7.

,


,
,
.

7.

, :
,
Arrhenius.
,
BrnstedLowry.

Lewis.
-.
.
.
, .
Lewis.

2
Lewis.

7.

.

.

.

.

.

.
.

7.

Lewis





Arrhenius
BrnstedLowry

7.

Lewis

Lewis

7.
Ebbing: 15
7.1
7.2 Arrhenius
7.3 Brnsted Lowry
7.4

7.5

7.6

Lewis

 ( )
, .

,
.

.

.

. ,

.
,
, .
7

 ()
Arrhenius ( )

+ .

.

,
.
.., ,
Arrhenius

. :
HCl(aq) + NH3(aq) NH4Cl(aq)
8

 ()


, C66. 4Cl
:
HCl() + NH3() NH4Cl(s)

, .
Cl 3
,
,
Arrhenius '
.
9

 ()
HCl
3

,

,

.
Cl(g) + 3(g) 4Cl(s)
10

 Arrhenius
Arrhenius ,
, ,
3+(aq).
,
+(aq) 3+(aq)
+(aq) .
+ ()
.

, 3+ :

H+

O
H

O
H

11

 Arrhenius
, 3+,
.




.

94+

.
12

 Arrhenius
Arrhenius ,
, ,
(aq).


:
2(A) + 2(A) U 3+(aq) + (aq)

.

13

 Arrhenius
Arrhenius,

3+(aq) . .. , Cl4
Cl4(aq) + 2(A) 3+(aq) + ClO4(aq)
: H2SO4, HI, HBr, HCl, HNO3

.

.
..,
CH3COOH(aq) + 2(A) U CH3COO(aq) + 3+(aq)
14

 Arrhenius

.
.. , NaOH:

NaOH(s)

H2O

Na+(aq) + OH (aq)

: LiOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2

.

.
..,
H3(aq) + 2(A) U 4+(aq) + (aq)
15

 Arrhenius


.
,
.

.
,
, ,
, ..
2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)

CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(A)

16

 Arrhenius


.
, Ca(OH)2 Ca2+
HCl Cl.
Ca2+ Cl (CaCl2).

2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + Ca2+(aq) + 2OH(aq)
2Cl(aq) + Ca2+(aq) + 2H2O(A)
Cl(aq) Ca2+(aq)
2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) 2H2O(A)

17
( ) .

 7.1



;
() BaHNO2,
() Ba(NO3)2,
() Ba(OH)2,
() Ba(NO2)2,
() BaNO2
Ba(OH)2
2.
,

(),
+ () + 2
18

 7.1
:
Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2HNO2(aq) Ba(NO2)2(aq) + 2H2O(A)
()
() () , ()
() .

19

 Brnsted-Lowry
Brnsted-Lowry (-L):
.
:
.
:
3+(aq) + Cl(aq) + 3(aq) H2O(A) + 4+(aq) + Cl(aq)

H 3O+ (aq) + NH3(aq)

H2O(A) + NH4+ (aq)

-L

H Cl() + NH3()

4Cl(s)

20

 Brnsted-Lowry
,

. .. 3 2.

NH3(aq) + H 2O(A)

N H 4+ (aq) + OH (aq)

4+ 3
.

, ,
.
,
.
4+ 3 3
21
4+.

 Brnsted-Lowry
3+ + 3 U 2 + 4+

+
3 +

+
2

4+

, +, 3+
3.
,

.
22

 Brnsted-Lowry
:
,
.
( ):
,
, .
.., Al2O3, ,
. , Al2O3
.
:

NH3(aq) + H 2O(A)

CH3COO H (aq) + H 2O(A)

N H 4+ (aq) + OH (aq)

CH3COO (aq) + H3O+23

(aq)

 7.2




HBr(aq):
H2S, SO2, HSO3, H2CO3, 2

, Brnsted
Lowry.
H2S H2CO3: + .
S2 +
HSO3 + ().
2 + .
HSO3 :

HSO3(aq) + OH(aq) SO32(aq) + H2O(A)

HSO3 : HSO3(aq) + HBr(aq) H2SO3(aq) + Br(aq)

24

 Brnsted-Lowry

-L Arrhenius;
1. .
.
2. ,
.
3.
.
4.
, .
25



.
, ,
.

