Primary Sources

"1619: Laws Enacted by the First General Assembly of Virginia." 4 Aug. 1619. MS. The Online
Library of Liberty. Liberty Fund.
This is the full law enacted in 1619 by the Virginia House of Burgesses. It includes a
clause concerning cannabis, known to them as hemp, and their requirements that farmers
grow cannabis and other plants.
Adams, John. "Humphrey Ploughjogger to the Boston Evening-Post." Letter. 20 June 1763. TS.
The Adams Papers: Digital Editions. Massachusetts Historical Society.
This a letter written by John Adams to a newspaper under the pseudonym Humphrey
Ploughjogger to communicate his thoughts about public activities and mentions that he
believes hemp is a valuable crop which he thinks we should grow.
Antique Cannabis Book. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2014.
<http://antiquecannabisbook.com/Appendix/AppendixC.htm>.
This website was actually a database of links to other documents and files about cannabis
and cannabis laws. I cited it for images of the previous versions of the US Pharmacopeia.
Broccolino, Dario. Personal interview. 20 Feb. 2014.
I spoke to the State's Attorney of Howard County about cannabis. I wanted to know how
cannabis laws were applied in the courts from the perspective of the people who
prosecute the crimes.
Case, Glenn. E-mail interview by Seiam Salehi. 17 Feb. 2014.
I interviewed Lieutenant Glenn Case, Commander of Vice and Narcotics at the Howard
County Police Department about cannabis and what the nature of the policing cannabis is.

Drug Use in America: Problem in Perspective: Second Report. Washington: GPO, 1973. Print.
This is the second report from the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse
that gave the final findings of the commission and its recommendations about drug laws
and specifically cannabis laws.
Gupta, Sanjay. "I Am Doubling Down on Medical Marijuana." CNN. CNN, n.d. Web. 13 Mar.
2014. <http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/05/health/gupta-medical-marijuana/>.
This is another article by Sanjay Gupta about his actions on cannabis. He is fighting to
make medical cannabis legal and announced an update on his previous documentary that
aired on television.
- - -. "Why I Changed My Mind on Weed." CNN. CNN, 8 Aug. 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.
<http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/08/health/gupta-changed-mind-marijuana/>.
This is an article from CNN by Dr. Sanjay Gupta. He discusses his documentary on
cannabis and explains his ideas about cannabis through doing the documentary project.
Jefferson, Thomas. Farm Book. 1774. MS.
This is a collection of records for all of Thomas Jefferson's farm and estate businesses. It
includes excerpts that concern his growing of hemp, the results and his instructions for
further cultivation.
"Judge Assails U.S. Narcotics Policy." Arizona Republic [Phoenix, Arizona] 25 May 1959: 13.
Print.
This is a short article written in a newspaper in Phoenix, Arizona in 1959. The paper
spoke to a federal judge about Harry Anslinger and his direction of the Federal Bureau of
Narcotics.
Maryland. Gen. Assem. Senate. Criminal Law Possession of Marijuana Civil Offense. 2014
Gen. Assem. S. 364. Washington: GPO, n.d. Print.
This is a bill that has been introduced in the State of Maryland to decriminalize the
possession and use of cannabis.
O'Shaughnessy, William. "On the Preparations of the Indian Hemp, or Gunjah." 1839. MS.
Lycaeum.
This is the full article written by William O'Shaughnessy about his experience in using
cannabis, known to him as Indian hemp, as a medicine for patients in India.
Regulations Control of Marihuana. C.F.R. Print.
This is the original manuscript of the Marihuana Tax Act that made cannabis illegal. This
is after the law was voted on and passed.
Remnick, David. "Going the Distance." New Yorker 27 Jan. 2014: n. pag. Print.
This is an interview with President Barack Obama that included questions about every
policy and personal interest of the President possible. It also included a question related
to cannabis and an answer from the president which I believe was useful.
United States. Cong. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Hearings on the Marihuana Tax
Act. Testimony of Dr. William C. Woodward. 75th Cong., 2nd sess. 6385. Washington:
GPO, n.d. 87-121. Print.
This is the transcript of the conversation between the doctor representing the American
Medical Association and a Congressional committee in a hearing on the Marihuana Tax
Act.
- - -. - - -. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate. Hearings on the Controlled
Substances Act. Testimony of James O. Eastland, United States Senator, 1943-1978,
Mississippi. 93rd Cong., 2nd sess. Washington: GPO, 1974. 358-70. Print.
This is the testimony of a senator about the Controlled Substances Act who remarked that
the law is not appropriate and causes undue harm to people who are punished by it.
- - -. National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse. Marihuana: A Signal of
Misunderstanding. 92nd Cong., 2nd sess. Washington: GPO, 1972. Print.
This is the first report from the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse that
reported the commission's initial findings and recommendations.
Wagner, John. "Md. Republican Senator Allan Kittleman Says He Will Co-sponsor Bill to
Legalize Marijuana." Washington Post. Washington Post, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/md-republican-senator-allan-
kittleman-says-he-will-co-sponsor-bill-to-legalize-marijuana/2014/01/10/00928778-7a40-
11e3-af7f-13bf0e9965f6_story.html>.
This is an article about the statements of Republican senator Allan Kittleman who is
sponsoring a bill to decriminalize cannabis.
Washington, George. "George Washington to Robert Cary & Company." Letter. 20 Sept. 1765.
MS. American Memory.
This is a letter from George Washington that concerned his farm business and
instructions for what his farm should be growing and in what amounts. I cite an excerpt
that talks about growing hemp.


