Ghep Noi&Dieu Khien

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi
GHP NI V IU KHIN THIT B NGOI VI
Ngi son: TS. Nguyn Vn Minh Tr ThS. Lm Tng c Cc sinh vin lp 03SK
Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr
TI LIU LU HNH NI B
LI NI U
Ngy nay, my vi tnh (MVT) c ci tin, nng cp v th trng ho t tc x l cc nhanh, gi thnh r. Trong nhng thp nin qua, MVT c p dng khp mi ni, thay th cho cc h thng c nhiu nhc im. c bit, trong h thng in, in cng nghip, MVT c ng dng ngy cng nhiu, mang li nhiu tnh nng u vit cho h thng. Do yu cu pht trin l thuyt v h thng c s dng MVT m ra nhiu lnh vc hc mi. Mt v d c th ca vic ng dng MVT trong cng nghip l cc h thng o lng v iu khin s dng MVT. Trong cc h thng ny, MVT nhn cc d liu o t trng thi vt l ca h thng, vi d nh nhit , p sut, in p , v tnh ton a ra nhng quyt nh, tn hiu iu khin tr li h thng, nhm t c cc yu cu iu khin ra ca h thng. Mun thit k, vn hnh v bo qun tt h o-iu khin cng nghip, ngi k s cn nm vng v k thut my tnh, cch vit chng trnh, k thut ghp ni thit b ngoi vi, vic x l s liu, l thuyt iu khin s Mn hc ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi (TBNV) nhm cung cp cc kin thc c bn trong vic tm hiu, thit k mch ghp ni ngoi vi vi MVT. Cc mch thit k phc v cho vic o lng, iu khin, giao tip gia MVT vi MVT, MVT vi h vi iu khin.
MC LC
CHNG 1: C S GHP NI THIT B NGOI VI

1.1. Gii thiu chung 1.1.1. Cu trc h thng 1.1.2. Nhim v ca b ghp ni 1.1.3. Th tc trao i d liu ca my vi tnh 1.2. Gii thiu mt s vi mch dng trong b ghp ni 1.2.1. Cc mch logic c bn 1.2.2. Cc mch lt 1.2.3. Cc mch thanh ghi m 1.2.4. Cc mch gii m a ch 1.2.5. Cc mch truyn d liu
CHNG 2: GHP NI VO RA SONG SONG IU KHIN BNG CHNG TRNH

2.1 Cc lnh vo ra d liu 2.1.1 Cc lnh vo ra bng hp ng 2.1.2 Cc lnh vo ra bng Turbo C 2.1.3 Cc lnh vo ra bng Turbo Pascal 2.2 Ghp ni song song n gin: c hay khng c i thoi 2.2.1 Ca vo n gin khng i thoi 2.2.2 Ca ra n gin khng i thoi 2.2.3 Ca vo n gin c i thoi 2.2.4 Ca ra n gin c i thoi 2.3 Ghp ni song song iu khin bng chng trnh 2.3.1 S khi v chc nng cc khi ca 8255A 2.3.2 Cc ch lm vic ca 8255A 2.3.3 Ghp ni vi 8255A 2.3.4 Lp trnh cho 8255A
CHNG 3: GHP NI TRAO I D LIU NI TIP

3.1 Gii thiu chung v trao i d liu ni tip 3.1.1 Yu cu trao i d liu ni tip 3.1.2 Mch trao i d liu ni tip Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr 3
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 3.1.3 Th tc trao i d liu ni tip 3.2 Mch thu pht d b vn nng UART 8250 3.2.1 S khi v chc nng cc khi ca UART 8250 3.2.2 Ghp ni vi UART 8250 3.2.3 Lp trnh cho UART 8250
CHNG 4: GHP NI IU KHIN NGT

4.1 Khi nim v phn loi ngt 4.1.1 Khi nim 4.1.2 Phn loi ngt 4.2 X l ngt ca nhiu thit b ngoi vi 4.2.1 Cho php hoc cm ngt 4.2.2 Sp xp u tin ngt 4.2.3 Xc nh ngun gy ngt 4.2.4 To vector ngt 4.3 Vi mch iu khin ngt 8259A 4.3.1 S khi v chc nng cc khi ca 8259A 4.3.2 Cu trc hot ng ca vi mch 8259A 4.3.3 Ghp ni vi 8259A 4.3.4 Lp trnh cho 8259A
CHNG 5: GHP NI VO RA IU KHIN BNG DMA

5.1 Khi nim DMA c bn 5.1.1 Khi nim DMA 5.1.2 Hot ng DMAC (DMA Controller) c bn 5.1.3 Cc ch trao i d liu DMA 5.2 B iu khin DMA 8237A 5.2.1 S khi v chc nng cc khi ca DMAC 8237A 5.2.2 Ghp ni vi 8237A trong h vi x l 8088 5.2.3 Lp trnh cho 8237A
CHNG 6: GHP NI TNG T-S V S-TNG T

6.1. Gii thiu mt s mch khuch i thut ton 6.1.1 Cc tham s c bn ca mch khuch i thut ton 6.1.2 Cc s c bn ca b khuch i thut ton 6.2 B chuyn i s-tng t DAC 6.2.1 Hot ng ca DAC 6.2.2 Cc tham s c bn ca b chuyn i ca DA 6.2.3 Cc mch DAC in hnh 6.2.4 Ghp ni vi DAC 6.2.5 Lp trnh xut d liu ra DAC 6.3 B bin i tng t-s ADC Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr 4
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 6.3.1 Nguyn tc lm vic ca ADC 6.3.2 Cc tham s c bn ca b chuyn i AD 6.3.3 Cc phng php chuyn i AD 6.3.4 Ghp ni vi ADC 6.3.5 Lp trnh nhn d liu t ADC
CHNG 7: NG DNG MY VI TNH TRONG O LNG V IU KHIN

7.1. Gii thiu v cu trc my tnh 7.2 Thit k mch ghp ni gia h thng t ng ha vi cc cng ca my vi tnh
CHNG 1: 1.1. Gii thiu chung
C S GHP NI THIT B NGOI VI
1.1.1 Cu trc h thng My vi tnh hay h vi x l u c cu trc chung do Phn Ni-Man xut gm khi x l trung tm (CPU), b nh (M) v cc ca vo/ra (I/O), nh trn hnh 1.1. Ngoi ra, MVT cn cn phi trao i d liu v mi trng bn ngoi, v d giao tip vi ngi s dng qua bn phm-mn hnh, trao i d liu vi cc thit b ngoi thng dng, cc thit b ngoi trong h o-iu khin, v cc MVT khc trong mng. Do cc b ghp ni thit b ngoi vi (BGN TBNV) c xy dng, gm: BGN cc thit b vo chun nh bn phm, con chut BGN cc thit b ra chun nh mn hnh, my in BGN cc b nh ngoi chun nh cng, CD-ROM BGN vi MVT khc trong mng nhiu MVT. BGN vi h vi iu khin, h vi x l. BGN h o lng - iu khin: RAM V X L BGN Bn phm Mn hnh BGN My in BGN b nh ngoi ROM ng dy d liu v a ch MVT ng dy iu khin
BGN Song song /ni tip
BGN Vo/ra
BGN Vo/ra
BGN CD-ROM Song song /ni tip
cng
Cm bin o lng
C cu chp hnh
Thit b CN
MVT /Vi K Hnh 1.1: Cu trc h GN trao i d liu tin gia MVT v TBNV Trong : VXL l vit tt ca vi x l RAM l random-access memory ROM l read-only memory BGN l b ghp ni CD-ROM l compact disk read-only memory CN l cng nghip K l iu khin Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr 6
t bit trong h o lng - iu khin, MVT nhn d liu trng thi vt l ca h thng (nhit , p sut, in p, dng in) di dng tn hiu in, t u d cc b cm bin (sensor), b chuyn i (tranducer), b pht hin (detector). V MVT cn nhn thng tin v trng thi sn sng hay bn ca thit b o. MVT sau a tn hiu chp nhn trao i d liu vi TBNV, thu thp v x l d liu, tnh ton cc tn hiu iu khin a ra cc c cu chp hnh (cc van ng m, cc rle trong mch in, cc mch ng lc iu tc ng c in), hay a ra cc thng s k thut cho thit b. Ngoi ra, MVT cn cn lu tr d liu trn cng, a compact (CD-ROM) tra cu lc cn, hin th kt qu o di dng bng s liu, dng th hay hnh v ho trn mn hnh. 1.1.2 Nhim v ca b ghp ni TBNV c ghp ni vi MVT thng qua cc phn thch ng v cng ngh v thch ng logic nh hnh 1.2. GN cng ngh lm nhim v iu chnh mc tn hiu gia cng ngh sn xut TBNV v cng ngh sn xut cc mch cu trc nn BUS ca MVT. GN logic lm nhim v to cc tn hiu iu khin TBNV t nhng tn hiu trn BUS h thng. Nhim v ca BGN l phi hp trao i d liu gia MVT v TBNV. 1. Phi hp v mc v cng sut tn hiu - Mc tn hiu ca MVT thng l mc TTL (0V, 5V), trong khi TBNV c mc in thoi (15V, 48V) hay mc in cng nghip (220V/380V). - Cng sut ng dy MVT nh (c chc mA), trong khi cng sut cn cho TBNV l rt ln ty theo tng h thng. Do BGN phi bin i in p v khuch i cng sut cho ph hp gia MVT v TBNV. Thng dng vi mch 3 trng thi a d`liu ra, a d liu vo. Do vi mch s trng thi tr khng cao khi khng c trao i d liu, c lp TBNV vi MVT, khng tiu th mt cht cng sut no ca ng dy v bo v MVT. 2. Phi hp v dng d liu - D liu trao i ca MVT lun l song song dng s nh phn, c th truyn theo 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit. - D liu ca TBNV c th song song 8 bit v 16 bit, ni tip hoc tn hiu lin tc. Do BGN s chuyn i dng d liu cho ph hp gia MVT v TBNV, v d chuyn i t tn hiu lin tc sang tn hiu s. 3. Phi hp v tc trao i d liu - MVT thng hot ng vi tc cao (tn s ln ti hng trm MHz) trong khi TBNV thng hot ng chm hn nhiu. Do BGN nhn v lu d liu t MVT ri truyn cho TBNV theo php chm ca TBNV, gii phng cho MVT lm nhim v khc (phc v TBNV khc, chy chng trnh x l s liu hay hin th trn mn hnh). Tng t, BGN nhn d liu ca TBNV v ch MVT c d liu vo. 4. Phi hp v phng thc trao i d liu - Vic c/xut d liu do MVT khi xng: Khi , MVT a lnh iu khin ti khi ng BGN hay TBNV, MVT c trng thi ca TBNV. Nu trng thi TBNV cha sn sng, MVT s ch.
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Nu TBNV trng thi sn sng, MVT s tin hnh c/xut d liu. - Vic c/xut d liu do TBNV khi xng: Khi , TBNV a yu cu trao i d liu ti b phn x l ngt ca BGN. Nu c nhiu TBNV ng thi a ra yu cu, BGN s sp xp theo th t u tin nh sn, ri a tng yu cu ti MVT. MVT sau khi nhn tn hiu yu cu, s chun b v a tn hiu xc nhn sn sng trao i. n lc BGN nhn v truyn tn hiu sn sng n cho TBNV. Sau , MVT v TBNV s trao i d liu qua trung gian l BGN. iu khin MVT s liu BGN GN GN logic cng ngh iu khin TBNV s liu
Hnh 1.2: GN gia MVT v TBNV 1.1.3 Th tc trao i d liu ca my vi tnh MVT trao i d liu vi TBNV theo mt trong hai ch : - Ch chng trnh: Gm cc lnh VO, RA v CHUYN d liu gia cc thanh ghi. - Ch truy cp thng ti b nh: BGN lc ny iu khin s trao i gia TBNV v b nh qua trung gian BGN. Cc ca vo ra ca VXL trng thi tr khng cao. BGN iu khin mi hot ng ca b nh v TBNV, bao gm: . Pht a ch cho b nh v TBNV. . Pht lnh c RD hay ghi WR s liu. . Cc s liu c, ghi c trao i gia b nh v TBNV thng qua cc thanh ghi m ca BGN. ch trao i d liu theo chng trnh, vic thc hin c th theo mt trong ba phng php sau (hnh 1.3): - ng b hay khng i thoi. - Khng ng b hay c i thoi. - Ngt chng trnh. 1. Trao i ng b: Sau khi khi ng TBNV, MVT khng cn quan tm ti TBNV c sn sng trao i d liu hay khng m a lun lnh trao i d liu. Do TBNV phi lun sn sng trao i d liu. Phng php trao i d liu ny c u im l nhanh, khng tn thi gian ch i. Tuy nhin n c nhc im l thiu tin cy, i khi b mt d liu v c th c s c lm TBNV cha sn sng trao i. 2. Trao i khng ng b: Trnh t trao i din ra nh sau: - MVT a tn hiu iu khin ti BGN. - MVT ch v kim tra trng thi sn sng trao i ca TBNV. Nu cha sn sng th c l kim tra li trng thi ny.
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi - MVT trao i d liu vi TBNV khi sn sng. Phng php ny thng dng v tc trao i d liu ca TBNV chm hn so vi MVT. Phng php trao i d liu ny c u im l rt tin cy, nhng li tn thi gian s dng MVT. 3. Trao i theo ngt chng trnh: Phng php ny khc phc c nhc im ca phng php trn. Trnh t nh sau: - MVT ang thc hin chui lnh ca chng trnh no . - TBNV c yu cu trao i d liu, s gi tn hiu yu cu trao i (yu cu ngt INTR ). - MVT a tn hiu chp nhn (xc nhn ngt INTA). - Chng trnh chnh b ngt, MVT chuyn sang chng trnh con phc v ngt, tc chng trnh con trao i d liu cho TBNV yu cu. - Chng trnh chnh li c tip tc thc hin ch b ngt. Chng trnh Cha TBNV sn sng ? Ri Trao i d liu a) ng b b) Khng ng b c) Ngt chng trnh Ngt Trao i d liu Chng trnh Chng trnh
Trao i d liu
Hnh 1.3 : Trao i d liu theo chng trnh
1.2.
Gii thiu mt s vi mch dng trong b ghp ni
Thng thng BGN c cc thanh cht d liu, b m 3 trng thi ni vi BUS v cc mch lt to tn hiu i thoi. 1.2.1 Cc mch logic c bn Mch AND Vcc 4B 4A 4Y 3B 3A 3Y - SN7408 Bng trng thi 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 - SN7409 A B Y L L L H L L L H L 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H H H
1A 1B 1Y 2A 2B 2Y GND
Mch OR - SN7432
Vcc 4B 4A 4Y 3B 3A 3Y 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
1 2 3 1A 1B 1Y
4 5 6 7 2A 2B 2Y GND
Bng trng thi A B Y L L L H L H L H H H H H
Mch NOT - SN7404: - SN7405 - SN7406
Vcc 6A 6Y 5A 5Y 4A 4Y 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
Bng trng thi:
A L H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1A 1Y 2A 2Y 3A 3Y GND
Y H L
Mch EX-OR - SN74136
Vcc 4B 4A 4Y 3B 3A 3Y 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
Bng trng thi A L H L H B L L H H Y L H H L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1A 1B 1Y 2A 2B 2Y GND
10
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Mch NAND - SN7400 - SN7401 - SN7403
Vcc 4B 4A 4Y 3B 3A 3Y 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
Bng trng thi:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1A 1B 1Y 2A 2B 2Y GND
A L H L H
B L L H H
Y H H H L
Mch NOR - SN7402 - SN7428
Vcc 4B 4A 4Y 3B 3A 3Y 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
Bng trng thi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1A 1B 1Y 2A 2B 2Y GND
A L H L H
B L L H H
Y H L L L
Mch EX-NOR - SN74HC266
Bng trng thi

Vcc 4B 4A 4Y 3B 3A 3Y 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
A L H L H
B L L H H
Y H L L H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1A 1B 1Y 2A 2B 2Y GND
Mch m 3 trng thi kch hot mc thp - SN74125 3C 3A 3Y Vcc 4C 4A 4Y 3B - SN74425 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
Bng trng thi C H L L A X L H Y Z L H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1C 1A 1Y 2C 2A 2Y GND
Trong Z l trng thi tr khng cao. Mch m 3 trng thi kch hot mc cao
11
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi SN74126 SN74426 Bng trng thi C L H H A X L H Y Z L H
3C 3A 3Y Vcc 4C 4A 4Y 3B 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1C 1A 1Y 2C 2A 2Y GND
1.2.2 Cc mch lt: 2 - SN7474 Vcc CLR 2D
2 2 CK PR 2Q 2 Q 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
D PR Q CK CLRQ
Bng trng thi PR L H L H H H

*
CLR H L L H H H
CK X X X L
D X X X H L X
Q H L H* H L Q0
CLR Q CK D PR Q
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 1Q 1 Q GND 1 1D 1 CLR CK PR
Q L H H* L H Q0
Trong Q0 l trng thi c trc , H l trng thi cm. 1.2.3 Cc mch thanh ghi m - SN74LS373, SN74LS374 l loi vi mch cht truyn qua 8 bits cng m 3 trng thi. m v cht c iu khin c lp bng cc u vo iu khin khc nhau l:
OE (Output Enable): M cng-m LE (Latch Enable): iu khin m cht CP (Clock Input) : u vo xung sn ln
12
Bng s tht ca 74LS373

MODE Hot ng u vo Thanh ghi ni Di L H x L H u ra
OE
Kch hot v c thanh ghi L L Cht v c thanh ghi Cht v khng cho ra L H
LE H H L
Oi L H
Q0 x
Q0
Z

MODE Hot ng u vo Thanh ghi ni Di L H L x L H u ra
OE
Kch hot v c thanh ghi L L Cht v c thanh ghi Cht v khng cho ra L H
CP
Oi L H
Q0 x
Q0
Z
B iu khin bus cht h 8 loi CMOS 82C82
13
STB X H H Trong : H l logic 1 X l bt k l sn xung m
Bng s tht ca 82C82 DI OE H L L L X L H X
DO
Z
L H Q0
L l logic 0 Z l trng thi tr khng cao Q0 l cht gi tr ca d liu sau cng
1.2.4 Cc mch gii m a ch Mt s vi mch c dng nhiu trong cc h thng gii m ca VXL l SN74LS138 (mch gii m 3-8), SN74LS139 (hai gii m 2-4). minh ho cho phng php ny ta chn vi mch 74LS138. Bng s tht ca vi mch cho bit ti mt thi im ch c mt trong tm u ra c mc logic 0. iu kin cn c mt trong cc mc thp u ra l cc u vo E1 , E2 , E3 phi c kch hot, tc l E1 , E2 mc thp v E3 mc cao. Khi 74LS138 c kch hot, cc u vo a ch A0, A1 v A2 s la chn u ra, iu ny cho php c th chn c mt trong tm thit b nh khc nhau ti mt thi im.
14
Bng s tht ca 74LS138 u vo Enable Select E E E3 A2 A1 A0 0

1 2
Output 1 H H H H L H H H H H H 2 H H H H H L H H H H H 3 H H H H H H L H H H H 4 H H H H H H H L H H H 5 H H H H H H H H L H H 6 H H H H H H H H H L H 7 H H H H H H H H H H L
H x x L L L L L L L L
x H x L L L L L L L L
x x L H H H H H H H H
x x x L L L L H H H H
x x x L L H H L L H H
x x x L H L H L H L H
H H H L H H H H H H H
V d v mch gii m a ch cho ROM c th tham kho trn hnh 1.4.
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Hnh 1.4: Mch gii m chn ROM dng 74LS138 1.2.5 Cc mch truyn d liu - SN74LS245 Cc chn A1A8, B1B8 l cc chn gi/ nhn d liu 2 hng tng ng. Chn 19 ( G ) l chn chn IC (Chip Enable). Chn 1 (DIR) l chn chn hng gi/ nhn d liu (Direction).

G L L H DIR L H X Hot ng D liu vo B, ra A D liu vo A, ra B
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CHNG 2: GHP NI VO RA SONG SONG IU KHIN BNG CHNG TRNH 2.1. Cc lnh vo ra d liu
2.1.1 Cc lnh vo ra bng hp ng: Lnh nhn d liu t thit b vo/ra l INput v mt lnh gi s liu ra thit b vo/ra l OUTput. C bn cch dng khc nhau ca mi lnh ny: hai loi chuyn d liu 8 hay 16 bt thng qua cc cng vo/ra 8 bt, v hai chuyn d liu 8 hay 16 bt thng qua cc cng 16 bt. V d hai lnh sau y s c cc byte ca ng dn d liu t cng LPT1: MOV DX,378H IN AL,DX ; np a ch ca thanh ghi d liu vo DX ; c thng tin trn ng dn d liu (D0 n D7) ca LPT1 sang thanh ghi AL Bng 2.1: Bng cc lnh vo ra
Instruction Data Width 8 8 16 16 8 8 16 16 Comment
IN AL,d8 IN AL,DX IN AX,d8 IN AX,DX OUT d8,AL OUT DX,AL OUT d8,AX OUT DX,AX
c mt byte t cng vo/ra 8 bt c mt byte t cng vo/ra xc nh bi thanh ghi DX c mt word t cng vo/ra 8 bt c mt word t cng vo/ra xc nh bi thanh ghi DX Gi mt byte ra cng vo/ra 8 bt Gi mt byte ra cng vo/ra xc nh bi thanh ghi DX Gi mt word ra cng vo/ra 8 bt Gi mt word ra cng vo/ra xc nh bi thanh ghi DX
Ch : d8 cha a ch l cng vo/ra 8 bt, v DX cha a ch l cng vo/ra 16 bt.
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 2.1.2.Cc lnh vo ra bng Turbo C Bng 2.2: Bng cc lnh vo ra
Instruction Data Width 8 8 16 16 8 8 16 16 Comment
outportb(addr_port,data_var) Data_var=inportb(addr_port) outport(addr_port,data_var) Data_var=inportb(addr_port) outp(addr_port,data_var) Data_var=inp(addr_port) outpw(addr_port,data_var) Data_var=inp(addr_port)
Gi mt byte ra cng vo/ra 8 bt xc nh bi a ch addr_port c mt byte t cng vo xc nh bi a ch addr_port Gi mt word ra cng vo/ra, 8 bt thp xc nh bi a ch addr_port, 8 bt cao xc nh bi a ch addr_port+1 c mt word t cng vo/ra, 8 bt thp xc nh bi a ch addr_port, 8 bt cao xc nh bi a ch addr_port+1 Gi mt byte ra cng vo/ra 8 bt xc nh bi a ch addr_port c mt byte t cng vo xc nh bi a ch addr_port Gi mt byte ra cng vo/ra, 8 bt thp xc nh bi a ch addr_port, 8 bt cao xc nh bi a ch addr_port+1 c mt word t cng vo/ra, 8 bt thp xc nh bi a ch addr_port, 8 bt cao xc nh bi a ch addr_port+1
V d cc lnh sau xut 5 (8 bt 00000101) qua thanh ghi d liu ca LPT1 #include <dos.h> #define Dat_reg 0x378 char data_var=5; outport(Dat_reg,data_var); 2.1.3 Cc lnh vo ra bng Turbo Pascal Bng 2.3: Bng cc lnh vo ra
Instruction Data Width 8 8 Comment
Port[addr] := var1; Var := port[addr]; V d: Uses crt;
Gi mt byte ra cng vo/ra 8 bt xc nh bi a ch addr c mt byte t cng vo xc nh bi a ch addr
18
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Port[$378] := X; Xut ra gi tr bin X ln ng dn d liu (D0 n D7) ca cng LPT1 Y := port[$379]; c ni dung thanh ghi trng thi ca LPT1 vo bin Y Ch : Mt ch s h 16 phi thm du: 0x vo trc s trong ngn ng C, v $ vo trc s trong ngn ng Pascal. 2.1.4 Gin thi gian cc lnh c/ghi d liu: Bus h thng, bao gm bus d liu (data bus), bus iu khin (control bus) v bus a ch (address bus), l cc ng dn truyn thng gia vi x l v TBNV. Cc VXL 8 bit d liu thng c 8 ng dy data bus, v 16 ng dy tng ng 16 ng a ch address bus. Hai tn hiu RD, WR control bus thng c s dng xc nh thi im d liu n nh trn data bus. Hnh 1.5 l gin thi gian tn hiu trn bus h thng.
Chu k c address bus data bus

