5. 16.

14 MARSHALL TESTS OF BI TUMI NOUS MI XES

( Kansas Test Met hod KT- 14)


a. SCOPE

Thi s met hod of t est cover s t he pr ocedur es f or t est i ng bi t umi nous
mi xes t o det er mi ne:

a.1. Opt i mumAsphal t Cont ent .

a.2. Densi t y Char act er i st i cs, i ncl udi ng voi ds cont ent .

a.3. St abi l i t y Char act er i st i cs, i ncl udi ng r esi st ance t o pl ast i c
f l ow and f l ow pr oper t i es.

a.4. Thi s met hod i s l i mi t ed t o mi xes cont ai ni ng asphal t cement and
cont ai ni ng aggr egat e havi ng a maxi mumsi ze of 25 mm( 1 i n) . KT- 14
r ef l ect s t est i ng pr ocedur es f ound i n AASHTO T 245 and T 269.


b. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

b.1. KT- 15; Bul k Speci f i c Gr avi t y and Uni t Wei ght of Compact ed
Bi t umi nous Mi xt ur es

b.2. KT- 57; Det er mi nat i on of Asphal t Cont ent and Gr adat i on of Hot
Mi x Asphal t Concr et e by t he I gni t i on Met hod

b.3. KT- 58; Met hod f or Pr epar i ng and Det er mi ni ng t he Densi t y of
Hot Mi x Asphal t ( HMA) Speci mens by Means of t he
Super pave Gyr at or y Compact or

b.4. AASHTO M 231; Bal ances Used i n Test i ng of Mat er i al s

b.5. AASHTO T 245; Resi st ance t o Pl ast i c Fl ow of Bi t umi nous
Mi xt ur es Usi ng Mar shal l Appar at us

b.6. AASHTO T 269; Per cent Ai r Voi ds i n Compact ed Dense and Open
Bi t umi nous Pavi ng Mi xt ur es

b.7. ASTM D 1559; Test Met hod f or Resi st ance t o Pl ast i c Fl ow of
Bi t umi nous Mi xt ur es Usi ng Mar shal l Appar at us


02-98
Page 1/11 5.16.14 KT-14
c. APPARATUS

c.1. Speci men Mol d Assembl y: A cyl i ndr i cal mol d havi ng an i nsi de
di amet er of 101. 6 + 0. 25 mm ( 4. 000 + 0. 010 i n)
1
and a l engt h of
appr oxi mat el y 90 mm( 3 7/ 16 i n) . The mol d i s open at each end and
i s equi pped wi t h a r emovabl e col l ar and a base pl at e about 15 mm
( 9/ 16 i n) i n t hi ckness. A mi ni mumof t hr ee mol ds i s r ecommended.

c.2. Compact i on Hammer : The compact i on hammer consi st s of a
hammer havi ng a f l at ci r cul ar t ampi ng f ace, 98. 4 mm( 3 7/ 8 i n) i n
di amet er , and appr opr i at e ext ensi on r od wi t h handl e whi ch act s as
gui de f or a f r ee f al l i ng wei ght . The wei ght shal l wei gh 4, 536 +
18 g ( 10 + 0. 04 l b) and have a f r ee f al l of 457. 2 + 2. 5 mm( 18 +
0. 1 i n) . The hammer may be oper at ed manual l y or be dr i ven wi t h a
mot or . Two compact i on hammer s ar e r ecommended.

c.3. Compact i on Pedest al : The compact i on pedest al i s a wood bl ock
appr oxi mat el y 300 by 300 by 450 mm( 12 by 12 by 18 i n) . A 300 by
300 by 25 mm ( 12 by 12 by 1 i n) st eel pl at e i s secur el y f ast ened
t o t he t op of t he bl ock. The pedest al i s set on and secur el y
f ast ened t o a sol i d concr et e sl ab wi t h t he ver t i cal axi s pl umb and
t he t op l evel .

c.4. Speci men Mol d Hol der : The speci men mol d hol der has a semi -
ci r cul ar base and a f l anged t op t o hol d t he speci men mol d i n pl ace
dur i ng t he compact i on pr ocess. Any equi val ent hol d down devi ce
whi ch per f or ms t he same f unct i on i s sat i sf act or y.