Weeks, George F. "The Truth about Mexico." Mexican Review 2.6 (1916): 35. Print.
This is a news journal circulated in Washington DC in the early 1900's. It was
specifically to educate Americans about Mexico and the relationship of the US to
Mexico. I am citing an article published in the journal about reasons for tensions between
Mexico and the US.
Wissman, Hermann Von. My Second Journey through Equatorial Africa from the Congo to the
Zambesi in the Years 1886 and 1887. London: Chatto and Windus, Piccadily, 1891. Print.
This is a book about the travels of a German explorer in Africa in the 1800's and his
comments on the ubiquity of cannabis use and one tribe in particular who made it
significant to their culture, the Bashilenge.













Secondary Sources
"About USP." United States Pharmacopeial Convention. United States Pharmacopeial
Convention, n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://www.usp.org/about-usp>.
This is the website of the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, the organization
which sets the standards for medicine and defines which are considered by doctors as
suitable or not. I cited their website for information about their purpose and background.
Booth, Martin. Cannabis: A History. N.p.: Picador, 2005. Print.
This is a book written about the history of cannabis and an excerpt concerning some of
the propaganda tactics that allowed the government to make cannabis illegal, such as the
association of cannabis to Mexicans, which is the information I used.
Caldwell, Leigh Ann. "Smoke Clears for Attitudes on Pot, Voters Respond." CNN. Turner
Broadcasting System, 7 Nov. 2013. Web. 3 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/07/politics/pot-legalization/>.
This is an article from CNN about the changing attitudes of individuals on cannabis after
new information that goes against previously broadcast propaganda.
CBP.gov. Department of Homeland Security, 13 Mar. 2012. Web. 16 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/about/history/did_you_know/legal_import/dyk_marijuana.
xml>.
This is the website of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection which handles all activity
at the border of the US and Mexico. One page in particular includes information about
cannabis smuggling into the US which I cited.