RD
D liu c c vo VXL Chu k ghi
D liu c ghi ra TBNV
D liu t TBNV
D liu t VXL
WR
Hnh 1.5: Gin thi gian tn hiu trn bus h thng. Mi chu k bus (bus cycle) bao gm vic chuyn 1 t d liu gia VXL vi b nh hoc TBNV. Mi chu k bus bt u khi VXL xut mt a ch chn mt v tr b nh hoc cc cng vo ra. Trong gin ny, cc bus a ch v d liu c biu din bng 1 cp ng thng ch thng tin trn bus n nh. Khi cc ng trn s ct ngang nhau din t d liu thay i. ng nt t l trng thi th ni khi khng c thit b no li n.
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2.2 Ghp ni song song n gin: c hay khng c i thoi

2.2.1 Ca vo n gin khng i thoi Hnh 2.1 m t mt ca vo n gin khng cn tn hiu i thoi. Tn hiu vo t b cm bin (BCB) c ni vi bus d liu ca MVT thng qua b m ba trng thi. Khi chng ta lp trnh on lnh: C: Pascal: data1 = inport(addrport); data1 := port(addrport);
Trnh bin dch s chuyn on lnh trn thnh m my, v khi chy on m my ny, VXL s to ra cc tn hiu: - A0A15 t addrport - RD kch hot mc 0. B gii m s so snh cc gi tr trn ng a ch vi a ch cng cho trc, nu trng a ch, u ra b gii m s kch hot mc 0. Do u ra mch OR s mc 0, kch hot cho b m ba trng thi m ra, v d liu t TBNV s vo bus d liu ca VXL. Lc ny, VXL s nhn - D0 ,..., D7 gn vo cho bin data1. Kt thc chu k lnh, RD tr v mc 1. a ch A0A15
RD
Gii m BCB 1 BCB 2
D0 D1
D7 Bus MVT BGN
BCB 7 TBNV
Hnh 2.1: Ca vo n gin, khng c i thoi
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 2.2.2 Ca ra n gin khng i thoi a ch A0A15 Gii m WR D0 D1
+E K/i
D7 Bus MVT BGN Hnh 2.2: Ca ra n gin, khng c i thoi Tng t, mt ca ra n gin khng c i thoi c th hin trn hnh 2.2. D liu t VXL c gi ra TBNV qua thanh ghi m, dng iu khin n. Mch khuch i s nng cng sut ln ph hp vi cng sut ca n. Khi lp trnh phn mm, chng ta s g vo dng lnh C: Pascal: outportb(addrport,data2); port(addrport) := data2;
Trnh bin dch s chuyn on lnh trn thnh m my, v khi chy on m my ny, VXL s to ra cc tn hiu: - A0A15 t addrport - WR kch hot mc 0. B gii m s so snh cc gi tr trn ng a ch vi a ch cng cho trc, nu trng a ch, u ra b gii m s kch hot mc 0. Do u ra mch NOR s nhy ln mc 1, kch hot cho b thanh ghi m m ra, v TBNV nhn d liu t MVT, gm: - D0 ,..., D7 tng ng vi bin data2. Kt thc chu k lnh, WR tr v mc 1.
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2.2.3. Ca vo n gin c i thoi a ch A0A15

RD
1
Q0
Gii m
Q1
Q D Q CKL Cl
Xung np BCB 1 BCB 2
D0 D1
D7 Bus MVT Hnh 2.3: Ca vo c i thoi
BCB 7 TBNV
Ca vo c i thoi th hin trn hnh 2.3. TBNV gi s liu ti u vo cc thanh ghi. Khi s liu n nh, thit b ngoi vi gi tip mt xung np. Sn ln xung np a d liu ca TBNV vo nh trong thanh ghi. Sn xung xung np kch mch lt, a u ra Q = D = 1. l trng thi sn sng ca TBNV. B VXL s kim tra trng thi ny bng thut ton trong on lnh: #define BIT0 0x01; #define addrport1 0x00F8; #define addrport3 0x00F9; do data3 = inportb(addrport1); while (data3&BIT0!=BIT0); data4 = inportb(addrport2); Bng lnh inportb u tin, VXL s a a ch addrport1 ra cc chn a ch, kch hot RD = 0 . u ra OR = 0, m mch m ba trng thi, a tn hiu Q = 1 vo ng d liu D0. Qua , d liu vi D0 = 1 s c gn cho bin data3. Kt thc chu k lnh, RD = 1 , u ra cng OR chuyn sang mc 1 lm mch m ba trng thi chuyn sang trng thi tr khng cao, cch ly chn Q v ng d liu D0. Sau khi VXL kim tra thy d liu sn sng (bit D0 = 1), lnh inportb th hai s lm VXL to tn hiu kch m b m ba trng thi, a d liu ca TBNV ang nh trong cc thanh ghi vo bus d liu v gn cho bin data4. Cng bng xung chn mch ny, mch lt s xo Q v mc logic 0.
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 2.2.4 Ca ra n gin c i thoi 0

RD a ch A0A15
D Q Q CKL Pr
TBNV sn sng nhn
Gii m
WR
D0 D1
1 DQ
Q CKL Cl Q
S liu sn sng Ghi nhn K/i
D7 Bus MVT BGN Hnh 2.4: Ca ra c i thoi Hnh 2.4 m t ca ra c i thoi. Khi TBNV sn sng nhn d liu, TBNV s a ra mt tn hiu logic 1. B VXL s kim tra trng thi ca TBNV trong on lnh: #define BIT0 0x01; do data5 = inportb(adrport); while (data5&BIT0 != BIT0); outportb(adrport,data6); Cch hot ng ca VXL tng t trn, lnh inportb s np d liu c D0 = 1 vo bin data5, bin ny dng so snh nhn bit TBNV sn sng cha. Kt thc lnh inportb, u ra mch OR chuyn sang 1, to xung ln u ra mch AND, lm chuyn trng thi mch lt Q = D = 0, ng thi lm mch m ba trng thi chuyn sang trng thi tr khng cao, cch ly chn Q v ng d liu D0. Nu thy TBNV sn sng nhn th lnh outportb tip theo s gi a ch adrport cng tn hiu WR = 0 to ra mt xung ra mch OR. Sn ln xung ny np d liu data6 trn bus d liu vo thanh ghi xut ra TBNV, sn xung a tn hiu Q = D = 1, bo cho TBNV l s liu sn sng. Sau khi nhn s liu, TBNV sinh ra tn hiu ghi nhn xo tn hiu s liu sn sng (v mc 0) v lp tn hiu TBNV sn sng nhn (ln mc 1), ch b VXL gi s liu tip theo. Trao i d liu c i thoi lm vic chc chn hn trao i khng i thoi. V TBNV c tc hot ng chm, nn s liu u vo VXL c lc khng ng khi TBNV TBNV
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi c s liu cha n nh. Do mt thut ton cn dng cho trao i khng i thoi l c nhiu ln v kim tra kt qu cc ln vi nhau. Nu kt qu ging nhau th d liu vo xem nh n nh.
2.3 Ghp ni song song iu khin bng chng trnh

2.3.1 S khi v chc nng cc khi ca 8255A
Phn GN vi VXL 1 2 3 4 5 RD 6 CS GND 7 A1 8 A0 9 PC7 10 PC6 11 PC5 12 PC4 13 PC0 14 PC1 15 PC2 16 PC3 17 PB0 18 PB1 19 PB2 20 PA3 PA2 PA1 PA0 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 PA4 PA5 PA6 PA7 Phn iu khin ni b Phn GN vi TBNV Nhm PA0 PA7 A ca A
8255A
RESET D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 VCC PB7 PB6 PB5 PB4 PB3
WR
iu khin nhm A Bus s liu D0 ...D7 m bus s liu

RD
Bus s liu trong
Nhm B PC4 PC7 ca C, 4 bit cao Nhm B PC0 PC3 ca C, 4 bit thp
iu WR khin A1 A0 c/ghi RESET

CS
Hnh 2.5: S chn v s khi ca 8255A
iu khin nhm B
Nhm PB0 PB7 B ca B
INTR
D0 D7
RD WR RESET
D0 D7 INTRA INTRB RD
WR RST
PA0 PA7
VXL
8255A A0 A1 Gii m a ch cao A0 A1

CS
PC0 PC7
TBNV
A2 An
PB0 PB7
Hnh 2.6: S GN 8255A vi VXL v TBNV
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Vi mch PPI 8255A l vi mch iu khin bng chng trnh c p dng kh rng ri. Hnh 1.10 trnh by s ghp ni 8255A, gm c: 1. Phn ghp ni vi VXL: - B m s liu trao i d liu hai chiu gia MVT v ng dy s liu trong. - B logic iu khin c vit: tc b gii m a ch lnh cho cc thanh ghi m v thanh ghi iu khin. Vi t hp cc tn hiu a ch (A0, A1). chn vi mch ( CS ), cc lnh c ( RD ) v ghi ( WR ) ca VXL, ta c cc lnh ghi v c khc nhau cho cc ca (A, B, C) v t iu khin (control word) nh bng 2.4. Bng 2.4: Bng trng thi ca 8255A A1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 x A0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 x
CS
RD
WR
Lnh (ca VXL) c ca A c ca B c ca C Ghi ca A Ghi ca B Ghi ca C Ghi thanh ghi iu khin Vi mch trng thi tr khng cao
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 x
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 x
Chiu di chuyn s liu (vi VXL) Ca A D0 D7 Ca B D0 D7 Ca C D0 D7 Khng c gi tr D0 D7 Ca A D0 D7 Ca B D0 D7 Ca C D0 D7 thanh ghi iu khin Khng c trao i s liu
2. Phn ghp ni vi TBNV: - Ca A, B: hai thanh ghi m s liu (8 bit) vo hoc ra tu chng trnh - Ca C c th chia l hai nhm c lp bng chng trnh: na cao (PC4 PC7) v na thp (PC0 PC3). Tu theo ch s dng trong t iu khin, ca C c th dng: Trao i s liu vo hoc ra ch 0 (mode 0). iu khin hoc i thoi vi TBNV v VXL khi ca A v B ch 1 bng cch xc lp v xo tng bit PCi . iu khin hoc i thoi vi TBNV v VXL khi ca A v B ch 1 v 2. ch 1 v 2, c cc bit ca C, ta bit c trng thi ca cc ca A v B. 3. Phn cc mch iu khin ni b: C cc khi iu khin (nhm A, nhm B) cc ca A, B v C.
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 2.3.2 Cc ch lm vic ca 8255A: B ghp ni 8255A c ba ch lm vic c bn nh hnh 2.7: - Ch 0: vo/ra thng thng - Ch 1: cht vo/ra - Ch 2: BUS hai chiu Tu theo t iu khin ghi vo thanh ghi iu khin khi khi ng cho vi mch, ta c cc ch lm vic v chiu trao i s liu ca cc ca A, B, C khc nhau, nh hnh 2.8.
Hnh 2.7: Tm tt cc ch ca 8255A D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 1

Ch ca A
Nhm B
Chiu ca C thp
00 - Ch 0 01 - Ch 1 1x - Ch 2
Chiu ca A
1 - vo 0 - ra
Chiu ca B
1 - vo 0 - ra
Chiu ca C cao
1 - vo 0 - ra
Ch ca B
1 - vo 0 - ra
1 - Ch 1 0 - Ch 0
Nhm A Hnh 2.8: T iu khin ch v chiu ca cc ca A, B, C.
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 1. Ch 0: y l ch vo ra c bn ca vi mch, n m bo d liu c a ra hoc ghi vo cc cng ring bit . Trong ch ny, vi mch c cc chc nng sau : - Vi mch hot ng gm hai cng 8 bit v hai cng 4 bit. - Cc cng c th l cng vo hoc cng ra. - Cc tn hiu ra c cht li . - Cc tn hiu vo khng c cht . - Trong ch ny 8255 c 16 cu hnh hot ng vo/ra nh s dng t iu khin v lnh OUT nh sau :
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* th thi gian c /ghi ca 8255 trong ch ny nh sau :
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th thi gian qu trnh c.
th thi gian qu trnh ghi. 2. Ch 1: Trong ch ny cng A v cng B s dng cc ng dy tn hiu ca cng C to hoc tip nhn tn hiu hi thoi ( hanshaking signal ) ngha l mi qu trnh trao i d liu ca tng cng u dng cc tn hiu hi thoi. Cc chc nng c bn ca ch 1 l - Vi mch hot ng gm hai nhm, nhm A v nhm B. - Mi nhm cha mt cng 8 bit v mt cng iu khin 4 bit. - Cng 8 bit c th l cng vo , hoc cng ra ,c hai cng vo ra u l cng cht . - Cc cng 4 bit c s dng iu khin v xc nh trng thi ca cc cng 8 bit. Cc tn hiu iu khin vo c dng trong ch vo : STB (Strobe input) Mc thp ca tn hiu vo ny cho php d liu c c vo . IBF (Input Buffer Full)
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Mc cao ca tn hiu ra ny ch ra rng d liu c ghi vo cng cht, v bn cht y l mt tn hiu xc nhn. Tn hiu IBF c xc lp khi tn hiu STB ang mc thp v c khi to li khi c sn dng ca u vo RD . INTR ( Interrupt Request ) Mc cao ca tn hiu ra ny c th c s dng yu cu ngt ti CPU. Khi mt thit b vo yu cu phc v, tn hiu INTR c xc lp bi tn hiu STB =1, tn hiu IBF=1 v INTE =1 .Tn hiu ny c khi to li khi sn sau ca tn hiu RD . Chc nng ny cho php cc thit b vo yu cu ngt ti CPU mt cch n gin bng cch a d liu ca n ra cng. Cc t lnh iu khin v th thi gian ca ch ny nh sau:
* th thi gian ca ch hot ng ny nh sau :
th thi gian qu trnh c .
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Cc tn hiu iu khin ra c dng trong ch ra OBF ( Output Bufer Full F/F). Tn hiu ra OBF chuyn v mc thp thng bo rng CPU ghi d liu ra mt cng xc nh. Tn hiu OBF F/F s c xc lp sn ln ca tn hiu WR v b xo khi tn hiu vo ACK mc thp . ACK (Acknowledge Input ).
Mc thp ca tn hiu vo ny thng bo cho 8255 rng d liu t cng A hoc cng B c chp nhn. V bn cht y l tn hiu phc p t thit b ngoi vi thng bo n nhn c d liu gi ti t CPU. INTR (Interrupt Request )
Mc cao ca tn hiu ra ny c s dng yu cu ngt CPU khi mt thit b ngoi nhn c d liu truyn t CPU. Tn hiu INTR xc lp khi tn hiu ACK = "1", OBF = "1" v INTE ="1" . Tn hiu ny c khi to li sn xung ca tn hiu WR . Cc t lnh ca ch ny nh sau:
* th thi gian ca ch hot ng ny nh sau :
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th thi gian qu trnh ghi. Trong ch 1, hai cng A v B c th c lp trnh mt cch ring bit l cng vo hoc cng ra hot ng trong cc ng dng vo /ra c hi thoi khc nhau. Cc t lnh hot ng trong ch ny nh sau:
3. Ch 2 Ch hot ng ny cung cp kh nng trao i d liu vi cc thit b ngoi vi s dng mt ng truyn 8 bit va truyn va nhn d liu (Bus vo/ra hai chiu). Cc tn hiu hi thoi c dng trong ch ny iu khin vic truyn d liu cng tng t nh ch 1. Cc chc nng c bn ca ch 2: Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr 32
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi - Trong ch ny ch c nhm A c s dng . - Cng A l cng vo/ ra hai chiu 8 bit . - Cc tn hiu vo/ra u c cht li. - 5 bit ca cng C c s dng lm cng iu khin ,trng thi cho cng A 8 bit. Cc tn hiu iu khin ra . OBF( Output buffer full ) Tn hiu ra OBF mc thp thng bo CPU khi d liu ra cng A. ACK (Acknowledge)
Mc thp ca tn hiu vo ny cho php b m ra bus d liu ca cng A gi d liu. Ngc li, b m ra ny s trng thi tr khng cao . INTE 1 ( Tn hiu INTE phi hp vi tn hiu OBF ).
iu khin bi vic lp bit hoc xo bit PC4 . Cc tn hiu iu khin vo . STB (Srobe input ). Mc thp ca tn hiu vo ny c d liu vo cng vo cht . IBF ( Input bufer Full ).
Mc cao ca tn hiu ra ny ch ra rng tn hiu c ghi vo cng vo cht . INTE2 ( Tn hiu INTE phi hp vi tn hiu IBF)
iu khin bi vic xo /lp bit ca PC4 Cc t lnh hot ng trong ch ny nh sau :
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4. Ch kt hp Ngoi vic hot ng ring r theo tng ch , 8255 cn c kh nng hot ng ng thi kt hp cc ch khi khng phi tt c cc bit trong cng C c s dng iu khin hoc dnh cho trng thi. Cc bit cn li c th c s dng thc hin cc chc nng sau : Khi c lp trnh l cc ng vo tn hiu Tt c cc ng vo tn hiu u c th c truy cp trong sut qu trnh c cng C thng thng. Nh trong hnh v minh ho sau :
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Khi c lp trnh l cc ng tn hiu ra Cc bit trong s cc bit cao ca cng C ( PC7- PC4) phi c truy cp mt cch ring r bng cch s dng chc nng xo /lp bit. Cc bit trong s cc bit thp ca cng C c th truy cp bng chc nng xo /lp bit hoc dng 3 bit tng ng ghi ra cng C . * c trng thi cng C. Trong mode 0, cng C truyn d liu ti hoc t thit b ngoi vi. Khi 8255 c lp trnh hot ng trong mode 1 hoc mode 2, cng C c s dng to ra hoc nhn tn hiu hi thoi trao i vi thit b ngoi vi. c ni dung ca cng C cho php ngi lp trnh kim tra trng thi ca cc thit b ngoi vi v iu khin qu trnh trao i d liu. Khng c lnh c bit no dng c thng tin trng thi t cng C m ch c thao tc c thng thng thc hin chc nng ny.
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5. Chc nng xo bit v lp bit (single bit set/reset ) Bt c bit no trong 8 bit ca cng C u c th c thit lp hoc c xo nh s dng cc lnh ghi ra thanh ghi iu khin cc bit ph hp. Nh vy khi cng C ang c dng iu khin, ghi trng thi cho cng A hoc cng B th nhng bit ca cng C c th c xo hoc c thit lp nh s dng cc lnh xo, thit lp bit nh khi cng C l cng ra d liu. - T lnh hot ng trong ch nh sau:
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 6. Chc nng iu khin ngt (Interrupt control ) Khi 8255 c lp trnh hot ng ch 1 hoc ch 2, cc tn hiu iu khin ca n c th c s dng nh yu cu ngt ti CPU. Tn hiu yu cu ngt to bi cng C c th b cm hay c php nh xo hay xc lp mch lt INTE s dng chc nng lp xo bit nh nu trn. Chc nng ny cho php ngi lp trnh c th cho php hoc khng cho php mt thit b I/O ngt CPU m khng gy nh hng ti bt k mt thit b no khc trong cu trc ngt . 2.3.3 Ghp ni vi 8255A Hnh 2.9 trnh by mt v d mt mch GN 8255A vi my in, my c bng ch 0. Na thp ca C l ca vo, dng c cc trng thi - PC1 cho trng thi bn ca my in. - PC0 cho trng thi sn sng ca my c bng. Na cao ca C l ca ra, dng a ra tn hiu iu khin: - PC5 a tn hiu cht s liu cho my in (qua b o). - PC4 dch chuyn bng giy i 1 v tr v bn phi (qua b khuch i o). Hnh 2.10 m t mch ghp ni vi my in ch 1. Cc tn hiu i thoi gm: - PC4 tn hiu ra cht s liu, c th dng PC7 ( OBFA ) thay th. - PC6 tn hiu vo cho ACK , xc nhn in s liu. - PC3 dng yu cu ngt chng trnh, a vo chn INTR ca VXL. Nh s dng ch 1, cc tn hiu PC6, PC7 s t ng thu pht m khng cn lnh ca chng trnh, tr PC4 phi a lnh. Vi vic ni vo INTR ca VXL, chng trnh phc v ngt khng cn lnh kim tra trng thi ca PC6. 8255
Reset Reset
PA0 PA7
PC5 PC1
Data strobe Busy
My in
D0 D7
D0 D7
RD WR A0 A1
PC0 PC4
PB0 PB7
VXL
RD
WR
A0 A1
A2 A19
Gii m a ch
CS
My c driver right bng
Busy
Hnh 2.9: V d GN 8255 ch 0.
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D0 D7
D0 D7 PA0 PA7
VXL INTR
INTRA INTA
PC3
PC4 PC6
Data strobe
ACK
8255
PC7
OBFA
My in
Hnh 2.10: V d GN 8255 ch 1. 8255