c.5. Speci men Ext r uder : An ext r uder f or t he r emoval of t he
speci mens f r omt he mol d i s r ecommended. The uni t may consi st of a
st eel f r ame t o hol d t he mol d, a hydr aul i c j ack and a st eel di sc
appr oxi mat el y 13 mm ( 1/ 2 i n) t hi ck and 100 mm ( 3. 9 i n) i n
di amet er .

c.6. Test i ng Assembl y: Thi s i ncl udes a br eaki ng head, a l oad
measur i ng devi ce and t wo f l ow met er s, di al mi cr omet er s or an
aut omat i c st abi l i t y/ f l ow r ecor di ng devi ce. The t est i ng assembl y
shal l be cal i br at ed at i nt er val s not exceedi ng t wo year s.

c.6.a. Br eaki ng Head: The br eaki ng head consi st s of t wo
accur at el y machi ned cyl i ndr i cal segment s havi ng an i nsi de
r adi us of 50 mm ( 2 i n) . The l ower segment i s mount ed on a
base havi ng t wo per pendi cul ar gui de r ods or post s ext endi ng
upwar d. Sl eeves i n t he upper segment ar e posi t i oned t o gui de
t he t wo segment s t oget her wi t hout appr eci abl e bi ndi ng or l oose
mot i on on t he gui de r ods.


1
AASHTO T 245 requires the compaction molds to be 101.6 +0.13 mm(4.000+0.005 in).
02-98
Page 2/11 5.16.14 KT-14
c.6.b. Fl ow Met er s: Two f l ow met er s gr aduat ed i n 0. 25 mm( . 01 i n)
i ncr ement s and conf or mi ng t o t he det ai l s set f or t h i n ASTM
D 1559 or t wo mi cr omet er di al s gr aduat ed i n 0. 025 mm ( 0. 001
i n) i ncr ement s ar e used t o measur e pl ast i c f l ow. I nst ead of
t he f l owmet er , a mi cr omet er di al or st r ess- st r ai n r ecor der
gr aduat ed i n 0. 25 mm( 0. 01 i n) di vi si ons.

c.6.c. Loadi ng Devi ce: The l oadi ng devi ce may be ei t her a scr ew
j ack or a hydr aul i c syst em, manual l y or mot or oper at ed t o
pr oduce a const ant ver t i cal movement of 50 + 2 mm/ mi n ( 2 + 0. 1
i n/ mi n) dur i ng appl i cat i on of l oad.

c.6.d. Load Measur i ng Devi ce:

c.6.d.1. Pr ovi ng r i ng assembl y consi st i ng of a 20 kN ( 5, 000 l b)
capaci t y pr ovi ng r i ng, sensi t i ve t o 44. 5 N ( 10 l b) up t o 4. 45
kN ( 1, 000 l b) and t o 111. 2 N ( 25 l b) above 4. 45 kN ( 1, 000 l b) .
The pr ovi ng r i ng i s equi pped wi t h a mi cr omet er di al gr aduat ed
i n 0. 0025 mm( 0. 0001 i n) i ncr ement s.

The upper por t i on of t he r i ng i s at t ached t o t he t est i ng f r ame
and t he l ower por t i on t r ansmi t s t he l oad t o t he br eaki ng head.

c.6.d.2. I n l i eu of t he pr ovi ng r i ng assembl y, any sui t abl e l oad
measur i ng devi ce may be used pr ovi di ng t he capaci t y and
sensi t i vi t y meet t he above r equi r ement s.

c.7. Heat i ng Equi pment : Ovens or hot pl at es f or heat i ng
aggr egat es, bi t umi nous mat er i al , speci men mol ds, compact i on
hammer s and ot her associ at ed i t ems r equi r ed f or mi xi ng and
mol di ng. I t i s r ecommended t hat , when possi bl e al l heat i ng uni t s
be t her most at i cal l y cont r ol l ed t o mai nt ai n t he r equi r ed
t emper at ur e wi t hi n + 2. 8
o
C ( + 5
o
F) . Sui t abl e shi el ds, t hi ck st eel
pl at es or pans of sand shal l be used on t he sur f aces of hot pl at es
t o mi ni mi ze l ocal i zed over heat i ng.