Ingold, John. Colorado Lawmakers Cautious on Marijuana Tax Revenue Proposals. Denver
Post, 26 Feb. 2014. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.denverpost.com/news/ci_25233026/colorado-lawmakers-cautious-
marijuana-tax-revenue-proposals>.
This is an article about the projected revenue of taxing the current legal marijuana in
Colorado.
Li, Hui-Lin. "An Archaeological and Historical Account of Cannabis in China." Economic
Botany 28.4 (1974): 437-48. Print.
This is an article about the history of cannabis in Ancient China, going back to 4000
BCE. It details its uses in various time periods in China through historical artifacts and
documents.
"MEXICO: End of an Empire." Time 7 Sept. 1953: n. pag. Print.
This is a time magazine article that gives a brief description of the life and death of
William Randolph Hearst.
Miron, Jeffrey. The Budgetary Implications of Marijuana Prohibition. N.p.: n.p., 2005. Print.
This is an analysis by economists and Harvard Economics professor Jeffrey Miron of the
budgetary effects of the criminal status of cannabis.
Murphy, Melissa. "A Brief History of Marijuana in Ancient Africa." Examiner. Health and
Fitness, 5 Dec. 2011. Web. 13 Feb. 2014. <http://www.examiner.com/article/a-brief-
history-of-marijuana-use-ancient-africa>.
This is a short article about the history of cannabis in Ancient Africa, quickly outlining
the progression of it in African culture.
Nelson, Ariel. "How Big Is the Marijuana Market?" CNBC. NBC Universal, 20 Apr. 2010. Web.
25 Feb. 2014. <http://www.cnbc.com/id/36179677>.
This is a news article from CNBC which is famous for economic analysis of the current
business market for cannabis and the varying opinions on the size and scope of it.
NORML. NORML Foundation, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. <http://norml.org/>.
This is the website of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws,
which has been compiling information and data to help change cannabis laws for about
40 years.
Rubin, Vera. Cannabis and Culture. Chicago: Mouton, 1975. Print.
This book is a compilation on the history of cannabis in various cultures throughout the
world. It includes an excerpt about its use in Africa which I cited in my website.
Schlosser, Eric. Personal interview. Dec. 1997.
This is an interview done by Frontline Magazine of PBS of an author and journalist, Eric
Schlosser, who has written and investigated cannabis law enforcement.
Zuardi, Antonio Waldo. "Histria Da Cannabis Como Medicamento: Uma Reviso" ["History of
Cannabis as a Medicine: A Review"]. Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria 28.2 (2006): n.
pag. Print.
This is an article from a medical journal in Brazil that was translated from Portuguese
into English. It goes through the history of cannabis as a medicine in the world,
beginning from Ancient China and ending at recent public law in Europe and the US.



Audiovisual Sources
"Antique Cannabis Tincture." East Coast Marijuana. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2014.
<http://eastcoastmarijuana.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/antique-cannabis-
tincture.jpg>.
This is another photograph of a cannabis tincture that was common to see in the 1900's.
"Assassin of Youth." PBH Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. <http://all-that-is-
interesting.com/20th-century-anti-marijuana-propaganda/marijuana-propaganda-assasin-
youth>.
This is a compilation of images of anti-cannabis propaganda used in the 1930's to
demonstrate how evil cannabis was. They include posters, advertisements and one book.
"At the Polls." CUNY. CUNY, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://content.answcdn.com/main/content/img/getty/7/6/52044176.jpg>.
This is an image of women campaigning for women's suffrage at a booth.
"Barack Obama." Business Insider. Business Insider, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://static2.businessinsider.com/image/51922d4e6bb3f78627000012-4601-
3451/barack-obama-194.jpg>.
This is a photograph of President Barack Obama giving a speech.
Cannabis History - Harry J. Anslinger. Dir. Ron Mann. Prod. Keith Clarkson. Youtube. Google,
n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJMeTR227h8>.
This is a video clip from the documentary "Grass: History of Marijuana." This clip is of
Harry Anslinger speaking about cannabis.

