Abstract

*Our project is about ( Foundation Design of Al-

Maslamani Mall) which is located in the village of
Beit Eba Nablus governorate.

*The total plan area of this mall is about 3500 m2

*The number of stories is 6; 4 stories above the
ground surface & 2 stories are below the ground
surface.



Literature Review

Site Investigation is the first important step in any
engineering work ; to determine type & depth of
foundations , to evaluate bearing capacity , to identify
construction methods & for many things

Foundations are the part of an engineered system to
receive & transmit loads from superstructure to the
underlying soil or rock .

There are two types of foundations : shallow & deep
foundations.

Many factors should be taken into consideration in
choosing foundation types such as soil properties ,
economic factors, engineering practice, ....etc






Isolated
footings
Piles
Combined
Foundations
Mat

Isolated Footings
Are used to support single
columns.

This is one of the most
economical types of footings and
is used when columns are spaced
at relatively long distances.

Its function is to spread the
column load to the soil , so
that the stress intensity is
reduced .




are used to spread the load
from a structure over a large
area, normally the entire are
of the structure .
They often needed on soft
or loose soils with low
bearing capacity as they can
spread the loads over a larger
area.
They have the advantage of
reducing differential
settlements.
Mat or Raft Foundations
Are used in the following cases:

1) When there are two columns so
close to each other & in turn the
two isolated footing areas would
overlap.

2) When the combined stresses are
more than the allowable bearing
capacity of the soil.

3) When columns are placed at the
property line.


Combined Foundations
Cantilever footing
construction uses a strap
beam to connect an
eccentrically loaded column
foundation to the foundation
of an interior column .



Are used when the allowable
soil bearing capacity is high,
and the distances between
the columns are large .
Strap or Cantilever Footings
Pile Foundations
They are long & slender
members that are used to carry
& transfer the load of the
structure to deeper soil or
rocks of high bearing capacity,
when the upper soil layer are
too weak to support the loads
from the structure.


Piles costs more than shallow
foundations; so the
geotechnical engineer should
know in depth the properties
& conditions of the soil to
decide whether piles are
needed or not.


Classification of the piles
According to load transmission & functional behavior :
1) End / Point bearing piles
2) Friction piles
3) Compaction piles


According to type of material:
1) Steel piles 2) Timber piles
3) Concrete piles 4) Composite piles


According to effect on the soil:
1) Driven piles
2) Bored piles

Bearing Capacity : is the ability of a soil to support the loads applied
to the ground . Ultimate bearing capacity is the theoretical maximum
pressure which can be supported without failure; Allowable bearing
capacity is the ultimate bearing capacity q
u
divided by a factor of
safety (F.S).

There are three modes of failure that limit bearing capacity: general
shear failure, local shear failure, and punching shear failure.

Any structure built on soil is subject to settlement. Some settlement is
inevitable, & depending on the situation, some settlements are
tolerable.

When building structures on top of soils, one needs to have some
knowledge of how settlement occurs & how fast settlement will occur
in a given situation.

Bearing Capacity & Settlement
Geotechnical Investigation
The studied area is
approximately flat with slight
difference in the three existing
elevations. The general soil
formation within the depths of the
borings consists mostly of wadi
deposits of boulders & silty clay
followed by successive layers of
hard boulders mixed with very
little filling silty clay. The whole
site is covered by grass.
The geotechnical engineer
decided to drill four boreholes
trying to cover the whole
construction area.
= 20 KN/m w = 7.6 % (avg.)
C = 0 KN/m (average) LL = 44.5 %
= 25 PI = 25
qall. = 3.0 kg/cm
2
G = 2.73
a-Coefficient of active earth pressure: KA = 0.405
b- Coefficient of passive earth pressure: KP = 2.464
c- Coefficient of pressure at rest: Ko = 0.577

The depths of the drilled boreholes were as follows:
Borehole No. Location Depth (m)
1 South-west 7.0
2 East 7.0
3 West 6.0
4 North 10.0
Summary of lab. test results:


After doing check on the bearing capacity value using FOUND
software by using Terzaqi and Meyerhoff formulas, the value
was ranging between 3.2 and 4.3 Kg/ cm
2
respectively, SO we
decided to use a value of 3.5 Kg/ cm
2
in our project.

