BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 20 -
CHNG 2:
CAU TRUC MANG NGN
--------

I. S TIEN HOA T MANG HIEN CO LEN NGN
1. Chien lc tien hoa
Trong nhieu nam gan ay, nen cong nghiep Vien thong van ang tran
tr ve van e phat trien cong nghe can ban nao va dung mang g e ho tr
cac nha khai thac trong boi canh luat vien thong ang thay oi nhanh
chong, canh tranh ngay cang gia tang manh me. Khai niem mang the he
mi (hay con goi la mang the he tiep theo - NGN) ra i cung vi viec tai
kien truc mang, tan dung tat ca cac u the ve cong nghe tien tien nham
a ra nhieu dch vu mi, mang lai nguon thu mi, gop phan giam chi ph
khai thac va au t ban au cho cac nha kinh doanh.
Mot chien lc e phat trien nhp nhang t mang hien tai sang kien
truc mang mi la rat quan trong nham giam thieu yeu cau au t trong giai
oan chuyen tiep, trong khi sm tan dung c nhng pham chat cua mang
NGN. Tuy nhien bat ky bc i nao trong tien trnh chuyen tiep nay cung
can tao ieu kien de dang hn cho mang e rot cuoc van phat trien sang
kien truc NGN da tren chuyen mach goi. Bat c giai phap nao c chon
la th cac he thong chuyen mach truyen thong cung se phai ton tai ben
canh cac phan t mang cong nghe mi trong nhieu nam ti.
Mang the he sau c to chc da tren cac nguyen tac c ban sau :
- ap ng nhu cau cung cap cac loai hnh dch vu vien thong phong
phu, a dang, a dch vu, a phng tien.
- Mang co cau truc n gian.
- Nang cao hieu qua s dung, chat lng mang li va giam thieu
chi ph khai thac va bao dng.
- De dang m rong dung lng, phat trien cac dch vu mi.
- o linh hoat va tnh san sang cao, nang lc ton tai manh.
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

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Viec to chc mang da tren so lng thue bao theo vung a ly va nhu
cau phat trien dch vu, khong to chc theo a ban hanh chnh ma to chc
theo vung mang hay vung lu lng.
ay, chu yeu chung ta xem xet qua trnh tien hoa ve cau truc t
mang hien co len cau truc mang NGN.
SONET
Transport
TDM Access
Circuit Switching
SONET
Transport
Frame/ Cell Access
ATM Switching
SONET
Transport
IP Access
IP Routing/Sw.
Internet
ATM, FR
PSTN
Transport
SONET
Optical
Access
IP ATM
FR TDM
Switching
ATM SVCs IP MPLS
SS7
Mang hien tai
Mang the he sau
(NGN)
..
Hnh 2-1 Nhu cau tien hoa mang
Nh hnh ve, chung ta nhan thay mang vien thong hien tai gom nhieu
mang rieng le ket hp lai vi nhau thanh mot mang hon tap, ch c
xay dng cap quoc gia, nham ap ng c nhieu loai dch vu khac
nhau. Xet en mang Internet, o la mot mang n ln, co tnh chat toan
cau, thng c e cap theo mot loat cac giao thc truyen dan hn la theo
mot kien truc ac trng. Internet hien tai khong ho tr QoS cung nh cac
dch vu co tnh thi gian thc ( nh thoai truyen thong).
Do o, viec xay dng mang the he mi NGN can tuan theo cac ch
tieu :
1. NGN phai co kha nang ho tr ca cho cac dch vu cua mang Internet va
cua mang hien hanh.
2. Mot kien truc NGN kha thi phai ho tr dch vu qua nhieu nha cung cap
khac nhau. Moi nha cung cap mang hay dch vu la mot thc the rieng le
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

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vi muc tieu kinh doanh va cung cap dch vu khac nhau, va co the s
dung nhng ky thuat va giao thc khac nhau. Mot vai dch vu co the ch
do mot nha cung cap dch vu a ra, nhng tat ca cac dch vu eu phai
c truyen qua mang mot cach thong suot t au cuoi en au cuoi.
3. Mang tng lai phai ho tr tat ca cac loai ket noi (hay con goi la cuoc
goi), thiet lap ng truyen trong suot thi gian chuyen giao, ca cho
hu tuyen cung nh vo tuyen.
V vay, mang NGN se tien hoa len t mang truyen dan hien tai (phat
trien them chuyen mach goi) va t mang Internet cong cong ( ho tr them
chat lng dch vu QoS).
Tnh thong minh tap
trung
Tnh thong minh phan
tan en cac CPE
The gii Internet The gii ien thoai
Mang dch vu mi vi kien
truc thong minh phan tan
Chien lc phat trien
mi

Hnh 2-2 Chien lc phat trien
e thc hien viec chuyen dch mot cach thuan li t mang vien thong
hien co sang mang the he mi, viec chuyen dch phai phan ra lam ba mc
( hai lp : ket noi va chuyen mach)
Trc het la chuyen dch lp truy nhap va truyen dan. Hai lp nay
bao gom lp vat ly, lp 2 va lp 3 neu chon cong nghe IP lam nen cho
mang the he mi. Trong o :
Cong nghe ghep kenh bc song quang DWDM se chiem lnh lp vat
ly
IP/MPLS lam nen cho lp 3
Cong nghe lp 2 phai thoa man:
Cang n gian cang tot
Toi u trong truyen tai goi d lieu
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

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Kha nang giam sat chat lng, giam sat loi va bao ve, khoi phuc
mang khi co s co phai tieu chuan hn cua cong nghe SDH/SONET
Hien tai cong nghe RPT (Resilient Packet Transport) ang phat trien
nham ap ng cac ch tieu nay.
Xay dng mang truy nhap bang rong (nh ADSL, LAN, modem
cap,) e co the cung cap phng thc truy nhap bang rong hng en
phan nhom cho thue bao, cho phep truy nhap vi toc o cao hn. Hien nay,
viec xay dng mang con thong minh ang c trien khai mot cach toan
dien, ieu o cung co ngha la viec chuyen dch sang mang NGN a bat
au.
Th hai la chuyen dch mang ng dai (mang truyen dan). S dung
cong mang trung ke tch hp hoac oc lap, chuyen en mang IP hoac
ATM, roi s dung chuyen mach mem e ieu khien luong va cung cap
dch vu. S dung phng thc nay co the giai quyet van e tat nghen trong
chuyen mach kenh.

Mang loi IP
Hien tai
Cac mang dch vu rieng le
Tng lai
Mang a dch vu
Dch vu
PSTN/ISDN
Cellular
PLMN
CATV
Lien mang tren c s IP
ieu khien va
quan ly cac dch
vu truy nhap
Content
Cac mang truy nhap, truyen dan,
chuyen mach rieng le
Media Gateway
Wireline
Access
Wireless
Access
Cable
Access
Data/IP
Network

Hnh 2-3 S hoi tu gia cac mang



BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

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]
So sanh cong nghe mang hien tai va tng lai :

Thanh phan mang Cong nghe hien tai Cong nghe tng lai
Mang truy nhap - Cap xoan bang hep
- Truyen hnh cap so va
tng t chuyen dung
- GSM khong day
- Cap quang
- Cap xoan bang hep
- GSM khong day
- Truyen hnh cap so va
tng t chuyen dung
- Cap quang
- Cap xoan bang rong
- Modem cap
- IP qua ve tinh
- Ethernet
Chuyen mach va nh
tuyen
- Tong ai PSTN
- Chuyen mach ATM
- Chuyen mach Frame
Relay
- nh tuyen IP
- nh tuyen IP
- Chuyen mach quang
Mang truyen dan ng
truc
- PDH
- SDH
- DWDM

Cung vi s tien hoa lp truy nhap va truyen dan, chc nang
chuyen mach cua tong ai lp ieu khien c thay the bang mot phan
mem chuyen mach thong minh goi la Softswitch (hay Call Agent) :
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