c.8. Mi xi ng Appar at us: Mechani cal mi xi ng i s r ecommended. Any
t ype of mechani cal mi xer may be used pr ovi ded i t wi l l pr oduce a
wel l coat ed, homogeneous mi xt ur e of t he r equi r ed amount i n t he
al l owabl e t i me and f ur t her t hat t he mi xi ng paddl e or whi p does not
f r act ur e or pul ver i ze aggr egat e f r act i ons dur i ng t he mi xi ng
pr ocess. The bowl empl oyed wi t h t he mi xer shal l be of such a
nat ur e t hat essent i al l y al l of t he bat ch can be r emoved. Mor e
t han one mi xi ng bowl i s r ecommended unl ess t he mi xer i s equi pped
wi t h a heat i ng j acket t o keep t he bowl heat ed dur i ng t he mi xi ng
pr ocess.

c.9. Wat er Bat h: The wat er bat h shal l be appr oxi mat el y 140 mm
( 5 1/ 2 i n) deep and shal l be t her most at i cal l y cont r ol l ed so as t o
02-98
Page 3/11 5.16.14 KT-14
mai nt ai n t he bat h at 60 + 1
o
C ( 140 + 2
o
F) . The t ank shal l have a
per f or at ed f al se bot t omor be equi pped wi t h a shel f f or adequat el y
suppor t i ng speci mens appr oxi mat el y 50 mm ( 2 i n) above t he bot t om
of t he bat h.

c.10. Mi scel l aneous Equi pment :

c.10.a. Cont ai ner s f or heat i ng aggr egat es, f l at - bot t ommet al pans
or ot her sui t abl e cont ai ner s.

c.10.b. Cont ai ner s f or heat i ng bi t umi nous mat er i al , beaker s,
oi nt ment cans, pour i ng pot s, et c. may be used.

c.10.c. Mi xi ng t ool , st eel t owel or spat ul a, f or spadi ng and hand
mi xi ng.

c.10.d. Ther momet er s f or det er mi ni ng t emper at ur es of aggr egat e,
bi t umen and bi t umi nous mi xt ur es. Ar mor ed gl ass or di al t ype
wi t h met al st emt her momet er s may be used. A r ange of at l east
10 t o 200
o
C ( 50 t o 400
o
F) wi t h a sensi t i vi t y of 2. 8
o
C ( 5
o
F) i s
r equi r ed.

c.10.e. Ther momet er f or wat er bat h sensi t i vi t y t o 0. 1
o
C ( 0. 2
o
F) .

c.10.f. The bal ance shal l conf or mt o t he r equi r ement s of AASHTO M
231 f or t he cl ass of gener al pur pose bal ance r equi r ed f or t he
pr i nci pal sampl e mass of t he sampl e bei ng t est ed.

c.10.g. Lar ge Spoon, f or cl eani ng of mi xi ng bowl or pl aci ng
mi xt ur e i n mol d cyl i nder s.

c.10.h. Speci men hei ght measur i ng devi ce.

c.10.i. Gl oves f or handl i ng hot equi pment .

c.10.j. 100 mm( 4 i n) di a. paper di scs.


d. DETERMINATION OF MIXING AND COMPACTING TEMPERATURE

d.1. The t emper at ur es t o whi ch t he asphal t cement must be heat ed
t o pr oduce a vi scosi t y of 170 + 20 cSt ( 85 + 10 SFS) shal l be t he
mi xi ng t emper at ur e.

d.2. The t emper at ur e t o whi ch t he asphal t cement must be heat ed t o
pr oduce a vi scosi t y of 280 + 30 cSt ( 135 + 15 SFS) shal l be t he
compact i ng t emper at ur e.


02-98
Page 4/11 5.16.14 KT-14
e. SAMPLE PREPARATION

e.1. Hot Pl ant Mi xes wi t h Asphal t : Mi x t he sampl e of mi xed
mat er i al t hor oughl y and spl i t out not l ess t hen t hr ee i ncr ement s
wei ghi ng appr oxi mat el y 1, 200 g f or a 100 mm( 4 i n) di amet er pl ug.
Br i ng t he i ncr ement s t o wi t hi n t he l i mi t s of t he compact i ng
t emper at ur e det er mi ned i n d.2. pr i or t o compact i ng. See KT- 57 d.
f or met hod of quar t er i ng t o obt ai n pr oper si zed sampl e.