Reset Reset
PA0 PA7
D0 D7
DAC
PB0 PB1
D0 D7
D0 D7
RD WR A0 A1
Cht s liu Cho php a ra ADC
Li ra tng t
VXL
RD
WR
A0 A1
PB2 PB3
Cho php trch mu
Cht s liu
D0 D7
Li vo tng t
A2 A19
Gii m a ch
CS
Hnh 2.11: V d GN 8255 ch kt hp. Hnh 2.11 m t v d ghp ni 8255A ch 2 ca ca PA v ch 0 ca ca PB. . 2.3.4 Lp trnh cho 8255A Vi mch cng song song lp trnh c PPI 8255 c kh nng hot ng trong cc ch hot ng khc nhau cc ch hot ng ny c th kt hp c vi nhau to kh nng lp trnh iu khin hot ng mt cch linh hot. Khi vit chng trnh cho 8255A hot ng, ta phi : - Vit lu thut ton. - Xc nh t iu khin ch cho thanh ghi iu khin, t trng thi cho tng mch c th. - Chng trnh khi pht bng lnh ghi vo thanh ghi iu khin. - a ni dung cc bt cho cc ca dng iu khin TBNV. - c v kim tra trng thi : l thanh ghi trng thi nu 8255 dng ch 1,2; l mt ca ghi trng thi TBNV nu ch 0. - a s liu vo hay ghi s liu ra cc ca.
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi V d vit chng trnh iu khin a s liu ra my in nh trn hnh 2.9, v a ch cao dnh cho my in xc nh l 3FE18h. Lu thut ton th hin trn hnh 2.12. Bt u Bt u Lp xung cht PC4
c trng thi PC1 Yes My in bn? No a s liu ra Xo xung cht PC5 Lp xung cht PC5 Kt thc Yes
c trng thi PC0 My c bn? No c s liu vo Xo xung cht PC4 Kt thc
Hnh 2.12: Lu trao i d liu gia MVT v my in, my c bng. Xc nh cc thanh ghi ch v chiu ca ca: 3FE18h A19 . A3 A2 A1 A0 T bng 1.17, ta c a ch sau: PA c a ch addr_A := 3FE18h PB c a ch addr_B := 3FE19h PC c a ch addr_C := 3FE1Ah Thanh ghi iu khin addr_dk := 3FE1Bh Xc nh t iu khin v t trng thi: Khng dng ch lp c nn D7=1 PA ch 0, ca ra nn D6=0 D5=0 D4=0 Na ca C cao l ca ra nn D3=0 PB ch 0, ca vo nn D2=0 D1=0 Na ca C thp l ca vo nn D0=1 Ta c t iu khin sau: Data_dk := 81h (=1000 0001 B) T trng thi cho cc cng PC: PC7 PC6 PC5 PC4 PC3 PC2 PC1 PC0 Cho PC5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 data_C5 := 20h
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Cho PC4 Cho PC1 Cho PC0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 data_C4 := 10h data_C1 := 02h data_C0 := 01h
Chng trnh vit bng Pascal nh sau: Begin {Gn cc bin} Port[addr_dk] := data_dk; Repeat Var1 := port[addr_C]; Until ((var1 and data_C1)=data_C1); Port[addr_A] := s; Port[addr_C] :=0; Port[addr_C] := data_C5; End
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CHNG 3: GHP NI TRAO I D LIU NI TIP 3.1 Gii thiu chung v trao i d liu ni tip
3.1.1 Yu cu trao i d liu ni tip Trao i d liu ni tip l trao i ln lt tng bit, trn mt ng dy duy nht. Do t tn km v ng dy, nhng tc truyn thp. S trao i ny do cc yu cu: - Thit b pht hay nhn d liu tng bit. V d VXL 8085 pht tng bit li ra ni tip SOD (chn s 4) v nhn d liu li vo ni tip SID (chn s 5); v TBNV ni tip nh my cassette, a t, my in ni tip - Khong cch gia hai thit b trao i d liu l ln (c th n hng ngn km hoc hn), do vy vic dng 8 ng dy truyn d liu song song l rt tn km. Ngoi ra, ngi ta c th dng lun ng dy in thoi trao i d liu, thng qua b iu ch - gii iu ch (MODEM) iu khin ni tip c 2 loi truyn d liu: -truyn d liu ng b (tc nhanh). - truyn d liu khng ng b (tc chm). 1. Trong trao i d liu ng b: D liu c truyn 1 ln gm 1 khi nhiu byte, c chn u v cui bi k t SYNC( m ASCII l 16h). Mi khi c th hng trm byte hay hng trm Kbyte. sync d liu truyn i cn c s ng b v tc gia my pht v my thu, c 2 cch ng b - Mt my pht xung t ni pht v truyn ti my thu bi mt ng dy khc. Do tn thm mt ng dy H ny s dng 1 my pht xung ng b cung cp xung ng b cho c hai bn pht v thu. Pht ng b - My thu ch trng thi ch, khi c k t ng b SYNC th my pht xung nhp trong my thu bt ln v chuyn sang ch thu xung ng b c kch hot bi k t SYNC. Pht Thu ng b Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr 41 Thu sync
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 2. Trong trao i thng tin khng ng b: Cc byte c t trong mt khung v truyn c lp vi nhau, gi l mt li tin. Dng thng tin truyn nh sau:
D liu truyn c th 5,6 ,7,8 bit; thng thng l 7 bit ( nu truyn s liu v ch ci) hay 8 bit ( nu truyn c cc k t m rng iu khin ht File). Mt li tin gm: - 1 bit Start thng l mc 0 (+12V). Theo chun RS232C, tn hiu t my tnh qua cng Com, mc in p l 12 V v c qui nh:0=12V, 1= -12V. - 58 bit d liu, y d liu truyn i l m ASCII, nh s 0 s c truyn i l m ASCII = 48 = 030h ch khng phi l truyn i 0. - 1 bit bc dng kim tra tnh chn l d liu truyn. Tng s bit 1 ca mt li tin (k c bit chn l) s c ghi vo bit chn l v c kim tra so snh ni pht v ni thu. - 1, 1.5 hay 2 bit Stop (tu theo s la chn trc khi trao i) cng mc 1. S bit Stop thc cht l di ca tn hiu Stop mc logic 1. Bit Start dng ng b xung nhp my pht v my thu. Nu khong cch gn di 300m, s thu pht l khng cn MODEM. nhng khong cch ln ngi ta khng dng my pht xung ngoi m dng MODEM to xung ng b cho c my pht v my thu. Vic dng MODEM l chng nhiu trn ng truyn. Trn ng dy in thoi, ngi ta khng pht tng bit 0/1 m dng MODEM (modulation-demodulation) iu ch tn hiu thnh dng xoay chiu (02400 Hz, 11200 Hz) v truyn tn hiu xoay chiu . 3.1.2 Mch trao i d liu ni tip. 1. Mch khng cn b ghp ni: -s dng 2 chn ra-vo ni tip SID ( serial IN) v SOD ( serial OUT) ca vi x l 8085 trao i. -c th dng 1 chn ca li vo ra song song ca VXL lm chn vo ra ni tip. Trao i tin kiu ny khng phc to trong cu to mch nhng phc tp trong qu trnh lp trnh v theo di thit b, i hi nhiu thi gian x l. Thit b ngoi vo/ra song song VXL SOD SID CLK D C
Thanh ghi dch
Hnh 3.1: Mch khng cn BGN 2. Mch trao i cn ghp ni song song-ni tip:
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BGN c chc nng chuyn d liu song song t my tnh (h VXL) thnh tn hiu dng ni tip v truyn n TBNV. truyn chnh xc, BGN ngoi chc nng chuyn d liu song song thnh ni tip, n cn to ra cc bit Start, stop, parity ng khung d liu. Loi ny lm vic n gin nhng khng m rng c thit b ngoi vi, khong cch truyn tin ngn. BGN ss-nt TBNV (VXL) nt
VXL
Hnh 3.2: Mch cn BGN ss-nt Trong , song song l ss, ni tip l nt. 3. Mch c KGN song song- ni tip v ni tip-song song: H ny cng ging nh h trn, ch khc l TBNV lm vic vi d liu song song, nn cn c BGN trung gian chuyn d liu song song thnh ni tip. BGN ss-nt TBNV (VXL) ss
VXL
BGN nt-ss
Hnh 3.3: Mch cn BGN ss-nt v nt-ss 4. Mch c BGN, MODEM v RS232C: RS-232C
VXL
BGN ss-nt
ng dy in thoi
RS-232C
MODEM
MODEM
BGN ss-nt
TBC (VXL) ss
Hnh 3.4: Mch cn BGN ss-nt, RS 232 v MODEM. H ny thng dng v thng xuyn gp trong thc t. Trong VXL thng l 1 my vi tnh, cn thit b u cui (TBC) c th l 1 i tng bt k. Nu TBC l my vi tnh th h thng dng trao i File. Ch : Chun RS232C c mc in p l 12V. Chun RS422 c mc in p l 15V. Chun RS485 c mc in p l 30V (in thoi). chuyn t RS232C thnh RS485 hay RS422 s c nhng b chuyn (shift) trung gian, thng thng l nhng b m, va to mc tn hiu,va phi hp tr khng.
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3.1.3 Th tc trao i d liu ni tip 1. Th tc pht d liu TxD (Tranceiver Data) : TBC (hay MVT) gi tn hiu DTR (Data Terminal Ready) mc 0 n MODEM bo hiu sn sng. MODEM tr li TBC bng tn hiu DSR (Date Set Ready) mc 0. Nu TBC c 1 k t sn sng gi i, n gi RTS (Request To Send) n MODEM MODEM gi tn hiu CD (Carrier Detect) cho TBC bo hiu lin lc thng vi MTV. Khi MODEM sn sng pht s liu trn ng dy, MODEM pht xung nhp v tn hiu CTS (Clear To Send) n TBC (xung nhp trn ng dy). TBC gi cc k t s liu (SDU) cho MODEM. Khi TBC gi xong, n nng tn hiu RTS ln cao bo cho modem bit l pht xong. MODEM tr li cho TBC bng tn hiu CTS mc cao, bo hiu hon thnh vic truyn tin. Qua ta thy vic gi i k t bng modem nhiu th tc v do tc chm 2. Th tc nhn d liu RxD (Receiver Data) Trong qu trnh nhn tin, phi bo m my tnh sn sng nhn ,khi : TBC pha thu gi DTR mc thp cho MODEM bo n sn sng (Data terminal ready) MODEM thu gi tn hiu tr li bng DSR . MODEM thu nhn tn hiu CD t ng dy v kch gi tn hiu nhp MODEM cho TBC. TBC pht tn hiu RTS cho modem (Request to Send). MODEM gi tn hiu CTS mc thp cho TBC (Clear to Send) bo MODEM sn sng nhn tin. MODEM nhn TxD trn ng dy, sau phi iu ch thnh cc bit 0/1 v ln lt gi chui tn hiu RxD cho TBC. Khi thu xong, TBC nng tn hiu RTS ln cao, bo cho MODEM l thu xong MODEM tr li bng nng tn hiu CTS ln cao, bo qu trnh nhn xong. Vic tin hnh chuyn d liu ss/nt hay nt/ss c thc hin bi cc thanh ghi dch (Shift register). Cc thanh ghi ny c tc dng khi nhn 1 byte song song u vo n s cho u ra mt chui bit k tip nhau theo th t t bit thp n bit cao ca byte. i vi my tnh, cc chc nng trn c thc hin thng qua vi mch 8251 ca hng INTEL. Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr 44
3.2 Mch thu pht di b vn nng UART 8250

Mch URAT 8250 (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) c lp rp trong cc my IBM XT, l mt IC thu pht khng ng b c th lp trnh c, n thc hin chc nng giao tip gia my tnh v TBNV. Trong cc my PC/AT hin nay s dng UART 16450 cn trong PS/2 v cc AT i mi li dng UART 16550 v 8250 v 16450 khng t n tc 115200 baud c. Thc ra tc ny ng dng tt trong k thut truyn tin trn mng, cn trong cc thit b cng nghip TBNV ni chung, thng ch cn ti a 19200 baud l c, thng dng l 9600 baud. 3.2.1 S khi v chc nng cc khi ca UART 8250 1. M t vi mch: Vi mch 8250 c 40 chn nh trn hnh v :
Hnh 3.5: S chn 8250 Chc nng cc chn gm: - Cc chn t 1- 8 (D0- D7 ): Cc chn d liu, 8 chn ny c ni vi bus d liu. Qua 8 chn d liu ny m d liu c i t bus ti di dng song song sau khi qua vi mch 8250 bin i thnh tun t i ti cng RS232. D liu t cng RS232 ti di dng tun t, sau khi i qua vi mch 8250 c bin i thnh song song v qua 8 chn ny truyn ln bus. - Chn s 9 (RCLK ): nhn xung ng h a ra t b to tc . - Chn s 10 (SIN): nhn d liu tun t i ti t cng RS232. - Chn s 11 (SOUT): Gi d liu tun t sang cng RS232. - Chn s 12,13,14 (CS0 -CS2): Chip select - tn hiu chn vi mch. - Chn s 15 ( BOUDOUT ) : Li ra ca b to tc . - Chn s 16,17 (XTAL1,XTAL2) :Ly xung Clock t b pht nhp bng thch anh ti vi tn s 3,072 MHz. - Chn 18(DOSTR ): I/O write. - Chn s 19 ( DOSTR ) : o ca I/O write - Chn s 20 (Vss ): ni t
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi - Chn s 21 (DISTR) : I/O Read . - Chn s 22 ( DISTR ): o ca I/O Read . - Chn s 26,27,28 ( A0 - A2 ): nhn a ch truyn ti gii m lnh . - Chn s 30 (INTRPT) : Interrupt Control Logic . - Chn s 32 ( RTS ) : Request To Send ( yu cu gi ) . - Chn s 33 ( DTR ) : Data Terminal Ready .(D liu sn sng ) - Chn s 35 (MR) : Reset . - Chn s 36 ( CTS ) : Clear To Send - Chn s 37 ( DSR ) : Data Set Ready . - Chn s 38 ( DCD ) : Data Carrier Detect . - Chn s 39 ( RI ): Ring Indicate . - Chn s 40 (VDo) : ni vi ngun mt chiu +5V.
(3F8) (3FB) (3F8) (3F9) (3FD) (3F8) (3FC) (3FE) (3F9) (3FA)
Hnh 3.6: S khi 8250 Nh vy, 8250 c 11 thanh ghi ni, vi cch truy cp nh bng sau: Bng 3.1: a ch cc thanh ghi ca 8085
DLAB
A2
A1
A0
c/ghi
Thanh ghi
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0 0 1 1 x x x x x x
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
c/ghi c/ghi c/ghi c c/ghi c/ghi c/ghi c/ghi c/ghi
m thu (RBR) v m pht (THR) cho php yu cu ngt (IER) cht chia phn thp (LSB) cht chia phn cao (MSB) nhn dng ngt (IIR) iu khin dng (LCR) iu khin MODEM (MC) trng thi dng (LSR) trng thi modem (MSR) nh nhp (DM)
Mi thanh ghi trong 8250 tng ng vi mt a ch cng, trong c hai thang ghi c bit, n c chc nng c th thay th tu thuc gi tr bit DLAB (divitor latch access bit Bit truy cp cht) (DLAB l bit D7 ca thanh ghi dng s liu). Nu DLAB = 1 th thanh ghi thc hin chc nng cht chia phn cao v phn thp. nu DLAB = 0 , hai thanh ghi dng m v nhn d liu, v IER. 2. M t cc thanh ghi: a) Thanh ghi m thu (Receiver Buffer Register RBR) ng vi DLAB = 0, thanh ghi c a ch l 3F8h (COM1), hay 2F8h (COM2): Khi 8250 nhn c k t qua chn SIN (chn 10) k t c chuyn vo thanh ghi dch, ti y n c tho khung (cc bit start, stop, parity) v np song song vo thanh m thu (lu thanh ghi c 8 bit). CPU ch c d liu trong thanh ghi ny v n thao tc vi BUS d liu song song ti thiu mi ln l 1 byte. b) Thanh ghi m pht (Transmitter Holding Register THR) tng ng vi DLAB = 0, a ch l 3F8h (2F8h) K t cn pht i phi c ghi t thanh ghi vo, thanh ghi ny n nm ch (holding) cho n khi k t trc n c pht i, sau n a vo thanh ghi dch ca b pht, ti y n c ng khung v a ra tng bit mt vo chn SOUT (chn 11) ca 8250, d liu u ra y c dng ni tip. c) Thanh ghi cho php ngt (Interrupt Enable Register - IER), bit DLAB = 0 , a ch 3F9h (COM1) hay 2F9h (COM2) Thanh ghi ny thc hin cho php/cm cc nguyn nhn gy ra ngt khc nhau. Trong khi 8250 hot ng, c tc ng n CPU thng qua chn INTRPT (chn 30), mi bit trong cc bit D3, D2, D1, D0 mc cao s cho php cc hot ng tng ng vi cc bit a ra nguyn nhn ngt tng ng, v cm ngt khi ghi 0 vo cc bit. Bit 7-4 3 Chc nng D tr, lun t bng 0. cho php 8250 pht yu cu ngt trng thi MODEM
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 2 1 0 cho php 8250 pht yu cu ngt theo trng thi dng truyn nhn hoc ngt dng thng tin (li chn l, trn khung). cho php 8250 pht yu cu ngt khi thanh ghi m pht rng. cho php 8250 pht yu cu ngt khi thanh ghi m thu y, d liu sn sng
d) Thanh ghi cht chia phn thp (Divisor Latch - LS) tng ng DLAB = 1, a ch l 3F8h, hay 2F8h. e) Thanh ghi cht chia phn cao (Divisor Latch MS) tng ng DLAB = 1, a ch l 3F9h, hay 2F9h. t tc truyn mong mun, gi tr tnh ton c t trong hai thanh ghi, c gi l thanh ghi cht chia tc c tnh theo cng thc Tn s nhp chun B chia = 16 x tc baud mong mun tn s nhp chun do ng h thch anh ca 8250 pht ra, n bng 1,8432 MHZ - tc ti a tnh ton l 115200 baud. - tc baud thc hin cc chn SIN, SOUT. Bng ch mi lin h gia tc s liu v cc h s chia dng hexa decimal nh sau: Baud 50 110 150 300 600 S chia 0900 0417 0300 0180 00C0 Baud 1200 2400 4800 9600 11520 S chia 0060 0030 0018 000C 0001 -
Qua ta thy gi tr trong thanh cht chia cn 1 byte ri lu tt c. thun tin, ngi ta s dng 2 byte v ghi vo 2 thanh ghi, chnh l LSB v MSB. f) Thanh ghi nhn dng ngt (Interrupt Identification Register - IIR), a ch l 3FAh, hay 2FAh. Thanh ghi nhn dng ngt (ch c th c) cha m mc u tin cao nht ca cc yu cu ngt (ti chn 30-INPUT ca 8250) ang ch c phc v. Nu c nhiu ngt cng mt lc th IIR s cha m ngt no cn x l trc. Do vy khi cn x l ngt, CPU cn c bit D0 ca thanh ghi ny bit c yu cu ngt v kim tra cc bit D1 v D2 xc nh ngun gc cc yu cu ngt. Sau khi 8250 b Reset, ch c yu cu ngt u tin s mt c phc v. Ta c th thay i
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi iu ny bng cch dng mt n che i cc bit yu cu ngt no bng cch ghi vo thanh ghi IIR cc gi tr bit thch hp. Cc bit D7D3 lun t bng 0. D2, D1: m ho cc yu cu ngt c mc u tin cao nht ang ch phc v. D2 D1 Mc u tin Nhn din ngt 0 0 4 Trng thi MODEM chng trnh c trng thi MODEM 0 1 3 Thanh ghi m pht rng 1 0 2 TG m thu y, s liu sn sng 1 1 1 trng thi dng thay i D0=0: c yu cu ngt D0=1: khng c yu cu ngt T cc nhn dng ngt trn, VXL s chuyn n cc a ch cha cc chng trnh con phc v ngt. VXL s xo cc bit D0, D1, D2 v 0 sau cc thao tc: -c thanh ghi trng thi chui. -c d liu t thanh ghi m thu. -ghi vo b pht hoc c thanh ghi nhn din ngt. -c trng thi thanh ghi thao tc MODEM (RS232-C). g) Thanh ghi iu khin dng (Line Control Register LCR), a ch l 3FBh, hay 2FBh. Thanh ghi ny cn c tn l thanh ghi nh khun dng d liu v n quyt nh khun dng ca d liu truyn trn ng dy. Bit Chc nng 7 =1 truy nhp thanh ghi cht chia (LSB & MSB) lp tc baud =0 truy nhp IER,THR,RBR 6 t cho php tn hiu Break 5-3 B5 B4 B3 Chn chn l x x 0 Non 0 0 1 Odd 0 1 0 Even 1 0 1 High Parity 1 1 1 Low Parity 2 = 1 th dng 1.5 bit Stop nu di t l 5, cn nu di t 6-8 bit th c 2 bit Stop. = 0 th dng 1 bit Stop 1-0 B1 B0 S bit data 0 0 5 0 1 6 1 0 7 1 1 8
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi hiu tn hiu Break, ta xem v d khung d liu trn vi 8 bit data, khng kim tra chn l v 1 bit Stop.
Khi ng dy trng thi Mark, mc logic l 1. Bit Start s l mc logic 0. Sau tng bit data s c gi trn ng dy. Bit Stop (logic 1) sau c gn vo kt thc vic truyn. Sau bit Stop s l bit logic 0, c ngha l bit Start ca mt d liu mi. Nu khng c thm d liu truyn i, ng dy phi trng thi ri, mc logic 1. Do nu ng dy gi trng thi 0 sau bit Stop trong mt thi gian bng di 1 t, tn hiu Break s c to ra. Tn hiu Break l tn hiu bo cho CPU hay MODEM bit k t truyn xong v ang tm ngt vic truyn. h) Thanh ghi iu khin MODEM (MODEM Control Register MCR), a ch 3FCh Thanh ghi ny cn gi l thanh ghi iu khin cc tn hiu ra ca MODEM v n cho php iu khin cc tn hiu ti cc chn DTR (chn 33) v DTS (chn 32) ca 8250. Bit Chc nng 7-5 D tr, lun c thit lp v 0. 4 =1 cho php 8250 lm vic ch ni vng cc b kim tra cc chc nng ca 8250. =0 lm vic ch thng. 3 =1 : kch hot kt xut OUT2 2 =1 : kch hot kt xut OUT1 1 =1 : tn hiu ti chn RTS ca 8250 c chuyn v mc 0, my tnh pht chuyn tn hiu RTS ti MODEM bo hiu n sn sng pht d liu. 0 =1 : tn hiu ti chn DTR ca 8250 t mc 0, lc ny my tnh gi tn hiu DTR ti MODEM (hay ti MVT u kia nu giao tip khng dng MODEM) bo hiu n sn sng lm vic (tn hiu gi ti chn s 4 ca DB9 hay chn 20 ca DB25).
i) Thanh ghi trng thi dng (Line Status Register LSR) a ch 3FDh Chc nng thanh ghi ny cho bit trng thi dng tn hiu trn ng dy nh th no, cc bit D0D5 u c th gy ra ngt nu cc bit tng ng trong thanh ghi IER c lp . Cc bit trng thi c ngha nh sau:
Bit
Chc nng 50
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 D tr =1: bo thanh ghi chuyn pht rng (Transmitter Shift Register Empty), bo mt k t c pht i, bit ny b xo khi c mt k t chuyn t THR sang TSR. =1: bo thanh ghi m truyn rng, k t chuyn t THR sang TSR (Transmitter Shift Register), bit ny b xo khi CPU a k t n THR. =1: bo nhn c tn hiu Break, bit ny b xo khi c thanh ghi LSR. =1: bo li khung (framming error) chng hn bit stop =0, bit ny b xo khi CPU c thanh ghi LSR. =1: nhn bo c li kim tra chn l (parity error), bit ny b xo khi CPU c thanh ghi LSR. =1: c li trn (over run) xy ra khi k t trc b mt, bit ny b xo khi CPU c thanh ghi LSR. =1: nhn c 1 k t v n trong thanh ghi m thu (RBR), bit ny b xo v 0 khi CPU c thanh ghi RBR.
j) Thanh ghi trng thi modem (MODEM Status Regisster MSR), a ch 3FEh Thanh ghi ny cn c gi l thanh ghi trng thi vo t RS232C v n cho bit trng thi hin thi ca cc tn hiu iu khin MODEM. Bit Chc nng 7 =1 : DCD ang hot ng, bo lin lc vi MODEM c thit lp. 6 =1 : RI ang hot ng 5 =1 : MODEM (hay MVT u kia) gi tn hiu DSR (Data Set Ready) v my tnh cho bit sn sng nhn d liu (qua chn 6 ca DB9 hay DB25) 4 =1 : MODEM (hay MVT u kia) gi tn hiu CTS (Clear To Send) v my tnh cho bit sn sng nhn d liu (qua chn 8 ca DB9 hay chn 5 ca DB25). 3 =1 : bit D7 va i trng thi 2 =1 : bit D6 va i trng thi 1 =1 : bit D5 va i trng thi 0 =1 : bit D4 va i trng thi k) Thanh ghi nh nhp (Scratch Register), a ch 3FFh (dnh cho CPU, t s dng nn khng nghin cu)
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 3.2.2 Ghp ni vi UART 8250:
D0 D7
Reset
D0 D7
MEMR I/O R MEMW I/O W VXL

