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22
Propagation Delay
a0 b0
P0
a1 b0
a0 b1
+
0
P1
a2 b0
a1 b1
+
a0 b2
+
0
P2
a3 b0
a2 b1
+
a1 b2
+
a0 b3
+
0
P3
a3 b1
+
a2 b2
+
a1 b3
+
0
P4
a3 b2
+
a2 b3
+
P5
a3 b3
+
P6
P7
1 2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6 7 8
4x4
Delay = 8 adders
8x8
Delay = 20 adders
23
a3 b3
+
P7 P6
Carry-Save Multiplier
a0 b0
P0
a1 b0
a0 b1
+
0
P1
a2 b0
a1 b1
+
a0 b2
+
0
P2
a3 b0
a2 b1
+
a1 b2
+
a0 b3
+
0
P3
a3 b2
+
a2 b3
+
P5
a3 b1
+
a2 b2
a1 b3
+
+
0
P4
24
Propagation Delay of Carry-Save Multiplier
a0 b0
P0
a3 b1
+
a2 b2
a1 b3
+
a3 b2
+
a2 b3
+
P5
a3 b3
+
P7
a1 b0
a0 b1
+
0
P1
1
2
3 3
5 6
4x4
Delay
= 6 adders
8x8
Delay
= 14 adders
a2 b0
a1 b1
+
a0 b2
+
0
P2
1
2
a3 b0
a2 b1
+
a1 b2
+
a0 b3
+
0
P3
1
2
3
+
4
0
P6 P4
25
Signed Binary Multiply
When the Multiplicand is negative
11101 (-3)
01001 (+9)
--------------------
11111101
00
11101
--------------------
11100101
Maintain the sign bits of the
partial product
26
Signed Binary Multiply
When the Multiplier is negative
01001 (+9)
11101 (-3)
--------------------
01001
01001
--------------------
0101101
01001
--------------------
01110101
10111
--------------------
111100101 (-27)
At the last step, 2s complement
the multiplicand before adding
27
Signed Binary Multiply
When both the Multiplicand and Multiplier are negative
10111 (-9)
11101 (-3)
--------------------
1110111
10111
--------------------
11010011
10111
--------------------
110001011
01001
--------------------
000011011(+27)
At the last step, 2s complement
the multiplicand before adding
Maintain the sign bits of the
partial product
28
More Examples (1)
1111 1010 (-6)
0000 0101 (+5)
--------------------
111111 1010
111110 10
--------------------
1110 0010 (-30)
Assume 8-bit numbers
29
More Examples (2)
0011 (+3)
1110 (-2)
--------------------
0 0110
00 11
--------------------
01 0010
110 1
--------------------
1010 (-6)
Assume 4-bit numbers
30
More Examples (3)
1111 1100 (-4)
1110 0000 (-32)
--------------------
11 1111 1000 0000
11 1111 00
--------------------
111 1110 1000 0000
000 0010 0
--------------------
000 0000 1000 0000 (+128)
Assume 8-bit numbers