e.2. Labor at or y Pr epar ed Mi xes: If using hydrated lime as an
antistripping agent, then refer to the attached Addendum.

e.2.a. Number of Speci mens: I t i s r ecommended t hat each aggr egat e
combi nat i on be t est ed at si x di f f er ent asphal t cont ent s, i n
1/ 2 per cent i ncr ement s. At l east t hr ee speci mens ar e pr epar ed
f or each per cent age of asphal t . Pr epar e one ext r a aggr egat e
and asphal t sampl e t o be mi xed f i r st and t hen t hr own away.
Thi s sampl e i s t o "but t er " t he mi xi ng bowl and paddl e and t hus
r educe mat er i al l oss when mi xi ng t he t est speci mens.

e.2.b. Pr epar at i on of Vi r gi n Aggr egat es: Dr y i ndi vi dual aggr egat es
t o const ant mass at 105 t o 110
o
C ( 221 t o 230
o
F) . Separ at e t he
i ndi vi dual aggr egat es by dr y scr eeni ng i nt o desi r ed f r act i ons.
The f ol l owi ng si ze f r act i ons
2
ar e r ecommended as a mi ni mum:

25. 0 t o 19. 0 mm ( 1 t o 3/ 4 i n) 4. 75 t o 2. 36 mm( No. 4 t o No. 8)
19. 0 t o 12. 5 mm( 3/ 4 t o 1/ 2 i n) 2. 36 t o 1. 18 mm( No. 8 t o No. 16)
12. 5 t o 9. 5 mm( 1/ 2 t o 3/ 8 i n) Passi ng 1. 18 mm( Passi ng No. 16)
9. 5 t o 4. 75 mm( 3/ 8 i n t o No. 4)

e.2.c. Pr epar at i on of Recl ai med Mat er i al : Pl ace t he r ecl ai med
mat er i al i n a 50 t o 80
o
C ( 125 t o 175
o
F) dr af t oven f or 1 1/ 2 t o
2 hour s, t o sof t en. Tr ansf er t he mat er i al s t o t he mi xi ng bowl
and mi x f or t wo mi nut es i n or der t o br eakdown t he r ecl ai med
mat er i al t o t he r ecommended si zes. ( Mi xer wi l l mi x
appr oxi mat el y 3, 500 g. ) Ot her met hods of br eakdown ar e
accept abl e pr ovi ded t hey do not f r act ur e aggr egat es or l ose an
excessi ve amount of mat er i al i n t he pr ocess. Separ at e t he
r ecl ai med mat er i al i nt o desi r ed f r act i ons by scr eeni ng, when
cool enough t o scr een. The f ol l owi ng si ze f r act i ons ar e
r ecommended:

19. 0 t o 12. 5 mm( 3/ 4 t o 1/ 2 i n) 4. 75 t o 2. 36 mm( No. 4 t o No. 8)
12. 5 t o 9. 5 mm( 1/ 2 t o 3/ 8 i n) Passi ng 2. 36 mm( Passi ng No. 8)
9. 5 t o 4. 75 mm( 3/ 8 i n t o No. 4)

Wei gh each f r act i on and r ecor d per cent age of t ot al sampl e.

2
AASHTO T 245 3.2 fraction recommendations use fewer sieve sizes.
02-98
Page 5/11 5.16.14 KT-14
e.2.d. Pr epar at i on of Mi xes: Combi ne t he i ndi vi dual aggr egat es or
r ecl ai med mat er i al and vi r gi n aggr egat es by wei ghi ng out i n a
separ at e pan f or each t est speci men, pr opor t i onat e amount s of
each si ze f r act i on f or each i ndi vi dual aggr egat e t o pr oduce
t he desi r ed combi ned aggr egat e wi t h a bat ch mass of
appr oxi mat el y 1, 125 g. Thi s shoul d be suf f i ci ent t o pr oduce a
compact ed speci men 64 + 3 mm( 2. 5 + 1/ 8 i n) t hi ck
3
. Adj ust t he
mass of t he bat ch as needed t o pr oduce compact ed speci mens of
64 + 3 mm( 2. 5 + 1/ 8 i n) t hi ckness.