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K
h
o
i

c
h
u
y
e
n

m
a
c
h
Dch vu, ng dung va cac ac tnh
(Trung tam quan ly, cung cap, d phong)
Chuyen mach mem
(Trung tam ieu khien cuoc goi)
Phan cng truyen dan
Chuyen mach mem Chuyen mach kenh
ng dung va
dch vu
ieu khien cuoc
goi va chuyen
mach
Phan cng
truyen dan
_ Nha cung cap a ra tat ca cac
giai phap trong mot khoi chuyen
mach duy nhat : Phan cng,
phan men ma cac trnh ng
dung
_ Khach hang phu thuoc nha
cung cap : khong co oi mi, chi
ph van hanh va bao dng cao
_ Cac giai phap a ra t nhieu nha
cung cap, nhieu mc o khac
nhau vi nhieu san pham nguon m
theo chuan .
_ Khach hang t do chon la nhng
san pham tot nhat e xay dng tng
lp mang trong he thong. Cac
chuan m cho phep m rong va
giam chi ph.
APIs Open Protocols
APIs Open Protocols

MGCP
ISUP/
SCTP
RTP
RTP
SIP
MGCP
MGCP
Internet

Hnh 2- 4 Hoat ong cua chuyen mach mem trong NGN

Th ba la mang chuyen dch mang noi hat. Tong ai ien thoai co rat
nhieu gia may va nhieu d lieu dch vu thoai noi hat, khong ch au t ln
ma viec cai tao cung se rat kho khan. Co the dung thiet b tong hp truy
nhap bang rong, co dung lng ln, thay the gia may thue bao hien co,
dung cong mang truy nhap toc o cao en mang IP, nham nang cap chuyen
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

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mach mem va bo phuc vu ng dung, bao am cho dch vu thoai noi hat va
dch vu IP.
2. S tien hoa t cac mang hien co len NGN
Su phul lr|eu lu PSTN |eu NGN
Thoai luon la dch vu c xet en hang au trong qua trnh xay dng
mang. Do o, ay ta xem xet mot minh hoa ve s chuyen dch thoai t
PSTN sang NGN .
Mang PSTN hien tai :
PSTN
PBX
SS7
POTS
POTS
RDT
PRI/E1 /
T1
GR. 303
IMT
A- link
Class 4/5
Switch


Phat trien len NGN :

PSTN
PBX
SS7
POTS
RDT
PRI/E1 /
T1
GR. 303
IMT
Media
Server
Sinaling
gateway
Trunk
gateway
Access
gateway
Residental
gateway
MGC
A-link
VoPacket

BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

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Dn| v0| cuc muug Jjch vu khuc :

IP Network
Wireless
Network
SS7
Ca c Server dch
vu va qua n ly
S oftswitch
xDSL, modem
ca p, Ethernet
Internet
SGW
MG
MG
GE, MAN
MG


T nhng phan tch tren, chung ta xay dng s tien hoa bang s o
lp chc nang cua cac mang :
Mang hien tai :
IP/ MPLS
TDM
WDM/ DWDM/ Si quang
SDH/ SONET GE
T
h
o
a
i
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
T
h
o
a
i
D

l
i
e
u
D

l
i
e
u
ATM/FR IP
T
h
o
a
i
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
V
i
d
e
o
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
IP

GE : Gigabit Ethenet

BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

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Mang trong tng lai gan:

IP/ MPLS
TDM
DWDM
PDH,SDH/ SONET GE
T
h
o
a
i
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
T
h
o
a
i
D

l
i
e
u
D

l
i
e
u
ATM/FR IP
T
h
o
a
i
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
V
i
d
e
o
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
IP
SDH/ SONET, GE
IP/MPLS
RPT
T
h
o
a
i
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
V
i
d
e
o
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

m

i
D

l
i
e
u
G
i
a
i

t
r

Mang tng lai:

IP/ MPLS, ket noi da tren nen IP
(IP Internetworking)
DWDM
RPT
T
h
o
a
i
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
G
i
a
i

t
r

l
i
e
u
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

m

i
V
i
d
e
o
Lp ieu khien
Lp media







BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

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Su phul lr|eu cuu muug huu luyeu Juu lreu cnug ughe IP :

PBX
SS7
PBX
CO CO
Truyen thong
Sofswitch
SS7
Softswitch
VoPacket
CO
CO
PBX
PBX
Gateway
switch
Gateway
switch


Con ng phat trien cua cac mang hien tai la tao ra mot mang
chuyen mach goi ben canh mang PSTN e ho tr thoai cung nh so lieu,
va cau hnh e van hanh nh mot chuyen mach qua giang khac. e lam
c viec nay, ieu can thiet oi vi mang chuyen mach goi la phai truyen
thong c vi PSTN nh s dung bao hieu SS7. Truy cap toc o cao se
qua cac cong nghe DSL (Digital Subcriber Line), cac modem cap, cac au
cuoi di ong va vo tuyen bang rong. Tuy nhien truyen dan quang DWDM,
PON (Passive Optical Network) se la xu the phat trien cua tng lai.
Thoai la yeu to quyet nh trong s phat trien sang cac mang a dch
vu. Mot so lng ln cac thiet b ang xuat hien tren th trng e ho tr
ien thoai tren cac mang IP. Cac thiet b nay va phuc vu cho t gia khach
hang va cho cac mang hu tuyen. Co mot sc nang ang sau y kien cho la
IP la chon la tat yeu cho tng lai. Cac cong VoIP quy mo doanh nghiep
va mi c a vao hoat ong va cac nha khai thac a co cac mang IP
toan cau, trong o co ca nha khai thac cua Chau A.
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 30 -
Tap oan ITXC ( Internet Telephony Exchange Carrier) a co mot
thoa thuan vi Vien Thong Nhat Ban ( Telecom Japan) e ket cuoi lu
lng va cac nut quoc te cua ho tai nhieu nc Chau A. Cong ty VIP
Calling co nhieu nut tai Chau A, ke ca mot nut va c thong bao ai
Loan. Cong ty Singtel ang cung cap mot tuyen ket noi t Singapore ti
Trung Quoc va Trung Quoc a tien hanh th nghiem vi ien thoai
Internet, qua o thay rang no c s dung cho cac cuoc goi noi a nhieu
hn quoc te. VSNL An o cung ang tien hanh th nghiem vi ien
thoai Internet nhng thu c chat lng thoai kem v thieu dung lng
ng truc quoc te. Cac dch vu VoIP se bat au c s dung rong rai
Hong Kong t 1/1/2000 khi cham dt s oc quyen cua HongKong
Telecom. Nhieu nha khai thac ien thoai Internet khac ang chuan b dch
vu Nhat Ban, Han Quoc, ai Loan, Hong Kong va Thai Lan.
e cung cap truy nhap toc o cao, cac modem cap hien nay c trien
khai rong rai tai My, va ADSL ang c trien khai tai nhieu thanh pho
cua My. Nhng cong nghe nay cung bat au phat trien Chau Au, Chau
A, ac biet la Trung Quoc, ni mang truyen hnh cap a ti nhieu gia nh
hn ca PSTN. Trung Quoc a thong bao chuyen sang ien thoai IP, coi o
la c s mang tng lai cua ho. Cac he thong truy nhap vo tuyen bang rong
cung ang c hoach nh e cai at qua cac he thong cap vo tuyen
nhieu vung Chau A va hang Sony a cong bo ke hoach trien khai mot
mang vo tuyen bang rong Nhat Ban trong vong ba nam ti ay.
Viet Nam a co ke hoach xay dng mang the he mi. Theo cau hnh
va to chc khai thac mang da tren a ban hanh chnh hien nay cua mang
Vien thong Viet Nam, chat lng dch vu vien thong c cung cap se b
anh hng. V vay, viec cung cap cac dch vu Vien thong va to chc khai
mang da tren so lng thue bao theo vung a ly, nhu cau phat trien dch
vu va to chc theo cung lu lng a c e xuat . Tuy nhien, lo trnh van
cha the cong bo.
3. Ket luan
Xu hng phat trien mang Vien thong theo cau truc mang the he mi
la xu hng chung tren the gii. Moi quoc gia, moi nha khai thac phai chon
mot cach i, mot lo trnh phu hp vi tnh hnh thc te mang cua mnh.
Khong ch Viet Nam, nhieu nc tren the gii, do ac iem a ly,
kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi tng vung ma nhu cau phat trien dch vu vien
thong cac vung trong toan quoc la khac nhau. Co s chenh lech kha ln
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 31 -
gia nhu cau va kha nang phat trien dch vu, kha nang thu hoi von au t
mang vien thong gia cac vung trong ca nc, ac biet la gia cac o th
va cac cac vung nong thon mien nui. Mat khac, vi tnh chat truyen thong
khong ch la mot nganh kinh doanh n thuan ma con mang y ngha sau
sac ve chnh tr, xa hoi, an ninh quoc gia, ac biet trong nen kinh te tri thc
va xu the m ca hoi nhap.
Do nhng ac iem nay, nhieu quoc gia, viec to chc mang da tren
so lng thue bao theo vung a ly va nhu cau phat trien dch vu, khong to
chc theo a ban hanh chnh ma to chc theo vung lu lng. Trong qua
trnh xay dng va to chc mang pham vi gia cac lp, viec ket noi gia cac
thanh phan mang c xac nh va phan nh ro rang trach nhiem va
quyen li cua cac nha kinh doanh dch vu (cung cap dch vu) va cac nha
kinh doanh mang ( cung cap ket noi), nham am bao tnh canh tranh lanh
manh e cung phat trien, ong thi gi vng vai tro chu ao cua Nha nc
nham am bao an toan thong tin, gop phan gi vng an ninh chnh tr, xa
hoi va phat trien kinh te tren toan quoc.
Mang Vien thong Viet Nam ma nong cot la mang vien thong cua tong
cong ty BCVT VN a c so hoa hoan toan ve ca truyen dan lan chuyen
mach vi cac thiet b cong nghe mi, hien ai tren toan quoc, cung vi
mang thue bao rong ln va nhieu iem cung cap dch vu, la mot thuan li
ln trong qua trnh phat trien tien ti cau truc mang the he mi cung cap a
dch vu, a phng tien, chat lng cao.
II. CAU TRUC LUAN LY (CAU TRUC CHC NANG) CUA MANG
NGN
Cho en nay, mang the he sau van la xu hng phat trien mi me, cha
co mot khuyen ngh chnh thc nao cua Lien minh Vien thong the gii ITU
ve cau truc cua no. Nhieu hang vien thong ln a a ra mo hnh cau truc
mang the he mi nh Alcatel, Ericssion, Nortel, Siemens, Lucent, NEC,
Ben canh viec a ra nhieu mo hnh cau truc mang NGN khac nhau va kem
theo la cac giai phap mang cung nh nhng san pham thiet b mi khac
nhau. Cac hang a ra cac mo hnh cau truc tng oi ro rang va cac giai
phap mang kha cu the la Alcatel, Siemens, Ericsions.
Nhn chung t cac mo hnh nay, cau truc mang mi co ac iem chung
la bao gom cac lp chc nang sau :
- Lp net noi (Access + Transport/ Core)
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 32 -
- Lp trung gian hay lp truyen thong (Media)
- Lp ieu khien (Control)
- Lp quan ly (Management)
Trong cac lp tren, lp ieu khien hien nay ang rat phc tap vi nhieu
loai giao thc, kha nang tng thch gia cac thiet b cua hang la van e
ang c cac nha khai thac quan tam.
1. Mo hnh phan lp chc nang cua mang NGN

