SlideA1DH SV14

H Cng nghip Tp.
HCM
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Tuesday, July 30, 2013
Ton cao cp A1 i hc 1
TO TO N CAO C N CAO C P A1 P A1 I H I H C C
PHN PH PHN PH I CHNG TRNH I CHNG TRNH
S S ti ti t t: : 30 30
Chng 1. Hm s mt bin s
Chng 2. Php tnh vi phn hm mt bin s
Chng 3. Php tnh tch phn hm mt bin s
Chng 4. L thuyt chui
Ti liu tham kho

1. Nguyn Ph Vinh Gio trnh Ton cao cp A1 C1
H Cng nghip TP. HCM.
Bin Bin so so n n: : ThS ThS. . o o n n Vng Vng Nguyn Nguyn
T T i i Slide Slide b b i i gi gi ng ng To To n n A1 A1 i i h h c c t t i i
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2. Nguyn nh Tr Ton cao cp (Tp 2)
NXB Gio dc.
3. Cng Khanh Ton cao cp (Tp 1, 4)
NXB HQG TP.HCM.
4. Nguyn Vit ng Ton cao cp (Tp 1)
NXB Gio dc.
5. Nguyn Tha Hp Gii tch (Tp 1)
NXB HQG H Ni.
6. ng Vn Vinh Slide bi ging Ton A 1
H Bch khoa Tp.HCM.
Chng Chng 1. 1. H H m m s s m m t t bi bi n n s s
1. Gii hn dy s
2. Gii hn hm s
3. i lng v cng b v cng ln
4. Hm s lin tc
1. GII HN DY S
1.1. Cc nh ngha v dy s thc
nh ngha 1
Mt dy s thc (gi tt l dy s) l mt nh x f t
vo cho tng ng ( )
n
f n x = .
K hiu dy s l { }, 1, 2,...
n
x n =
Trong ,
1 2
; ;...; ;...
n
x x x c gi l cc s hng v
n
x
l s hng tng qut ca dy s.
Dy s { }, ( 1)
n
n n
x x = c cho dng tng qut.
Dy s { }
n
x sau c cho di dng quy np (hi quy):
1
0
1
1
: , 2
2
n
n
n
x
x x
x
= = .
VD 1. Dy s { }
n
x c cho di dng lit k:
1 2 3
1 1 1
1; ; ;...; ;...
2 3
n
x x x x
n
= = = =
nh ngha 2
Dy s { }
n
x c gi l tng (hay gim) nu
1 n n
x x
(hay
1 n n
x x
) vi mi n

.
Mt dy s tng (hay gim) c gi l dy n iu.
Dy s
1
{ },
2
n n
n
x x
n
= l dy gim.
Dy s { }, ( 1)
n
n n
x x = khng n iu.
VD 2. Dy s
2
1
{ },
n n
x x
n
= l dy tng.
nh ngha 3
Dy s { }
n
x c gi l b chn trn nu M sao
cho ,
n
x M n

.
Dy s { }
n
x c gi l b chn di nu m sao
cho ,
n
x m n

.
Dy s { }
n
x c gi l b chn nu dy b chn trn v
b chn di.
Dy s
1
{ },
2
n n
n
x x
n
= b chn di bi s
1
2
.
Dy s { }, ( 1) sin
n
n n
x x n = b chn v:
1,
n
x n