A0 A1 A2 A3 A15
MR DISTR DOSTR 8250

A0 A1 A2
SOUT SIN
RTS DTR DSR
RxD TxD
MO RTS DTR DEM

DSR DCD
DCD CTS RI
CTS RI
OUT1 OUT 2
Gii m a ch 5V 0V
CS 2
CS1 CS0
XTAL1 CS XTAL2 CS
ADS BAUDOUT CS DOSTR RCKL DISTR
Hnh 3.7: S ghp ni vi 8250 3.2.3 Lp trnh cho UART 8250: Lu thut ton: a. Khi pht vi mch theo trnh t sau: - Ghi vo thanh ghi dng s liu theo : + D7 = DLAB = 1 chun b ghi cht cho b chia tc . + Khung tin vi s bit Stop + S bit ca tin - Ghi gi tr b chia tn s vo cc thanh ghi cht chia LSB, MSB tu theo tc baud. - Ghi cc php yu cu ngt vo thanh ghi yu cu ngt. b. Pht s liu ni tip: - c thanh ghi nhn dng ngt bit b m rng, c th pht tin. - Ghi vo thanh ghi iu khin MODEM a lnh DRT (bit D0-1) iu khin MODEM chun b pht. - c thanh ghi trng thi MODEM kim tra cc bit DSR (D5), RI (D6), DCD (D7) xem chun b pht cha? ( gi tr chng =1) - c thanh ghi trng thi dng xem c sai s khng v hai thanh truyn v m c trng khng? ( a tin ra) - Ghi tin ra vo thanh ghi m pht t MVT. - Ghi lnh RTS (D1=1) vo thanh ghi iu khin MODEM iu khin pht s liu.
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi c. Nhn s liu ni tip: - Ghi lnh DTR (D0=1) vo thanh ghi iu khin MODEM - c trng thi MODEM DSR, RI, DCD thanh ghi trng thi MODEM. - c thanh ghi trng thi dng bit c s liu thu cha (D0=1); hoc c thanh ghi nhn din ngt bit thm s liu thu. - c s liu vo t thanh ghi m s liu vo. V d 8250 cn trao i tin 8 bit, tc 9600 baud, khng kim tra chn l, 2 bit Stop, a ch lm vic u 03F8h. Ghi thanh ghi iu khin dng D0D1=11 , D2=1, D3=0, D4=0, D5=0, D6=0, D7=1 data1_LCR=87h nu D7=0data2_LCR=07h addr_LCR=03FBh Ghi thanh ghi cht b chia 9600 baud s chia=000C data_LS = 0Ch v data_MS = 00h addr_LS=03F8h v addr_MS=03F9h Ghi thanh ghi cho php ngt khng lm vic, cm ngt: data_IER=00h; addr_IER=03F9h c thanh ghi nhn dng ngt THR_rong= 02h addr_IIR=03FAh Ghi thanh ghi iu khin MODEM Addr_MCR=3FCh Data_DRT=01h Data_RTS=02h c thanh ghi trng thi MODEM Addr_MSR=3FEh DSR (D5), RI (D6), DCD (D7) = 1 data1_MSR=E0h c thanh ghi trng thi dng Addr_LSR=3FDh Khng li D1 D2 D3 = 0; t/g m rng D5 D6 =1data1_LSR=60h Chng trnh con thc hin cc cng vic trn: 1. Khi pht vi mch theo trnh t sau: port[addr_LCR] :=data1_LCR; port[addr_LS] :=data_LS; port[addr_MS] :=data_MS; port[addr_LCR] :=data2_LCR;
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port[addr_ IER] :=data_IER; 2. Pht s liu ni tip repeat Var1 := port[addr_IIR]; Until ((var1 and THR_rong)=THR_rong); port[addr_MCR] := data_DRT; repeat Var2 := port[addr_MSR]; Until ((var2 and data1_MSR)=data1_MSR); Repeat var3 := port[addr_LSR]; until ((var3 and data1_LSR)=data1_LSR); port[addr_THR] :=$50; {s liu truyn i} port[addr_MCR] := data_RTS; 3.Nhn s liu ni tip port[addr_MCR] := data_DRT; Repeat Var2 := port[addr_MSR]; Until ((var2 and data1_MSR)=data1_MSR); Repeat var3 := port[addr_LSR]; until ((var3 and data1_LSR)=data1_LSR); Var4 :=port[addr_RBR];
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CHNG 4: GHP NI IU KHIN NGT 4.1 Khi nim v phn loi ngt
4.1.1 Khi nim Mi khi mt thit b phn cng hay mt chng trnh cn n s gip ca CPU, n gi i mt tn hiu hoc lnh gi l ngt (Interrupt Request IRQ) n b vi x l ch nh mt cng vic c th no m n cn CPU thc hin. Khi b vi x l nhn c tn hiu ngt, n thng tm ngng tt c cc hot ng khc v kch hot mt chng trnh con ang c trong b nh gi l chng trnh x l ngt (Interrupt Service Routine _ ISR) tng ng vi tng s liu ngt c th. Sau khi chng trnh x l ngt lm xong nhim v, cc hot ng ca my tnh s tip tc li t ni b tm dng lc xy ra ngt. 4.1.2 Phn loi ngt C ba loi ngt chnh, u tin l cc ngt c to ra bi mch in ca my tnh nhm p li mt s kin no nh nhn phm trn bn phm ... Cc ngt ny c b iu khin ngt 8259A qun l. 8259A s n nh mc u tin cho tng ngt ri gi n CPU. Th hai l cc ngt do CPU to ra khi gp phi mt kt qu bt thng trong khi thc hin chng trnh nh chia cho 0 chng hn Cui cng l cc ngt do chnh chng trnh to ra nhm gi cc chng trnh con xa ang nm trong ROM hoc RAM, cc ngt ny gi l ngt mm chng thng l b phn ca cc chng trnh con phc v ca ROM-BIOS hoc ca DOS. Ngoi ba loi ngt trn cn c loi ngt c bit l ngt khng b che NMI i hi CPU phc v ngay khi c yu cu. Loi ngt ny thng c dng bo hiu s c nh st ip p hay li b nh. Nh vy NMI l mc ngt c u tin cao nht . Cc ngt trong PC c th chia thnh 4 nhm nh sau : - Cc ngt vi x l : Thng gi l cc ngt logic c thit k sn trong b VXL. Bn trong s cc ngt ny (0,1,3,4 ) do chnh b VXL to ra, cn ngt 2 (NMI ) s c kch hot khi c tn hiu to ra bi mt trong cc thit b ngoi. 1. Cc ngt cng c thit k sn trong phn cng ca ca PC, tm ngt trong s cc ngt ny (2,8,9,t Bh n Fh) c gn cht vo trong b VXL hoc vo bng mch chnh ca h thng. Tt c cc ngt cng u do 8259A iu khin . 2. Cc ngt mm
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Nhng ngt ny l mt phn ca cc chng trnh ROM -BIOS, cc s hiu dnh cho cc ngt ca ROM- BIOS l t 10h n 1C h v 48h . Ngoi ra cn c cc ngt DOS v ngt BASIC phc v h iu hnh DOS v chng trnh BASIC . 3. Cc ngt a ch Bng 4.1 : Bng chc nng cc ngt trong my vi tnh INT (Hex) 00 01 02 03 04 05 - 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 - 6F 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 - FF IRQ Common Uses
Exception Handlers Chia mt s cho 0 Exception Handlers Thc hin tng bc Non-Maskable IRQ Non-Maskable IRQ (Cc li chn l) Exception Handlers Exception Handlers Hardware IRQ0 Hardware IRQ1 Hardware IRQ2 Hardware IRQ3 Hardware IRQ4 Hardware IRQ5 Hardware IRQ6 Hardware IRQ7 Hardware IRQ8 Hardware IRQ9 Hardware IRQ10 Hardware IRQ11 Hardware IRQ12 Hardware IRQ13 Hardware IRQ14 Hardware IRQ15 Software Interrupts B thi gian h thng Bn phm Redirected Cng ni tip COM2/COM4 Cng ni tip COM1/COM3 Reserved/Sound Card iu khin a mm Cng song song ng h thi gian thc Redirected IRQ2 Reserved Reserved PS/2 Mouse Math's Co-Processor Hard Disk Drive Reserved im dng chng trnh do ngi s dng t Exception Handlers Vt qu ni dung thanh ghi hay b nh
Software Interrupts Ngt ROM-BIOS hay DOS
Ba trong s cc ngt ny tr n ba bng rt quan trng, l bng khi to mn hnh, bng c s a v bng cc k t th. Cc bng ny cha cc tham s c ROM Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr 56
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi BIOS dng khi khi ng h thng v to cc k t th. Cc s hiu dnh cho cc ngt ny l t 1D hex n 1F hex.
4.2 X l ngt ca nhiu thit b ngoi vi

Thng thng mt MVT cn x l ngt ca nhiu TBNV, do cn gii quyt cc vn sau: Cho php hoc cm ngt cho mt yu cu ngt ca mt TBNV. Ghi nhn v sp xp nhiu yu cu ngt theo th t u tin. Xc nh ngun ngt do TBNV no gy ra. To vector ngt, tc a ch nh ca lnh u tin trong chng trnh con phc v ngt.
4.2.1 Cho php hoc cm ngt 1. Cho php hoc cm ngt bng lnh - Lnh cm ngt DI (Disable interrupt) v cho php ngt EI (Enable Interrupt) ca 8085. - Ghi vo thanh ghi c ni dung bit IF (Interrupt Flag) cc gi tr: IF =1 : cho php ngt IF=0 : cm ngt 2. Cho php hoc cm ngt bng mch phn cng Vi li vo NMI v yu cu ngt ca TBNV, ta c th dng cc mch lt iu khin cho php hoc cm ngt. 4.2.2 Sp xp u tin ngt Theo mt trong ba phng php sau: 1. Phng php hi vng (polling): Dng chng trnh, c theo th t u tin cc bit trng thi ca cc TBNV v kim tra chng. Nu bit no xc lp ln 1, tc TBNV tng ng c yu cu ngt, v VXL chuyn sang chng trnh con ngt phc v TBNV . Sau li c v kim tra bit trng thi TBNV c mc u tin thp hn. Phng php ny n gin v thit b nhng mt thi gian hi vng. 2. Phng php ngt cng trnh mt thi gian hi vng, ngi ta ni cc bit trng thi ca TBNV vi mch OR, li ra cng OR ni vo chn INTR ca VXL. Khi bt k TBNV no c yu cu ngt, VXL s nhn bit qua INTR v tin hnh hi vng. Phng php ny gim c thi gian kim tra trng thi khi cha c yu cu ngt no, nhng cng khng thay i c th t u tin. 3. Phng php x l u tin bng mch cng C hai loi u tin theo v tr v u tin tu theo mch so snh. u tin theo v tr t gn VXL S mch v d trn hnh 4.1, vi hot ng nh sau: - Tn hiu tr li ngt INTA (Interrupt Acknowledge) t VXL i ni tip qua cc BGN, qua mch x l ngt v tr v li VXL theo mt mt xch kn (daisy chain). BGN no t gn VXL c mc u tin cao
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Nu mt BGN ghi nhn ngt, tn hiu INTA b chn v khng truyn ti BGN sau. Do , VXL khng nhn c tn hiu INTA, ngha l c mt yu cu ngt xy ra.
1 INTR DI0DIn
VXL INTA
DI0DIn INTA
BGN1
BGN2
BGN3
INTA
(b) (a) Hnh 4.1: S u tin ngt theo v tr v vector ngt Phng php ny tuy n gin nhng th t u tin khng thay i c v nu c mt BGN no b hng, mch s lun bo c yu cu ngt. u tin ngt dng mch so snh Dng cc vi mch Intel 8214, 8259 c th thay i u tin ngt bng chng trnh. 4.2.3 Xc nh ngun gy ngt C nhng phng php xc nh TBNV no gy ngt chuyn sang chng trnh con phc v ngt tng ng cho TBNV : Phng php hi vng: VXL c v kim tra ln lt trng thi cc TBNV. Nu kt qu l 1, trng thi TBNV l sn sng v ngun ngt l TBNV . Phng php c vector ngt to bi tn hiu ngt INTA trong u tin ngt theo v tr. Phng php c vo thanh ghi u tin PR trong s dng mch so snh.
4.2.4 To vector ngt Vector ngt cha a ch u ca chng trnh con phc v ngt. Cc vector ngt ca MVT PC c trnh by trn bng 4.1. Ta c th to vector ngt bng cng AND colector h nh hnh 4.1 (b). Phng php ny thay i c mc u tin v cch tm ngun ngt, nhng mch phc tp v t tin.
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CHNG 5: GHP NI VO RA IU KHIN BNG DMA 5.1 Khi nim DMA c bn

5.1.1 Khi nim DMA Phng php trao i d liu theo chng trnh s chm do: VXL phi gii m v thc hin lnh Trao i d liu tng byte thng qua thanh cha AX ca VXL.
K thut vo ra DMA (direct memory access) l phng php truy cp trc tip ti b nh hoc I/O m khng c s tham gia ca CPU. Phng php ny trao i d liu gia b nh v thit b ngoi vi vi tc cao v ch b hn ch bi tc ca b nh hoc ca b iu khin DMA. Tc truyn DMA c th t ti 10 12 Kbyte/s vi cc b nh RAM c tc cao. DMA c ng dng trong nhiu mc ch nhng thng thng n c dng trong qu trnh "refresh" DRAM, xut mn hnh, c ghi a, truyn d liu gia cc vng nh vi tc cao . 5.1.2 Hot ng DMAC (DMA Controller) c bn Hai tn hiu yu cu v xc nhn trong h thng VXL l HOLD c s dng yu cu DMA v HLDA l u ra xc nhn DMA. Khi tn hiu HOLD hot ng (HOLD = 1), DMA c yu cu. B VXL tr li bng cch kch hot tn hiu HLDA, xc nhn yu cu, ng thi th ni cc cng vic hin thi cng cc bus d liu v a ch, iu khin c t trng thi tr khng cao. Trng thi ny cho php cc thit b I/O bn ngoi hoc cc b VXL khc nm quyn iu khin bus h thng truy cp trc tip b nh . Tn hiu HOLD c mc u tin cao hn INTR hoc u vo NMI (ngt khng che c) v ch sau RESET. Tn hiu HOLD lun c hiu lc ti bt k thi im no trong sut qu trnh thc hin cc lnh khc ca VXL. Ch rng t lc tn hiu HOLD thay i cho n khi tn hiu HLDA thay i tri qua mt s chu k clock . DMA thng c thc hin gia thit b I/O v b nh. Qu trnh c DMA l qu trnh a d liu t b nh ra thit b I/O, v ngc li qu trnh ghi DMA l qu trnh a d liu t I/O ti b nh. Trong c hai chu trnh ny thit b I/O v b nh c iu khin ng thi dn n cn c cc tn hiu iu khin khc nhau. iu khin qu trnh c DMA ta cn hai tn hiu hot ng MEMR (c b nh ) v IOW (ghi I/O). iu khin qu trnh ghi ta c hai tn hiu MEMW (ghi b b nh) v IOR (c I/O). B iu khin DMA cung cp a ch b nh v tn hiu chn thit b I/O cho 8088 trong sut qu trnh DMA. Do tc truyn DMA ph thuc vo tc ca b nh v tc ca b iu khin DMA nn trong trng hp tc ca b iu khin DMA nh hn so vi b nh th b iu khin DMA s lm gim tc chung ca h thng . Hnh v sau minh ho qu trnh hot ng DMA c bn cng th thi gian c / ghi DMA :
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th thi gian c / ghi DMA .
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 5.1.3. Cc ch trao i d liu DMA + Trao i d liu theo khi: trao i nhiu li d liu, m t gi tr n n 0. + Trao i ly ln chu k tng phn: DMA pht hin data bus ri, ri thc hin trao i d liu DMA. DMAC phi c: Thit b pht hin ng dy ri Thit b bo m VXL b treo cho ti khi DMAC khng s dng ng dy, khin VXL ch mt thi gian Tw ti khi DMAC thc hin trao i xong trong mt phn ca trao i d liu v tip tc nt phn ly ln chu k sau cho ti khi kt thc trao i c t d liu DMA.
+ Trao i ly ln chu k trong sut: ging ch trn, nhng DMA bt VXL ch ti khi trao i xong mt t d liu trn vn.
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5.2 B iu khin DMA 8237A

