G2

T2

L7

G3

T3
G4
L6

T4

T5

S2
G5

Fig.1. Schema iniial

Datele initiale
Parametrii generatoarelor

PnG4 50 MW

PnG5 50 MW

PnG3 55 MW

PnG2 55 MW

UnG4 10.5kV

UnG5 10.5kV

UnG3 10.5kV

UnG2 10.5kV

cos G4 0.8

cos G5 0.8

cos G3 0.8

cos G2 0.8

x'dG4 0.1786

x'dG5 0.1786

x'dG3 0.182

x'dG2 0.182

x''dG4 0.1336

x''dG5 0.1336

x''dG3 0.123

x''dG2 0.123

x2G4 0.163

x2G5 0.163

x2G3 0.15

x2G2 0.15

xdG4 0.91

xdG5 0.91

xdG3 1.73

xdG2 1.73

xqG4 0.53

xqG5 0.53

xqG3 1.73

xqG2 1.73

PnG4
7
SnG4
6.25 10 W
cos G4

PnG5
7
SnG5
6.25 10 W
cos G5

PnG3
7
SnG3
6.875 10 W
cos G3

PnG2
7
SnG2
6.875 10 W
cos G2

Parametrii transformatoarelor
6

SnT 4 40 10 V A

SnT 2 80 10 V A

SnT 5 40 10 V A

SnT 3 80 10 V A

uscT4 10.5

uscT2 10.5

uscT5 10.5

uscT3 10.5

UiT4 115kV

UiT2 115kV

UiT5 115kV

UiT3 115kV

UjT4 10.5kV

UjT2 10.5kV

UjT5 10.5kV

UjT3 10.5kV

UiT4
kT4
10.952
UjT4

UiT2
kT2
10.952
UjT2

UiT5
kT5
10.952
UjT5

UiT3
kT3
10.952
UjT3

Parametrii liniilor

x0 0.4
km

L7 10km

L6 32km

Parametrii sarcinilor
2

sin 1 cos 0.527

cos 0.85
6

SnS2 90 10 V A

UnS2 10.5kV
7

PS2 SnS2 cos 7.65 10 W

2

QS2 SnS2 1 cos 4.741 10 W

Us 1

Xt11

Xg 14
*

E2
Xw10
Xt12

Xg 13
*

E3

Xg 9
Xw 6

Xt 7

E4*

Xt8

Xt1

RS4

Xt3

XS 5

Xg2

E5*

Fig. 2 Schema echivalenta

Calculul parametrilor retelei in unitati absolute

2

UnG5

xG2 xdG5
1.605
SnG5
2

UnG4

xG9 xdG4
1.605
SnG4
2

UnG2

xG14 xdG2
2.774
SnG2
2

UnG3

xG13 xdG3
2.774
SnG3
2

uscT4 UiT4
xT1

34.716
100 SnT4

xT7 xT1 34.716

xT8 xT1 34.716

xT3 xT1 34.716

uscT3 UiT3
xT11

17.358
100 SnT 3
xT12 xT11 17.358

xL10 x0 L7 4
xL6 x0 L6 12.8
UnS2

xS5
QS2

UnS2

2.325

RS5
PS2

1.441

Calculul parametrilor schemei aduse la aceeasi tensiune

2

xG2 xG2 kT4 192.556

2

xG9 xG9 kT3 192.556

2

xG14 xG14 kT2 332.789

2

xG13 xG13 kT2 332.789

2

xS5 xS5 kT2 278.947

2

RS2 RS5 kT2 172.876

Aducerea la unitatile de baza

6

Sb 100 10 V A

Ub 115kV
x1 xT1

Sb
Ub

x7 x1

zb
132.25
Sb

0.262

x3 x1
Sb

x11 xT11

Ub

Ub

x8 x1

0.131

x12 x11
x10 xL10

Sb
Ub

0.03

x5

Us Sb

2.109
QS2
Sb
x2 xG2
1.456
2
Ub

R4

Us Sb
PS2

1.307

x9 x2

Sb

x6 xL6

Ub
x14 xG14

0.097

Sb
Ub

2.516

x13 x14
SnG4
SG4
0.625
Sb

PnG4
PG4
0.5
Sb

SnG2
SG2
0.688
Sb

SnG5
SG5
0.625
Sb

PnG5

SnG3
SG3
0.688
Sb

PG5
Sb

0.5

Xt11
0.131

PnG2
PG2
0.55
Sb
PnG3
PG3
0.55
Sb

Xg 14
2.51
*

E2
Xw10
0.03

Xt12

Xg 13

0.131

2.51
*

E3

Xw 6

Xt 7

0.096

0.262

Xg 9
1.456
E4*

Xt8
0.262

Xt1

Xt3

0.262

0.262

RS4
1.3

XS 5
2.135

Xg2
1.456

E5*

Fig.3 Schema echivalenta a sistemului

5

Transfigurarea schemei echivalente

x15 x14 x11 2.648
x16 x12 x13 2.648
x8 x7
x17 x9
1.587
x8 x7
x16 x17
x18
0.992
x16 x17
x1 x3
x19
0.131
x1 x3

