$ a &!vic! 'or r!cor&in( $!art rat!% bloo& "r!##ur!%
r!#"iration% an& t$! (alvanic #9in r!#"on#!: commonly call!& a li!
&!t!ctor.
2. (alvanic #9in r!#"on#! a c$an(! in t$! !l!ctrical r!#i#tanc! 4or
inv!r#!ly% t$! con&uctanc!5 o' t$! #9in &u! to #3!atin(.
*. irr!l!vant 2u!#tion# in a "oly(ra"$ !+am % n!utral% non1t$r!at!nin(% or
non1!motional 2u!#tion#.
,. r!l!vant 2u!#tion# in a "oly(ra"$ !+am% 2u!#tion# to 3$ic$ only a
(uilty "!r#on #$oul& r!act.
-. control 2u!#tion# in a "oly(ra"$ !+am% 2u!#tion# t$at almo#t al3ay#
"rovo9! an+i!ty.
D. E+"r!##in( Emotion#
A. >acial E+"r!##ion#
1. Cultural &i''!r!nc!# in !motion
2. E!n&!r an& !motion
*. 0o&y lan(ua(!
a. 9in!#ic# #tu&y o' t$! m!anin( o' bo&y mov!m!nt#% "o#tur!%
$an& (!#tur!#% an& 'acial !+"r!##ion#: commonly call!& bo&y
lan(ua(!.
b. !motional ton! un&!rlyin( !motional #tat! an in&ivi&ual i#
!+"!ri!ncin( at any (iv!n mom!nt.
c. 'acial bl!n& a mi+ o' t3o or mor! ba#ic 'acial !+"r!##ion#.
&. "l!a#antn!##1un"l!a#antn!## a# r!'l!ct!& by 'acial
!+"r!##ion#% t$! &!(r!! to 3$ic$ a "!r#on i# !+"!ri!ncin( "l!a#ur!
or &i#"l!a#ur!.
!. att!ntion1r!.!ction a# r!'l!ct!& by 'acial !+"r!##ion#% t$!
&!(r!! o' att!ntion (iv!n to a "!r#on or ob.!ct.
'. activation a# r!'l!ct!& by 'acial !+"r!##ion#% t$! &!(r!! o'
arou#al a "!r#on i# !+"!ri!ncin(.
(. illu#trator# (!#tur!# "!o"l! u#! to illu#trat! 3$at t$!y ar!
#ayin(.
$. !mbl!m# (!#tur!# t$at $av! 3i&!ly un&!r#too& m!anin(#
3it$in a "articular cultur!.
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DI. T$!ori!# o' Emotion
A. Fam!#1@an(! t$!ory #tat!# t$at !motional '!!lin(# 'ollo3 bo&ily arou#al an&
com! 'rom a3ar!n!## o' #uc$ arou#al.
0. Cannon10ar& t$!ory #tat!# t$at activity in t$! t$alamu# cau#!# !motional
'!!lin(# an& bo&ily arou#al to occur #imultan!ou#ly.
C. ?c$act!r6# co(nitiv! t$!ory #tat!# t$at !motion# occur 3$!n "$y#ical arou#al
i# lab!l!& or int!r"r!t!& on t$! ba#i# o' !+"!ri!nc! an& #ituational cu!#.
1. attribution m!ntal "roc!## o' a##i(nin( cau#!# to !v!nt#. In !motion%
t$! "roc!## o' attributin( arou#al to a "articular #ourc!.
D. >acial >!!&bac9 Hy"ot$!#i# #tat!# t$at #!n#ation# 'rom 'acial !+"r!##ion#
$!l" &!'in! 3$at !motion a "!r#on '!!l#.
E. Cont!m"orary Mo&!l o' Emotion
1. !motional a""rai#al !valuatin( t$! "!r#onal m!anin( o' a #timulu# or
#ituation.
DII. Emotional Int!lli(!nc! !motional com"!t!nc!% inclu&in( !m"at$y% #!l'1control%
#!l'1a3ar!n!##% an& ot$!r #9ill#.
DIII. Trian(ular t$!ory o' lov! Rob!rt ?t!rnb!r(6# t$!ory t$at lov! i# ma&! u" o'
intimacy% "a##ion% an& commitm!nt. T$!r! ar! < G'lavor#H o' lov!: nonlov!% li9in(%
romantic lov!% 'atuou# lov!% in'atuation% an& com"anionat! lov!.
/