.
Dy s
1
{ }, ( )
n
n n
x x n

= khng b chn trn v cng
khng b chn di.
nh ngha 4
S a c gi l gii hn ca dy s { }
n
x nu:
0, :
n
N n N x a < .
VD 3. Dy s
2
1
{ },
n n
x x
n
= b chn trn bi s 0.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
K hiu: lim
n
n
x a
= hay
n
x a .
Dy s { }
n
x c lim
n
n
x
= nu:
, :
n
m N n N x m < .
Dy s { }
n
x c lim
n
n
x
= nu:
, :
n
M N n N x M .
Nu dy s { }
n
x c lim
n
n
x a
= (hu hn) th ta ni
dy hi t, ngc li th ta ni dy phn k.
VD 4. Chng t rng:
2 1 2
lim
3 1 3
n
n
n
.
1.2. Cc tnh cht ca dy s hi t
nh l 1
Nu dy s hi t th gii hn ca n l duy nht.
Nu dy s hi t th dy b chn.
Nu dy s tng v b chn trn th dy hi t.
Nu dy s gim v b chn di th dy hi t.
nh l 2. Cho hai dy s hi t { }, { }
n n
x y v
lim
n
n
x a
= , lim
n
n
y b
= . Khi :
lim( ) ,
n
n
kx ka k
= ; lim( )
n n
n
x y a b
=
lim( )
n n
n
x y ab
= ; lim ; 0, 0
n
n
n
n
x a
y b
y b
= .
nh l 3
Cho hai dy s { }, { }
n n
x y tha ,
n n
x y n N .
Nu lim , lim
n n
n n
x a y b

= = th a b .
Cho ba dy s { }, { }, { }
n n n
x y z tha
n n n
x y z vi
mi n N . Nu lim lim
n n
n n
x z a

= = th lim
n
n
y a
= .
VD 5. Ta c
2
1 1 1
0 sin
1 n n n

nn:
2
1 1 1
0 lim sin lim 0
1
n n
n n n

=
.
Vy
2
1 1
lim sin 0
1
n
n n
.
nh l 4 (nh l Cantor)
Cho hai dy s { }, { }
n n
x y tha:
1 1
, [ ; ] [ ; ],
lim( ) 0.
n n n n n n
n n
x
x y x y x y n
y x
'
1

1
!
1 =
1
+

Khi , tn ti s thc duy nht [ ; ],
n n
c x y n

.
nh l 5 (nh l Bolzano Weierstrass)
nh ngha. Cho dy s { }
n
x . T , ta trch ra dy s:
1 2 3
; ; ;...; ;...
k
n n n n
x x x x
vi cc ch s
k
n

tha
1 2
... ...
k
n n n < < < <
Khi ,

k
n
x c gi l dy con trch ra t dy { }
n
x .
nh l. T mi dy s b chn, ta u c th trch ra
c mt dy con hi t.
VD 6. Cho dy s b chn { }, sin
2
n n
x x n

= .
T dy { }
n
x , ta c th trch ra hai dy con nh sau:
2
: sin
k
x k = ,
4 1
: sin(4 1)
2
k
x k

= .
Ta c:
2
0
k
x (hi t) v
4 1
1
k
x
(hi t).
Nhn xt
Do hai dy con hi t v hai gii hn khc nhau nn dy
{ }
n
x khng c gii hn duy nht. Vy dy { }
n
x phn k.
nh l 6 (Tiu chun hi t Cauchy)
nh ngha. Dy s { }
n
x c gi l dy Cauchy (hay
dy c bn) nu 0 cho trc, ta tm c N

sao cho , m n N th
m n
x x < .
nh l. Mi dy s hi t u l dy Cauchy v ngc
li, mi dy Cauchy u hi t.
VD 7. Xt s hi t ca cc dy s { }
n
x sau:
a) : ( 1)
n
n
x = ;
b)
1
sin1 sin2 sin sin
: ...
1.2 2.3 ( 1) ( 1)
n
n
k
n k
x
n n k k
=
= =

.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Mt s kt qu gii hn cn nh
1) lim ,
n
k k k
=
2)
1
lim =0 lim =
n
n n
n
x
x

; lim = lim =
n n
n n
x a x a

.
3)
1
lim 0, 0
n
n
= ;
1
lim 0, 1
n
n
= .
4) Nu 1 a < th lim 0
n
n
a
= ; 1 a th lim
n
n
a
= .
5) lim 1
n
n
a
= ( 0 a ); lim 1
n
n
n
= ;
1
lim 1
n
n
e
n
1

=

( )
.
6) Nu 1, 1 th
ln
lim lim 0
n
n n
n n
n

= = .
1.3. Mt s v d v gii hn dy s
VD 1. Tm
3 2
3
2 3
lim
6 5
n
n n
n n
.