x20 x19 x6 0.228

x21 x15 x10 2.678

X 21
2.67

E2
X 20
0.228

X 18
0.992

E3*

R4
1.3

X5
2.135

X2
1.456

E5*
Fig. 4 Schema echivalenta transfigurata

Metoda curentilor unitari

Curentul unitar din partea G5

pentru G3

X 21
*

2.67

E2

X 18

X 20

0.992

0.228

E3*

X5
2.135

R4
1.3

X2
1.456

I=1A
E5*
Fig. 5 Schema echivalenta in consideratie ca curentul la G5 este unitar

I2 1
U2 I2 j x2 1.456i
U2
I5
0.69
j x5
U2
I4
1.114i
R4

I20 I5 I4 I2 1.69 1.114i

U3 U2 I20 j x20 0.254 1.841i
U3
I21
0.688 0.095i
j x21

I18 I20 I21 2.378 1.209i

EG3 U3 I18 j x18 1.453 4.201i

y33

y53

I18
EG3

1
EG3

Imy33 180
82.14

Rey33

y33 atan

0.082 0.594i

y33 0.6

0.074 0.213i

Im y53 180
70.917
y53 0.225 y53 atan

Re y53

33 90 y33 7.86

53 90 y53 19.083

Pentru G2
X 21

X 20
0.228

2.67

E2

X 18
0.992

E3*

R4
1.3

X5

X2
1.456

2.135

I=1A
E5*
Fig. 6 Schema echivalenta in consideratie ca curentul la G2 este unitar
I2 1
U2 I2 j x2 1.456i
U2
I5
0.69
i x5
U2
I4
1.114i
R4

I20 I5 I4 I2 1.69 1.114i

U3 U2 I20 j x20 0.254 1.841i
U3
I18
1.856 0.256i
ix18

I21 I20 I18 3.546 1.37i

EG2 U3 I21 j x21 3.922 11.337i
y22

y52

I21
EG2

1
EG2

0.011 0.317i

Imy52 180
y52 atan
70.917

Rey52

Im y22 180
87.962
y22 0.317 y22 atan

Re y22

0.027 0.079i y52 0.083

22 90 y22 2.038

52 90 y52 19.083

Curentul unitar din partea G3

Pentru G2

X 21
*

2.67

E2

X 18

X 20

0.992

0.228

E3*

I=1A
X5

R4
1.3

X2
1.456

2.135

E5*
Fig. 7 Schema echivalenta in consideratie ca curentul la G3 este unitar
I18 1
U3 I18 j x18 0.992i
I20

U3
j x20

0.975 0.466i

1
1
x2i

1
x5i

1
R4

I21 I20 I18 1.975 0.466i

EG2 U3 I21 j x21 1.247 6.281i

Pentru G5
y22

y32

I21
EG2

1
EG2

0.011 0.317i

0.03 0.153i

Imy32 180
y32 atan
78.77

Rey32

Im y22 180
87.962
y22 0.317 y22 atan

Re y22
y32 0.156

22 90 y22 2.038

32 90 y32 11.23

X 21
2.67

0.228

X 20

E2

X 18
0.992

E3*

I=1A
R4
1.3

X5
2.135

X2
1.456

E5*
Fig. 8 Schema echivalenta in consideratie ca curentul la G3 este unitar
I18 1
U3 I18 j x18 0.992i
U3
I21
0.371
j x21

I20 I21 I18 1.371

U2 U3 I20 j x20 1.305i
U2
I5
0.619
j x5
U2
I4
0.998i
R4
I2 I4 I5 I20 1.989 0.998i