Cl(aq) + H2O(A) U H3O+(aq) + Cl(aq)

Cl , 3+.
, 2
Cl.
Cl
.
26



:
1. ,

.
2. ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
27


HClO4
H2SO4
HI
HBr
HCl
HNO3
H3O+
H3PO4
HNO2
HF
CH3COOH
H2CO3
H 2S
NH3
H2

ClO4
HSO4
I
Br
Cl
NO3
H 2O
H2PO4
NO2
F
CH3COO
HCO3
HS
NH2
H

28

 7.3


- Brnsted-Lowry


.
() H2SO4(aq) + NH3(aq) U NH4+(aq) + HSO4(aq)
() H3PO4(aq) + NO3(aq)

HNO3(aq) + H2PO4(aq)

()
().
,
(
).
29

 7.3
:
O1

B2

O2

B1

() H2SO4(aq) + NH3(aq)

NH4+(aq) + HSO4(aq)

() H3PO4(aq) + NO3(aq)

HNO3(aq) + H2PO4(aq)

(
),
( 15.2):
() NH4+ < H2SO4

() H3PO4 < HNO3

30


HCl , (
)

, .. .
:
CH3COOH + CH3COOH U CH3COOH2+ + CH3COO

,
:
+ + CH3COOH U CH3COOH2+
Cl :
HCl + CH3COOH U CH3COOH2+ + Cl
HI + CH3COOH U CH3COOH2+ + I
> Cl


3 + 3 U 4+ + 2

31


: , n, (.. Cl, HBr, 2S)
(.. 3, ClO4)

n:
() ,

() ,
.
,
,
.
, .

.

.
32


..
,
.
.., ,
,

,
.
, 7,
HF < HCl < HBr < HI
3 , PH3, H2S HCl,
PH3 < H2S < HCl
33


: ()mOn
,
Z.

.

Z.
Z ,
.

34


:
() ()mOn, n Z.
Z.
.., HClO > HBrO > HIO
() ()mOn, n.
,
, n.
..,
HClO, HClO2, HClO3, ClO4
HCl, HCl, HCl2, HCl3,
HCl < HCl < HCl2 < HCl3
!!
, ,
,
.
35

 7.4


;
() 3, 3,
() 3As4, 3As3,

() , 2Te,
() S4, Se4

() S3, 2S3,

,


.



-
..
36

 7.4
()mOn, n Z,
Z
()mOn, n,
n.
,
() PH3 > 3 (, , , > )
() HI > 2Te (, , Te , > Te)
() H2SO3 > S3 ( +
H2SO3
S3)
() H3AsO4 > 3As3 ( , 3As4
)
() HSO4 > Se4 ( H2SO4 > 2Se4, ,
, S > Se)
37



2.
.
.
.
.

.

38

1A

2A

3A

4A

5A

6A

7A

Li2O

BeO

B2O3

CO2

N2O5

OF2

Na2O

MgO Al2O3

SiO2

P4O10 SO3

Cl2O7

K2O

CaO

Ga2O3 GeO2 As2O5 SeO3 Br2O7

Rb2O

SrO

In2O3

SnO2 Sb2O5 TeO3 I2O7

Cs2O

BaO

Tl2O3

PbO2 Bi2O5

PoO3 At2O7

.
(), (),
39
()



( )
+ ()
Na2O(s) + H2O(A) 2NaOH(aq)

( )
+
SO3(A) + H2O(A) H2SO4(aq)
( )
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(A)
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(A) 2NaAl(OH)4(aq)
,
.. C,
40



()
ZnO(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2O(A)
ZnO(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + H2O(A) Na2Zn(OH)4(aq)
() ( )
CrO3(A) + H2O(A) H2CrO4(aq)
Mn2O7(A) + H2O(A) 2HMnO4(aq)

41

 7.5

:
() N2O5(s) + H2O(A)
() MgO(s) + CH3COOH(aq)
() Rb2O(s) + HNO3(aq)
() V2O5(s) + NaOH(aq)
:
(1) ( ) + 2
(2) ( ) + + 2
(3) ( ) +
(4) ( ) + 2
(5) ( ) + + 2
42

 7.5
() N2O5(s) + H2O(A) 2HNO3(aq)

( 1)

() MgO(s) + 2CH3COOH(aq) Mg(CH3COO)2(aq) + H2O(A)

( 5)
() Rb2O(s) + 2HNO3(aq) 2RbNO3(aq) + H2O(A)
( 5)
() V2O5(s) + 6NaOH(aq) 2Na3VO4(aq) + 3H2O(A)
( 2)
( V2O5 H3VO4)
43

 Lewis

-L;
Na2O(s) + SO3(g) Na2SO4(s)
Lewis

,
.
:
Lewis
.
Lewis

.
44

 Lewis

H
H+ +

( Lewis)

H
H

( Lewis)

O
O

( Lewis)

O
O

O

( Lewis)

S
O

Na2O SO3
2

Na2O
45

 Lewis
Lewis
,

F
F

+ 6 O

( Lewis)

( Lewis)

( Lewis)

Al 3+

H

( Lewis)

Al O

3+
6

!!




Lewis
46

 7.6
Lewis
Lewis
.
Lewis.
() BF3 + CH3OH F3BO(H)CH3
() O2 + CO2 CO32
() BF3 sp2 ,
2p e
CH3OH:

F
F

B
F

Lewis

CH3

H

Lewis

CH3

47

 7.6
() C2
(+ ) C
2 :

O
O

Lewis

Lewis

O
H

C
O

48