VD 2. Tm
3 4
6 2
(3 2)
lim
( 2)( 5)
n
n n
n n

.

VD 3. Tm
2
6
5
lim
4 1
n
n
n
n
n

.
VD 4. Tm
2
2
1
2
2
9.2 2 5
lim
4 1
n
n
n
n
n
n
L
1

=

( )
.
..
VD 5. Tm
2
2
2
2
lim
2 1
n
n
n
L
n
1

=

( )
.

VD 6. Tm gii hn
( )
2 2
lim 3
n
L n n n
= .

VD 7. Tm gii hn
( )
3 2 3
lim 1
n
L n n n
= .
2. GII HN HM S
2.1. B tc v hm s
2.1.1. nh ngha hm s
Cho hai tp khc rng , X Y .
Hm s f (hoc nh x f ) t X vo Y l mt quy lut
m mi x X xc nh c duy nht mt y Y .
Khi :
Min xc nh (MX) ca f , k hiu
f
D , l tp X.
Min gi tr (MGT) ca f l:

( ) G y f x x X = = .
Nu ( ) f X Y = th f l ton nh (hay trn nh).
Nu f va n nh va ton nh th f l song nh.
VD 1. Cc hm s:
: f vi ( ) 2
x
y f x = = l n nh.
: [0; ) f vi
2
( ) f x x = l ton nh.
: (0; ) f vi ( ) ln f x x = l song nh.
Nu
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) f x f x x x = = th f l n nh.
Hm s ( ) y f x = c gi l hm chn nu:
( ) ( ), .
f
f x f x x D =
th ca hm s chn i xng qua trc tung.
VD 2. Hm s
2 2 2
2( 1) 1 y x x = l hm hp ca
2
( ) 2 f x x x = v
2
( ) 1 g x x = .
2.1.2. Hm s hp
Cho hai hm s f v g tha iu kin
g f
G D .
Khi , hm s ( ) ( )( ) [ ( )] h x f g x f g x = = c gi l
hm s hp ca f v g .
Hm s ( ) y f x = c gi l hm l nu:
( ) ( ), .
f
f x f x x D =
th ca hm s l i xng qua gc ta .
Ch . ( )( ) ( )( ). f g x g f x
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
2.1.3. Hm s ngc
Hm s g c gi l hm s ngc ca hm s f nu:
( ),
f
x g y y G = .
K hiu l:
1
g f
= .
VD 3. Cho ( ) 2
x
f x = th:

1
2
( ) log , 0 f x x x
= .
Nhn xt

th ca hm s
1
( ) y f x
= i xng vi th ca
hm s ( ) y f x = qua ng thng y x = .
2.1.4. Hm s lng gic ngc
a) Hm s y = arcsin x
Hm s sin y x = c hm ngc trn ;
2 2
l

l
l
l
l

1
: [ 1; 1] ;
2 2
f
l

l

l
l

arcsin x y x = .
VD 4. arcsin 0 0 = ;
arcsin( 1)
2
= ;

3
arcsin
2 3
= .
b) Hm s y = arccos x
Hm s cos y x = c hm ngc trn [0; ] l

1
: [ 1; 1] [0; ] f

arccos x y x = .
VD 5. arccos 0
2
= ;
arccos( 1) = ;

3
arccos
2 6
= ;
1 2
arccos
2 3

= .
Ch . arcsin arccos , [ 1; 1].
2
x x x
=
c) Hm s y = arctan x
Hm s tan y x = c hm ngc trn ;
2 2
1

( )
l

1
: ;
2 2
f

( )

arctan x y x = .
VD 6. arctan 0 0 = ;
arctan( 1)
4
= ;
arctan 3
3
= .
Quy c. ( ) ( )
arctan , arctan .
2 2

= =
d) Hm s y = arccot x
Hm s arccot y x = c hm ngc trn (0; ) l

1
: (0; ) f

arccot x y x = .
VD 7. arccot 0
2
= ;