EG5 U2 I2 j x2 1.453 4.201i

y55

y35

I2
EG5
1

EG5

0.066 0.496i

0.074 0.213i

Im y55 180
82.435 55 90 y55 7.565
y55 0.501 y55 atan

Re y55

Im
y

35 180
y35 0.225
y35 atan
70.917 35 90 y35 19.083

Re y35

10

Curentul unitar din partea G2

Pentru G5

X 21

X 18

X 20

2.67

E2

I=1A

0.992

0.228

E 3*

R4
1.3

X5
2.135

X2
1.456

E5*
Fig. 9 Schema echivalenta in consideratie ca curentul la G2 este unitar
I21 1
U3 I21 j x21 2.678i
U3
I18
2.699
j x18

I20 I18 I21 3.699

U2 U3 I20 j x20 3.521i
U3
I5
1.27
j x5
U3
I4
2.049i 3
R4

I2 I4 I5 I20 4.968 2.049i

EG5 U2 I2 j x2 2.983 10.755i

y55

y25

I2
EG5

1
EG5

Imy55 180
83.092

Rey55

55 90 y55 6.908

Imy25 180
74.499

Rey25

25 90 y25 15.501

0.058 0.478i

y55 0.481

y55 atan

0.024 0.086i

y25 0.09

y25 atan

11

Pentru G3

X 21

X 18

X 20

2.67

E2

I=1A

0.992

0.228

E 3*

X5

R4
1.3

X2
1.456

2.135

E5*
Fig. 10 Schema echivalenta in consideratie ca curentul la G2 este unitar

I21 1
U3 I21 j x21 2.678i
I20

U3
j x20

2.631 1.257i

1
1
ix2

1
x5i

1
R4

I18 I21 I20 3.631 1.257i

EG3 U3 I18 j x18 1.247 6.281i

y33

y23

I18
EG3

1
EG3

Imy33 180
82.14

Rey33

y33 atan

0.082 0.594i

y33 0.6

0.03 0.153i

Im y23 180
78.77
y23 0.156 y23 atan

Re y23

33 90 y33 7.86

23 90 y23 11.23

12

Generatorul 5
Ps PG5 0.5
sin
Qs PG5
0.31
cos
Ss Ps j Qs 0.5 0.31i
Ssc Ps j Qs 0.5 0.31i
Ssc
Is
0.5 0.31i
Is 0.588
Us
Im Is 180
atan
31.788

Re Is

xd x2 1.456
xd x2 1.456
xs xd xd 0
2

UnG5 cos kT5

xq xqG5

0.901
PnG5
zb

xq xq xs 0.901

UnG5 cos kT5

x'd x'dG5

0.304
PnG5
zb

x'd x'd xs 0.304

Ug Us jIs xs 1

180

Im Ug
s atan
Re Ug

Eq Us j Is xd 1.451 0.728i

Eq1 Eq 1.624

ImEq 180
26.641

ReEq

atan

E' Us j Is x'd 1.094 0.152i

' at an

Im( E') 180

7.9

Re( E')

13

 ' 18.742

g s

E'q Eq cos
1.537
180

Us 1

1) Generator cu poli aparenti:

PT

Eq1 Us
xd

sin

180

PT 0.5

0 10 180

P( )

Eq1 Us
xd

2 x x
Us d q sin 2

180
2 xd xq
180

sin

P'( )

Eq1 Us
xd

sin

180

P''( )

Us

2 x x
d
q

xd xq

sin 2

180

p
Pn 0

14

P( )

1.2

0
0.266

1.04

0.517

0.88

0.741

P( ) 0.72

0.925
1.063
1.149
1.184

Pn

0.56

PT

0.4

P'( )

1.17

0.24

P''( )

1.115
1.026

0.08

0.912

0.08

0.782

0.24

0.646
0.508

0.4

...

10

20

30

50

60

70

80

90

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

PEmax 1.184

Rezerva de putere:

Eq1 Us
xd

sin

PEmax PT
PEmax

0.578

2) Generator cu poli inecati:

PT

40

PT 0.5

180

0 10 180

P( )

E'q Us
x'd

sin

sin

2 x x'

d

Us d
sin 2

2 xd x'd
180
180

p
P'( )

E'q Us
x'd

180

P''( )

Us

2 x x'
d
d

xd x'd

sin 2

180

p
Pn 0

15

P( )
0

5.111

0.434
0.894

4.222

1.403

P ( )

1.971
2.595

Pn

3.257

PT

3.921

3.333
2.444

P'( ) 1.556

4.541

P''( )

5.064

0.667

5.433
0.222

5.596
5.514

1.111

5.163
4.539

...