Heat t he aggr egat e and asphal t wi t hi n t he l i mi t s of mi xi ng
t emper at ur e det er mi ned i n d.1. Char ge t he mi xi ng bowl wi t h
t he heat ed aggr egat e and f or m a cr at er i n t he t op. Add t he
r equi r ed amount of asphal t and mi x t he aggr egat e and asphal t
unt i l t hor oughl y coat ed, at l east 2 mi nut es. Car e shoul d be
t aken t o keep al l of t he sampl e i n t he mi xi ng bowl dur i ng t hi s
pr ocess.

Pl ace t he mi x i n a 135
o
C ( 275
o
F) oven and age
4
t he mat er i al f or
2 hour s as out l i ned i n KT- 58 g.5. At t he end of t he agi ng
t i me pl ace t he mi x i n an oven set at t he compact i on
t emper at ur e or r eset t he 135
o
C ( 275
o
F) oven t emper at ur e t o
r ef l ect t he compact i on t emper at ur e. Al l ow t he mi x t o adj ust
t o t he new t emper at ur e pr i or t o r emovi ng f or compact i on.

e.2.e. Compact i on of Speci mens: Pr i or t o t he addi t i on of t he
asphal t t o t he bat ches, t hor oughl y cl ean t he speci men mol d
assembl y and t he f ace of t he compact i on hammer and heat t he
mol d assembl y and hammer i n boi l i ng wat er , i n an oven or on a
hot pl at e, t o a t emper at ur e bet ween 90 and 175
o
C ( 200 and
350
o
F) . Assembl e t he mol d, base pl at e and col l ar and pl ace a
paper di sc cut t o si ze i n t he bot t omof t he mol d.

Pl ace t he ent i r e hot bat ch of aggr egat e- asphal t mi xt ur e i n t he
mol d, spade vi gor ousl y wi t h a heat ed spat ul a or t r owel 15
t i mes ar ound t he per i met er and 10 t i mes over t he i nt er i or of
t he mol d. Smoot h t he sur f ace of t he mi x t o a sl i ght l y r ounded
shape
5
. The t emper at ur e of t he mi x j ust pr i or t o compact i on
shal l be wi t hi n t he l i mi t s det er mi ned i n d.2. Pl ace a paper
di sc on t op of t he mi x.

Pl ace t he mol d assembl y, i ncl udi ng t he col l ar , on t he
pedest al , f ast en secur el y wi t h t he mol d hol der and appl y 50 or
75 bl ows
a
wi t h t he compact i on hammer . Each bl ow must have t he

3
AASHTO T 245 3.4.2 requires compaction height to be 63.5 +1.27 mm (2.5 +0.05 in).
4
The aging process reflects information found in the proposed AASHTO PP2, Short and Long Term Aging of
Bituminous Mixes.
5
AASHTO T 245 3.5.1 requires the removal of the collar , then smoothing the surface of the mix. With the
aggregates used by KDOT the material may overflow the mold.
02-98
Page 6/11 5.16.14 KT-14
pr escr i bed f r ee f al l of 457 mm ( 18 i n) wi t h t he axi s of t he
compact i on hammer hel d per pendi cul ar t o t he base of t he mol d
assembl y dur i ng t he compact i on pr ocess. Remove t he base pl at e
and col l ar , and r ever se and r eassembl e t he mol d. Appl y t he
speci f i ed number of bl ows t o t he r ever sed speci men. Af t er
compact i on, r emove t he mol d assembl y f r omt he pedest al . Pl ace
t he mol d i nt o t he ext r act or and pop t he pl ug l oose f r om t he
mol d. Per mi t t he pl ug t o cool i n t hi s st at e unt i l t he next
pl ug has been pr ocessed. Ext r ude t he i ni t i al pl ug out of t he
mol d and pop t he next pl ug l oose. Car ef ul l y t r ansf er t he
ext r uded pl ug t o a smoot h, f l at sur f ace and al l ow i t t o st and
unt i l t he pl ug r eaches r oomt emper at ur e
6
.