3
arccot( 1)
4
= ;
arccot 3
6
= .
Quy c
arccot( ) 0, arccot( ) = =
2.2. Gii hn hm s
2.2.1. Cc nh ngha
nh ngha 1. Cho hm ( ) f x xc nh trong ( ; ) a b .
Ta ni ( ) f x c gii hn l L (hu hn) khi x tin n
0
[ ; ] x a b nu vi mi 0 cho trc, ta tm c s
0 sao cho khi
0
0 x x < < th ( ) f x L < .
K hiu l:
0
lim ( )
x x
f x L
= .
nh ngha 2 (nh ngha theo dy)
Cho ( ) f x xc nh trong ( ; ) a b . Ta ni ( ) f x c gii hn
l L (hu hn) khi
0
[ ; ] x x a b nu vi bt k dy
{ }
n
x trong
0
( ; ) \ { } a b x m
0 n
x x th ( )
n
f x L .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
nh ngha 3 (gii hn ti v cng)

Ta ni ( ) f x c gii hn l L (hu hn) khi x
nu vi mi 0 cho trc ta tm c s 0 M sao
cho khi x M th ( ) f x L < .
K hiu l: lim ( )
x
f x L
= .
Ta ni ( ) f x c gii hn l L (hu hn) khi x
nu vi mi 0 cho trc ta tm c s 0 m < sao
cho khi x m < th ( ) f x L < .
K hiu l: lim ( )
x
f x L
= .
nh ngha 4 (gii hn v cng)

Ta ni ( ) f x c gii hn l L = khi
0
x x nu vi
mi s 0 M ln ty , ta tm c s 0 sao cho
khi
0
0 x x < < th ( ) f x M .
K hiu l:
0
lim ( )
x x
f x
= .
Ta ni ( ) f x c gii hn l L = khi
0
x x nu vi
mi s 0 m < ty , ta tm c s 0 sao cho khi
0
0 x x < < th ( ) f x m < .
K hiu l:
0
lim ( )
x x
f x
= .
nh ngha 5 (gii hn 1 pha)

Nu ( ) f x c gii hn l L (L c th l ) khi
0
x x
(
0
x hu hn) v
0
x x th ta ni ( ) f x c gii hn phi
ti
0
x . K hiu:
0
0
lim ( )
x x
f x L

= hoc
0
lim ( )
x x
f x L
= .
Nu ( ) f x c gii hn l L (L c th l ) khi
0
x x
(
0
x hu hn) v
0
x x < th ta ni ( ) f x c gii hn tri
ti
0
x . K hiu:
0
0
lim ( )
x x
f x L

= hoc
0
lim ( )
x x
f x L
= .
Ch
0
0 0
lim ( ) lim ( ) lim ( ) .
x x
x x x x
f x L f x f x L

= = =
2.2.2. Tnh cht
Cho
0
lim ( )
x x
f x a
= v
0
lim ( )
x x
g x b
= . Khi :
1)
0
lim[ . ( )] . ( )
x x
k f x k a k
=
2)
0
lim[ ( ) ( )]
x x
f x g x a b
=
3)
0
lim[ ( ) ( )]
x x
f x g x ab
= ; 4)
0
( )
lim ( 0)
( ) x x
f x a
b
g x b
=
5) Nu
0 0
( ) ( ), ( ; ) f x g x x x x th a b .
6) Nu
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ), ( ; ) f x h x g x x x x v

0 0
lim ( ) lim ( )
x x x x
f x g x L

= = th
0
lim ( )
x x
h x L
= .
Mt s kt qu gii hn cn nh
1)
( ) 0 ( ) 0
sin ( ) tan ( )
lim lim 1
( ) ( )
x x
x x
x x

= = .
2) Nu 1, 1 th
ln
lim lim 0
x
x x
x x
x

= =
3) Nu
0 0
lim ( ) 0, lim ( )
x x x x
u x a v x b

= = th:
0
( )
lim[ ( )] .
v x b
x x
u x a
=
4)
( )
1
0
1
lim 1 lim 1
x
x
x x
x e
x

1

= =

( )
.
2.2.3. Mt s v d
VD 1. Tm gii hn
2
lim 2 3
x
L x x x
1
=

( )
.