"Charles Goethe." CSUS. CSUS, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.csus.edu/cshpe/eugenics/images/goethe_photo2.jpg>.
This is an image of the writer and conservationist Charles Goethe.
"Chicago Meat Inspection." Hemp Blog. Wikimedia, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://barfblog.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/01/Chicago_meat_inspection_swift_co_19
06(1).jpg>.
An image of inspectors at a meat factory in the 1900's America in Chicago.
Chinese Character "Ma" Drawn Out. Wikipedia. Wikimedia, n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%BA%BB-order.gif>.
This is an image demonstrating how to properly write the Chinese character "Ma" which
appears to be two plants under a covering. The character means "hemp."
"Cocaine Tooth drops." Telegraph. Telegraph News, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02328/cocaine-tooth-drop_2328302k.jpg>.
This is an image of an advertisement of a medicine for tooth pain in the 1900's.
"Dario Broccolino." Baltimore Sun. Baltimore Sun, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.baltimoresun.com/media/photo/2011-08/63911602.jpg>.
This is a photograph of State's Attorney Dario Broccolino in his office in Ellicott City,
Maryland.
"Drug Bottle Containing Cannabis." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drug_bottle_containing_cannbis.jpg>.
This a bottle of a tincture of cannabis that was common in the early 1900's when doctors
could prescribe it to patients as needed.
"Eric Schlosser." Clarke Forum for Contemporary Issues: Dickinson. Clarke Forum, n.d. Web.
28 Feb. 2014. <http://clarke.dickinson.edu/wp-content/uploads/eric-schlosser.jpg>.
This is a photograph of the author Eric Schlosser.
"Growing Cannabis." United Kingdom Cannabis Social Clubs. United Kingdom Cannabis Social
Clubs, 24 Sept. 2013. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. <http://ukcsc.co.uk/wp-
content/uploads/2013/09/growing-cannabis.jpg>.
This is an image taken by a British photographer of the cannabis plant with a man with
dirt-grimed hands showing it to the photographer.
"Harry Anslinger." DrugWarRant. WordPress, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.drugwarrant.com/oldblog/images/2003/12/22/anslinger.jpg>.
This is an image of Harry Anslinger, the former director of the FBN.
"Hemp Plants." Wikipedia. Wikimedia, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/La_Roche_Jagu_chanvre_1.JPG>
.This is an image of hemp plants in a forest.
"Hemp Seeds." Guys and Good Health. Guys and Good Health, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://Guys and Good Health>.
This is an image of a person holding hemp seeds in his hands.
"Hermann Von Wissman." Kopfwelten. Kopfwelten, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.
<http://www.kopfwelten.org/kp/grafiken/fotos/personen/Wissmann1_300.jpg>.
This an image of the German explorer Hermann Von Wissman from a German historical
website.
"Howard County Sobriety Checkpoint." Baltimore Sun. Baltimore Sun, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.trbimg.com/img-50bfa3bb/turbine/ph-howard-police-to-conduct-sobriety-
checkpoin-001/600/600x455>.
This is a photograph of Howard County Police at a sobriety checkpoint.
"Indian Men Handling Hemp Product." Living Heritage. Living Heritage Trust, n.d. Web. 16
Feb. 2014. <http://livingheritage.org/hemp.htm>.
This is an illustration from an unknown source of Indian men that are sitting and passing
around cannabis, known as Gunjah to them.
King, Sidney. First General Assembly. 1950. Illustration. Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Found
for the Humanities.
This is an illustration by an artist from 1950 of the Virginia House of Burgesses.
"Konopie Dodaju Mocy Przed Walku (Polish)." Kultura. Wirtualna Polska, n.d. Web. 16 Feb.
2014. <http://kultura.wp.pl/gid,13923205,title,Rytua-kulturowy-czy-zwyczajny-
hedonizm,galeria.html?T%5Bpage%5D=9&ticaid=112374>.
This is a photo from Polish photographer of tribesmen from Africa, the Bashilenge, in
2011.
"Marihuana Tax Act." CBP. Department of Homeland Security, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://205.130.201.48/ImageCache/cgov/content/about/history/2012/legal_5fimport/dyk
_5fmarijuana2_2ejpg/v1/dyk_5fmarijuana2.jpg>.
This is an image of the front cover of the Marihuana Tax Act.