Vi mch 8237A l mt b iu khin DMA cung cp a ch b nh v tn hiu iu khin trong sut qu trnh DMA v truyn s liu vi tc cao gia b nh v thit b vo ra. 8237 l vi mch c 4 knh tng thch vi b VXL 8088, cc knh ny c th m rng thm nhiu knh khc mc d i vi h thng nh th 4 knh ny l qa . 8237 c kh nng thc hin truyn DMA ln ti 1.6Mbyte/s .Mi knh c kh nng nh a ch ti 64 Kbyte b nh v c th truyn 64 Kbyte theo chng trnh. 5.2.1 S khi v chc nng cc khi ca vi mch 8237A 1. S khi
Hnh 5.1: Vi mch 8237A -5
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Hnh 5.2: S khi chi tit ca 8237 - CLK : c ni vi tn hiu ng h h thng . - CS :Tn hiu chn mch, thng thng ni vi u ra ca mt b gii m a ch. - RESET : Xo cc thanh ghi tm, thanh ghi trng thi , thanh ghi lnh,thanh ghi yu cu. - READY : to trng thi ch cho 8237A-5 i vi b nh hoc I/O c tc thp. - HLDA (hold Acknowledge): tn hiu thng bo CPU th ni bus a ch, d liu, iu khin ca n. - DREQ0 - DREQ3 (DMA request) : u vo yu cu truyn DMA cho mi knh ca 8237A-5, cc tnh ca cc tn hiu vo ny l c th lp trnh c . - DB0 - DB7 (data bus ): Chn ni vi bus d liu ca b VXL 8088 c s dng trong qu trnh trao i d liu - IOR v IOW : iu khin c v ghi I/O . - EOP (end of process ) : tn hiu hai chiu bo kt thc DMA ti cui chu k DMA . - A0- A3 : Chn thanh ghi ni cn lp trnh v mt phn a ch truyn DMA trong qu trnh DMA . - A7 - A4 : Cung cp 1 phn a ch cn li ca DMA . Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr 63
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi - HRQ (hold request ) : ni vi HOLD ca VXL to yu cu DMA . - DACK0- DACK3 : (DMA channel acknowledge ) u ra chp nhn DMA ( c th lp trnh c) Thng dng chn thit b cn iu khin DMA. - AEN : Cho php cht a ch ni vi DB0 - DB7 ng thi khng cho php cc b m trong h thng c ni vi VXL. - ADSTB : (address strobe ) : hot ng nh ALE nhng ch s dng bi b iu khin DMA cht a ch A8- A15 trong sut qu trnh truyn DMA. -MEMW ,MEMR: u ra iu khin b nh c, ghi d liu trong chu k DMA tng ng . 2. Chc nng cc khi v cc thanh ghi * Cc khi chc nng ca vi mch : - Khi m bus d liu. y l b m 8 bit ghp ni 8237 vi bus h thng . (D0- D7) : Cc ng bus d liu ba trng thi, hai chiu. Khi 8237 ang c lp trnh iu khin bi 8088 CPU, 8 bit d liu ca thanh ghi a ch DMA, thanh ghi ch (Mode set Register ) c gi n t bus d liu. Khi 8088 CPU c mt thanh ghi a ch DMA, hoc thanh ghi m (terminal count Register), thanh ghi trng thi d liu c truyn n 8088 thng qua bus d liu. Trong sut chu k DMA (khi 8237 ang nm quyn iu khin bus d liu), 8237 s gi 8 bit quan trng nht ca a ch b nh (t mt trong s cc thanh ghi a ch DMA) ti b iu khin bus. Cc bit a ch ny s c truyn ngay khi bt u chu k DMA, sau bus d liu s c gii phng thc hin qu trnh trao i d liu vi b nh trong sut qu trnh DMA. * Cc knh DMA (DMA channel ): Mi knh (CH0 - CH3) bao gm hai thanh ghi 16 bit : Thanh ghi a ch DMA v thanh ghi m (Terminal Count Register ) . Hai thanh ghi ny phi c khi to trc khi cc knh c php hot ng. Thanh ghi a ch DMA c c cng vi a ch ca nh u tin c truy cp. Gi tr c ghi vo thanh ghi m (termianal count register) xc nh s cc chu k DMA ngay trc khi u ra ca b m kt thc TC (Terminal Count ) hot ng. Ni chung khi mun c N chu k DMA th gi tr N-1 phi c a ti 14 bit thp ca thanh ghi m cng vo ra (Terminal Count Register). Hai bit cao nht ca thanh ghi ny xc nh loi hot ng DMA cho knh ny .
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi * Khi c ghi logic (Read/ Write logic ) Khi 8088 CPU c hoc ghi mt trong s cc thanh ghi ca 8237, khi logic iu khin c ghi nhn lnh c I/O (IOR) hoc I/O Write (IOW) thng bo cho vi mch iu khin bus 8288 gii m 4 bit a ch thp nht (A0- A3 ) v ng thi ghi ni dung ca bus d liu vo thanh ghi a ch (nu l tn hiu IOW) hoc ghi ni dung thanh ghi a ch ln bus d liu (nu l tn hiu IOR ). Trong sut qu trnh DMA khi logic iu khin c ghi thc hin lnh c I/O v ghi b nh ( chu k DMA ghi) hoc tn hiu ghi I/O v c b nh (chu k DMA c). Cn lu rng trong sut qu trnh iu khin DMA thit b I/O khng hot ng trong ch ny phi c t trng thi "cm " s dng tn hiu AEN. * Cc thanh ghi ni: - Thanh ghi a ch hin thi (CAR ): Lu 16 bt a ch b nh trong sut qu trnh truyn DMA. Mi knh u c mt thanh ghi ny v CAR tng hoc gim tu thuc vo cch lp trnh. - Thanh ghi m t hin thi (CWCR ): iu khin s byte c truyn trong qu trnh DMA . S ghi trong thanh ghi ny nh hn s byte c truyn 1 n v. - Thanh ghi a ch c s v t c s (BWCR): s dng khi chn ch t ng kch hot cho mt knh ,trong qu trnh ny thanh ghi BWCR c dng gi li cc thanh ghi CAR v CWCR sau khi DMA kt thc. - Thanh ghi lnh (Command Register ): lp trnh cho hot ng ca 8237
- Thanh ghi ch (Mode Registe ): Thit lp ch hot ng cho mi knh . Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr 65
- Thanh ghi yu cu (Request Register): dng yu cu truyn DMA bng phn mm .
- Thanh ghi che set/reset (Mask register set/reset mode): xo ,thit lp vic cm cc knh .
- Thanh ghi cm (Mask register): xo hoc thit lp vic cm ca tt c cc knh bng mt lnh .
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- Thanh ghi trng thi (Status register -SR ): xc nh trng thi ca cc knh DMA .
Bng 5.1: Gii thiu a ch v cc lnh c ghi cho cc thanh ghi. A3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 A1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 A0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
IOR 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
IOW 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Hot ng c thanh ghi trng thi Ghi thanh ghi lnh Ghi thanh ghi yu cu Ghi thanh ghi mt n n Ghi thanh ghi ch Xo flip-flop con tr byte c thanh ghi tm thi Xo ch Xo thanh ghi mt n Ghi tt c cc bit ca thanh ghi mt n
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi K nh 0 Thanh ghi a ch c s v hin hnh a ch hin hnh m li c s v hin hnh m li hin hnh a ch c s v hin hnh a ch hin hnh m li c s v hin hnh m li hin hnh a ch c s v hin hnh a ch hin hnh m li c s v hin hnh m li hin hnh a ch c s v hin hnh a ch hin hnh m li c s v hin hnh m li hin hnh Hot ng Ghi c Ghi c Ghi c Ghi c Ghi c Ghi c Ghi c Ghi c
CS
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
IOR
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
IOW A3
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
Int FF 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Data Bus A7A0 A8A15 A7A0 A8A15 W7W0 W15W8 W7W0 W15W8 A7A0 A8A15 A7A0 A8A15 W7W0 W15W8 W7W0 W15W8 A7A0 A8A15 A7A0 A8A15 W7W0 W15W8 W7W0 W15W8 A7A0 A8A15 A7A0 A8A15 W7W0 W15W8 W7W0 W15W8
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 5.2.2 Ghp ni vi 8237A-5 trong h vi x l 8088 Vi mch 8237 c s dng trong my vi tnh IBM PC thc hin cc qu trnh DMA trao i d liu trc tip gia thit b ngoi v my vi tnh . Tn hiu AEN v ADSTB ra ca 8237A-5 iu khin u ra ca cht 82C82. Trong sut qu trnh hot ng bnh thng ca 8088 (AEN=0 ) cc vi mch cht a ch cung cp cc bit a ch A15- A8 .a ch bus A7- A0 c cung cp trc tip bi 8237A-5 v cha mt phn a ch truyn DMA. Tn hiu iu khin MEMR ,MEMW ,IOR ,IOW cng c to bi b iu khin DMA. Gi thit a ch u cho DMAC l 0070h.
Hnh 5.3: S ghp ni 8237 vi 8088 1. Cc trng thi hot ng Vi mch 8237A c cc trng thi sau: - Trng thi ngh SI: trng thi tr khng cao, khng c chn mch ( CS =1). - Trng thi ch SO: Trng thi u ca qu trnh trao i DMA. 8257 nhn tn hiu DREQ, x l v gi yu cu Hold cho VXL nhng cha nhn c tn hiu xc nhn theo HLDA. Khi nhn c xc nhn, DMAC bt u qu trnh trao i d liu. - Trng thi pht a ch ngun s liu S1: DMAC pht a ch ngun s liu (ca I/O hoc Memory) - Trng thi pht lnh c cho ngun s liu S2: DMAC pht lnh c s liu ca ngun s liu - Trng thi ch SW: DMAC ch trong thi gian Sw s liu c c xong ngun pht s liu, ghi xong vo thanh ghi m, ch Ready ca DMAC. Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr 69
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Trng thi pht a ch ca ch s liu S3: DMAC pht a ch ca ni gi s liu (Memory hoc ca I/O) - Trng thi pht lnh ghi s liu vo ch S4: DMAC pht lnh ghi s liu t thanh ghi m ra ca vo-ra 2. Cc ch Tu ni dung thanh ghi ch lc khi pht, DMAC c cc ch sau: - Ch chuyn tng t n (Single Transfer Mode) - Ch chuyn nhiu t (Block Transfer Mode) - Ch chuyn theo nhu cu (Demand Transfer Mode) vi s lng t tu theo ngi s dng iu khin. - Ch ghp tng (Cascade Mode) l ch chuyn lin tip cc t, iu khin bi cc DMAC mc ni tng. 3. Cc ch u tin ca yu cu DMAC Cng ging nh x l ngt, DAMC c hai ch u tin: Ch u tin c nh: knh 0 c mc u tin cao nht, knh 3 c mc u tin thp nht. Ch u tin vng: knh va c phc v s c mc u tin thp nht. Khi mi lp ch , knh 0 c mc u tin cao nht. -
4. Khi pht v m bo chng trnh phc v Trc khi a DMAC vo hot ng, chng trnh phi khi pht n. Qu trnh khi pht gm 2 giai on: Xo cng bng tn hiu Reset, lm cc thanh ghi v 0. Ghi cc lnh ca chng trnh khi pht: VXL ghi vo cc thanh ghi chc nng nh a ch ban u, s t trao i, s knh, che chn yu cu ca knh khng cn hot ng, ch trao i, chiu tng hay gim a ch Khi ghi d liu vo thanh ghi 16 bit, phi ghi ln lt 2 byte theo th t byte thp trc, byte cao sau. Sau khi c khi pht, DMAC s hon ton t ng lm vic. Kt thc chng trnh khi pht ny, lun phi c lnh ghi bit D4=1 vo thanh ghi ch cho php t khi ng.
5. Kt thc trao i DMA C hai cch kt thc trao i d liu: - Kt thc t ng: Kt thc khi b m s tin trao i m v 0, hay s m kt thc TC (Terminal Count). Vi DMAC 8237, vic kt thc th hin tn hiu Hold kt thc, tc tr v mc logic 0.
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Kt thc cng bc: y l tn hiu t ngoi vo (do mch TBNV hoc do ngi iu hnh can thip bng cch n nt lnh) kt thc qu trnh trao i DMA.
6. Kim tra s kt thc knh mong mun Trong khi DMAC hot ng, thanh ghi trng thi lun c cp nht, tc lun ghi trng thi hin thi ca DMAC. Khi kt thc, VXL c th c ni dung ny ca thanh ghi trng thi bit rng knh no ca DMA t n s m kt thc TC, s li trao i l bao nhiu ( trng hp kt thc cng bc do EOP t ngoi vo) v knh vo ang ch phc v. 7. c im v hot ng ca 8237 8237 c nhng c im chnh sau: - Cho php hoc cm ring bit tng knh DMA trong s 4 knh. - Trao i d liu DMA trc tip gia hai vng b nh. - Cho php ni tng cc DMAC tng s knh DMA. - C th to yu cu DMA bng chng trnh - Vi 8237-2, tc trao i DMA c th t ti 1,6Mbps. Do ngoi phc v trao i d liu gia MVT v mn hnh, a, DMA cn c dng trong mng MVT. 5.2.3 Lp trnh cho 8237A a. Chng trnh truyn d liu gia b nh-b nh bng DMA V d cn chuyn khi nh c a ch 1000h-13FFh ti khi nh 1400h-17FFh thng qua DMA. Chng trnh s gm cc bc sau: - Xo flip-flop con tr byte v 0. - Lp trnh cho cc knh 0 v 1: a a ch ngun v ch vo knh 0 v 1. - t gi tr b m bng s byte cn chuyn -1 - Lp trnh thng qua thanh ghi ch cho knh 0 v 1 - Lp trnh cho thanh ghi lnh - Cho php knh 0 v a ra yu cu DMA - Kim tra bit ht d liu. Nu xong th kt thc DMA. Xc nh a ch cc thanh ghi: Addr_chanel0 = $70; Addr_chanel1 =$72; Addr_CT1 =$73 ;// a ch b m knh 1 Addr_SR =$78 ;// a ch thanh ghi trng thi Addr_CR =$78 ;// a ch thanh ghi iu khin Addr_MR =$7B ; //a ch thanh ghi ch Addr_MKR = $7F;// a ch thanh ghi cm Addr_RR = $79 ; //a ch thanh ghi yu cu Addr_pFF = $7C ; //a ch flip-flop con tr byte
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port[addr_pFF]=$00;// xo con tr FF v 0. // t a ch ngun vo knh 0 port[addr_chanel0] =$00; port[addr_chanel0] =$10; // t a ch ch vo knh 1 port[addr_pFF]=$01;// xo con tr FF v 0. port[addr_chanel1] =$00; port[addr_chanel1] =$14; //Ch nh s byte cn chuyn 4000 port[addr_pFF]=$01;// xo con tr FF v 0. port[addr_CT1] =$00; port[addr_CT1] =$40; // t ch : knh 0 c 1011 1000b= B8h ; knh 1 ghi: 1011 0101=B5h port[addr_pFF]=$01;// xo con tr FF v 0. port[addr_MR]=$B8; port[addr_MR]=$B5; // Lp trnh thanh ghi lnh cho php truyn M-M= 01h Port[addr_CR]=$01; // B mt n che chn knh 0 = 0000 1110 b=0Eh port[addr_MKR]= $0E; //Yu cu DMAC = 0000 0100 b=04h port[addr_RR] = $04; //Kim tra trng thi kt thc m: knh 0 truyn ht d liu (D0=1) =01h Repeat Var1=port[addr_SR]; Until ((var1 and $01)=$01); //kt thc truyn Return;
Sau khi khi ng, h thng DMAC s t hot ng m khng cn thm chng trnh ph no na.
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CHNG 6: GHP NI TNG T-S V S-TNG T

c th iu khin c cc my mc trong nh my, cc thit b y t chng ta cn quan tm n cc nh hng ca mi trng bn ngoi nh p sut, nhit ... Thng c mt s bc nhn c tn hiu in biu din cho cc yu t v bin i t dng tng t sang dng s cc my tnh c th x l c. Hnh 6.1 biu din s n gin ca mt h thng iu khin t ng dng my vi tnh. Setpoint K DAC K H thng thc CCCH CB
My vi tnh
ADC
Hnh 6.1: S cu trc h thng iu khin t ng dng my vi tnh u tin l cm bin (CB) dng bin i cc gi tr vt l nh nhit , p sut ... sang mt in p hay dng tng ng. Sau cm bin thng l b khuch i (K) v lc. Khu ny c thc hin bi mt s mch khuch i thut ton. Sau , tn hiu tng t ny c chuyn sang dng s bng b bin i tng t-s (Analog-Digital Converter-ADC), v c my vi tnh nhn, x l, lu tr, so snh vi tn hiu t, v to ra tn hiu iu khin (K) tng ng. V my vi tnh ch lm vic tn hiu s (logic 0 v 1) nn cn c b chuyn i s-tng t (Digital-Analog Converter-DAC) to ra tn hiu iu khin dng tng t. Tip theo l khu khuch i (K) v lch p to tn hiu ph hp cung cp cho c cu chp hnh (CCCH) ca h thng thc.
6.1 Gii thiu mt s mch khuch i thut ton

Khuch i thut ton l mt trong s nhng linh kin in t thng gp nht trong k thut tng t, v th trong k thut o lng v iu khin cng nghip, khuch i thut ton cng c mt trong rt nhiu thit b v h thng. Kh nng s dng ca cc b khuch i thut ton l rt vn nng, chng c p dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh cc b khuch i mt chiu, cc b khuch i xoay chiu, b lc tch cc, b dao ng, b bin i tr khng, b vi phn, b tch phn... 6.1.1 Cc tham s c bn ca mch khuch i thut ton
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Hnh 6.2: S b khuch i thut ton. Ud hiu in p vo UP , IP in p vo v dng in vo ca thun. UN , IN in p vo v dng in vo ca o. Ur , Ir in p ra v dng in ra. B khuch i thut ton khuch i hiu in p Ud = UP - UN vi h s khuch i K 0 > 0 . Do in p ra:
U r = K 0U d = K 0 (U p U N )
1. H s khuch i hiu K0 Khi khng ti c xc nh theo biu thc sau
K0 =
2. H s khuch i ng pha KCM
Ur Ur = Ud U p U N
Nu t vo ca thun v ca o ca b khuch i thut ton cc in p bng nhau, ngha l: UP = UN = UCM =0 th Ud = 0. Gi UCM l in p vo ng pha. L tng ta c Ur=0. Tuy nhin, thc t khng phi nh vy. Do gia in p ra v in p vo ng pha c quan h t l l h s khuch i ng pha KCM :
K CM = U r U CM
KCM ni chung ph thuc vo mc in p vo ng pha.
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3. H s nn ng pha CMRR
Dng nh gi kh nng lm vic ca b khuch i thc so vi b khuch i l tng (KCM=0)

CMRR = 4. Dng vo tnh K0 K CM
L tr trung bnh ca dng vo ca thun v dng vo ca o:

It = I p + IN 2
vi UP = UN = 0
Dng vo lch khng l hiu cc dng vo tnh hai ca ca b khuch i thut ton I0 = IP - IN vi UP = UN = 0 Thng thng I0 = 0,1IP. Tr s ca dng vo lch khng thay i theo nhit . Hin tng ny gi l hin tng tri dng lch khng.
6.1.2 Cc s c bn ca b khuch i thut ton
1. S khuch i khng o
Hnh 6.3: S mch khuch i khng o H s khuch i ca mch:

K= 1 1 R2 1 1 CMRR K + R +R 1 2 0
Mt b khuch i thut ton l tng s c:
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi H s khuch i khi khng c phn hi m ln v cng. in tr li vo ln v cng. rng di thng ln v cng. H s nn ng pha CMRR ln v cng. in tr li ra bng khng . Thi gian p ng bng khng Do , h s khuch i ca mch l tng l:
K= R1 + R2 R2
2. Mch m y l trng hp c bit ca mch khuch i khng o
Hnh 6.4: S mch m Mch c h s khuch i bng K=1 v thng dng phi hp tr khng. 3. Mch khuch i o
Hnh 6.5: S mch khuch i o H s khuch i ca mch:

K = R2 R1
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 4. S bin i dng in - in p
Hnh 6.6: S bin i dng in - in p in p ra c tnh theo biu thc: UR = - R.IV
6.2 B chuyn i s-tng t DAC

B chuyn i s tng t dng chuyn tn hiu dng s sang dng tng t. Khu ny hay c s dng trong h thng iu khin c dng my vi tnh. V my vi tnh ch lm vic vi tn hiu s, trong khi h thng thc cn tn hiu iu khin dng tng t. 6.2.1 Hot ng ca DAC
Hnh 6.7: V d v b bin i DA 4 bt Mc ch ca b bin i DA, nh nu, l bin i tn hiu nh phn n bt thnh dng hay p tng ng. Hnh 6.7 l mt v d v mt b bin i DA 4 bt n gin. Da vo v tr ca cc cng tt Bi (1 l ng v 0 l m), in tr u vo s thay i theo. Do in p u ra cng s thay i theo :
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi B B3 B4 B + U r = 104.5 15 + 2 4 + 4 2,5.10 12,5.103 10 5.10 V nguyn tc b chuyn i s-tng t tip nhn mt m s n bt song song hoc ni tip li vo v bin i ra dng in hoc in p tng ng li ra. Dng in hay in p li ra l hm bin thin ph hp theo m s li vo.
Hnh 6.8: S khi DAC Mt b DAC hon chnh bao gm ba phn t c bn: in p quy chiu n nh bn ngoi (Vref) DAC c s Khuch i thut ton Nh vy in p u ra ca b bin i V0 s ph thuc vo m nh phn u vo theo cng thc sau: V0 = Vref (B020 + B121 + ... + Bn2n)/2n+1 Trong B0 l bt thp nht v Bn l bt cao nht ca m nh phn u vo, Vref l in p quy chiu. DAC c s cu to bng cc in tr chnh xc v nhng chuyn mch tng t c iu khin bi m s u vo . Cc chuyn mch tng t iu chnh dng in hay in p trch ra t in p quy chiu v to nn dng in hay in p u ra tng ng vi m s u vo. Mch khuch i thut ton dng y chuyn i dng thnh p ng thi c chc nng tng m. B bin i DAC c c im l i lng ra tng t khng lin tc, ri rc ca u ra ph thuc vo s bt ca b bin i, nhng DAC c s bt u vo ln th tng s nc in p ra cng ln v khong cch gia cc nc cng nh.
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 6.2.2 Cc tham s c bn ca b chuyn i DA phn gii (Solution): Lin quan n s bt ca mt DAC. Nu s bt l n th s trng thi ca tn hiu nh phn l 2n ngha l s c 2n mc in th (hoc dng in) khc nhau, do c phn gii l 1/2n. phn gii cng b th in th (hoc dng in u ra) cng c dng lin tc, cng gn vi thc t v ngc li. chnh xc (Accuracy): C th nh gi cht lng ca mt DAC bng sai s ca n. i lng biu din sai s l lch ti a gia i lng ra v mt ng thng ni im 0 vi im FS (Full Scale) trn c tuyn chuyn i DA. tuyn tnh (Linearity): tuyn tnh ca DAC cho bit lch in p so vi mt ng thng i qua nhng im nt ca c tuyn chuyn i. l c tnh thng gp nht vi DAC. ng cong c tuyn l n iu nu s thay i lch trn l khng i du. c mt DAC n iu, lch ny phi ln hn 0 cho mi nc thang. Ngoi ra mc tuyn tnh ca DAC phi nh hn hoc bng 1/2 LSB (Least Significant Bit- Tham kho hnh 6.14) n tr nn n iu. Nh vy 1/2 LSB l c trng v gii hn n iu ca mt DAC. Phi tuyn vi sai: l i lng cho bit lch gia gi tr thc t v l tng cho mt nc in p ra ng vi mi thay i ca m s vo. i lng ny cho bit v nhn ca ng cong c tuyn i vi DAC. Thi gian thit lp: i vi mt DAC l thi gian cn thit in p ra t ti gi tr ti hn sai s xung quanh gi tr n nh. Gii hn ny thng l 1/2 LSB hoc biu din bng gi tr FS. Thi gian thit lp trc ht ph thuc vo kiu chuyn mch, kiu in tr v kiu khuch i dng xy dng b DAC. Thng thng n c nh ngha bng thi gian t khi in p bt u thay i cho ti khi t ti vng gii hn sai s cho trc. N khng bao gm thi gian tr tnh t khi c s thay i m s u vo cho ti khi in p ra bt u p ng.
6.2.3 Cc mch DAC in hnh Cc DAC c th c xy dng theo mt trong nhng kiu mch sau: Chuyn i DA theo kiu in tr trng lng Chuyn i DA theo kiu mch R-2R Chuyn i DA theo phng php m ho Shannon-Rack
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 1. B chuyn i DA theo kiu in tr trng lng (Weighted resistor DAC)
Hnh 6.9: DAC theo phng php in tr trng lng Mch gm mt ngun in p chun Uch, cc chuyn mch, cc in tr c gi tr ln lt l R, R/2, R/4, ... , R/2n-1 v cc mch khuch i thut ton. Vi mch nh trn, khi mt kho in th i no c ni vi ngun in th chun th s cung cp cho b KTT dng in c gi tr l:
Ii = U ch R i 2
Dng in ny c lp vi cc kho cn li. Nh vy c th thy ngay rng bin in p ra ph thuc vo cc v tr c ng hay m kho ngha l c ni vi in p chun Uch hay ni cch khc ph thuc vo gi tr cc bt tng ng trong tn hiu s a vo mch chuyn i. Mt cch tng qut, vi mt DAC c n bt th tn hiu ra c tnh theo cng thc:
U r = U ch Rf
(2 R
n 1
.Bn 1 + L + 20.B0
Trong B0 Bn-1 c gi tr "0" hoc "1". Mch c u im l n gin, nhng nhc im l chnh xc v tnh n nh ca kt qu ph thuc nhiu vo tr s tuyt i ca cc in tr v s n nh ca chng trong cc mi trng khc nhau. Ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo tnh n nh v chnh xc ca ngun in p chun.
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 2. B chuyn i DA theo kiu thang in tr R-2R (R-2R ladder)
Hnh 6.10: DAC theo phng php mch R-2R DAC vi thang in tr R-2R khc phc c mt s nhc im ca DAC in tr trng lng. Mch ch gm hai in tr R v 2R mc theo hnh thang vi nhiu kho in (mi kho in cho mt bt) v mt ngun in p chun Uch. i lng cn tm l dng Ith chy vo mch KTT khi c mt s kho in c ni vi Uch. Theo mch in ta c: Ura = -Ith.Rf Xt ti chuyn mch tng ng vi bt th i, nt tng ng trn mch hnh thang l 2i . S dng nh l Thevenin, khi ng chuyn mch vo Uch th in th tng ng Thevenin ti nt 20 s l Uch/2 v ngun tng c ni tr l R, nh vy ti nt 21 (tin v pha mch KTT) ta c ngun tng ng Thevenin c tr s l Uch/4 v ni tr l R. T nhng kt qu trn suy ra rng khi di chuyn v pha mch KTT th tr s in th Thevenin ti mi nt bng mt na tr s ti nt k cn bn tri n, v ti nt 2n-1 do c tnh ca b KTT in th c coi bng 0V. Mt cch tng qut, ta c cng thc tnh in p ra ca mt DAC n bt vi in tr hnh thang R-2R nh sau:
U r = U ch
(2 2 .R
n
Rf
n 1
.Bn 1 + L + 20.B0
Trong B0 Bn-1 c gi tr "0" hoc "1".
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Cc DAC theo thang in tr phi dng s in tr kh ln, v d nu mt DAC n bt th cn dng 2(n-1) in tr trong khi phng php in tr trng lng ch phi dng n thi. Nhng b li chnh xc v tnh n nh ca tn hiu ra c m bo tt hn. 6.2.4 Ghp ni vi DAC V nguyn tc mt b DAC c th ghp ni tng thch vi hu ht cc b VXL. i vi cc b DAC 8 bt, cng vic thm ch cn rt n gin khi ghp ni vi cc VXL, l do l cc VXL u c BUS d liu l bi ca 8. i vi cc b DAC 12 hay 16 bt ta phi s dng cc m trung gian c s bt tng ng sau tin hnh trao i s liu nhiu ln. Hnh 6.11 v 6.12 biu din mch ghp ni h VXL vi mt DAC 8 bit v DAC 16 bit. a ch A0A15 Gii m
WR
D0 D1 DAC 8 bit +
D7 Bus MVT BGN Hnh 6.11: Mch ghp ni h VXL vi mt DAC 8 bits a ch A0A15 Gii m (3) 74 273 (1) 74 273 Bus MVT BGN (2) 74 273 DAC 16 bit +
WR
D0 D7
Hnh 6.12: Mch ghp ni h VXL vi mt DAC 16 bit
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 6.2.5 Lp trnh xut d liu ra cho DAC i vi DAC 8 bit, ta ch cn dng lnh xut d liu Port[addr_port] := data; Trong a ch cng addr_port s qua mch gii m a ch to xung kch m mch m a d liu s vo u vo DAC. S liu cn chuyn i c t trong data. i vi DAC 16 bit, ta cn hai lnh xut: Port[addr_port1] := data1; Port[addr_port2] := data2; Trong a ch cng addr_port1 qua mch gii m a ch to xung th nht kch m mch cht m 74273 th nht, lu gi 8 bit thp ca d liu, th hin trong data1. Lnh xut d liu th hai theo a ch addr_port2 s to xung th hai kch m mch cht m 74273 th hai (pha di) a 8 bit cao ca d liu, th hin trong data2. ng thi xung th hai ny cng m cht m 74273 th ba truyn s liu 8 bit thp u ra 74273 th nht sang u ra 74273 th ba. Kt qu l DAC nhn c 16 bit d liu cng mt lc.
6.3 B bin i tng t s ADC