VD 2. Tm gii hn
2
4 1 1
lim
2 x
x x
L
x

=
.

VD 3. Tm gii hn
2
lim 2 2
x
L x x x
1
=

( )
.

VD 4. Tm gii hn
2
lim 3 2
x
L x x
1
=

( )
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
VD 5. Tm gii hn
3
1
5 1 8
lim
1 x
x x
L
x

=
.

VD 6. Tm gii hn
2
3 1
2
3 3
4 3
lim
2
x
x
x
x
L
x

( )
.

VD 7. Tm gii hn
cot
sin
0
lim(cos 2 )
x
x
x
L x
= .
..
3. I LNG V CNG B V CNG LN
3.1. i lng v cng b
a) nh ngha
Hm s ( ) x c gi l i lng v cng b (VCB)
khi
0
x x nu
0
lim ( ) 0
x x
x
= (x
0
c th l v cng).
VD 1.
( )
3
( ) tan sin 1 x x = l VCB khi 1 x

;

2
1
( )
ln
x
x
= l VCB khi x .
b) Tnh cht ca VCB

1) Nu ( ), ( ) x x l cc VCB khi
0
x x th
( ) ( ) x x v ( ). ( ) x x l VCB khi
0
x x .

2) Nu ( ) x l VCB v ( ) x b chn trong ln cn
0
x
th ( ). ( ) x x l VCB khi
0
x x .

3)
0
lim ( ) ( ) ( )
x x
f x a f x a x
= = , trong ( ) x l
VCB khi
0
x x .
c) So snh cc VCB
nh ngha
Cho ( ), ( ) x x l cc VCB khi
0
x x ,
0
( )
lim
( ) x x
x
k
x
.
Khi :
Nu 0 k = , ta ni ( ) x l VCB cp cao hn ( ) x ,
k hiu ( ) 0( ( )) x x = .
Nu k = , ta ni ( ) x l VCB cp thp hn ( ) x .
Nu 0 k , ta ni ( ) x v ( ) x l cc VCB
cng cp.
c bit, nu 1 k = , ta ni ( ) x v ( ) x l cc VCB
tng ng, k hiu ( ) ( ) x x .
VD 2 1 cos x l VCB cng cp vi
2
x khi 0 x v:
2
2 2
0 0
2sin
1 cos 1
2
lim lim
2
4
2
x x
x
x
x
x

= =
1

( )
.

2 2
sin 3( 1) 9( 1) x x khi 1 x .
Tnh cht ca VCB tng ng khi x x
0
1) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0( ( )) 0( ( )) x x x x x x = = .
2) Nu ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) x x x x th ( ) ( ) x x .
3) Nu
1 1 2 2
( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) x x x x th
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x x x x .
4) Nu ( ) 0( ( )) x x = th ( ) ( ) ( ) x x x .
Quy tc ngt b VCB cp cao
Cho ( ), ( ) x x l tng cc VCB khc cp khi
0
x x
th
0
( )
lim
( ) x x
x
x
bng gii hn t s hai VCB cp thp

nht ca t v mu.
VD 3. Tm gii hn
3
4 2
0
cos 1
lim
x
x x
L
x x
.
Cc VCB tng ng cn nh khi x 0
1) sinx x ; 2) tanx x ;
3) arcsinx x ; 4) arctanx x
5)
2
1 cos
2
x
x ; 6) 1
x
e x ;
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Ch . Nu ( ) u x l VCB khi 0 x th ta c th thay x
bi ( ) u x trong 8 cng thc trn.
7) ln(1 ) x x ; 8) 1 1
n
x
x
n
.
VD 4. Tnh gii hn
2
2
0
ln(1 2 sin )
lim
sin . tan
x
x x
L
x x
= .
VD 6. Cho hm s ( ) y f x = tha:
2
2 4
2
3
x t t
y t t
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
Khi 0 x , chn p n ng?
VD 5. Tnh
2 3
3
0
1 arctan 1
lim
cos cos 2
x
x x
L
x x x