10

20

30

40 50

60 70 80

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

PEmax 5.596

Rezerva de putere:

PEmax PT
PEmax

0.911

Generatorul 2
Ps PG2 0.55
sin
Qs PG2
0.341
cos
Ss Ps j Qs 0.55 0.341i
Ssc Ps j Qs 0.55 0.341i
Ssc
Is
0.55 0.341i
Us
Im Is 180
atan
31.788

Re Is

Is 0.647

xd x21 2.678
xd x14 2.516
xs xd xd 0.161

16

UnG2 cos kT2

xq xqG2

2.674
PnG2
zb

xq xq xs 2.835
2

UnG2 cos kT2

x'd x'dG2

0.281
PnG2
zb

x'd x'd xs 0.443

Ug Us jIs xs 1.055 0.089i

180

4.812

Im Ug
s atan
Re Ug

Eq Us j Is xd 1.913 1.473i

Eq2 Eq 2.414

ImEq 180
37.596

ReEq

atan

E' Us j Is x'd 1.151 0.244i

' at an

Im( E') 180

11.947

Re( E')

' 25.649

g s

E'q Eq cos
2.176
180

1) Fara reglarea curentului de excitatie:

PT

Eq2 Us
xd

sin

0.55

180

0 10 180

P( )

Eq2 Us
xd

sin

180

17

P( )

0.875

0
0.157

0.75

0.308
0.451

0.625

0.579

P ( )

0.691

0.5

PT

0.781
0.847

0.375

0.888
0.902

0.25

0.888
0.847

0.125

0.781
0.691

0.579

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

...

PEmax 0.902

Rezerva de putere:

PEmax PT
PEmax

0.39

2) Generator cu poli inecati:

g
PT

Eq2 Us
xd

sin

E'q Us

sin

sin

180

PT 0.55

0 10 180

P( )

x'd

2 x x'

d

Us d
sin 2

2 xd x'd
180
180

P'( )

E'q Us
x'd

180

P''( )

p
p

Us

2 x x'
d
d

xd x'd

sin 2

180

18

Pn 0

P( )
0
0.531

1.075
1.641

P ( )

2.231
2.837

Pn
3

3.44

PT

4.013

P'( ) 2

4.518

P''( )

4.915
5.163

5.224
5.073

4.693
4.088

...

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

PEmax 5.224

Rezerva de putere:

PEmax PT

0.907

PEmax

3) Mentinerea Ugq constant:

Ugq Ug cos g
0.89
180

Ugq Us

xd
Us

sin

sin 2

180
2
x

x
180

d s

0 10 180

P( )

xs

P'( )

Ugq Us

sin

xs

180

P''( )

Us
2

xd
xd xs

sin 2

180

Pn 0

19

P( )
0

-0.038
0.015

6.667

0.236

5.333

0.678
1.357

Pn

2.254

P( ) 2.667

3.309

P'( )

4.433

P''( )

5.512
6.423
7.05

1.333
0

1.333

7.293

2.667

7.087

6.408

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120130 140 150 160 170 180

...

PEmax 7.293

PEmax PT
PEmax

0.933

Generatorul 3
Ps PG3 0.55
sin
Qs PG3
0.341
cos
Ss Ps j Qs 0.55 0.341i
Ssc Ps j Qs 0.55 0.341i
Ssc
Is
0.55 0.341i
Us
Im Is 180
atan
31.788

Re Is

Is 0.647

xd x16 2.648
xd x13 2.516
xs xd xd 0.131

20

UnG3 cos kT3

xq xqG3

2.674
PnG3
zb

xq xq xs 2.805
2

UnG3 cos kT3

x'd x'dG3

0.281
PnG3
zb

x'd x'd xs 0.413

Ug Us jIs xs 1.045 0.072i

180

3.953

Im Ug
s atan
Re Ug

Eq Us j Is xd 1.902 1.456i

Eq3 Eq 2.396

ImEq 180
37.431

ReEq

atan

E' Us j Is x'd 1.141 0.227i

' at an

Im( E') 180

11.25

Re( E')

' 26.181

g s

E'q Eq cos
2.15
180

1) Fara reglarea curentului de excitatie:

PT

Eq3 Us
xd

sin

0.55

180

0 10 180

P( )

Eq3 Us
xd

sin

180

21

P( )

0.875

0
0.157

0.75

0.309
0.452

0.625

0.582

P ( )

0.693

0.5

PT

0.784
0.85

0.375

0.891
0.905

0.25

0.891
0.85

0.125

0.784
0.693

0.582

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

...