Maryland Votes to Decriminalize Marijuana. Reuters. Thomson Reuters. 6 Apr. 2014. Web. 8
Apr. 2014. <http://www.reuters.com/video/2014/04/06/maryland-votes-to-decriminalize-
marijuan?videoId=304887778>
This is video of the Reuters reporting of the passing of the Maryland cannabis
decriminalization bill by the Maryland House of Delegates.
"Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup." Talk Science. WordPress, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://qmtalksscience.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/mrs-winslow1.jpg>.
This is an image of a medicine in the 1900s for infants experiencing pain. It contained
high amount of morphine and was responsible for the death of many infants.
"Presiding Judge John Murtagh." UMKC School of Law. UMKC, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.
<http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/bruce/murtagh1.jpg>.
This is an image of the Federal Judge John Murtagh of New York. He was vocal about
Harry Anslinger.
"Prohibition Disposal." Wikipedia. Wikimedia, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/5_Prohibition_Disposal(9).jpg>.
This is a photo of men pouring alcohol onto the streets of New York as Prohibition is
passed.
"Raymond Shaffer." Map. Raymond P. Shaffer Continued Public Service. Alleghany College,
n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. <http://shafer.allegheny.edu/pictures/walkerportrait1.jpg>.
This is an image of Raymond Shaffer at and old age.
Reefer Madness: Original Trailer. Youtube. Google, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbjHOBJzhb0>.
This is a video of the original trailer of the film Reefer Madness.
"Sanjay Gupta." Celebrity Net Worth. Celebrity Net Worth, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.
<http://cdn.cnwimg.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/sanjay-gupta-net-worth-
300x300.jpg>.
This is an image of Dr. Sanjay Gupta in his medical clothes sitting at a table. He has had
an important role in medical cannabis in the past year.
"Sean Azzariti." CNN. CNN, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/dam/assets/140101162501-colorado-marijuana-0101-
horizontal-gallery.jpg>.
This is a picture taken on the first day cannabis was legal in Colorado and is of Sean
Azzariti, an Iraq War veteran who suffers from PTSD, purchasing the first ever legal
cannabis.
"Shiva, the God of Sativa." Weedist. Weedist, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.
<http://www.weedist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/shiva.jpg>.
This is a depiction of Shiva, a Hindu god, holding a cannabis leaf in his hand.
Swift, Art. "American's Views on Legalizing Marijuana." Infographic. Gallup. Gallup, 22 Oct.
2013. Web. 7 Nov. 2013. <http://www.gallup.com/poll/165539/first-time-americans-
favor-legalizing-marijuana.aspx>.
This graph is part of an article published on Gallup's website that shows how public
opinion of legalizing marijuana has changed over the past 44 years. For the first time, the
majority of people support making marijuana legal.

"Tax Stamps." CBP. Department of Homeland Security, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://205.130.201.48/ImageCache/cgov/content/about/history/2012/legal_5fimport/hire
s/dyk_5ftax_5fhires_2ejpg/v1/dyk_5ftax_5fhires.jpg>.
This an image of tax stamps issued to people who paid taxes on cannabis. It verifies that
it was paid
"Ten-Dollar Bill." Global Hemp. Global Hemp, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.globalhemp.com/wp-content/uploads/2000/05/1914-federal-reserve-note-
1.jpg>.
This a photo of a ten dollar bill from 1914 that appears to have farmers harvesting hemp
plants.
"Thomas Jefferson." Biography. About, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.biography.com/imported/images/Biography/Images/Profiles/J/Thomas-
Jefferson-9353715-1-402.jpg>.
This is an image of a painting of Thomas Jefferson.
"William Buckley." TIME. Time Magazine, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://img.timeinc.net/time/photoessays/2008/william_buckley/william_buckley_01.jpg>.
This is a photograph of William Buckley at a younger age.
"William C Woodward." Amazon. Amazon, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. <http://ecx.images-
amazon.com/images/I/51Ftvcf-b2L._SY450_.jpg>. This is a portrait of William C
Woodward, who was a doctor and American Medical Association representative.
"William OShaughnessy." Wikipedia. Wikimedia, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/William_Brooke_O%E2%80%99
Shaughnessy_1.jpg>.
This is a photo of a drawing of William OShaughnessy.
"William Randolph Hearst." Wikipedia. Wikimedia, n.d. Web. 8 Mar. 2014.
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/William_Randolph_Hearst_cph_
3a49373.jpg>.
This is a photograph of the businessman William Randolph Hearst who owned a chain of
newspapers in the mid 1900's.
"Women's Suffrage Cartoon." Enduring Visions. Tangient, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.
<http://enduringvisions.wikispaces.com/file/view/The%20Awakening%20Suffragist%20
Cartoon.jpg/369865880/560x381/The%20Awakening%20Suffragist%20Cartoon.jpg>.
This is an image of a cartoon of a women giving suffrage to all of the US.
"Yangshao Hemp-cord marked Amphora, Banpo Phase 4800 BCE, Shaanxi." Wikipedia.
Wikimedia, n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YangshaoCordmarkedAmphoraBanpoPhase4800BCE
Shaanxi.jpg>.
This is a photo of a piece of art on display in a museum in Paris. It comes from Ancient
China and has evidence that a tool made of hemp was used on the piece of art when it
was molded.