Not e a: Tr af f i c vol ume i n t he Desi gn Lane det er mi nes t he
number of bl ows. (See subsection 5.18.02 a.5.a. for traffic
volume criteria.)

e.2.f. Thi ckness of Speci men: Measur e t he speci men t hi ckness t o
t he near est 0. 025 mm( 0. 001 i n) . I f t he speci men t hi ckness i s
l ess t han 60 mm ( 2. 375 i n) or mor e t han 67 mm ( 2. 625 i n) ,
di scar d i t and mol d a r epl acement havi ng a t hi ckness wi t hi n
t hese l i mi t s.

e.2.g. Det er mi nat i on of Speci f i c Gr avi t y and Uni t Wei ght :
Det er mi ne t he speci f i c gr avi t y and uni t wei ght by t he
appr opr i at e met hod as out l i ned i n KT- 15.

e.2.h. Af t er det er mi ni ng t he speci f i c gr avi t y f or al l of t he
speci mens, pr oceed t o f.


f. TEST PROCEDURE

I mmer se t he speci mens i n a 60 + 1
o
C ( 140 + 2
o
F) wat er bat h f or 30
t o 40 mi nut es
7
. Thor oughl y cl ean t he gui de r ods and i nsi de
sur f aces of t he t est heads pr i or t o maki ng t he t est . Lubr i cat e
t he gui de r ods so t hat t he upper t est head sl i des f r eel y over
t hem. Remove t he speci men f r om t he wat er bat h and pl ace i n t he
br eaki ng head. The el apsed t i me f or t he t est f r om r emoval of t he
t est speci men f r om t he wat er bat h t o t he maxi mum l oad
det er mi nat i on shal l not exceed 30 sec. Pl ace t he compl et e
br eaki ng head assembl y i n posi t i on on t he t est i ng machi ne. Pl ace
t he f l ow met er s, wher e used, i n posi t i on over t he gui de r ods and
adj ust t he f l ow met er s t o zer o. Hol d t he f l ow met er s f i r ml y
agai nst t he upper segment of t he br eaki ng head whi l e t he t est l oad

6
AASHTO T 245 3.5.2 requires the plug to stand overnight at room temperature.
7
AASHTO T 245 4.1 also permits placing the plug in an oven for 2 hours.
02-98
Page 7/11 5.16.14 KT-14
i s bei ng appl i ed. Avoi d usi ng excess pr essur e agai nst t he t est i ng
head whi l e det er mi ni ng f l ow.

Appl y t he l oad t o t he speci men by a const ant r at e of movement of
t he l oad j ack or t est i ng machi ne head of 50 mm ( 2 i n) per mi nut e
unt i l a maxi mum l oad i s r eached and t he l oad decr eases as
i ndi cat ed by t he pr ovi ng r i ng di al . Recor d t he maxi muml oad not ed
on t he t est i ng machi ne or conver t ed f r om t he pr ovi ng r i ng
mi cr omet er di al r eadi ng.

Rel ease t he f l ow met er sl eeves or not e t he mi cr omet er di al
r eadi ngs, wher e used, t he i nst ant t he maxi mum l oad begi ns t o
decr ease. Not e and r ecor d t he i ndi cat ed f l ow val ues or equi val ent
uni t s i n 0. 25 mm( 0. 01 i n) i f mi cr omet er di al s ar e used t o measur e
f l ow.

For speci mens ot her t han 62. 9 - 64. 1 mm ( 2. 476 - 2. 525 i n) i n
t hi ckness, adj ust t he l oad usi ng t he pr oper cor r ect i on f act or f r om
Tabl e 5. 16. 14- 1.

Tabl e 5. 16. 14- 1 St abi l i t y Cor r ect i on Rat i o

Thi ckness of Cor r ect i on
Speci men i n mm( i n) Rat i o

60. 3 - 61. 2 ( 2. 375 - 2. 410) 1. 07
61. 3 - 62. 9 ( 2. 411 - 2. 475) 1. 04
63. 0 - 64. 1 ( 2. 476 - 2. 525) 1. 00
64. 2 - 65. 3 ( 2. 526 - 2. 570) 0. 97
65. 4 - 66. 7 ( 2. 571 - 2. 625) 0. 94

NOTE: The measur ed st abi l i t y of a speci men mul t i pl i ed by t he
r at i o f or t he t hi ckness of t he speci men equal s t he cor r ect ed
st abi l i t y f or a 63. 5 mm( 2 1/ 2 i n) speci men.


g. EVALUATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND STABILITY DATA:

g.1. Speci f i c Gr avi t y of Mol ded Speci mens:

g.1.a. I f t he di f f er ence bet ween t he speci f i c gr avi t y of a si ngl e
speci men i n a set of t hr ee speci mens and t he aver age of t he
set i s gr eat er t han 0. 025, di scar d t he ent i r e set and mol d a
new set .