Trong phn u gii thiu n vic thu nhn cc tn hiu thng qua cc sensor nhit, p sut ... v cc mch khuch i thut ton dng khuch i v lc cc tn hiu in ny. Bc tip theo l b bin i AD bin i tn hiu tng t sang dng s c th lm vic c vi CPU. 6.3.1. Nguyn tc lm vic ca ADC ADC Lng t ho M ho
Hnh 6.13: S minh ho nguyn tc lm vic ca ADC Tn hiu tng t sau khi qua x l c a vo mch ly mu. Mch ly mu c hai nhim v chnh: Ly mu tn hiu tng t ti cc thi im khc nhau v cch u nhau, ni cch khc y l qu trnh ri rc ho tn hiu v mt thi gian. Lng t ho v m ho tn hiu. Qu trnh lng t ho v bn cht l qu trnh lm trn s c thc hin theo nguyn tc so snh, tn hiu cn chuyn i c
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi so snh vi mt n v chun. Cn m ho l qu trnh xp xp li kt qu lng t theo mt quy lut nht nh tu thuc vo loi m yu cu u ra b bin i (c th l m nh phn hoc m hexa). 6.3.2. Cc tham s c bn ca b chuyn i AD Cc tham s c bn ca b chuyn i gm c: Di chuyn i ca in p tng t u vo, chnh xc b chuyn i v tc chuyn i. Di bin i ca in p tng t u vo l khong in p m ADC c th thc hin chuyn i c. Khong in p ny c th ly gi tr t 0 n mt gi tr m hay dng, hoc cng c th l in p hai cc tnh -UAM + UAM. chnh xc ca ADC: Tham s c trng cho chnh xc ca ADC l phn gii (Resolution). Tn hiu u ra ca mt ADC l cc gi tr s c xp xp theo mt quy lut no . S cc s hng m u ra (s bt trong t m nh phn) tng ng vi di bin i in p vo cho bit mc chnh xc ca php bin i.
Hnh 6.14: Sai s ca cc b chuyn i AD v DA V d mt b bin i AD c s bt u ra l N=12 th s phn bit c 212=2096 mc trong di bin i in p u vo ca n - UAM chng hn. Nh vy mi mc ADC phn bit c u vo l UAM/2096. Trong thc t ngi ta dng s bt N c trng cho chnh xc ca mt ADC khi di bin i in p u vo l khng i. Tc chuyn i cho bit s kt qu chuyn i trong mt giy, cn c gi l tn s chuyn i fc. Cng c th dng tham s thi gian chuyn i Tc c trng cho tc chuyn i (Tc = 1/fc). Tc chuyn i cng cao th chnh xc cng gim v ngc li.
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 6.3.3. Cc phng php chuyn i AD C nhiu cch phn loi cc b bin i AD, hay dng hn c l phng php phn loi v mt thi gian. Phng php ny c u im l cho php phn on mt cch tng qut v tc chuyn i. Chuyn i song song (Parallel Comparator ADC): Tn hiu cn chuyn i c so snh cng mt lc vi nhiu gi tr chun, v vy cc bt c xc nh ng thi v a n u ra. Chuyn i ni tip theo m m: Qu trnh so snh c thc hin tng bc theo quy lut m m. Kt qu chuyn i c xc nh bng cch m s lng gi tr tn hiu tng t cn chuyn i. Chuyn i ni tip theo m nh phn: Qu trnh so snh c thc hin tng bc theo quy lut ca m nh phn. Cc n v chun dng so snh ly cc gi tr gim dn theo m nh phn, do cc bt c xc nh ln lt t bt c ngha nht MSB (Most Significant Bit) n bt c t ngha nht LSB (Least Significant Bit). Chuyn i song song - ni tip kt hp: Trong phng php ny qua mi bc so snh c th xc nh c ti thiu l 2 bt ng thi. 1. Chuyn i theo phng php song song
Hnh 6.15: S nguyn l b chuyn i AD theo phng php song song
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Nguyn tc hot ng ca b chuyn i: Tn hiu tng t UA c ng thi a n cc b so snh t S1 Sm. in p chun Uch c a n u vo th hai ca b so snh qua thang in tr R. Do cc in p chun t vo b so snh ln cn khc nhau mt lng khng i v gim dn t S1 Sm. u ra ca cc b so snh c in p chun ly trn thang in tr th c mc logic "1", cn ngc li c mc logic "0". Cc u ra ca mch c ni vi mt mch "AND", u cn li ca mch "AND" ni vi xung nhp. Ch khi xut hin xung nhp u vo mch "AND" th xung ra ca b so snh c vo mch nh Flip - Flop (FF). Nh vy xung nhp ng vai tr m bo cho qu trnh so snh v a tn hiu vo b nh, sau b m ho s bin i tn hiu vo di dng m m thnh m nh phn (c th l dng khc). Mch bin i song song c u im l tc chuyn i nhanh , nhng kt cu mch kh phc tp nu ta tng phn gii ca php bin i AD (resolution). Thc vy thit lp mt b bin i c phn gii n bt th cn phi c (2n -1) b so snh, do vy phng php ny ch dng cho cc b ADC tc cao v phn gii thp. 2. Chuyn i AD theo phng php m
Hnh 6.16: S khi mch ADC kiu m Mch bao gm cc phn t: B so snh, RS Flip-Flop, cng "AND" dng ng m xung nhp, b m n bt v mt DAC n bt. Cc phn t c mc thnh mch hi tip. Hot ng ca mch: Lc u mch Flip-Flop v mch m c Reset, li ra Q ca FF mc logic "0", b m cng xo v 0, do in p ra UDAC ca DAC l 0V. Cng AND m cho cc xung nhp vo mch m. Lc ny in p vo Ua ln hn UADC nn Uss tr thp. UDAC tng dn theo hnh bc thang v mch m lin tc i trng thi t Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr 86
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi thp ln cao, khi UDAC ln hn Ua th Uss chuyn ln cao lm cho li ra Q ca FF chuyn ln mc logic "0" lm cng AND ng li. Lc ny ni dung b m l tn hiu s n bt tng ng vi tn hiu tng t Ua cn chuyn i. Nh vy thi gian chuyn i ca ADC kiu m ph thuc vo ln ca tn hiu tng t Ua v tn s xung nhp. Nu Ua cng ln th thi gian chuyn i cng di, nu xung nhp cao th thi gian chuyn i ngn. Ngoi ra ADC kiu m cn c mt c im l thi gian chuyn i ca mch s hn ch tn s bin thin cao nht ca tn hiu tng t u vo Ua. 3. Chuyn i AD theo phng php xp x lin tip
Hnh 6.17: S khi mch ADC xp x lin tip Chuyn i AD theo phng php xp x lin tip c u im ln l thi gian chuyn i t l thun vi s bt ca m s v thi gian thit lp ca mch ghi ch khng ph thuc vo ln ca tn hiu chuyn i. Khi u mch ghi trng thi Reset, sau mch iu khin kch thch bt ln nht U xut hin Bn 1 = 1 . u ra DAC s tr thnh U ADC = ch . Khi s xy ra mt trong 2 hai trng hp: Nu UDAC > Ua th bt ny c b qua (thit lp "0") Nu UADC < Ua th bt ny c duy tr (thit lp "1")
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Sau li kch thch bt k tip xut hin Bn 2 = 1 . Lc ny u ra DAC s t c l U U U ADC = Bn 1 ch + ch . V cng vic so snh tng t trn xc lp bit Bn 2 . 2 4
Cng vic so snh c tip tc n khi UDAC = Ua th qu trnh chuyn i kt thc. 4. Chuyn i AD theo phng php song song- ni tip kt hp
B1 B 2 B N1
ADC song song
DAC N1 bit TNG TH NHT Mach hiu Nhn N1 2
TNG TH HAI
Hnh 6.18: B chuyn i AD theo phng php song song ni tip kt hp. y l s kt hp phng php song song v phng php ni tip nhm dung ha u khuyt im ca hai phng php ny: gim bt phc tp ca phng php song song v tng tc chuyn i so vi phng php ni tip. Cng c th gi y l phng php phn on tng nhm bit, vi s bit trong mi nhm N 2. 5. Chuyn i AD theo phng php tch phn hai sn dc
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C K 1 2 CNG R Ngun dao ng Uch Mach logic Flip Flop tran
UA
B m
Kt qua
Hnh 6.19: B chuyn i AD theo phng php tch phn hai sn dc.
VC dc do Uch tao ra t
t1 VSS
t2
Z0
t Hnh 6.20: th biu din nguyn l hot ng ca mch.
Trong , t1 l thi gian m ng vi s xung lm b m b trn. t2 l thi gian tch in p chun Vch. VC l in p rng ca u ra ca b tch phn. VSS l in p ra ca b so snh. Z l s xung m c. Zo l s xung trong thi gian t0. Vch l in p chun c cc tnh nh hnh v. VA l in p vo (cc tnh nh hnh v).
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trng thi u tin, kha K lun t v tr 1. Mch tch phn s tch phn VA, trong khi b m s m xung t ngun dao ng chun tn s fn. VA c tch phn trong thi gian t1 cho n khi b m b trn (thi im t1). Lc ny mch logic s iu khin chuyn kha K sang v tr 2 v mch tch phn s tip tc tch phn Vch nhng vi chiu ngc li v Vch c cc tnh ngc cc tnh VA. Khi tn hiu ra ca b tch phn VC gim xung bng 0 th mch so snh s ng cng. Ni dung ghi trong b m l kt qu bin i. N t l vi thi gian tch phn in p chun t2.
6.3.4. Ghp ni vi ADC Phn ln cc ADC cn mt tn hiu Start bt u qu trnh chuyn i. Sau khi kt thc chuyn i, mt tn hiu Finish c thit lp bo hiu qu trnh chuyn i kt thc. Do ta c th dng mch ghp ni ra s liu n gin c i thoi ghp ni vi ADC. Hnh 6.18 biu din mt mch ghp ni vi mt ADC 8 bit. Qu trnh chuyn i c khi ng bng mt xung dng Start. Kt thc qu trnh ny, s liu s c a ra li ra ADC, ng thi tn hiu Finish chuyn t 0 ln 1 . Li ra ADC c ni vi mch m ba trang thi 74244. Chn xut ca 74244 c ni vi chn Clear ca mch lt 7474 xa trng thi sn sng s liu ca ADC. Mt xung c s liu ADC s ng thi xa lun u ra Q ca 7474 v 0 trnh vic c hai ln cng 1 s liu. Xung Finish a mc 1 ra chn Q ca mch lt 7474 ri qua mch m 3 trng thi 74125 a vo ng d liu D0.
D7 Vin D0 ADC 8 bit Finish 1 Start
74 244
D7 D0
IOW IOR
Cl
7474 D Q 74125 7404 GN
74 138
A0 An Bus MVT
Hnh 6.18: S ghp ni ADC vi h VXL
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi i vi ADC 16 bit, chng ta cn mt b cht m th hai c s liu 8 bit cao theo mt a ch th hai.
6.3.5 Lp trnh nhn d liu t ADC Qu trnh nhn d liu t ADC trn hnh 6.18 c thc hin qua cc bc sau: + To xung Start bt u qu trnh chuyn i AD + Kim tra vic chuyn i thc hin xong ? + c d liu vo a ch to tn hiu Start t 74138 : addr_St a ch to tn hiu m cht 74125 : addr_Fh a ch to tn hiu m m 74244: addr_ADC
Port[addr_St]:=0; Repeat Var1 := port[addr_Fh]; Until ((Var1 AND 1)=1) //Delay(thoigianchuyendoi) -> khong dung mach doc finish Data :=port[addr_ADC];
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CHNG 7: NG DNG MY VI TNH TRONG O LNG V IU KHIN

7.1 Gii thiu v cu trc my tnh:
Hnh 7.1 trnh by cc b phn trn bo mch chnh ca h thng my vi tnh (MVT). MVT l mt h thng vi x l bao gm mt b x l trung tm CPU, cc b nh ROM, RAM, cc vi mch ghp ni song song, ni tip, cc b iu khin ngt v DMA .
7.1:
Hnh 7.1 v 7.2 cho thy MVT c ra sn mt s cc cng cho php ghp ni vi cc thit b vo ra c bn (nh mn hnh, bn phm, chut, my in) v cc cng vo ra khc (nh cng USP, khe cm m rng ISA/PCI slots) . Do mt vn t ra l phi thit k cc mch ghp ni gia TBNV vi cc cng ny, phc v cho vic o lng v iu khin mt h thng t ng ha.
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7.2: Ch rng VXL ch c mt bus d liu, trong khi c rt nhiu thit b ngoi vi v nh cng mun trao i d liu vi VXL qua bus ny. Do mi thit b ngoi vi s c cp mt a ch ring bit, cho php n lm vic vi VXL khi a ch ring bit c a ra trn bus a ch. Bng 7.1 trnh by cc a ch vo ra c bn cho cc thit b ngoi vi trong my vi tnh IPM. Bng 7.1: a ch vo/ra c bn cho cc thit b trong cc my vi tnh IPM PC Base Address 0F - 1F 20 - 3F 40 - 5F 60 - 6F Device First DMA Controller 8237 A-5 First Interrupt Controller 8259A, Master 8254-2 8042, Keyboard
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70 - 7F 80 - 9F 87 83 81 82 8B 89 8A 8F A0 - BF C0 - DF F0 F1 F8 - FF 170-177 1F0 - 1F7 200 - 20F 210 - 217 278 - 27F
Real Time Clock, NMI mask DMA Page Register, 74LS612 DMA Channel 0 DMA Channel 1 DMA Channel 2 DMA Channel 3 DMA Channel 5 DMA Channel 6 DMA Channel 7 Refresh Second Interrupt Controller 8259A, Slave Second DMA Controller 8237 A-5 Clear 80287 Busy Reset 80287 80287 Math coprocessor Secondary ATA Hard Disk Controller Primary ATA Hard Disk Controller Game Controller/Joystick Expansion Unit LPT2 Parallel port
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280 - 29F 2E8 2EF 2E1 2F8 - 2FF 2E2 2E3 300 - 31F 300 - 31F 320 - 32F 378 - 37F 380 38C 3A0 3A9 3B0 3BB 3C0 3CF 3D0 3DF 3E8 3EF 3F0 3F7 3F8 3FF
LCD on Wyse 2108 PC SMC Elite default factory setting COM4 GPIB Adapter 0 COM2 Data acquisition Prototype Card 3Com EtherLink default factory setting XT Hard disk interface LPT1 Parallel port SLDC/Secondary Bi-sync interface Primary Bi-sync interface Monochrome display EGA display control Color/Graphics Display (CGA) COM3 Floppy disk controller COM1
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7.2 Thit k mch ghp ni gia h thng t ng ha vi cc cng ca my vi tnh

C th ni vic ng dng my vi tnh trong vic iu khin t ng mt h thng thc t l rt a dng. Di y l mt vi ng dng , c giao cho sinh vin t tm hiu, thit k v trnh by. ti 1: THIT K MCH GHP NI CNG MY IN LPT1 O CN IN T T. ti 2: THIT K MCH GHP NI KHE CM M RNG O V IU KHIN TC NG C IN MT CHIU M. ti 3: THIT K MT KIT VI IU KHIN 89C51 C GHP NI CNG NI TIP COM1 CA MY TNH O NHIT V BO CHY. ti 4: THIT K MCH GHP NI CNG NI TIP RS232 O NH SNG V IU KHIN N. ti 5: THIT K MT KIT VI IU KHIN PIC 16F877 C GHP NI CNG NI TIP COM1 CA MY TNH O V IU KHIN NNG XY TRONG KHNG KH. ti 6: THIT K MCH GHP NI CNG NI TIP A NNG USB IU KHIN MT HNH TRNH DNG NG C BC.
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ti 6: Thit k mt mch ghp ni vi cng a nng USB dng iu khin hnh trnh ng c bc PHN I: GII THIU V CNG A NNG USB I. Gii Thiu Chung V Bus USB
Cng USB v thc cht l mt bus v qua c th u ni ng thi rt nhiu thit b ngoi vi vi chng lai khc nhau. V vy c th gi bus USB l mt bus ni tip a nng
1. Nhng nt chung v bus USB:

Bus USB l mt bus ni tip D liu truyn trn bus theo tng bus k tip nhau .c bit, d liu truyn trn cng cc ng dn theo hai hng. Bus USB cho php u ni n 127 thit b D liu truyn vi tc n 12 Mbips VI bus USB 1.0 ,tc truyn c th ln hn 12Mbps VI bus USB 2.0 ,tc truyn c th ln n 480Mbps Bus USB c mi lin h cht ch vi c tnh Plus and Play c gi l u /ngt nng in p ngun nui c th nhn c t bus.Cc thit b nh c th s dng in p t trn bus m khng cn ngun nui ring. Cc c tnh c bn ca bus USB l: Cc cuc truyn ng thi,c th hiu l truyn lin tc, h tr cc tn hiu vidio v m thanh.Vi cc cuc truyn ng thi, cc thit b truyn v nhn d liu theo kiu c m bo v c th on trc. USB cng c h tr cc thit b khng ng thi hay thit b c quyn u tin cao nht , cc thit b ng thi hoc khng ng thi tn ti cng thi im. Cc thng s k thut cng c c tnh cm v chy, cc cp ni v cch kt ni u c tiu chun ha rng ri trong cng nghip. Cc hub c sp xp theo nhiu tng vi kh nngg m rng gn n mc ln nht v thao tc xy ra ng thi. Tc truyn 12Mbps vi cc kch thc khc nhau. H tr nhiu yu cu di thng thit b t mt vi kbps n 19Mbps. H tr tc truyn d liu ca thit b trn mt phm vi rng cc gi tr thng qua vic iu tit kch thc b m gi d liu v c ch tim n. C kh nng cm nng ,ngha l cho php cc thit b ngoi vi c th c u ni m khng cn phi tt ngun nui cung cp in cho my tnh ,c th u/ngt v thay i li cu hnh thit b ngoi vi mt cch linh hot kh nng qun l c tng cng vi cc ch ng v nm l trn phm vi h thng.
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi T nhn dng thit b ngoi vi ,t ng v bn chc nng i vi phn mm iu khin v cu hnh H tr cho cc thit b lai khc nhau, vi nhiu chc nng khc nhau. iu khin lung d liu thng qua b m bng vic qun l giao thc t sn bn trong . C c ch x l li/ hon tr li. H tr kh nng nhn dng cc thit b mc li. Giao thc n gin trong vic thc hin v tch hp
2. u ni v cp:
Bus USB c hai kiu u ni khc nhau: kiu A v kiu B Bus USB s dng mt cp bn si u ni vi cc thit b ,trong mt cp ng truyn hai si xon c dng lm cc ng dn d liu vi phn, cn hai cp kia c dng lm ng dn 5V v ng ni t chung GND Chn Tn gi Mu dy 1 Vcc 2 DTrng 3 D+ Xanh lc 4 GND en Bng u ni bus USB M t +5VDC D liuD liu+ NI t
Cc my tnh PC i mi nht u l kiu A.Cn cc trng hp khc thit b thng c cm kiu B. Vic u ni vi my tnh c thc hin bng mt cp kiu A-B Cc cp dng ko di khong cch t my tnh n thit b thng l kiu A-A Khi kt ni cc thit b vi bus USB ta thng phi phn bit r cc thit b s dng ngun nui ring ,chng hn my in ,vi cc thit b nhn ngun nui qua bus
3. Truyn d liu ni tip:

Ton b d liu c trao i u c mt khung dng bng 1 ms .Trong phm vi mt khung ,nhiu gi d liu k tip dnh cho nhiu cc thit b khc nhau c th c x l,trong c nhng gi cn gi vi tc thp v nhng gi cn gi vi tc d cao cng tn ti trong mt xung.
Cc gi d liu USB
1ms
Hnh 1: Cc gi d liu trong nhng khung truyn 1 ms
667ns
83,3ns
Hnh 2: Cc tn hiu tc thp v tc cao
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Khi cn ghp ni nhiu thit b USB ,ta cn c mt hp phn phi hay thng gi l hub.Hub cng cho php trnh xy ra tnh trng tn hiu tc cao c chuyn giao ti thit b c tc thp Do khng c tn hiu gi nhp c truyn tch ring ra nn xung gi nhp cn phi c to ra t chnh tn hiu mang thng tin v d liu.Nn k thut khng tr v mc 0 (gi tt l NRZI) c s dng.Khi , D liu ng vi ga tr 0 dn n s thay i ca mc in p . Cn ng vi gi tr 1 li gi nguyn mc in p Tn hiu s thng thng 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Tn hiu NRZI Hnh 3: Tn hiu NRZI M ha v gii m tn hiu l cng vic ca ring phn cng .B nhn cn phi phc hi v loi ra tn hiu gi nhp,nhn v gii m d liu
D+
Song song/ nI
B truyn USB
D-
NRZI/ NI tip song song
B nhn USB
Hnh 4: B truyn v b nhn USB thc hin qu trnh ng b trong khi truyn ,ngi ta s dng mt phng php rt l c o : Khi dng d liu cha 6 s 1 k tip nhau th mt s 0 c b truyn t ng thm vo bt buc xy ra s thay i mc ,b nhn s t ng loi b s 0 ny ra khi dng d liu. Cng nhm mc ch ng b , mi gi d liu u c du hiu c bit , l byte ng b(Sync-byte) Trn thc t b truyn v b nhn lun c thit k trn cng mt vi mch: Mi thit b USB c cha mt khi SIE m nhn nhim v ny thc hin vic trao i d liu gia SIE v cc phn cn li ca thit b cn cn n mt b nh m FIFO .Tt c cc cng vic khc do SIE thc hin Thng thng ,mt thit USB c nhiu b nh FIFO ,ng vai tr trung gian trong cc cuc truyn d liu. Phn mm USB to ra cc ng ng dn ti cc im cui ring l .Mi ng ng l mt knh logic dn ti mt im cui trong mt thit b .Mt thit b c th s
99
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi dng nhiu ng ng dng thi ,v th tc truyn d liu tng cng c nng ln.
II. Cc HUB
u ni nhiu thit b ngoi vi USB ta cn 1 hub hoc nhiu hub. Hub l hp phn phi bus c nhiu cng. Mt hus ngoi c mt cng hng v my ch v 4 cng ra thit b ghp ni ,ngay trong my tnh PC cng c mt hub .Mt loi hub trong to ra 2 cng USB kiu A pha sau may vi tnh.Hub ny gi l hub gc v hub ny t ngay trn mch chnh.( hnh 5) Cng USB Trn PC
Hub USB
Hnh 5: Cch u ni hnh sao mt hub USB cng ra thit b ghp nica mt hub c th u thm mt hub khc .Nh vy hnh thnh mt cu trc phn tng.( hnh 6)
My chu (tang goc)
Tang 1
Nt Nt
Tang 2
Nt
Nt
Tang 3
Tang 4
Nt Nt Nt
Hnh 6: Cu trc phn tng ca cc hub khi u ni vo bus USB
100
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Mi hub v mi dy cp u gy ra s lm tr tn hiu, nhng thi gian ttr khng vt qu thi gi tr cc i c qui nh. Bub USB cho php tng cng n 7 hub u ni k tip nhau, nh vy c nhiu nht l 127 thit b c th u ni vo mt bus USB. Mt nhim v ca hub nhn bit cc thit b mi c u ni vo v cn phn bit l thit b tc cao hay thit b tc thp. Ngoi ra hub c th xa i 1 thit b u ni vo bus nhng sau li c tho ri khi h thng. thc hin cc nhim v ny c nhng trng thi bus c to ra theo cch c bit. Mt cng USB khng c s dng s khng c kch hot ngha l hub khng gi khung d liu ti.C hai ng dn d liu u mc low v c mt in tr 15k. Mi thit b ngoi vi USB u c mt in tr 1,5k ni mt trong hai ng dn tn hiu vi ngun +3,3V. Thit b tc cao in tr ny ni vi ngun +3,3Vvi ng dn D+, thit b tc thp th ni vi ng dn D-. Hub cng c th nhn bit kiu thit b v c th xy dng mi kt ni d liu vi tc truyn thch hp .(hnh 7, 8)
Hnh 7: Nhn dng mt thit b tc cao
Hnh 8: Nhn dng mt thit b tc thp Khi ln u tin t li ch cho bus, c hai ng dn d liu c ni mass trong khong thi gian 10ms. Khi SIE ca thit b ngoai vi nhn bit trng thi ny v xa i mt tn hiu reset ca b vi iu khin c u ni vo. Sau y b iu khin bt u vi vic thc hin chng trnh b iu khin ca n v sn sng trnh din h thng. Hub cng cung cp in p ngun nui cho thit b. Khi khi ng mi thit b USB c php tiu th dng in n 100 mA. Nu nh cn mt dng ln hn th nhu cu ny cn phi c khai bo .Dng in tiu th tng cng c th t ti 500mA. Mt
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi hub ngoi ch c th cung cp 100 mA cho mi cng ra thit b ghp ni bi v n c php tip nhn tng cng khng qu 500 mA v yu cu ring cho chnh bn thn hub.
III. Phn cng v phn mm my ch USB.