PEmax 0.905

Rezerva de putere:

PEmax PT
PEmax

0.392

2) Generator cu poli inecati:

g
PT

Eq3 Us
xd

sin

PT 0.499

180

0 10 180

P( )

E'q Us
x'd

sin

2 x x'

d

Us d
sin 2

2 xd x'd
180
180

P'( )

E'q Us

sin

x'd

180

P''( )

p
p

Pn 0

Us

2 x x'
d
d

xd x'd

sin 2

180

22

P( )
0
0.555

4.857

1.125
1.72

3.714

P ( )

2.342
2.985

Pn
2.571

3.627

PT

4.24

P'( ) 1.429

4.783

P''( )

5.212
5.483

0.286

5.555
5.4

0.857

5
4.358

...

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

PEmax 5.555

Rezerva de putere:

PEmax PT

0.91

PEmax

3) Mentinerea Ugq constant:

Ugq Ug cos g
0.873
180

Ugq Us

xd
Us

sin

sin 2

2 xd xs
180
180

0 10 180

P( )

xs

P'( )

Ugq Us
xs

sin

180

P''( )

Us
2

xd
xd xs

sin 2

180

Pn 0

23

P( )
0

10

-0.083
-0.051

8.444

0.192

6.889

0.712
1.532

Pn

5.333

2.628

P( ) 3.778

3.926

P'( )

5.316

P''( )

6.655
7.792
8.581

2.222
0.667

0.889

8.899

2.444

8.664

7.844

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120130 140 150 160 170 180

...

PEmax 8.899

PEmax PT
PEmax

0.944

Eq5 1.624

y55 0.481

55 6.908

y52 0.083

52 19.083

Eq2 2.414

y22 0.317

22 2.038

y53 0.225

53 19.083

y33 0.6

33 7.86

y23 0.156

23 11.23

Eq3 2.396

24

Diagrama dependentei P5 de 52

52 0 10
180

P5 52

2
p y55 Eq5 sin 55
y52 Eq5 Eq2 sin 52 52

180
180

P5 52
0.046
0.5

0.101
0.158

0.438

0.215
0.269

0.375

0.321
0.367

0.313

0.406
0.438
0.461
0.475
0.479
0.473
0.458
0.433
...

P5 52 0.25
0.188

0.125

0.063

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

52

25

Diagrama dependentei P5 de 53
53 0 10
180

P5 53

2
p y55 Eq5 sin 55
y53 Eq5 Eq3 sin 53 53

180
180

P5 53
-0.133
1.2

0.015
0.167

1.025

0.318
0.465

0.85

0.602
0.726

0.675

0.832
0.917
0.98
1.017
1.028
1.012
0.97
0.903
...

P5 53

0.5
0.325

0.15
0.025
0.2

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

53

26

Diagrama dependentei P2 de 52
52 0 10
180

P2 52

2
p y22 Eq2 sin 22
y52 Eq5 Eq2 sin 52 52

180
180

P2 52
-0.041
0.2

-0.093
-0.14

0.137

-0.181
-0.215

0.075

-0.24
-0.255

0.012

-0.261
-0.257
-0.243
-0.22
-0.188
-0.148
-0.102
-0.051
...

P2 52 0.05
0.113
0.175
0.238
0.3

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

52

27

Diagrama dependentei P2 de 23
23 0 10
180

P2 23

2
p y22 Eq2 sin 22
y23 Eq2 Eq3 sin 23 23

180
180

P2 23
-0.11
1

0.046
0.203

0.85

0.356
0.5

0.7

0.631
0.745

0.55

0.838
0.908
0.952
0.969
0.958
0.921
0.857
0.77
...

P2 23

0.4

0.25

0.1
0.05
0.2

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

23

28

Diagrama dependentei P3 de 53
53 0 10
180

P3 53

2
p y33 Eq3 sin 33
y53 Eq5 Eq3 sin 53 53

180
180

P3 53
0.185
0.8

0.046
-0.081

0.625

-0.19
-0.28

0.45

-0.346
-0.388

0.275

-0.404
-0.393
-0.356
-0.294
-0.208
-0.102
0.021
0.159
...

P3 53

0.1

0.075
0.25
0.425
0.6

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

53

29

Diagrama dependentei P3 de 23
23 0 10
180

P3 23

2
p y33 Eq3 sin 33
y23 Eq2 Eq3 sin 23 23

180
180

P3 23
0.295
0.8

0.144
2.77510 -3

0.625

-0.124
-0.233

0.45

-0.321
-0.384

0.275

-0.422
-0.432
-0.415
-0.371
-0.301
-0.208
-0.095
0.036
...

P3 23

0.1

0.075
0.25
0.425
0.6

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

23

30