Lp truy nhap va
truyen dan
L

p

q
u
a
n

l
y

Lp ieu khien
Lp truyen thong

Hnh 2- 5 Cau truc mang the he sau (goc o mang)
Xem xet t goc o kinh doanh va cung cap dch vu th mo hnh cau
truc mang the he sau con co them lp ng dung dch vu.
Trong moi trng phat trien canh tranh th se co rat nhieu thanh phan
tham gia kinh doanh trong lp ng dung dch vu.
Lp truy nhap va
truyen dan
L

p

q
u
a
n

l
y

Lp ieu khien
Lp truyen thong
Lp ng dung
Giao dien m API
Giao dien m API
Giao dien m API

Hnh 2- 6 Cau truc mang va dch vu NGN (goc o dch vu)
Vi API : Application Program Interface.
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 33 -
2. Phan tch

Lp truy nhap va truyen dan
Lp truyen thong
Lp ieu khien
Lp ng dung
Router
Switch - Router
Media
Gateway
Softswitch hay
Media Gateway
Controller
Cac server
ng dung
Cac doanh
nghiep ln
Cac cong ty nho/
van phong tai
gia,...
Khach hang tai
nha/ Vung dan c
Thue bao di ong

Hnh 2-7 Cau truc luan ly cua mang NGN
Kien truc mang NGN s dung chuyen mach goi cho ca thoai va d
lieu. No phan chia cac khoi vng chac cua tong ai hien nay thanh cac lp
mang rieng le, cac lp nay lien ket vi nhau qua cac giao dien m tieu
chuan.
S thong minh cua x ly cuoc goi c ban trong chuyen mach cua
PSTN thc chat la a c tach ra t phan cng cua ma tran chuyen mach.
Bay gi, s thong minh ay nam trong mot thiet b tach ri goi la chuyen
mach mem (softswitch) cung c goi la mot bo ieu khien cong truyen
thong (Media Gateway Controller) hoac la mot tac nhan cuoc goi (Call
Agent), ong vai tro phan t ieu khien trong kien truc mang mi. Cac
giao dien m hng ti cac ng dung mang thong minh (IN- Intelligent
Network) va cac server ng dung mi tao ieu kien de dang cho viec
nhanh chong cung cap dch vu va am bao a ra th trng trong thi gian
ngan.
Tai lp truyen thong, cac cong c a vao s dung e lam thch
ng thoai va cac phng tien khac vi mang chuyen mach goi. Cac media
gateway nay c s dung e phoi ghep hoac vi thiet b au cuoi cua
khach hang (RGW- Residental Gateway), vi cac mang truy nhap (AGW-
Access Gateway) hoac vi mang PSTN (TGW- Trunk Access). Cac server
phng tien ac biet rat nhieu chc nang khac nhau, chang han nh cung
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 34 -
cap cac am quay so hoac thong bao. Ngoai ra, chung con co cac chc nang
tien tien hn nh : tra li bang tieng noi tng tac va bien oi van ban sang
tieng noi hoac tieng noi sang van ban.
Cac giao dien m cua kien truc mi nay cho phep cac dch vu mi
c gii thieu nhanh chong. ong thi chung cung tao thuan tien cho viec
gii thieu cac phng thc kinh doanh mi bang cach chia tach chuoi gia
tr truyen thong hien tai thanh nhieu dch vu co the do cac hang khac nhau
cung cap.
He thong chuyen mach NGN c phan thanh bon lp rieng biet thay
v tch hp thanh mot he thong nh cong nghe chuyen mach kenh hien nay
: lp ng dung, lp ieu khien, lp truyen thong, lp truy nhap va truyen
tai. Cac giao dien m co s tach biet gia dch vu va truyen dan cho phep
cac dch vu mi c a vao nhanh chong, de dang; nhng nha khai thac
co the chon la cac nha cung cap thiet b tot nhat cho tng lp trong mo
hnh mang NGN.
2.1 Lp truyen dan va truy nhap
Phan truyen dan
- Lp vat ly : Truyen dan quang vi ky thuat ghep kenh bc song
quang DWDM se c s dung.
- Lp 2 va lp 3 :
Truyen dan tren mang loi (core network) da vao ky thuat goi cho
tat ca cac dch vu vi chat lng dch vu QoS tuy yeu cau cho tng
loai dch vu.
ATM hay IP/MPLS co the c s dung lam nen cho truyen dan
tren mang loi e am bao QoS.
Mang loi co the thuoc mang MAN hay mang ng truc
Cac router s dung bien mang loi khi lu lng ln, ngc lai,
khi lu lng thap, switch router co the am nhan luon chc nang
cua nhng router nay.
- Thanh phan :
Cac nut chuyen mach/ Router (IP/ATM hay IP/MPLS), cac chuyen
mach kenh cua mang PSTN, cac khoi chuyen mach PLM nhng
mang ng truc, ky thuat truyen tai chnh la IP hay IP/ATM.
Co cac he thong chuyen mach, he thong nh tuyen cuoc goi.
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 35 -
- Chc nang :
Lp truyen tai trong cau truc mang NGN bao gom ca chc nang
truyen dan va chc nang chuyen mach.
Lp truyen dan co kha nang ho tr cac mc QoS khac nhau cho
cung mot dch vu va cho cac dch vu khac nhau. No co kha nang lu
tr lai cac s kien xay ra tren mang (kch thc goi, toc o goi, o tr
hoan, ty le mat goi va Jitter cho phep, oi vi mang chuyen mach
goi; bang thong, o tr hoan oi vi mang chuyen mach kenh TDM).
Lp ng dung se a ra cac yeu cau ve nang lc truyen tai va no se
thc hien cac yeu cau o.
Phan truy nhap :
- Lp vat ly :
Hu tuyen : Cap ong, xDSL hien ang s dung. Tuy nhien trong
tng lai truyen dan quang DWDM, PON (Passive Optical Network)
se dan dan chiem u the va th trng xDSL, modem cap dan dan thu
hep lai.
Vo tuyen : thong tin di ong - cong nghe GSM hoac CDMA, truy
nhap vo tuyen co nh, ve tinh.
- Lp 2 va lp 3 : Cong nghe IP se lam nen cho mang truy nhap.
- Thanh phan :
Phan truy nhap gom cac thiet b truy nhap ong vai tro giao dien e