02-98
Page 8/11 5.16.14 KT-14
g.1.b. I f t he di f f er ence bet ween t he speci f i c gr avi t y of a si ngl e
speci men i n a set of t hr ee speci mens and t he aver age of t he
set i s gr eat er t han 0. 014 and not gr eat er t han 0. 025, di scar d
t he r esul t s of t he si ngl e speci men and use t he r esul t s of t he
t est s on t he r emai ni ng t wo speci mens t o comput e t he aver age
speci f i c gr avi t y of t he set .

g.1.c. I f t he di f f er ence bet ween t he speci f i c gr avi t y of a si ngl e
speci men i n a set of t hr ee speci mens and t he aver age speci f i c
gr avi t y of t he set i n quest i on i s not gr eat er t han 0. 014, t he
speci f i c gr avi t y of t he speci men i s accept abl e and may be used
t o det er mi ne t he aver age speci f i c gr avi t y.

g.2. St abi l i t y of Mol ded Speci mens:

I f t he di f f er ence bet ween t he st abi l i t y of a speci men and t he
aver age st abi l i t y of t he set of t hr ee speci mens i s not gr eat er
t han t he CV1 val ues shown i n Tabl e 5. 16. 14- 2 t he speci men i s
accept abl e f or use i n det er mi ni ng t he aver age st abi l i t y of t he
set .

I f t hi s di f f er ence i s gr eat er t he CV1 val ue but not gr eat er t han
t he CV2 val ues, t he speci men wi l l be el i mi nat ed i n t he cal cul at i on
of t he aver age st abi l i t y. Not l ess t han t wo speci mens wi l l be
used when det er mi ni ng t he set aver age st abi l i t y.

I f t he di f f er ence bet ween t he st abi l i t y of any speci men of a set
and t he aver age st abi l i t y of t he set i s gr eat er t hen CV2 val ues
shown i n Tabl e 5. 16. 14- 2, t he ent i r e set wi l l be di scar ded and
anot her set obt ai ned.

Tabl e 5. 16. 14- 2 St abi l i t y Eval uat i on

St abi l i t y Range i n N ( l bf )
( Based on Mean of Set ) CV1 CV2

0 - 2224 ( 0 - 500) . . . . . . . . . . . 160 ( 35) . . . . . 310 ( 70)
2228 - 4448 ( 501 - 1000) . . . . . . . . . . . 290 ( 65) . . . . . 580 ( 130)
4452 - 6672 ( 1001 - 1500) . . . . . . . . . . . 440 ( 100) . . . . . 890 ( 200)
6676 - 8896 ( 1501 - 2000) . . . . . . . . . . . 580 ( 130) . . . . 1160 ( 260)
8900 - 11120 ( 2001 - 2500) . . . . . . . . . . . 730 ( 165) . . . . 1470 ( 330)
11124 - 13344 ( 2501 - 3000) . . . . . . . . . . . 870 ( 195) . . . . 1730 ( 390)
13348 - 15568 ( 3001 - 3500) . . . . . . . . . . 1000 ( 225) . . . . 2000 ( 450)
15572 - 17792 ( 3501 - 4000) . . . . . . . . . . 1160 ( 260) . . . . 2310 ( 520)
17796 - 20016 ( 4001 - 4500) . . . . . . . . . . 1290 ( 290) . . . . 2580 ( 580)
20020 - 22240 ( 4501 - 5000) . . . . . . . . . . 1420 ( 320) . . . . 2850 ( 640)



02-98
Page 9/11 5.16.14 KT-14
h. REPORT (See section 5.17.04 for methods of calculation)

The r epor t i ncl udes t he f ol l owi ng i nf or mat i on f or each combi nat i on
of aggr egat es and each asphal t cont ent :

h.1. Aver age densi t y, kg/ m
3
( l b/ f t
3
) f or each set of speci mens.

h.2. Aver age maxi mum st abi l i t y i n N ( l bf ) , cor r ect ed when
r equi r ed, f or each set of speci mens.

h.3. Aver age f l ow val ue, i n 0. 25 mm ( hundr edt hs of an i nch) , f or
each set of speci mens.