Service Load
(ton)
Ultimate Load
(ton)
Footing # Column #
44.5 60 F1 C21 ,C28
89.0 120 F2 C8 ,C9
135.7 183 F3 C3 ,C38
180.3 243 F4 C1,C2,C7,C23,C30,C32
,C43
257.4 347 F5 C10,C15,C31,C37,C39,
C4,C16
287.8 388 F6 C5,C6,C22,C29,C33,
C41,C42,C24,C36,C40
387.2 522 F7 C11,C12,C13,C14,C17,
C34,C35
429.5 579 F8 C18,C19,C20,C25,C26,
C27
Load Calculations
Manual Design steps:
1) Area of footing = Total service loads on column / net soil
pressure
2) Determine footing dimensions B & H .
3) Assume depth for footing.
4) Check soil pressure.
5) Check wide beam shear : V
c
> V
ult

6) Check punching shear : V
cp
> P
ult, punching
7) Determine reinforcement steel in the two directions.
8) Check development length .
9) Check load transfer from column to footing .

Then, we compare manual design with SAP design in footings F4 &
F8 .

Isolated Footing Design
The solution of SAP is always smaller than manual one,
since SAP uses Finite Element Method.


There is no need to calculate the settlement of the
isolated footings; since the soil is gravelly soil , & has a
qall. of 3.5 kg/cm
2
.


The final results of isolated footings design are in the
next table :
A
s , B

(mm2)
A
s , H

(mm2)
Depth
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
Columns Dimension
( m)


F #


Column #
816 816 0.4 1.1 1.1
D= 0.5m
F1
C21 ,C28
1548 1548 0.5 1.6 1.6
0.5*0.2
F2
C8 ,C9
1710 1710 0.45 2 2
C3 : 0.7*0.4
C38 : D = 0.8 m
F3
C3 ,C38

2614 2614 0.52 2.5 2.5
C1, C2, C30 : 1.1*0.4
C7: 0.65*0.3
C23 : 0.75*0.75
C32 : 0.8*0.8
C43 : 0.6*0.3

F4
C1,C2,C7,C23,
C30,C32,C43

5330 5330 0.90 2.85 2.85
C10 : 0.75*0.75
C15 , C37 : 0.6*0.3
C31 : 1.1*0.4
C39 : D=0.8m
C4 : 0.4*0.65
C16 : 0.75*0.75

F5
C10,C15,C31,
C37,C39,C4,
C16

4930 4930 0.80 3 3
C5,C6,C40,C41,C42 : 0.8 * 0.65
C22 , C29 : 0.6*0.3
C24 : 0.75*0.75
C33 : 1.1*0.4
C36 : D=0.8 m

F6
C5,C6,C22,C29,
C33,C41,C42,
C24,C36,C40

6540 6540 0.90 3.5 3.5
C11,C12,C13,C14,C35: D= 0.8 m
C17 , C34 : 0.75*0.75
F7
C11,C12,C13,
C14,C17,C34,
C35
7530 7530 0.95 3.8 3.8
C18,C19,C20,C26,C27: D=0.8 m
C25 : 0.8*0.8
F8
C18,C19,C20,
C25,C26,C27
Wall Stair Footing
Dimensions and Reinforcement
Details of Wall Stair Footing

Depth of wall footing = 60 cm.
Width of wall = 20 cm.
Width of footing (B) = 2 m.

Reinforcement:
6 16 / m in short direction
14 16 in long direction


Elevator Wall Footing
Dimensions and Reinforcement Details of
Elevator Wall Footing

Depth = 33cm, h=40cm



4 16 / m
For positive moment & negative moment
In both directions.