My ch USB tng tc vi cc thit b USB thng qua b iu khin my ch. My ch chu trch nhim v nhng cng vic sau: Pht hin vic kt ni hoc lai b ca cc thit b USB. Qun l vic iu khin dng d liu gia my ch v cc thit b USB. Qun l dng d liu gia my ch v cc thit b USB. Thng k trng thi tnh hot ng ca h thng. Cung cp dng in c t hn ch cng sut cho cc thit b USB c kt ni . Phn mm h thng USB trn my ch qun l s tng tc gia cc thit b USB v phn mm thit b da trn my ch. C 5 vng tng tc gia phn mm h thng USB v phn mm thit b ,c th l: im danh nh cu hnh thit b. Truyn d liu trong ch ng thi. Truyn d liu trong ch khng ng b. Qun l nng lng. Qun l thng tin v thit b v bus. Bt c lc no c th phn mm USB s dng cc giao din h thng my ch hin hu qun l cc mi quan h tng tc trn. Cc thanh ghi b iu khin my ch USB Thanh ghi nhn dng nh cung cp VID ( vendor Identication register) a ch offset: 00-01h Gi tr mc nh : 8086h Thuc tnh: ch c Thanh ghi VID cha s nhn dng nh cung cp .Thanh ghi ny ,cng vi thanh ghi nhn dng thit b xc ng duy nht bt k thit b PCI no .Vic ghi vo thanh ghi ny khng c tc dng .Cch vit cc bit 15:0 dng cho s nhn dng nh cung cp .y l mt gi tr 16 bit c Intel gn.
IV. Kt ni h thng USB.

Kt ni cc thit b USB Tt c cc thit b USB u ni vo USB qua cng t trn mt loi thit b USB chuyn dng, c tn l hub. Cc hub ch cho thy tnh trng kt ni hoc loi b ca mt thit b USB theo tng trng thi cng ca n. Cc my ch hi (queries) hub xc nh nguyn nhn ca thng bo. Hub tr li (p ng) bng cch nhn dng cng s dng kt ni thit b USB. My ch cho php cng v nh a ch thit b USB vi mt ng ng iu khin bng cch s dng a ch mc nh USB (khi c ni vo ln u hoc khi chng khi ng li). My ch xc nh xem liu thit b USB mi c kt ni l mt hub hay l mt thit b chc nng v gn cho thit b USB mt a ch USB duy nht Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr 102
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Nu thit b USB kt ni l mt hub v cc thit b USB c kt ni vi cng ca hub th th tc trn tip din vi tng thit b USB c kt ni. Nu thit b USB kt ni l mt thit b chc nng, th cc thng bo v vic kt ni s c phn mm USB gi ti phn mm my ch c quan tm n Loi b cc thit b USB Khi mt thit b USB c loi b khi mt trong s cc cng th hub t ng v hiu ho cng v cung cp mt thng tin ch bo v vic loi b thit b ra khi my ch. Sau my ch loi b cc s liu d bit v thit b USB, nu thit b USB b loi b l l mt hub th qa trnh loi b phi c thc hin vi tt c cc thit b USB m trc c ni vo hub. Nu thit b USB loi b l mt thit b chc nng th cc thng bo loi b c gi ti phn mm my ch c quan tm n. Kt ni h thng USB Hnh 3-55 cho thy mt v d v kt ni cng USB vo trong h thng. Li vo CLK48 c t ng h tinh th 48 MHz(sai s 2500 ppm) c to ra nh b cng hng thch anh v c s dng to tc d liu bng 12MHz v mt khong khung khi to bng 1,0ms (500ppm). Thit b tng tc PVIIDE/ISA (cu PCI) c mt thit k thch hp vi tc bng 1,5Mbps hoc 12 Mbps. Ngun nui dng cho thit b c ly t ngun in p -5v trn bn mch chnh (Vcc). Nh vy cn c nhng bin php no chng ngn mch, chng hn bng mt cu ch 2A. H thng gim st ca c ng dn in p ngun nui cho USB vi cc ng OC#1 v OC#0 ( pha di ca hnh 3-54). Khi thit b cu PCI pht hin ra mt li trn ng dn in p nui th n s v hiu ho cng USB tng ng. Trn cc ng d liu, c mt in tr ni tip bng 27(m), dng gii hn dng in khi xy ra ngn mch vi t(GND). Nh vy dng s b gii hn mc nh hn 185mA. Cc cun cm mc ni tip mc ni tip cng c tnh n trn ng dn in p ngun nui, tn hiu nhiu trn cc thit b bn ngoi khng gy nh hng ti ngun nui bn mch chnh.
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PHIN BN USB 2.0

Cc k thut chnh ca bus USB 2.0 l: Tc thp (1,5Mbps): cc thit b tng tc(interactive),thng thng l 10100Kbps. Tc cao(full-speed,12Mbps)cc ng dng vi in thoi m thanh. Tc rt cao (480 Mbps)cc ng dng video v b nh thng thng l 25400Mbps. Cng USB 2.0 s y nhanh qu trnh hng ti mt my tnh PC trong tng lai vi cc c tnh legacy-free.
V. Cc kiu truyn USB.

Cc thit b USB c th trao i d liu vi my tnh PC theo 4 kiu hon ton khc nhau: + Truyn iu khin: iu khin phn cng cc yu cu iu khin (control request) c truyn hay gi l truyn iu khin (control transfers). Chng lm vic vi mc u tin cao v c kh nng kim sot li t ng. Tc truyn ln v c n 64 byte trong mt yu cu(request) c th c truyn. +Truyn ngt: cc thit b cung cp mt lng d liu nh, tun hon, chng hn nh bn phm, chut, u s dng kiu truyn ngt (interrupt transfers). Khc vi s phng on t tn gi, y khng c mt ngt no c thit b xo. Cch tt nht l h thng s hi theo chu k, chng hn 10ms mt ln, xem c cc d liu mi gi n. Thng thng c n 8 byte c th c truyn. + Truyn theo khi: Khi c dung lng d liu ln cn truyn v cn kim sot li truyn nhng li khng c yu cu thc p v thi gian truyn th d liu thng c truyn theo khi (bulk transfers). Cc ng dng ca phng php ny nh: my in v my qut hnh (scanner). Tc truyn d liu ph thuc vo mc u ti trn bus USB. + Truyn ng thi: Khi c lng ln d liu vi tc d liu c quy nh, chng hn nh dng cho card m thanh, th thng p dng kiu truyn ng thi (isochronous transfers). Theo cch truyn ny mt gi tr tc d liu xc nh c duy tr. Vic hiu chnh li khng c thc hin v nhng li truyn l t cng khng gy nh hng ng k n cht lng truyn. Vi cc ng dng trong lnh vc o lng v iu khin , kiu truyn th nht (truyn iu khin) thng c s dng v va c an ton d liu cao va c tc truyn ln .Ngoi ra cn d dng thc hin c giao thc truyn ring trong mt s trng hp ng dng c th tip tc x l. . Chc nng ca mt phn mm iu khin: L mt xch lin kt gia phn cng v phn mm h thng.Trong mi trng Windows 98 v trc, khng c mt chng trnh ng dng no c th truy cp trc tip ln phn cng, cch tt nht l gi ra mt phn mm iu khin thit b , phn mm
VI. Gi phn mm iu khin.
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi ny trao i trc tip vi phn cng hoc qua lp m nm su hn. Phn mm iu khin ny c ch to v cung cp bi cc nh sn xut thit b . Hot ng : Tt c cc phn mm iu khin USB u da trn Win32_Driver_Model. Tt c cc li gi phn mm iu khin u thng qua phn mm qun l vo ra (I/O manager). Cc chng trnh ngi dng khc nhau gi gi yu cu gn nh ng thi ti phn mm qun l vo/ra, phn mm ny sau y s phn phi cc gi ny ti cc phn mm iu khin c th. Tt c cc yu cu u c gi i di dng cc gi, v chuyn tip gia cc lp m ring l. bit r v cch thc truy nhp ln cc thit b, ta xem xt n 5 hm ca Windows sau: CreateFile( ) M mt tp hoc mt thit b CloseHandle( ) ng mt tp hoc mt thit b ReadFile( ) c hoc nhn d liu WriteFile( ) Ghi hoc truyn d liu DeviceloControl( ) Thc hin cc chc nng c th ca phn mm iu khin V d xt on chng trnh sau ( Gi 1 byte qua COM2 bng Delphi): Handle:=CreateFile.(Pchar(COM2),GENERIC_WRITE,0,NIL,OPEN)_EX ISTING,0,0); Byt:=85; WriteFile(Handle,Byt1,1,Count,NIL); CloseHandle(Handle); Gii thch lnh: Trc ht , Cng COM2 c m bng hm CreateFile( ) sau y gi mt Byte bng hm WriteFile( ). Cui cng Hm CloseFile( ) ng knh thng tin li. Tn ca phn mm iu khin y l COM2 mang ngha th hin mi lin quan trc tip vi giao din phn cng COM2.
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PHN II:
NG C BC.
I. c im chung v ng c bc
ng c bc thc cht l ng c ng b hot ng di tc dng ca cc xung ri rc v k tip nhau. Khi mt xung dng in hoc in p t vo cun dy phn ng ca ng c bc, th roto (phn cm) ca ng c s quay i mt gc nht nh, v c gi l bc ca ng c, khi cc xung dng in t vo cun dy phn ng lin tc th roto s quay lin tc. V tr ca trc ng c bc c xc bng s lng xung, v vn tc ca ng c t l vi tn s xung, v c xc nh bng s bc/giy (second). Tnh nng lm vic ca ng c bc c t trng bi bc c thc hin, t tnh gc (quan h ca mmen in t theo gc gia trc ca Roto v trc ca t trng tng), tn s xung gii hn sao cho cc qu trnh qu , khi hon thnh mt bc c th tt i trc khi bt u bc tip theo. Tnh nng m my ca ng c, c t trng bi tn s xung cc i c th m my m khng lm cho Roto mt ng b (b bc). Tu theo kt cu ca tng loi ng c, m tn s ng c c th tip nhn c t 10 n 10.000 Khz. Bc ca ng c (gi tr ca gc gia hai v tr n nh k nhau ca Roto) cng nh th chnh xc trong iu khin cng cao. Bc ca ng c ph thuc vo s cun dy phn ng, s cc ca Stato, s rng ca Roto v phng php iu khin bc hoc iu khin na bc. Ty theo yu cu v chnh xc v kt cu ca ng c, m bc ca ng c thay i trong gii hn t 1800 - 0,180. Trong : ng c bc nam chm vnh cu dng cc mng v c t tr thay i t 60 - 450, ng c bc c t tr thay i c gc bc nm trong gii hn t: 1,80- 300, v ng c bc hn hp c gc bc thay i trong khong 0,360 - 150. Cc gi tr gc ca cc loi ng c k trn c tnh trong ch iu khin bc . Chiu quay ca ng c bc khng ph thuc vo chiu dng in chy trong cc cun dy phn ng, m ph thuc vo th t cun dy phn ng c cp xung iu khin. Nhim v ny do b chuyn pht thc hin. S cun dy phn ng (hay c gi l cun dy pha) ca ng c bc c ch to t 2 - 5 cun dy pha (hay cn gi l bi dy) v c t i din nhau trong cc rnh Stato. i vi cun dy phi c hai cun dy th ch dng cho iu khin lng cc (cun dy c cc tnh thay i), vi 4 cun dy c th dng cho c hai ch iu khin lng cc v iu khin n cc ng c bc l mt thit b c s dng rng ri dng chuyn cc xung in thnh chuyn ng c hc. mt s ng dng, chng hn nh b iu khin a, my in kim ma trn v robot, th ng c bc c dng iu khin chuyn ng.
II. Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c bc.

1.ng c nam chm vnh cu. Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c ny l da vo tc ng ca mt trng in t trn mt mmen in t, tc l tc ng gia mt trng in t v mt hoc nhiu nam chm vnh cu. Roto ca ng c to thnh mt hoc nhiu cp t v mmen in t ca nam chm c t thng hng trn t trng quay do cc cun dy to nn. ng c c hai cun dy lp hai cc ca Stato, v mt nam chm vnh cu Roto. Khi kch thch mt cun dy ca Stato (ng thi ngt in cun kia) s to nn hai cc Bc (North) v Nam (South) ca nam chm. Roto s thng ng vi hng t trng. Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr 106
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Nu ta cho dng in vo cun dy W1 th v tr 1 v 3 ca Stato tng ng s l cc Nam v cc Bc. Gi s trc ca nam chm vnh cu ca Roto ang lch vi trc 1-3 mt gc ( di tc dng ca lc ht do cc cc tri du ca nam chm s sinh ra mt lc quay Roto v v tr 1, v tr ny gi l v tr cn bng. Sau cho dng in I2 vo cun dy W2 (lc ny dng in cun W1 b ngt), thanh nam chm s quay nhanh n v tr 2 mt gc 900 nu vic cp in lin tc v tun t vo cun dy W1, W2, W1, W2, . V o chiu dng in sau mi bc, thanh nam chm s quay thnh nhng vng trn, t mt phn t vng trn n mt phn t vng trn khc. Cc cun dy ca Stato gi l cc pha. ng c bc c th c nhiu pha: 2, 3, 4, 5 pha, n c cp in cun ny sang cun khc vi vic o chiu dng in sau mi bc quay. Chiu cc ng c ph thuc vo th t cung cp in cho cc cun dy v hng ca t trng. 2. ng c bc t tr thay i. Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c bc t tr thay i da trn c s nh lut cm ng in t, tc l da trn s tc ng gia mt trng in t v mt Roto c t tr thay i theo gc quay. Cu trc tiu biu ca ng c c bc t thay i.
-6
Roto ng c in c ch to bng vt liu dn t, trn b mt Roto thng c nhiu rng. Mi rng ca Roto hoc ca Stato gi l mt cc. Trn hai cc i din c mc ni tip hai cun dy (v d nh cun dy AA') to thnh mt phn ca ng c. Nh vy ng c nh hnh v c ba pha A, B, C, t tr thay i theo gc quay ca rng. Khi cc rng ca Roto ng thng hng vi cc cc ca Stato, t tr s nh nht. Nu ta cho dng in chy vo cun dy BB' n s to nn t trng ko cc gn n nht ca roto v lm Roto quay mt gc 300 theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h. Nu dng in c a vo cun dy CC', Roto li tip tc quay mt gc 300 na Cc cun dy AA', BB', CC' gi l cc pha. Hng quay ca ng c khng ph thuc vo chiu ca dng in m ph thuc vo th t cp in cho cun dy. Nhim v ny do cc mch logic trong b chuyn pht thc hin. Vi cch thay i th t hoc thay i cch kch thch cc cun dy ta cng lm thay i cc v tr gc quay. ng c bc c t tr thay i c chuyn ng m, s bc ln v tn s lm vic cng kh ln (t 2 n 5 Khz). Mt s cng thc tnh cho ng c bc t tr thay i
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Nr : S rng ca roto. Ns : S rng ca stato. Np : S pha. Pr : Gc rng roto. s : Gc bc. Rs : Gi tr bc. X = Ns/Np : S rng stato cho mt pha. Gc rng gia hai rng k nhau c xc nh nh sau 369 0 360 0 Pr = ; Ps = Nr Pr Gc bc c xc nh bi biu thc: 360 0 s = ( /bc) Nr.Np Gi tr bc 360 Rs = s Nu tn s xung l f th tc Roto l: s 69 f 60 f = = = (vng/pht) Rs Np.Nr 6 S rng Roto cho mt pha: Nr X= Np + 1 3.ng c hn hp. ng c hn hp l s kt hp nguyn tt lm vic ca ng c c bc nam chm vnh cu v ng c bc c t tr thay i nhm c c t tnh tt nht ca hai loi k trn l momen ln v s bc ln.
1 2 S ng c bc hn hp.
ng c gm hai na Roto (1) v (2). Na(1) c nhiu rng trn Roto, na (2) l nam chm vnh cu. Do c s kt hp gia hai phn nn to ra s kch thch roto mnh hn. ng c loi ny c s bc t n 400 bc, nhng gi thnh t.
III. Cc phng php iu khin ng c bc.

Mi ng c bc u c phn quay roto l nam chm vnh cu, c bao xung quanh l phn tnh, gi l stato. ng c bc c 4 cun dy stato c sp xp theo cp qua tm i xng. ng c bc dng ny gi l ng c bc 4 pha. im gia cho
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi php thay i chiu dng in ca mt trong hai li khi mt cun dy c ni t, do i cc ca stato. Lu rng, trc ca ng c thng thng th quay t do, cn trc ng c bc th quay theo tng bc c nh, lp li v m tng v tr c th. ng c quay nh vy l t c s l thuyt t trng: cc cc cng du y nhau v cc cc ngc du ht nhau. Chiu quay c xc nh bi t trng ca stato, m t trng ny th do dng in chy qua li cun dy gy nn. Khi hng ca dng thay i th cc ca t trng cng thay i theo, gy ra chuyn ng ngc li ca ng c (o chiu). ng c bc y c 6 u dy: 4 u ca cun dy stato v 2 u dy chung im gia ca cc cp dy. Khi chui xung ngun c cp n tng cun dy stato th ng c s quay. Mi chui xung c th c cp chnh xc khc nhau. Bng sau gii thiu chui 4 bc thng thng. Bng 1 Chiu kim Cun dy Cun dy Cun dy Cun dy Chiu quay Bc A B C D b m ng h 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 3 0 1 1 0 4 0 0 1 1
A B C D
COM COM
Hnh1: B tr cun dy Stato. Lu chng ta c th bt u vi chui xung no trong bng 1, song khi bt u bng chui xung no th cn phi tip tc theo ng th t ca chui xung . V d, nu bt u bng bc th 3 l chui (0110) th cn tip tc vi chui ca bc 4 ri sau lp li 1,2,3 v.v. Mt s thng s v khi nim. Gc bc ( step Angle):Cu hi t ra l mi bc c dch chuyn l bao nhiu? iu ny ph thuc vo cu trc bn trong ca ng c, c bit l s rng ca stato v roto. Gc bc l quay nh nht ca mt bc. Cc ng c khc nhau c gc bc khc nhau. Bng 2 gii thiu gc bc ca mt s chng loi ng c, trong c dng thut ng s bc trong mt vng. y l tng s bc cn quay ht mt vng 3600 Bng 2: Gc bc ca ng c.
Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr 109
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Gc bc 0.72 1.8 2.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 15 S bc/vng 500 200 180 144 72 48 24
Dng nh tri vi n tng ban u, ng c bc khng cn nhiu u dy cun stato c gc bc nh hn. Tt c ng c bc ni phn ny ch dng 4 u cun dy stato v 2 u dy chung nt gia. Mc d nhiu hang sn xut ch dng mt u dy chung, song vn phi c 4 u dy stato. Quan h s bc/giy v s vng quay/pht RPM. Quan h gia s vng quay/pht RPM vi s bc ca mt vng quay v s bc/giy l quan h trc quan v c biu din nh sau: S bc trong giy = RPM x s bc trong vng quay/60 Chui xung bn bc v s rng trn roto. Chui xung chuyn mch trnh by bng 1 c gi l chui chuyn mch 4 bc, bi v sau 4 bc th hai cun dy ging nhau s c bt ln ON. Vy sau 4 bc ny ng c quay c bao nhiu? Sau khi thc hin xong 4 bc th roto ch quay, c mt bc rng. Do vy, ng c 200 bc/vng th roto c 50 rng v 50*4=200 bc cn quay ht mt vng. Nh vy, c th kt lun l gc bc ti thiu lun l hm s ca rng trn roto. Ni cch khc rng cng nh th roto quay c cng nhiu rng. Ngoi chui xung 4 bc cn c chui xung 8 bc, chui ny cn c gi l (half-stepping), v chui 8 bc th mi bc l mt na ca gc bnh thng. Bng 3: Chui xung 8 bc. Chiu kim Bc Cun dy Cun dy Cun dy Cun dy Chiu quay ng h A B C D b m 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 5 0 1 1 0 6 0 0 1 0 7 0 0 1 1 8 0 0 0 1 Tc ng c. Tc ng c c o bng s bc trong mt giy l mt hm ca tc chuyn mch.Bng vic thay i thi gian ta c th t c cc tc quay khc nhau. Moment gi. Moment gi c nh ngha l lng moment ngoi cn thit lm quay trc ng c t v tr gi ca n vi iu kin trc ng c ang ng yn hay ang quay vi tc RPM = 0. i lng ny c o bng t l din p v dng cp n ng c. n v ca moment gi l kilogram centimet. Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr 110
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Chui 4 bc iu khin dng sng. Ngoi chui 4 bc v 8 bc ni trn, cn c mt chui khc c gi l chui 4 bc dng sng. Chui ny c gii thiu bng 4. Chui 8 bc trnh by bng 3 l s kt hp n gin ca cc chui 4 bc thng v chui 4 bc iu khin dng sng cho bng 1 v bng 4. Bng 4: Chui xung 4 bc. Chiu kim ng h Bc 1 2 3 4 Cun dy A 1 0 0 0 Cun dy B 0 1 0 0 Cun dy C 0 0 1 0 Cun dy D 0 0 0 1 Chiu quay b m
PHN III: CU TRC CHC NNG CA CC CON VI MCH. I. Chip UCN5804B.

y l chip trung tm iu khin ng c bc, v iu khin ng c bc theo phc php 4 bc thng dng( hay gi l phng php bc ).
S chn ca chip UCN5804B Chn 9,10,14,15 ca chip dng iu khin ng ra theo mt chu k, bc , haff-step v iu khin hot ng ng ra. Chip ny hot ng hay khng ph thuc vo tn hiu xung ng vo trn chn 11 thc y ng c lm vic. Tn hiu ny c th c cp ngun bn ngoi hay t cng tc tc ng bng tay. c im ca chip iu khin ny l: Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr 111
Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi Dng in ln nht ng ra l 1.5A. in p chu ng ng ra l 35V. Tiu chun hot ng bc , na bc v bc iu khin dng sng. S dng cc Diod bo v bn trong chip. Kh nng iu khin ng ra OE v iu khin trc tip. Reset li nng lng. C mch tn nhit tch hp bn trong. Bng iu khin kiu hot ng.
Cc kiu hot ng ca chip.
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II. Chip FTDI- FT245AM.