=

.
Ch
Quy tc VCB tng ng khng p dng c cho
hiu hoc tng ca cc VCB nu chng lm trit tiu
t hoc mu ca phn thc.
A.
2
( )
4
x
f x ; B.
2
( )
2
x
f x ;
C. ( )
2
x
f x ; D.
2
( ) 3 f x x .
VD.
2 2
0 0
2 ( 1) ( 1)
lim lim
x x x x
x x
e e e e
x x

=

2
0
( )
lim 0
x
x x
x

= = (Sai!).
3.2. i lng v cng ln
a) nh ngha
Hm s f(x) c gi l i lng v cng ln (VCL)
khi
0
x x nu
0
lim ( )
x x
f x
= (x
0
c th l v cng).
VD 7.
3
cos 1
2 sin
x
x x
l VCL khi 0 x ;

3
2
1
cos 4 3
x x
x x

l VCL khi x .
Nhn xt. Hm s ( ) f x l VCL khi
0
x x th

1
( ) f x
l VCB khi
0
x x .
b) So snh cc VCL
nh ngha
Cho ( ), ( ) f x g x l cc VCL khi
0
x x ,
0
( )
lim
( ) x x
f x
k
g x
= .
Khi :
Nu 0 k = , ta ni ( ) f x l VCL cp thp hn ( ) g x .
Nu k = , ta ni ( ) f x l VCL cp cao hn ( ) g x .
Nu 0 k , ta ni ( ) f x v ( ) g x l cc VCL
cng cp.
c bit, nu 1 k = , ta ni ( ) f x v ( ) g x l cc VCL
tng ng. K hiu ( ) ( ) f x g x .
VD 8.

3
3
x
l VCL khc cp vi
3
1
2x x
khi 0 x v:
3
3 3 3 3
0 0 0
3 1 2
lim : 3 lim 3 lim
2
x x x
x x x
x x x x x

1

= = =

( )
.

3 3
2 1 2 x x x khi x .
VD 9. Tnh cc gii hn:
3
3
cos 1
lim
3 2
x
x x
A
x x
;
3 2
7 2
2 1
lim
2 sin
x
x x
B
x x
.
Ch . Nu ( ) f x l VCL khi
0
x x v ( ) g x hu hn th
( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x f x khi
0
x x .
Quy tc ngt b VCL cp thp

Cho ( ) f x v ( ) g x l tng cc VCL khc cp khi
0
x x
th
0
( )
lim
( ) x x
f x
g x
bng gii hn t s hai VCL cp cao nht
ca t v mu.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
4. HM S LIN TC
Hm s ( ) f x lin tc ti
0
x nu
0
0
lim ( ) ( )
x x
f x f x
= .
Hm s ( ) f x lin tc trn tp X nu ( ) f x lin tc ti
mi im
0
x X .
4.1. nh ngha
S
0 f
x D c gi l im c lp ca ( ) f x nu

0 0 0
0 : ( ; ) \ { } x x x x th
f
x D .
Ch . Hm ( ) f x lin tc trn on [ ; ] a b th c th l
mt ng lin nt (khng t khc) trn on .
Quy c. Hm ( ) f x lin tc ti mi im c lp ca n.
4.3. Hm s lin tc mt pha
nh ngha
Hm s f(x) c gi l lin tc tri (phi) ti x
0
nu
0
0
lim ( ) ( )
x x
f x f x
= (
0
0
lim ( ) ( )
x x
f x f x
= ).
nh l
Hm s f(x) lin tc ti x
0
nu
0 0
0
lim ( ) lim ( ) ( ).
x x x x
f x f x f x

= =
4.2. nh l
Tng, hiu, tch v thng ca cc hm s lin tc ti
x
0
l hm s lin tc ti x
0
.
Hm s s cp xc nh u th lin tc .
Hm s lin tc trn mt on th t gi tr ln nht v
nh nht trn on .
VD 1. Cho hm s
2 2
3 tan sin
, 0
( )
2
, 0
x x
x
f x
x
x
'
1