ket noi cac thiet b au cuoi vao mang qua he thong mang ngoai vi
cap ong, cap quang hoac vo tuyen.
Cac thiet b truy nhap tch hp IAD.
Thue bao co the s dung moi ky thuat truy nhap (tng t, so,
TDM, ATM, IP,) e truy nhap vao mang dch vu NGN.
- Chc nang :
Nh ten goi, lp truy nhap cung cap cac ket noi gia thue bao
au cuoi va mang ng truc ( thuoc lp truyen dan) qua cong giao
tiep MGW thch hp.
Mang NGN ket noi vi hau het cac thiet b au cuoi chuan va
khong chuan nh cac thiet b truy xuat a dch vu, ien thoai IP,
may tnh PC, tong ai noi bo PBX, ien thoai POTS, ien thoai so
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 36 -
ISDN, di ong vo tuyen, di ong ve tinh, vo tuyen co nh, VoDSL,
VoIP,
2.2 Lp truyen thong
- Thanh phan : Thiet b lp truyen thong la cac cong truyen thong
(MG Media Gateway) bao gom :
Cac cong truy nhap : AG (Access Gateway) ket noi gia mang loi
vi mang truy nhap, RG (Residental gateway) ket noi mang loi vi
mang thue bao tai nha.
Cac cong giao tiep : TG (Trunking Gateway) ket noi gia mang loi
vi mang PSTN/ISDN, WG (Wireless Gateway) ket noi mang loi vi
mang di ong,...
- Chc nang :
Lp truyen thong co kha nang tng thch cac ky thuat truy nhap
khac vi ky thuat chuyen mach goi IP hay ATM mang ng truc.
Hay noi cach khac, lp nay chu trach nhiem chuyen oi cac loai moi
trng ( chang han nh PSTN, FramRelay, LAN, vo tuyen,) sang
moi trng truyen dan goi c ap dung tren mang loi va ngc lai.
Nh o, cac nut chuyen mach (ATM + IP) va cac he thong truyen
dan se thc hien chc nang chuyen mach, nh tuyen cuoc goi gia
cac thue bao cua lp truy nhap di s ieu khien cua cac thiet b
thuoc lp ieu khien.
2.3 Lp ieu khien
- Thanh phan
Lp ieu khien bao gom cac he thong ieu khien ma thanh phan
chnh la Softswitch con goi la Media Gateway Controller hay Call
Agent c ket noi vi cac thanh phan khac e ket noi cuoc goi hay
quan ly a ch IP nh : SGW ( Signaling Gateway), MS (Media
Sever), FS (Feature Server), AS (Application Server).
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 37 -
Mang IP
Mang khac
MGC / call
Agent
Media Server
Media gateway
Signaling
Gateway
Feature Server
Mang vien thong
SS7
Softswitch
IBM Compatible
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 8 #

Hnh 2-8 Cac thanh phan cua Softswitch

Theo MSF (MutiService Switching Forum), lp ieu khien can
c to chc theo kieu module va co the bao gom mot so bo ieu
khien oc lap. V du co cac bo ieu khien rieng cho cac dch vu :
thoai / bao hieu so 7, ATM / SVC, IP/MPLS,






BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 38 -
Bo ieu khien
IP/ MPLS
Bo ieu khien
ATM/ SVC
Bo ieu khien
Voice/SS7 ...
TCP/IP Voice Video TDM FR ATM ...
Lp media
Softswitch
Lp ng dung
Cac server ac tnh, Server ng dung,...
Cac giao thc, giao dien m, API bao hieu/ IN tieu chuan
Lp ieu
khien
Cac giao dien logic va vat ly tieu chuan

Hnh 2-9 Cau truc mang chuyen mach a dch vu.

- Chc nang
Lp ieu khien co nhiem vu ket noi e cung cap cac dch vu thong
suot t au cuoi en au cuoi vi bat ky loai giao thc va bao hieu nao.
Cu the , lp ieu khien thc hien :
nh tuyen lu lng gia cac khoi chuyen mach.
Thiet lap yeu cau, ieu chnh va thay oi cac ket noi hoac cac
luong, ieu khien sap xep nhan (label mapping) gia cac giao dien
cong.
Phan bo lu lng va cac ch tieu chat lng oi vi moi ket noi
(hay moi luong) va thc hien giam sat ieu khien e am bao QoS.
Bao hieu au cuoi t cac trung ke, cac cong trong ket noi vi lp
media. Thong ke va ghi lai cac thong so ve chi tiet cuoc goi, ong
thi thc hien cac canh bao.
Thu nhan thong tin bao hieu t cac cong va chuyen thong tin nay
en cac thanh phan thch hp trong lp ieu khien.
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 39 -
Quan ly va bao dng hoat ong cua cac tuyen ket noi thuoc pham
vi ieu khien. Thiet lap va quan ly hoat ong cua cac luong yeu cau
oi vi chc nang dch vu trong mang. Bao hieu vi cac thanh phan
ngang cap.
Cac chc nang quan ly, cham soc khach hang cung c tch hp
trong lp ieu khien. Nh cac giao dien m nen co s tach biet gia
dch vu va truyen dan, ieu nay cho phep cac dch vu mi c a
vao nhanh chong va de dang.
2.4 Lp ng dung
- Thanh phan :
Lp ng dung gom cac nut thc thi dch vu SEN (Service Excution
Node), thc chat la cac server dch vu cung cap cac ng dung cho
khach hang thong qua lp truyen tai.
- Chc nang :
Lp ng dung cung cap cac dch vu co bang thong khac nhau va
nhieu mc o. Mot so loai dch vu se thc hien lam chu viec thc hien
ieu khien logic cua chung va truy nha p trc tiep ti lp ng dung, con
mot so dch vu khac se c ieu khien t lp ieu khien nh dch vu
thoai truyen thong. Lp ng dung lien ket vi lp ieu khien thong qua
cac giao dien m API. Nh o ma cac nha cung cap dch vu co the phat
trien cac ng dung va trien khai nhanh chong tren cac dch vu mang.
Mot so v du ve cac loai ng dung dch vu c a ra sau ay:
Cac dch vu thoai
Cac dch vu thong tin va noi dung
VPN cho thoai va so lieu
Video theo yeu cau
Nhom cac dch vu a phng tien
Thng mai ien t
Cac tro chi tren mang thi gian thc.



BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 40 -
2.5 Lp quan ly
Lp quan ly la mot lp ac biet xuyen suot cac lp t lp ket noi cho
en lp ng dung.
Tai lp quan ly, ngi ta co the trien khai ke hoach xay dng mang
giam sat vien thong TMN, nh mot mang rieng theo doi va ieu phoi cac
thanh phan mang vien thong ang hoat ong. Tuy nhien can phan biet
cac chc nang quan ly vi cac chc nang ieu khien. V can ban NGN se
da tren cac giao dien m va cung cap rat nhieu loai hnh dch vu trong
mot mang n, cho nen mang quan ly phai lam viec trong mot moi
trng a nha au t, a nha khai thac, a dch vu.
T nhng phan tch tren, ta xay dng s o cac thc the chc nang cua
mang NGN:

IP
(Transport & Transmission)
AS-F
R-F/A-F MGC-F/CA-F
MS-F
SG-F
Service &
Application
Call control
& Signaling
Media
IW-F
MG-F

Hnh 2-10 : Cac thc the chc nang trong NGN

AS-F: Application Server Function
MS-F: Media Server Function
MGC-F: Media Gateway Control Function
CA-F: Call Agent Function
IW-F: Interworking Function
R-F: Routing Function
A-F: Accounting Function
SG-F: Signaling Gateway Function
MG-F: Media Gateway Function


BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 41 -
Nhiem vu cua tng thc the nh sau:
- AS-F: ay la thc the thi hanh cac ng dung nen nhiem vu chnh la
cung cap cac logic dch vu va thi hanh mot hay nhieu cac ng dung/dch
vu.
- MS-F: cung cap cac dch vu tang cng cho x ly cuoc goi. No hoat
ong nh mot server e x ly cac yeu cau t AS-F hoac MGC-F.
- MGC-F: cung cap logic cuoc goi va tn hieu bao hieu x ly cuoc goi
cho mot hay nhieu Media Gateway.
- CA-F: la mot phan chc nang cua MGS-F. Thc the nay c kch hoat
khi MGC-F thc hien viec ieu khien cuoc goi.
- IW-F: cung la mot phan chc nang cua MGC-F. No c kch hoat khi
MGC-F thc hien cac bao hieu gia cac mang bao hieu khac nhau.
- R-F: cung cap thong tin nh tuyen cho MGC-F.
- A-F: cung cap thong tin dung cho viec tnh cc.
- SG-F: dung e chuyen cac thong tin bao hieu cua mang PSTN qua
mang IP.
- MG-F: dung e chuyen thong tin t dang truyen dan nay sang dang
truyen dan khac.

Tren ay ch la nhng chc nang c ban nhat cua mang NGN. Va tuy
thuoc vao nhu cau thc te ma mang co them nhng chc nang khac na.










BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 42 -

III. CAU TRUC VAT LY
NGN - Next Gerneration Network can c hieu ro la mang the he
sau hay mang the he ke tiep ma khong phai la mang hoan toan mi, nen khi
xay dng va phat trien mang theo xu hng NGN, ngi ta chu y en van e
ket noi mang the he sau vi mang hien hanh va tan dung cac thiet b vien
thong hien co tren mang nham at c hieu qua khai thac toi a.
1. Cau truc vat ly cua mang NGN
IP Network
(WDM/SDH/ATM)
MPLS, Mutticast
Resident
gateway
GPRS
UMTS
Wireless
Access
gateway
Wireless
gateway
DNS
Network
Management
AAA
Charging
Telephone
Users
Directory
Server
Wireless
RSVP, Mobile
IP, IP Sec
LAN
GE, MAN
PSTN
Wireless
Digi. TV
PC
xDSL
Trunk
gateway
MGC
Softswich
Business/
Residental Users
Business Users
Mobile Users
ISP
Appication
/ Feature
Server
SS7
Signaling
gateway

Hnh 2-11 - Cau truc vat ly mang NGN





BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 43 -
2. Cac thanh phan mang va chc nang
SCP
AXE
DX
EWSD
...
SG
DSLAM
AGW
TGW
DSL
PBX
GSM
PBX
MGC
MGC
SG
SIP
Server
SIP
H323
3G
UMTS
SSG
MS
RGW
PSTN
Web
Directory
Server
AAA IVR
Charging
...
ISUP
E1
analog
IDSN 2B+D
IDSN
30B+D
WGW
SOFSWITCH
INAP
ISUP
MGCP/
H248
SIP
SIP
MGCP/
H248 L
D
A
P
R
A
D
I
U
S
RTP
RTP
RTP
RTP
I
S
U
P
IP/ATM
SIP
Terminals
IP Core (MPLS)
MGCP/
H248

Hnh 2-12 Cac thanh phan chnh cua mang NGN
Trong mang vien thong the he mi co rat nhieu thanh phan can quan
tam, nhng ay ta ch nghien cu nhng thanh phan chnh the hien ro net s
tien tien cua NGN so vi mang vien thong truyen thong. Cu the la :
1. Media Gateway (MG)
2. Media Gateway Controller (MGC - Call Agent - Softswitch)
3. Signaling Gateway (SG)
4. Media Server (MS)
5. Application Server (Feature Server)







BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 44 -
2.1. Media Gateway (MG)

Hnh 2-13 Cau truc cua Media Gateway

Media Gateway cung cap phng tien e truyen tai thong tin thoai, d
lieu, fax va video gia mang goi IP va mang PSTN. Trong mang PSTN, d
lieu thoai c mang tren kenh DS0. e truyen d lieu nay vao mang goi,
mau thoai can c nen lai va ong goi. ac biet ay ngi ta s dung
mot bo x ly tn hieu so DSP (Digital Signal Processors) thc hien cac chc
nang : chuyen oi AD (analog to digital), nen ma thoai/ audio, triet tieng doi,
bo khoang lang, ma hoa, tai tao tnh hieu thoai, truyen cac tn hieu DTMF,
Cac chc nang cua mot Media Gateway :
- Truyen d lieu thoai s dung giao thc RTP (Real Time Protocol).
- Cung cap khe thi gian T1 hay tai nguyen x ly tn hieu so (DSP -
Digital Signal Processing) di s ieu khien cua Media Gateway
Controller (MGC). ong thi quan ly tai nguyen DSP cho dch vu nay.
- Ho tr cac giao thc a co nh loop-start, ground-start, E&M, CAS,
QSIG va ISDN qua T1.
- Quan ly tai nguyen va ket noi T1.
- Cung cap kha nang thay nong cac card T1 hay DSP.
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 45 -
- Co phan mem Media Gateway d phong.
- Cho phep kha nang m rong Media Gateway ve: cong(ports), cards, cac
nut ma khong lam thay oi cac thanh phan khac.
ac tnh he thong :
Mot Media Gateway co cac ac tnh sau :
- La mot thiet b vao/ra ac hieu (I/O)
- Dung lng bo nh phai luon am bao lu tr cac thong tin trang thai,
thong tin cau hnh, cac ban tin MGCP, th vien DSP,
- Dung lng a chu yeu s dung cho qua trnh ang nhap (logging)
- D phong ay u giao dien Ethernet (vi mang IP), m rong mot vai
giao dien T1/E1 vi mang TDM.
- Mat o khoang 120 port (DSOs).
- S dung bus H.110 e am bao tnh linh ong cho he thong noi bo
2.2. Media Gateway Controller
MGC la n v chc nang chnh cua Softswitch. No a ra cac quy luat
x ly cuoc goi, con MG va SG se thc hien cac quy luat o. No ieu khien
SG thiet lap va ket thuc cuoc goi. Ngoai ra no con giao tiep vi he thong
OSS va BSS.
MGC chnh la chiec cau noi gia cac mang co ac tnh khac nhau, nh
PSTN, SS7, mang IP. No chu trach nhiem quan ly lu lng thoai va d lieu
qua cac mang khac nhau. No con c goi la Call Agent do chc nang ieu
khien cac ban tin .
Mot MGC ket hp vi MG, SG tao thanh cau hnh toi thieu cho
Softswitch.







BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 46 -
Call
Agent
Call
Agent
Trunking
Gateway
Residental
Gateway
Sianalling
Gateway
Appl.
Server
CO
Swicth
SCP
SCP
STP STP
CO
Swicth
...
...
Signaling Layer
Transport Layer
Softphone
MGCP/
MEGACO
RTP
SIP
SIGTRAN
SS7 TCAP
ISUP/
TCAP
SIP-TSI

Hnh 2-14 Cau truc cua SoftSwitch

Cac chc nang cua Media Gateway Controller
- Quan ly cuoc goi
- Cac giao thc thiet lap cuoc goi thoai : H.323, SIP
- Giao thc ieu khien truyen thong : MGCP, Megaco, H.248
- Quan ly lp dch vu va chat lng dch vu
- Giao thc quan ly SS7 : SIGTRAN (SS7 over IP)
- X ly bao hieu SS7
- Quan ly cac ban tin lien quan QoS nh RTCP
- Thc hien nh tuyen cuoc goi
- Ghi lai cac thong tin chi tiet cua cuoc goi e tnh cc (CDR- Call Detail
Record)
- ieu khien quan ly bang thong
- oi vi Media Gateway :
Xac nh va cau hnh thi gian thc cho cac DSP
Phan bo kenh DS0
Truyen dan thoai ( ma hoa, nen, ong goi)
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 47 -
- oi vi Signaling Gateway, MGC cung cap :
Cac loai SS7
Cac bo x ly thi gian
Cau hnh ket noi
Ma cua nut mang hay thong tin cau hnh
- ang ky Gatekeeper

ac tnh he thong
- La mot CPU ac hieu, yeu cau la he thong a x ly, co kha nang m rong
theo chieu ngang
- Can bo nh ln e lu tr c s d lieu. ieu nay cung rat can thiet cho cac
qua trnh a x ly
- Chu yeu lam viec vi lu lng IP, do o yeu cau cac ket noi toc o cao
- Ho tr nhieu loai giao thc
- o san sang cao.

2.3 Signalling Gateway (SG)
Signaling Gateway tao ra mot chiec cau gia mang bao hieu SS7 vi
mang IP di s ieu khien cua Media Gateway Controller (MGC).
SG lam cho Softswitch giong nh mot nut SS7 trong mang bao hieu
SS7. Nhiem vu cua SG la x ly thong tin bao hieu.
Cac chc nang cua Signaling Gateway:
- Cung cap mot ket noi vat ly en mang bao hieu.
- Truyen thong tin bao hieu gia Media Gateway Controller va
Signaling Gateway thong qua mang IP.
- Cung cap ng dan truyen dan cho thoai, d lieu va cac dang d lieu
khac. (Thc hien truyen d lieu la nhiem vu cua Media Gateway).
- Cung cap cac hoat ong SS7 co s san sang cao cho cac dch vu vien
thong.
ac tnh he thong :
- La mot thiet b vao ra I/O
- Dung lng bo nh phai luon am bao lu tr cac thong tin trang thai,
thong tin cau hnh, cac lo trnh,
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 48 -
- Dung lng a chu yeu s dung cho qua trnh ang nhap (logging),
do o khong yeu cau dung lng ln.
- D phong ay u giao dien Ethernet (vi mang IP)
- Giao gien vi mang SS7 bang cach s dung mot luong EE /T1, toi
thieu 2 kenh D, toi a 16 kenh D
- e tang hieu suat va tnh linh ong ngi ta s dung bus H.110 hay
H.100
- Yeu cau o san sang cao : nhieu SG, nhieu lien ket bao hieu,

2.4. Media Server
Media Server la thanh phan la chon cua Softswitch, c s dung e
x ly cac thong tin ac biet. Mot Media Server phai ho tr phan cng DSP
vi hieu suat cao nhat.
Cac chc nang cua mot Media Server:
- Chc nang voicemail c ban.
- Hop th fax tch hp hay cac thong bao co the s dung e-mail hay cac
ban tin ghi am trc (pre-recorded message).
- Kha nang nhan tieng noi (neu co).
- Kha nang hoi ngh truyen hnh (video conference).
- Kha nang chuyen thoai sang van ban (speech-to-text)
ac tnh he thong :
- La mot CPU, co kha nang quan ly lu lng ban tin MGCP
- Lu tr cac phng phap thc hien lien ket vi DSP noi bo hay lan
can
- Can dung lng bo nh ln e lu tr cac c s d lieu, bo nh em,
th vien,
- Dung lng a tng oi nho.
- Quan ly hau het lu lng IP neu tat ca tai nguyen IP c s dung
e x ly thoai.
- S dung bus H.110 e tng thch vi card DSP va MG.
- o san sang cao.

BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 49 -
2.5. Application Server/Feature Server
Server ac tnh la mot server mc ng dung cha mot loat cac dch
vu cua doanh nghiep. Chnh v vay no con c goi la Server ng dung
thng mai. V hau het cac Server nay t quan ly cac dch vu va truyen
thong qua mang IP nen chung khong rang buoc nhieu vi Softswith ve viec
phan chia hay nhom cac thanh phan ng dung.

Hnh 2-15 Cau truc cua Server ng dung
Cac dch vu cong them co the trc thuoc Call Agent, hoac cung co the
thc hien mot cach oc lap. Nhng ng dung nay giao tiep vi Call Agent
thong qua cac giao thc nh SIP, H.323, Chung thng oc lap vi phan
cng nhng lai yeu cau truy nhap c s d lieu ac trng.
Chc nang cua Feature Server :
- Xac nh tnh hp le va ho tr cac thong so dch vu thong thng cho
he thong a chuyen mach.
Mot vai v du ve cac dch vu ac tnh :
- He thong tnh cc Call Agents s dung cac bo CDR (Call Detail
Record). Chng trnh CDR co rat nhieu ac tnh, chang han kha nang
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 50 -
ng dung toc o da tren loai ng truyen, thi iem trong ngay,..
Dch vu nay cho phep khach hang truy nhap vao ban tin tnh cc cua
ho thong qua cuoc goi thoai hay yeu cau trang Web.
- H.323 Gatekeeper- dch vu nay ho tr nh tuyen thong qua cac mien
khac nhau ( cac mang khac nhau). Moi mien co the ang ky so ien
thoai va so truy nhap trung ke vi Gatekeeper thong qua giao thc
H.323. Gatekeeper se cung cap dvh vu nh tuyen cuoc goi ( va
chuyen dch sang dang so) cho moi au cuoi H.323. Gatekeeper con
co the cung cap ieu khien tnh cc va quan ly bang thong cho
Softswitch.
- VPN- Dch vu nay se thiet lap mang rieng ao cho khach hang vi cac
ac tnh sau :
Bang thong xac nh ( thong qua mang thue rieng toc o cao)
am bao QoS
Nhieu tnh nang rieng theo chuan
Ke hoach quay so rieng
Bao mat cac ma thoai c truyen dan.
..
ac tnh he thong
- No ac biet yeu cau mot CPU tien ch cao. ieu nay cung con phu
thuoc vao cac ng dung ac biet khac nhau.
- Can bo nh ln vi o tre thap.
- CPU co kha nang m rong e ap ng cho viec nang cap dch vu va
lu lng.
- at mot vai c s d lieu trong Server.
- Dung lng a ln, tuy thuoc vao ac tnh cua ng dung. Chang han
nh dung lng 100GB- 2TB cho ngan hang voice mail.
- Giao dien Ethernet (vi mang IP) c thc hien vi ay u kha nang
d phong.

BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

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IV. CAC CONG NGHE LAM NEN CHO MANG THE HE MI
Ngay nay, yeu cau ngay cang tang ve so lng va chat lng dch vu
a thuc ay s phat trien nhanh chong cua th trng cong nghe ien t - tin
hoc - vien thong. Nhng xu hng phat trien cong nghe a va ang tiep can
nhau, an xen lan nhau nham cho phep mang li thoa man tot hn cac nhu
cau cua khach hang trong tng lai.
Theo ITU, co hai xu hng to chc mang chnh :
- Hoat ong ket noi nh hng ( CO - Connection Oriented
Operation)
- Hoat ong khong ket noi (CL Connectionless Operation)
Trong hoat ong ket noi nh hng, cac cuoc goi c thc hien vi
trnh t : goi so xac lap ket noi gi va nhan thong tin ket thuc. Trong
kieu ket noi nay, cong nghe ATM phat trien cho phep ay manh cac dch vu
bang rong va nang cao chat lng dch vu. Hoat ong khong ket noi da tren
giao thc IP nh viec truy cap Internet khong yeu cau viec xac lap trc cac
ket noi , v vay chat lng dch vu co the khong hoan toan am bao nh
trng hp tren. Tuy nhien do tnh n gian, tien li vi chi ph thap, cac
dch vu thong tin theo phng thc CL phat trien rat manh me theo xu hng
nang cao chat lng dch vu va tien ti canh tranh vi cac dch vu thong tin
theo phng thc CO.
Tuy vay, hai phng thc phat trien nay dan tiem can va hoi tu dan en
s ra i cong nghe ATM/IP. S phat trien manh me cua cac dch vu va cac
cong nghe mi tac ong trc tiep en s phat trien cau truc mang.









BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

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Hnh 2-16 Cac xu hng phat trien trong cong nghe mang
1. IP
S phat trien ot bien cua IP, s tang trng theo cap so nhan cua
thue bao Internet a la mot thc te khong con ai co the phu nhan. Hien nay
lng dch vu ln nhat tren cac mang ng truc tren thc te eu la t IP.
Trong cong tac tieu chuan hoa cac loai ky thuat, viec bao am tot hn cho
IP a tr thanh trong iem cua cong tac nghien cu.
IP la giao thc chuyen tiep goi tin. Viec chuyen tiep goi tin thc hien
theo c che phi ket noi. IP nh ngha c cau anh so, c cau chuyen tin, c
cau nh tuyen va cac chc nang ieu khien mc thap (ICMP). Goi tin IP
gom a ch cua ben nhan, a ch la so duy nhat trong toan mang va mang
ay u thong tin can cho viec chuyen goi ti ch.
C cau nh tuyen co nhiem vu tnh toan ng i ti cac nut trong
mang. Do vay, c cau nh tuyen phai c cap nhat cac thong tin ve topo
mang, thong tin ve nguyen tac chuyen tin (nh trong BGP) va no phai co
kha nang hoat ong trong moi trng mang gom nhieu nut. Ket quan tnh
toan cua c cau nh tuyen c lu trong cac bang chuyen tin (forwarding
table) cha thong tin ve chang tiep theo e co the gi goi tin ti hng
ch.
Da tren cac ban chuyen tin, c cau chuyen tin chuyen mach cac goi
IP hng ti ch. Phng thc chuyen tin truyen thong la theo tng chang
mot. cach nay, moi nut mang tnh toan mang chuyen tin mot cach oc
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 53 -
lap. Phng thc nay, do vay, yeu cau ket qua tnh toan cua phan nh
tuyen tai tat ca cac nut phai nhat quan vi nhau. S khong thong nhat cua
ket qua se dan en viec chuyen goi tin sai hng, ieu nay ong ngha vi
viec mat goi tin.
Kieu chuyen tin theo tng chang han che kha nang cua mang. V du,
vi phng thc nay, neu cac goi tin chuyen ti cung mot a ch i qua
cung mot nut th chung se c truyen qua cung mot tuyen ti iem ch.
ieu nay khien cho mang khong the thc hien mot so chc nang khac nh
nh tuyen theo ch, theo dch vu.
Tuy nhien, ben canh o, phng thc nh tuyen va chuyen tin nay
nang cao o tin cay cung nh kha nang m rong cua mang. Giao thc nh
tuyen ong cho phep mang phan ng lai vi s co bang viec thay oi tuyen
khi router biet c s thay oi ve topo mang thong qua viec cap nhat
thong tin ve trang thai ket noi. Vi cac phng thc nh CDIR (Classless
Inter Domain Routing), kch thc cua ban tin c duy tr mc chap
nhan c, va do viec tnh toan nh tuyen eu do cac nut t thc hien,
mang co the m rong ma khong can bat c thay oi nao.
Tom lai, IP la mot giao thc chuyen mach goi co o tin cay va kha
nang m rong cao. Tuy nhien, viec ieu khien lu lng rat kho thc hien
do phng thc nh tuyen theo tng chang. Mat khac, IP cung khong ho
tr chat lng dch vu.

2. ATM
Cong nghe ATM da tren c s cua phng phap chuyen mach goi,
thong tin c nhom vao cac goi tin co chieu dai co nh, ngan; trong o v
tr cua goi khong phu thuoc vao ong ho ong bo va da tren nhu cau bat
ky cua kenh cho trc. Cac chuyen mach ATM cho phep hoat ong vi
nhieu toc o va dch vu khac nhau.
ATM co hai ac iem quan trong :
Th nhat ATM s dung cac goi co kch thc nho va co nh goi la
cac te bao ATM , cac te bao nho vi toc o truyen ln se lam cho
tre truyen va bien ong tre giam u nho oi vi cac dch vu thi
gian thc, cung se tao ieu kien cho viec hp kenh toc o cao
c de dang hn.
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 54 -
Th hai, ATM co kha nang nhom mot vai kenh ao thanh mot
ng ao nham giup cho viec nh tuyen c de dang.
ATM khac vi nh tuyen IP mot so iem. No la cong nghe chuyen
mach hng ket noi. Ket noi t iem au en iem cuoi phai c thiet
lap trc khi thong tin c gi i. ATM yeu cau ket noi phai c thiet
lap bang nhan cong hoac thiet lap mot cach t ong thong qua bao hieu.
Mat khac, ATM khong thc hien nh tuyen tai cac nut trung gian. Tuyen
ket noi xuyen suot c xac nh trc khi trao oi d lieu va c gi co
nh trong suot thi gian ket noi. Trong qua trnh thiet lap ket noi, cac tong
ai ATM trung gian cung cap cho ket noi mot nhan. Viec nay thc hien hai
ieu: danh cho ket noi mot so tai nguyen va xay dng bang chuyen te bao
tai moi tong ai. Bang chuyen te bao nay co tnh cuc bo va ch cha thong
tin ve cac ket noi ang hoat ong i qua tong ai. ieu nay khac vi thong
tin ve toan mang cha trong bang chuyen tin cua router dung IP.
Qua trnh chuyen te bao qua tong ai ATM cung tng t nh viec
chuyen goi tin qua router. Tuy nhien, ATM co the chuyen mach nhanh hn
v nhan gan tren cell co kch thc co nh (nho hn cua IP), kch thc
bang chuyen tin nho hn nhieu so vi cua IP router, va viec nay c thc
hen tren cac thiet b phan cng chuyen dung. Do vay, thong lng cua tong
ai ATM thng ln hn thong lng cua IP router truyen thong.
3. IP over ATM
Hien nay, trong xay dng mang IP, co en may loai ky thuat, nh IP
over SDH/ SONET, IP over WDM va IP over Fiber. Con ky thuat ATM, do
co cac tnh nang nh toc o cao, chat lng dch vu (QoS), ieu khien lu
lng, ma cac mang li dung bo nh tuyen truyen thong cha co, nen
a c s dung rong rai tren mang ng truc IP. Mat khac, do yeu cau
tnh thi gian thc con tng oi cao oi vi mang li, IP over ATM van
la ky thuat c chon trc tien hien nay. Cho nen viec nghien cu oi vi
IP over ATM van con rat quan trong. Ma MPLS chnh la s cai tien cua IP
over ATM kinh ien, cho nen ay chung ta can nhn lai mot chut ve hien
trang cua ky thuat IP over ATM.
IP over ATM truyen thong la mot loai ky thuat kieu xep chong, no
xep IP (ky thuat lp 3) len ATM (ky thuat lp 2); giao thc cua hai tang
hoan toan oc lap vi nhau; gia chung phai nh mot loat giao thc (nh
NHRP, ARP,) na mi am bao noi thong. ieu o hien nay tren thc te
a c ng dung rong rai. Nhng trong tnh trang mang li c m rong
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 55 -
nhanh chong, cach xep chong o cung gay ra nhieu van e can xem xet
lai.
Trc het, van e noi bat nhat la trong phng thc chong xep, phai
thiet lap cac lien ket PVC tai N iem nut, tc la can thiet lap mang lien
ket. Nh the co the se gay nen van e bnh phng N, rat phien phc, tc
la khi thiet lap, bao dng, g bo s lien ket gia cac iem nut, so viec
phai lam ( nh so VC, lng tin ieu khien) eu co cap so nhan bnh
phng cua N iem nut. Khi ma mang li ngay cang rong ln, chi phoi
kieu o se lam cho mang li qua tai.
Th hai la, phng thc xep chong se phan cat ca mang li IP over
ATM ra lam nhieu mang logic nho (LIS), cac LIS tren thc te eu la
trong mot mang vat ly. Gia cac LIS dung bo nh tuyen trung gian e lien
ket, ieu nay se co anh hng en viec truyen nhom goi tin gia cac LIS
khac nhau. Mat khac, khi lu lng rat ln, nhng bo nh tuyen nay se
gay hien tng nghen co chai oi vi bang rong.
Hai iem neu tren eu lam cho IP over ATM ch co the dung thch
hp cho mang tng oi nho, nh mang x nghiep,, nhng khong the ap
ng c nhu cau cua mang ng truc Internet trong tng lai.Tren thc
te, hai ky thuat nay ang ton tai van e yeu kem ve kha nang m rong
them.
Th ba la, trong phng thc chong xep, IP over ATM van khong co
cach nao am bao QoS thc s.
Th t, von khi thiet ke hai loai ky thuat IP va ATM eu lam rieng le,
khong xet g en ky thuat kia, ieu nay lam cho s noi thong gia hai ben
phai da vao mot loat giao thc phc tap, cung vi cac bo phuc vu x ly
cac giao thc nay. Cach lam nh the co the gay anh hng khong tot oi
vi o tin cay cua mang ng truc.
Cac ky thuat MPOA (Multiprotocol over ATM a giao thc tren
ATM) LANE (LAN Emulation Mo phong LAN) cung chnh la ket qua
nghien cu e giai quyet cac van e o, nhng cac giai thuat nay eu ch
giai quyet c mot phan cac ton tai, nh van e QoS chang han. Phng
thc ma cac ky thuat nay dung van la phng thc chong xep, kha nang
m rong van khong u. Hien nay a xuat hien mot loai ky thuat IP over
ATM khong dung phng thc xep chong, ma dung phng thc chuyen
mach nhan, ap dung phng thc tch hp. Ky thuat nay chnh la c s cua
MPLS.
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 56 -
4. MPLS
oi vi cac nha thiet ke mang ma noi, s phat trien nhanh chong, s
m rong khong ngng cua mang Internet, s tang vot cua lng dch vu
cung nh s phc tap cua cac loai hnh dch vu , a dan dan lam cho mang
vien thong hien tai khong con kham noi. Mot mat, cac nha khai thac than
phien kho kiem c li nhuan, nhng mat khac th thue bao lai keu ca la
gia ca qua cao, toc o qua cham. Th trng bc bach oi hoi co mot mang
toc o cao hn, gia ca thap hn. ay la nguyen nhan can ban e ra i
mot loat cac ky thuat mi, trong o co MPLS.
Bat ke ky thuat ATM tng c coi la nen tang cua mang so a dch
vu bang rong (B-ISDN), hay la IP at thanh cong ln tren th trng hien
nay, eu ton tai nhc iem kho khac phuc c. S xuat hien cua MPLS
ky thuat chuyen mach nhan a giao thc a giup chung ta co c s
chon la tot ep cho cau truc mang thong tin tng lai. Phng phap nay
a dung hp mot cach hu hieu nang lc ieu khien lu lng cua thiet b
chuyen mach vi tnh linh hoat cua bo nh tuyen. Hien nay cang co nhieu
ngi tin tng mot cach chac chan rang MPLS se la phng an ly tng
cho mang ng truc trong tng lai.
MPLS tach cc nang cua IP router lam hai phan rieng biet : chc nang
chuyen goi tin va chc nang ieu khien. Phan chc nang chuyen goi tin,
vi nhiem vu gi goi tin gia cac router, s dung c che hoan oi nhan
tng t nh ATM. Trong MPLS, nhan la mot so co o dai co nh va
khong phu thuoc vao lp mang. Ky thuat hoan oi nhan ve ban chat la
viec tm nhan cua mot goi tin trong mot bang cac nhan e xac nh tuyen
cua goi va nhan mi cua no. Viec nay n gian hn nhieu so vi viec x ly
goi tin theo kieu thong thng, va do vay, caithien c kha nang cua thiet
b. Cac router s dung ky thuat nay c goi la LSR (Label Switch
Router). Phan chc nang ieu khien cua MPLS bao gom cac giao thc nh
tuyen lp mang vi nhiem vu phan phoi thong tin gia cac LSR, va thu tuc
gan nhan e chuyen thong tin nh tuyen thanh cac bang nh tuyen cho
viec chuyen mach. MPLS co the hoat ong c vi cac giao thc nh
tuyen Internet khac nh OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) va BGP (Border
Bateway Protocol). Do MPLS ho tr viec ieu khien lu lng va cho phep
thiet lap tuyen co nh, viec am bao chat lng dch vu cua cac tuyen la
hoan toan kha thi. ay la mot iem vt troi cua MPLS so vi cac nh
tuyen co ien.
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

