Low Pik Koon (0310365)

FORUM 4: Online Discussion

Date: 12 May 2014
Time: 12.15 3.15pm
Answer one question only.

2. Discuss the three (3) elements of citizenship according to T.H Marshall.
The three elements of citizenship according to T.H Marshall are:
i. Civil citizenship
Civil citizenship includes civil rights, such as the right to free speech, thought
and the right to own property. Civil rights include the ensuring of peoples'
physical and mental integrity, life and safety, protection from discrimination on
grounds such as race, gender, national origin, colour, sexual orientation,
ethnicity, religion, or disability and individual rights such as privacy, the
freedoms of thought and conscience, speech and expression, religion, the press,
assembly and movement.

ii. Political citizenship
The political rights refer to the enfranchisement of the individual. Political
citizenship includes the right to participate in politics, as a voter and as an office
holder. Political rights include natural justice (procedural fairness) in law, such
as the rights of the accused, including the right to a fair trial; due process; the
right to seek redress or a legal remedy; and rights of participation in civil society
and politics such as freedom of association, the right to assemble, the right to
petition, the right of self-defence, and the right to vote.

iii. Social citizenship
According to Marshall, social citizenship includesthe whole range from the right
to a modicum of economic welfare and security to the right to share to the full in
the social heritage and to live the life of a civilized being according to the
standards prevailing in society. The social rights also refer to the right to
adequate socioeconomic and welfare provision and the right to social inclusion.
Moreover, social citizenship also may be interpreted as consisting of
entitlements to social benefits, particularly health care, income security and
housing.