1.Tng quan v chip FTDI-FT245AM. y l chip chuyn d liu t kiu ni tip ca cng USB sang truyn song song iu khin ng c bc thng qua chip 5804BM. Vi cc dc tnh sau: - 3.3V LDO in p iu chnh: l my iu chnh in p LDO 3.3V trong qu trnh USB truyn d liu t b nh m ra ng ra. - USB truyn nhn: Khi truyn nhn USB cung cp 1 giao din vt l ca USB 1.1 n cp USB. Ti ng ra cung cp mc in p 3.3V iu khin tn hiu, trong khi mt my thu khc v 2 tn hiu kt thc t my thu cung cp d liu t cng USB, SEO v USB d tm iu kin. - USB DPLL: Khi ny d dng nhn ra cc bit m ha NRZI d liu t USB cung cp n, v t to ra xung clock v d liu n SIE block. - Dao ng 6 Mhz: Dao ddoognj to ra t dao ng thch anh ngoi chip hay t hin tng cng hng ca cc phn t. - SIE (Serial Interface Engine): m nhn nhim v truyn nhn d liu. - USB Protocol Engine: qun l lung d liu t thit b iu khin USB. - Fifo Receive Buffer ( 128 byte): B m USB nhn d liu ti a 128 byte, d liu c c v ghi t b nh FIFO thng qua chn ni tip truyn thng d liu USB. - 384 byte b nh nhn d liu, 128 byte b nh truyn tn hiu mc cao 2.S chn.
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Chn 7 8 6 27 28 31 4 32 1 2 5 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18
Tn hiu USBDP USBDM 3.3VOUT XTIN XTOUT RCCLK RESET EECS EESK EEDATA TEST D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
Loi I/O I/O OUT IN OUT I/O IN I/O I/O I/O IN I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O
Chc nng Tn hiu d liu USB ph thuc vo tr 1.5k gim in p ng ra cn 3.3V Kt ni chn d liu m ca USB Chn to in p 3.3V ti ng ra Ly tn hiu t dao ng 6Mhz t dao ng thnh anh a tn hiu 6Mhz ra chn dao ng thch anh RC-Timer m bo xung clock trn mode Sleep v tc ng mc Low trong sut qua trnh chn mode Reset hay Sleep Reset ton b thit b s dng network RC ngoi Ty chn EEPROM-chip chn Ty chn EEPROM-xung ng h Ty chn EEPROM-I/O d liu t thit b vo mode Text- thit b phi c ni t. Bus d liu truyn trc tip Bit0 Bus d liu truyn trc tip Bit1 Bus d liu truyn trc tip Bit2 Bus d liu truyn trc tip Bit3 Bus d liu truyn trc tip Bit4 Bus d liu truyn trc tip Bit5 Bus d liu truyn trc tip Bit6 Bus d liu truyn trc tip Bit7
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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi 16 15 14 12 11 10 RD# WR TXE# RXF# EEREQ# EEGN# IN IN OUT OUT IN OUT PWR PWR PWR Byte d liu D0.D7c tc ng mc thp bi d liu truyn t FIFO Ghi byte d liu trn D0..D7 vo FIFO truyn khi WR c tc ng cao thp Khi tc ng high, khng d liu vo FIFO. Khi low d liu c th c ghi vo FIFO. Khi mc cao, khng c d liu t FIFO. Khi mc thp c th c c bi RD# sau chuyn t thp sang mc cao. Yu cu EEPROM kt ni x l qua bus d liu mc thp, cho php EEPROM ni x l qua bus d liu Thit b chuyn in p t 4.4V 5.25V Thit b ngun xung clock
3,13,26 VCC 9,17 GND 30 AVCC
PHN IV: NGUYN L HOT NG CA MCH.

Ngun c cp bi mt ngun DC bn ngoi hay ngun DC P1. in p c th dao ng t 6 30V, ph thuc vo tc ca ng c bc. ng c bc s dng hu ht cc dong trong mch, v vy n c cp ngun thng qua tr R1,R2. y l tr gii hn dng n ng c v cho php ng c hot ng vi ngun in p cung cp ln hn in p gii hn cho php ng c lm vic. in p n nh trng thi (khng ti) ca mch thu c bng cch iu chnh in p ng v di 5V vi con chip iu chnh in p LM78L05. y l mt IC iu chnh in p, vi C7, C1, C5 cung cp thm vo in p lc. U1-UCN5804BM c chc nng cung cp dng 100mA, y l trung tm b iu khin ng c bc lm vic theo tng phng php iu khin. N gm 1 CMOS xp xp v lu gi mc logic phn in p lng cc ng ra trc tip iu khin ng c. UNC5804BM c th pht tn hiu iu khin vi 3 mode khc nhau: FULL-STEP, HALF-STEP, FULL-STEP WAVE. D1-4 l mt t hp Diod ngn cn nguy him n chip UNC5804BM nu cng tc ng ra mc thp khi ng c ang hot ng vi ti ln. Mi LED1-4 sng tng ng vi ng ra lm vic mc thp v l vt c ch nhn xt trng thi lm vic ca ng ra. Tr R3 cung cp dng in gii hn n LED. PIN 9,10,14 v 15 ca chip UCN5804BM iu khin ng ra theo cc phng php iu khin ty chn. Cng tc DIP1-4 cho php iu khin bng tay mi hng lm vic ca ng c bc theo bng trng thi sau:
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y ta dng mch ghp ni diu khin ng c bc hot ng bng my tnh, UCN5804BM ph thuc vo chn 11 c c tc ng hay khng thc y ng c lm vic. Tn hiu ny c cp t chip FT245-USB. Chip FT245_USB chuyn tn hiu ly ra t cng USB sang dng tn hiu truyn song song 8 bit d liu tc ng n chip UCN5804BM iu khin ng c bc lm vic theo cc mode nh sn v tc quy nh. Ta ch cn truyn d liu vo cc chn iu khin ca chip UCN5804BM theo s kt ni iu khin ng c lm vic theo 1 trong 3 phng php trn.
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ti 4: Thit k mch cng ni tip RS232 mch ny lm nhim v o nh sng v iu khin n.
Chng I: Gii thiu chung v truyn thng ni tip

Hin nay cc tiu chun truyn thng cng theo hai hng phn bit nhau da vo cch truyn : song song hay ni tip. Cch truyn song song rt d b nhiu tc ng nn khng th truyn i xa c, do cng t c s dng. Truyn ni tip cng c 2 loi : ng b hay khng ng b. Trong cch truyn ng b, dy k t c truyn s km theo k t ng b l SYN (m ASCII l 22). Phng thc ny cho tc truyn kh cao nhng do mch x l truyn v nhn (bao gm mch thm k t ng b, pht hin v bo sai) kh phc tp nn ch dng trong cc ng dng c yu cu cao v tc truyn. Cn trong cc ng dng thng thng, nht l cc ng dng trong lnh vc iu khin t ng, th khng c yu cu v tc m yu cu v tin cy nhng mch thc hin n gin, r tin. Khi , cch truyn khng ng b rt ph hp. Theo cch truyn ny th cc k t c truyn ring r, phn lm tng frame c bit bt u, cc bit d liu ca k t cn truyn, bit chn l ( kim tra li ng truyn), v cc bit kt thc.Trong khun kh Lun Vn ny ,ta ch s dng chun truyn thng RS-232C (RS :Recommended Standard) ,l mt chun truyn ni tip bt ng b rt ph bin hin nay. Chun ny ln u tin c gii thiu vo nm 1962 do hip hi k thut in t EIA (Electronics Industries Association) a ra nh l chun giao tip truyn thng gia my tnh v thit b ngoi vi nh :modem, my v, mouse, my tnh khc 1. Cu to cng ni tip: Bng 1.1 Sp xp chn ca cng ni tip my tnh: 9 chn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 25 chn 8 3 2 20 7 6 4 5 22 Chc nng DCD _ Data Carrier Detect (Li vo) RxD _ Receive Data (Li vo) TxD _ Transmit Data (Li ra) DTR _ Data Terminal Ready (Li ra) GND _ Ground (Ni t) DSR _ Data Set Ready (Li vo) RTS _ Request to Send (Li ra) CTS _ Clear to Send (Li vo) RI _ Ring Indicator (Li ra)
117
2. Cc Chun Truyn Ni Tip : dng ni tip ta c rt nhiu chun truyn nh: RS-232, RS-422, RS-423, RS-449, RS-485 do khng i su vo cc chun truyn ny nn ta ch kho st s 2 chun truyn RS-232 v RS-485 : Bng 1.2. So snh cc tiu chun truyn EIA: Thng s Cable length(max ) Baud Rate (tc baud) RS_232 15m (50FT) RS_422 RS_423 RS_485 1.2km(4000FT 1.2km(4000FT 1.2km(4000FT ) ) ) 100Kbs/9m 10Kbps/90m 1Kbps/1.2km 10Mbps/12m 1Mbps/120m 100Kbps/1.2k m
20Kps/15m 10Mbps/12m 10Mbps/120m 100Kbps/1.2k m
118
Mode Driver No Receiver No Logic 0 Logic 1 Community (truyn thng) Cable/Signa l (Cp / tn hiu) Methode (Phng thc)
Unbalanced 1 1 +5V +15 V -5V -15V 2V 1
Balanced Differental 1 10 +2v +5V -2V -5V 1.8V 2
Unbalnced Differental 1 10 +3.6V +6V -3.6V -6V 3.4V 2
Balanced Differental 32 32 +1.5V +5V -1.5V -5V 1.3V 2
Simplex Half_duple x Full_duplex Short circuit 500mA current
Simplex Half_duplex Full_duplex 150mA
3. Phng thc truyn d liu ca RS-232 : D liu trao i din ra trn hai ng dn TxD v RxD. Qua chn cm ra TxD, my tnh gi d liu ca n n cc thit b khc. Trong khi d liu m my tnh nhn c, li c dn n chn ni RxD. Cc tn hiu khc ng vai tr nh l tn hiu h tr khi trao i thng tin v v vy khng phi trong mi ng dng u dng n. Cc bit d liu c gi i theo kiu o ngc, ngha l cc bit c gi tr 1 s c mc in p LOW, cc bit c gi tr 0 s c mc in p HIGH. Mc tn hiu nhn v truyn qua chn RxD v TxD thng thng nm trong khong 12V n +12V. Mc in p i vi mc HIGH nm gia +3V n +12V. Mt chui d liu truyn i theo dng ni tip nhau trn mt ng dn: bt u bng mt bit khi u (Start bit), tip theo l cc bit d liu (data bit), bit thp i trc. S bit d liu nm trong khong 5 n 8 bit, tip l bit kim tra chn l (Parity) v cui cng l bit kt thc (stop bit). Hnh thc truyn ny c kh nng dng cho nhng khong cch ln , bi v cc kh nng gy nhiu l nh hn l dng cng song song. Tc truyn c thit lp bng tham s Baudrate, l s bit truyn i trong 1 giy, thng thng l 300, 600, 1500, 2400, 4800, 9600 v 19200.
119
Mt nhc im khng nh ca cng ni tip l tc truyn d liu b hn ch. V d nh vi tc 9600 baud cho php truyn nhiu nht l 960 byte mi giy. Khun dng d liu (Frame) cn phi c thit lp nh nhau c hai bn gi cng nh nhn. Start bit +12V Stop bit
-12V
D0 1
D1 1 T= 1/fbaud
D2 0
D3 1
D4 0
D5 0
D6 1
D7 0
1.04 ms
Dng d liu trn cng RS_232 vi tc baud 9600baud. Mt trong nhng yu cu quan trng ca RS-232 l thi gian chuyn i t mt mc logic ny ti mc logic khc khng vt qa 4% thi gian 1 bit. V th tc 19200 thi gian chuyn mc logic phi nh hn . Vn ny lm gii hn chiu di ng truyn . Vi tc truyn 19200 baud c th truyn xa nht l 50ft (1ft = 30.48cm, 15.24cm) Mt trong nhng vn quan trng cn ch khi s dng RS-232 l mch thu pht khng cn bng ( n cc ). iu ny c ngha l tn hiu vo c so vi t. V vy, nu in th ti hai im t ca hai mch thu pht khng bng nhau th s c dng in chy trn t. Kt qu s c p ri trn dy t ( V= I.R ) s lm suy yu tn hiu logic. Nu truyn tn hiu i xa , R s tng dn n p ri trn t s ln dn n lc tn hiu logic s ri vo vng khng xc nh v mch thu s khng nhn ng d liu c truyn t mch pht. Chnh s khng cn bng trn mch thu pht l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gii hn ng truyn.
120
Chng II : Gii thiu cc linh kin dng trong mch

I. Chip ADC804: Chp ADC804 l b chuyn i tng t s thuc h ADC804 ca hng national semiconductor. Chp ny cng c nhiu hng khc sn xut. in p nui l +5v v phn gii 8 bit. Thi gian chuyn i c nh ngha l thi gian m b ADC cn chuyn mt u vo tng t thnh mt s nh phn. i vi ADC 804 thi gian chuyn i ph thuc vo tn s ng h c cp ti chn CLK va CLKIN v khng b hn 110s. CS chn chip L chn chn chp, u vo tch cc mc thp c s dng kich hot chp ADC804. tri cp ADC804 th chn ny mc thp. RD - c y l mt tn hiu vo tch cc mc thp. cc b ADC chuyn i u vo tng t thnh s nh phn v gi n mt thanh ghi trong. RD c s dng c d liu c chuyn i ti u ra ca ADC 804. khi CS=0 nu c mt xung cao xung thp p n chn RD th d liu ra dng s 8 bit c a ti cc chn d liu D0-D7. WR - Ghi y l chn vo tch cc mc thp c dung bo cho ADC 804 bt u qu trnh chuyn i. Nu CS=0 khi WR to ra xung cao xung thp th b ADC 804 bt u tin hnh chuyn i gi th u tng t Vin v s nh phn 8 bit. CLK IN v CLK R CLK IN l chn vo ni ti ng h ngoi khi ng h ngoi c s dng to thi gian. Tuy nhin 804 cng c m b to xung ng h trn chp dng ng h trn chp ca 804 th chn CLK IN v CLK R c ni ti t in v mt in tr. vi tn s
f =
1 1.1RC
121
Ngt INTR Ngt hay cn gi l kt thc vic chuyn i. y l chn ra tch cc mc thp. Bnh thng chn ny trng thi cao v khi vic chuyn i hon tt th n xung thp bo cho CPU bit l d liu c chuyn i sn sng ly i. Sau khi INTR xung thp, cn t CS=0 v gi mt xung cao xung thp ti chn RD a d liu ra. Vin (+) v Vin(-) y la hai u vo tng t vi sai, Trong Vin = Vin (+) - Vin (-) Vin (-) c ni xung thp
122
Vcc L chn ngun nui. Vref/2 Chn 9 l in p u voc dng l in p tham chiu. D0- D7 D0-D7 l cc chn ra d liu Cc chn nay c m ba trang thi v d liu c chuyn i ch c truy cp khi chn CS = 0 v chn RD a xung mc thp. Dout=
Vin kichthuocbuoc
Vin (+) c dng lm du vo tng t v c chuyn i v dng s.
Chn t tng t v chn t s. y l nhng chn u vo cp t cho c tnh hiu tng t v s, Tng t ni toi Vin v chn t s ni ti Vcc. II. Cm bin nhit (h LM35): B cm bin ( Transducer ) chuyn i cc i lng vt l, v d nh nhit , cng nh sng, lu tc v tc thnh cc tn hiu in. Ph thuc vo b cm bin m u ra c th l tn hiu dng in p,dng, tr khng hay dung khng. B cm bin nhit p ng s thay i nhit bng cch thay i tr khng, song p ng ny khng tuyn tnh. B cm bin nhit LM35 ca hng National Semiconductor Corp l b cm bin nht tuyn tnh n gin v d c s dng rng ri. LM35 l h cm bin nhit mch tch hp chnh xc cao c in p u ra t l tuyn tnh vi nhit theo thang Celsius. Nhit (00 ) 0 25 50 75 100 Tr khng ca cm bin (K ) 29.49 10 3.893 1.7 0.817
Tr khng ca b cm bin nhit theo nhit H cm bin ny khng yu cu cn chnh ngoi v vn n c cn chnh . H ny cho ra in p 10mV ng vi thay i nhit l 10C. Bng sau gii thiu mt s thng s k thut chnh ca h LM35. M sn phm LM35A Di nhit -550C ti +1500C chnh xc + 10C u ra 10mV/F
123
LM35 -550C ti +1500C + 1,50C LM35CA -400C ti +1100C + 10C LM35C -400C ti +1100C + 1,50C LM35D 00C ti +1000C + 120C Thng s k thut chnh ca cm bin nhit hLM35. III. Chip 74LS151:
10mV/F 10mV/F 10mV/F 10mV/F
74LS151 l mt chip c 8 u vo s a chc nng tc cao.N cung cp trong mt gi, kh nng chn mt bit t 8 bit ngun. 74LS151 c th s dng nh mt chc nng ca my pht pht nhng mc logic chc nng vi 4 gi tr.
S0 S2 : I0 I7 : E : Z : Z : : Vcc GND :
Chn u vo Ng vo a chc nng Chn vo tc ng ( tc ng mc thp) Ng ra a chc nng Ng ra b sung a chc nng Chn ngun Chn ni t
124
125
IV. Chip 74LS373: Intel gii thiu 74LS373. 74LS373 l mt b ci t 8 mc flip-flops tc ng nhanh. Nhim v ca 74LS373 c hin th bn di. Hi-Z c ngha l ng ra trng thi tr khng cao. Ng ra ca mch c bit nh ng ra 3 trng thi. Ng ra 3 trng thi c s dng iu khin cc bus ni m cc thit b khc nhau s c tc ng ng con 3 trng thi iu khin 1 bus.
Hi-Z : Ng ra tr khng cao Qo : Mc ng ra trc khi cu hnh ng vo c thit lp

OE ( Output Enable): M cng m
126
Chng III : Mch thit k ghp ni

I. S nguyn l ca mch thit k mch:
II. Nguyn l hot ng ca mch: Mch o nh sng v iu khin n thng qua cng ni tip RS-232. Mch s dng quang tr o nh sng iu khin n, vi in p chun 2.5V ly t Diod Zener REF25Z, sau qua mch khuch i a LM358 a vo in p chun 2.5V vo AD0804. AD0804 chuyn i tn hiu tng t t quang tr thnh tn hiu s t D0 D7. u vo quang tr dng tr 330 gim dng vo, 2 diod 4148 to ra ngng dn. Khi chn WR c kch mc logic 0 t chn RTS ca cng ni tip RS-232 th AD0804 bt u lm vic. Sau khi kt thc 8 chu k INTR bo kt thc. Tn hiu tng t khi qua con AD0804 chuyn thnh tn hiu s, thng qua o 7414 a bit 1 vo chn LE (chip m) v OE ni mass s cho thng d liu. u ra kch con ba trng thi thng d liu t 8 u vo D0 D7 khi u ra bng u vo, mch cn li chuyn tn hiu truyn t song song qua ni tip. Thng qua mch dao ng (7414, 10K, 10nF ) s to xung a vo IC74161 m t 000 111, sau quay tr li v c m mi nh vy. QD c kch mc logic 0 s kch m 74151(A), sau 8 ln m c ln lt a d liu ra u ra Y n chn RxD ca cng RS-232 thng qua my tnh iu khin, in p s c a ra chn DTR +12V, dng qua Diod 20mA lm Diod sng ln kch m Tranzitor, m C828 v H106. Lc ny Role in t ng ni ngun AC n sng ln. QAQBQC ln lt tc ng nh bng trng thi sau: QA QB QC Y 0 0 0 D0 1 0 0 D1 0 1 0 D2 0 0 1 D3 Khi kt thc 111 chuyn qua 011 D7 tt. Qua u o iu khin tng t 74151(B) c c bit d liu D4 D7. Sau bit stop qua 3 bit Break. Vy cui cung thu c 8 bit data,0 parity, 1 stop, 9600 Baud, 6 bit Break.
127
III.
Lu thut ton:
Khi pht ch
To tn hiu Start
Ch thi gian Tch
c d liu trong RBR
Tt n DTR= -12
n DTR=12
128

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Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

GHP NI V IU KHIN THIT B NGOI VI

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

CHNG 1: C S GHP NI THIT B NGOI VI

CHNG 2: GHP NI VO RA SONG SONG IU KHIN BNG CHNG TRNH

CHNG 3: GHP NI TRAO I D LIU NI TIP

CHNG 4: GHP NI IU KHIN NGT

CHNG 5: GHP NI VO RA IU KHIN BNG DMA

CHNG 6: GHP NI TNG T-S V S-TNG T

CHNG 7: NG DNG MY VI TNH TRONG O LNG V IU KHIN

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

CHNG 1: 1.1. Gii thiu chung

C S GHP NI THIT B NGOI VI

BGN Song song /ni tip

BGN CD-ROM Song song /ni tip

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Hnh 1.3 : Trao i d liu theo chng trnh

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

Gii thiu mt s vi mch dng trong b ghp ni

Bng trng thi A B Y L L L H L H L H H H H H

Mch NOT - SN7404: - SN7405 - SN7406

Bng trng thi:

Mch EX-OR - SN74136

Bng trng thi A L H L H B L L H H Y L H H L

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Bng trng thi:

Mch NOR - SN7402 - SN7428

Bng trng thi

Mch EX-NOR - SN74HC266

Bng trng thi

Mch m 3 trng thi kch hot mc thp - SN74125 3C 3A 3Y Vcc 4C 4A 4Y 3B - SN74425 14 13 12 11 10 9 8

Bng trng thi C H L L A X L H Y Z L H

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

1.2.2 Cc mch lt: 2 - SN7474 Vcc CLR 2D

Bng trng thi PR L H L H H H

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

Bng s tht ca 74LS373

Bng s tht ca 74LS373

B iu khin bus cht h 8 loi CMOS 82C82

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

STB X H H Trong : H l logic 1 X l bt k l sn xung m

Bng s tht ca 82C82 DI OE H L L L X L H X

L l logic 0 Z l trng thi tr khng cao Q0 l cht gi tr ca d liu sau cng

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

Bng s tht ca 74LS138 u vo Enable Select E E E3 A2 A1 A0 0

V d v mch gii m a ch cho ROM c th tham kho trn hnh 1.4.

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

Bng s tht ca 74LS245

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

Ti liu mn hc: Ghp ni v iu khin thit b ngoi vi

Ch : d8 cha a ch l cng vo/ra 8 bt, v DX cha a ch l cng vo/ra 16 bt.

Ging vin: Nguyn Vn Minh Tr

outportb(addr_port,data_var) Data_var=inportb(addr_port) outport(addr_port,data_var) Data_var=inportb(addr_port) outp(addr_port,data_var) Data_var=inp(addr_port) outpw(addr_port,data_var) Data_var=inp(addr_port)

Ghep Noi&Dieu Khien

Ghep Noi&Dieu Khien