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Ngoai ra, MPLS con co c che chuyen tuyen (fast rerouting). Do
MPLS la cong nghe chuyen mach hng ket noi, kha nang b anh hng
bi loi ng truyen thng cao hn cac cong nghe khac. Trong khi o, cac
dch vu tch hp ma MPLS phai ho tr lai yeu cau dung lng cao. Do vay,
kha nang phuc hoi cua MPLS am bao kha nang cung cap dch vu cua
mang khong phu thuoc vao c cau khoi phuc loi cua lp vat ly ben di.
Ben canh o tin cay, cong nghe MPLS cung khien cho viec quan ly
mang c de dang hn. Do MPLS quan ly viec chuyen tin theo cac luong
thong tin, cac goi tin thuoc mot FEC co the c xac nh bi mot gia tr
cua nhan. Do vay, trong mien MPLS, cac thiet b o lu lng mang co the
da tren nhan e phan loai cac goi tin. Lu lng i qua cac tuyen chuyen
mach nhan (LSP) c giam sat mot cach de dang dung RTFM ( Real-
Time Flow Measurement). Bang cach giam sat lu lng tai cac LSR,
nghen lu lng se c phat hien va v tr xay ra nghen lu lng co the
c xac nh nhanh chong. Tuy nhien, giam sat lu lng theo phng
phap nay khong a ra c toan bo thong tin ve chat lng dch vu (v du
nh tre t iem au en iem cuoi cua mien MPLS).
Tom lai, MPLS la mot cong nghe chuyen mach IP co nhieu trien
vong. Vi tnh chat c cau nh tuyen cua mnh, MPLS co kha nang nang
cao chat lng dch vu cua mang IP truyen thong. Ben canh o, thong
lng cua mang se c cai thien mot cach ro ret. Tuy nhien, o tin cay la
mot van e thc tien co the khien viec trien khai MPLS tren mang Internet
b cham lai.









BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

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5. BANG SO SANH GIA CAC CONG NGHE
Cong nghe IP ATM MPLS
Ban chat
cong nghe
- La mot giao
thc chuyen
mach goi co o
tin cay va kha
nang m rong
cao.
- Do phng
thc nh tuyen
theo tng
chang nen ieu
khien lu
lng rat kho
thc hien.
- S dung goi tin co
chieu dai co nh
53 byte go la te
bao (cell).
- Nguyen tac nh
tuyen : chuyen oi
VPI/VCI
- Nen tang phan
cng toc o cao
- Tch hp ATM va IP.
- Chuyen goi tin tren c s nhan
qua cac ng chuyen mach nhan
LSP
- Co the ap dung tren nhieu moi
trng mang khac nhau nh IP,
ATM, Ethernet, FR
u iem - n gian,
hieu qua
- Toc o chuyen
mach cao, mem
deo, ho tr QoS
theo yeu cau
- Tch hp cac chc nang nh
tuyen, anh a ch, ieu khien
- Kha nang m rong tot
-T le gia chat lng va gia thanh
cao.
- Ket hp gia IP va ATM cho
phep tan dung toi a thiet b, nang
cao hieu qua au t.
- S phan tach gia ieu khien va
chuyen mach cho phep MPLS
c trien khai tren nhieu phng
tien.
Nhc iem - Khong ho tr
QoS
- Gia thanh cao,
khong mem deo
trong ho tr nhng
ng dung IP, VoA
- Ho tr a giao thc dan en phc
tap trong ket noi
- Kho thc thi QoS xuyen suot cho
en khi thiet b au cuoi thch hp
cho ngi s dung xuat hien tren
th trng.
- Viec hp nhat cac kenh ao con
ang tiep tuc nghien cu. Giai
quyet viec chen te bao se chiem
nhieu tai nguyen bo em hn, dan
en can phai nang cap cho cac
thiet b ATM hien tai.