Reinforcement details for elevator wall :
Pile Foundation
Design of pile foundation
1-Estimating pile capacity

The ultimate carrying capacity is equal to the
sum of the ultimate resistance of the base of the
pile and the ultimate skin friction over the
embedded shaft length of the pile, this expressed
by :

Q
u
= Q
p
+ Q
s

2-Determination of the point bearing capacity
For piles in rocky sand soil as in our
case , the point bearing capacity
may be estimated as :
Q
P
= A
p
q
'
N
q
* Qlimit
Where:
A
p
: Area of the pile tip.


q : effective stress at pile tip.
N
q
*: Factor depends on soil friction angle

Q
limit
=(0.5 P
a
N
q
* tan ) A
p










3-Determination of skin resistance

It can be calculated by using the following formula:
Q
S
= {P*L*f }
Where:
L : Length of the pile
P : Perimeter of the pile
f : Frictional factor

The following table presents the dimensions of piles
and their capacities in (KN).


18 16 15 14 12 10 8
length
(m)
D(m)
430 349 312 278 216 164 122 0.5
526 430 386 345 271 208 157 0.6
627 514 463 415 329 256 196 0.7
731 602 544 489 390 307 239 0.8
839 694 628 566 455 362 285 0.9
951 789 716 647 524 420 335 1
Summary of piles sizes, number of piles needed, cap dimensions:
Cap
dimension
(m)

# of piles
Pile size
(L,D)
(m,m)

Service Load
(KN)

Column #
2.22.2 4 (8 , 0.5) 445 21+28 (F1)
2.22.2 4 (14 , 0.5) 890 8+9 (F2)
2.22.2 4 (16 , 0.5) 1357 3+38 (F3)
2.852.85 4 (15 , 0.7) 1803 1+2+7+23+30+32
+43 (F4)
4.62.85 6 (15 , 0.7) 2574 10+15+31+37+39
+4+16 (F5)
5.23.2 6 (14 , 0.8) 2878 5+6+22+29+33+41
+42+24+36+40
(F6)
7.23.2 8 (14 , 0.8) 3872 11+12+13+14+17
+34+35 (F7)
7.23.2 8 (15 , 0.8) 4295 18+19+20+25+26
+27 (F8)
The structural pile design depends on the nature of soil, which is
either stiff or weak, the pile is to be designed as short column if the
soil is stiff , and designed as along column if the soil is weak.

The minimum area of steel is 0.5% of the gross area of the pile,
also the ties are used starting with 5 cm spacing and ending by 30
cm spacing .the concrete cover must be not less than 7.5 cm.
A
smin
=0.005A
g





Efficiency of pile group
The efficiency of the load-bearing capacity of a group pile may be defined
as:
M= Q
g(u )
/ Qu
Where:
Q
g(u)
= ultimate load bearing capacity of the group pile.
Q
u
= ultimate load-bearing capacity of each pile without the group effect
Using simplified analysis to obtain the group efficiency as shown in the following
formula:
= (2(m+n-2) + 4D) / (pmn)
Where:
m: # of piles in the direction of L
g
.
n:# of piles in the direction of B
g
.
d: Spacing between piles centers.
D: Diameter of the pile
P: Perimeter of pile cross section

Design of a pile cap:
The minimum distance between two piles is 3D.
Pile caps should extend at least 15 cm beyond the outside face of
exterior face of exterior piles.
The minimum thickness of pile cap above pile heads is 30 cm.
The cover in pile caps commonly ranges between 20 & 25 cm .

Design Steps:
1) Assume depth (d)
2) Check Punching shear : V
cp
> V
ult, punching

3) Check wide beam shear : V
c
> V
ult

4) Calculate area of steel needed
5) Check
min
. < <
max
.

Retaining Wall Design:
The retaining wall is designed by PROKON Program :
Conclusions:

1) From soil report, we note that PI is 25 and cohesion is zero and this
can be explained by the following:
We have soil contains some clay between gravels, and when we take a
sample of this soil to be tested for atterberg limits to determine PI,we
use sieve #40 and we take the passing which are clay particles and in
turn this leads to increase the magnitude of plasticity index.
Cohesion is zero since the soil sample is almost gravel.

2) After designing the two alternative choices (single footings and piles
system) & surveying the quantities for concrete only, we find that it is
more practical, realistic and economical to use single footings

3) there is no need to make settlement calculations for footings and
piles ,since we have a gravely soil with B.C of 3.5 kg/cm
2
(the
settlements in our situation are tolerable, so we can ignore them)..