h.4. Aver age mi xi ng t emper at ur e,
o
C (
o
F) , f or each set of
speci mens.

h.5. Aver age compact i ng t emper at ur e,
o
C (
o
F) , f or each set of
speci mens.

h.6. St abi l i t y and f l ow t est t emper at ur e,
o
C (
o
F) .

h.7. Aver age % voi ds, t ot al mi x, f or each set of speci mens, ( Pa)
( See Sect i on 5. 17. 04) .

h.8. Aver age %of t ot al voi ds f i l l ed wi t h asphal t f or each set of
peci mens ( VFA) . s

h.9. Aver age %of voi ds i n aggr egat e onl y ( VMA) .

h.10. Maxi mum per cent age of asphal t al l owed f or hi gh t emper at ur e
pr ot ect i on ( P' b) .

h.11. Recommended asphal t per cent age f or i ni t i al pl ant oper at i on.

h.12. Bear i ng Capaci t y.

h.13. Theor et i cal Maxi mumSpeci f i c Gr avi t y.

Show val ues f or h.1., h.2., h.7., h.8., h.9., h.12., and h.13.
usi ng KDOT For m701.



02-98
Page 10/11 5.16.14 KT-14
ADDENDUM TO KT-14
FOR INCLUDING LIME AS AN ANTISTRIPPING AGENT

The f ol l owi ng i nf or mat i on pr ovi des KT- 14 wi t h st eps t o i ncor por at e
hydr at ed l i me as an ant i st r i ppi ng agent .

Delete e.2.d. and r epl ace wi t h t he f ol l owi ng:

e.2.d. Pr epar at i on of Mi xes: Combi ne t he vi r gi n aggr egat es by
wei ghi ng i n a separ at e pan f or each t est speci men,
pr opor t i onat e amount s of each si ze f r act i on f or each
i ndi vi dual aggr egat e t o pr oduce t he desi r ed combi ned aggr egat e
wi t h a bat ch mass of appr oxi mat el y 1, 125 g. I ncl ude t he
hydr at ed l i me mass r equi r ed t o meet t he speci f i ed per cent of
l i me f or t he pr oj ect as par t of t he t ot al bat ch mass. The
t ot al aggr egat e mass shoul d i ncl ude l i me, vi r gi n aggr egat e,
and r ecl ai med mat er i al ( i f appl i cabl e) . Thi s shoul d be
suf f i ci ent t o pr oduce a compact ed speci men 64 + 3 mm ( 2. 5 +
1/ 8 i n) t hi ck. Adj ust t he mass of t he bat ch as needed t o
pr oduce compact ed speci mens of 64 + 3 mm ( 2. 5 + 1/ 8 i n)
t hi ckness.

e.2.d.1. Det er mi ne t he SSD f or t he combi ned aggr egat e gr adat i on.
Add t hr ee per cent of moi st ur e t o t he per cent moi st ur e r equi r ed
t o r each t he SSD condi t i on of t he combi ned aggr egat e.

e.2.d.2. Pl ace t he combi ned vi r gi n aggr egat e and hydr at ed l i me i n
a mi xi ng bowl . Car ef ul l y mi x unt i l t he hydr at ed l i me i s
combi ned wi t h t he aggr egat e. Add t he appr opr i at e wat er
cont ent , as det er mi ned i n e.2.d.1., and t hor oughl y mi x.

e.2.d.3. Oven dr y t he aggr egat e mi x at appr oxi mat el y 110
o
C ( 230
o
F)
t o a const ant mass.

e.2.d.4. Combi ne t he vi r gi n aggr egat e mat er i al wi t h t he r ecl ai med
mat er i al , i f appl i cabl e, and t hor oughl y mi x. Heat t he
combi ned aggr egat e and asphal t wi t hi n l i mi t s of t he mi xi ng
t emper at ur e det er mi ned i n d.1. Char ge t he mi xi ng bowl wi t h
t he heat ed aggr egat e and f or m a cr at er i n t he t op. Add t he
r equi r ed amount of asphal t and mi x t he aggr egat e and asphal t
unt i l t hor oughl y coat ed, at l east 2 mi nut es. Car e shoul d be
t aken t o keep al l of t he sampl e i n t he mi xi ng bowl dur i ng t hi s
pr ocess.
02-98
Page 11/11 5.16.14 KT-14