1
1
1
=
!
1
1

1
1+
.
Gi tr ca hm s lin tc ti 0 x = l:
A. 0 = ; B.
1
2
= ; C. 1 = ; D.
3
2
= .
VD 2. Cho hm s
2 2
ln(cos )
, 0
( )
arctan 2
2 3, 0
x
x
f x
x x
x
'
1
1

1
1
=
!
1
1
=
1
1+
.
Gi tr ca hm s lin tc ti 0 x = l:
A.
17
12
= ; B.
17
12
= ; C.
3
2
= ; D.
3
2
= .
4.4. Phn loi im gin on

Nu hm ( ) f x khng lin tc
ti
0
x th
0
x c gi l
im gin on ca ( ) f x .
O x
y
( ) C
0
x
Nu tn ti cc gii hn:
0
0
lim ( ) ( )
x x
f x f x
= ,
0
0
lim ( ) ( )
x x
f x f x
=
nhng
0
( ) f x
,
0
( ) f x
v
0
( ) f x khng ng thi bng
nhau th ta ni
0
x l im gin on loi mt.
Ngc li,
0
x l im gin on loi hai.
Chng Chng 2. 2. Ph Ph p p t t nh nh vi vi phn phn h h m m m m t t bi bi n n s s
1. O HM
1.1. Cc nh ngha
a) nh ngha o hm
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trong ln cn ( ; ) a b ca
0
( ; ) x a b . Gii hn:
0 0
0 0
( ) ( )
lim lim
x x
f x x f x
y
x x

=

(nu c) c gi l o hm ca ( ) y f x = ti
0
x .
K hiu l
0
( ) f x hay
0
( ) y x .
1. o hm
2. Vi phn
3. Cc nh l c bn v hm kh vi Cc tr
4. Cng thc Taylor
5. Quy tc LHospital
Nhn xt. Do
0
x x x = nn:
0
0
0
0
( ) ( )
( ) lim .
x x
f x f x
f x
x x

Nhn xt. Hm s ( ) f x c o hm ti x
0
khi v ch khi
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ). f x f x f x

= =
b) o hm mt pha
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = xc nh trong ln cn phi
0
( ; ) x b ca
0
x . Gii hn
0
0
0
( ) ( )
lim
x x
f x f x
x x
(nu c)
c gi l o hm bn phi ca ( ) y f x = ti
0
x .
K hiu l
0
( ) f x
. Tng t,
0
( ) f x
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
VD 1. Cho
3
( ) (0) f x x f = = ,
( ) (0 ) f x x f

= = .
c) o hm v cng
Nu t s
y
x
khi 0 x th ta ni ( ) y f x = c
o hm v cng ti
0
x .

Tng t, ta cng c cc khi nim o hm v cng
mt pha.
Ch

Nu ( ) f x lin tc v c o hm v cng ti
0
x th tip
tuyn ti
0
x ca th ( ) y f x = song song vi trc Oy.
1.2. Cc quy tc tnh o hm
1) o hm tng, hiu, tch v thng ca hai hm s:
( ) u v u v = ; ( ) uv u v uv = ;

2
,
k kv
k
v
v
1

=

( )
;
2
u u v uv
v
v
1

=

( )
.
2) o hm ca hm s hp ( ) [ ( )] f x y u x = :

( ) ( ). ( ) f x y u u x = hay ( ) ( ). ( ) y x y u u x = .
3) o hm hm s ngc ca ( ) y y x = :
1
( )
( )
x y
y x
=
.
o hm ca mt s hm s s cp
1)
1
( ) . x x

= 2)
( )
1
2
x
x
=

3) (sin ) cos x x
= 4) (cos ) sin x x
=

5)
2
2
1
(tan ) 1 tan
cos
x x
x
= =

6)
2
2
1
(cot ) (1 cot )
sin
x x
x
=
7) ( )
x x
e e
= 8) ( ) . ln
x x
a a a
=

9)
( )
1
ln | | x
x
= 10)
( )
1
log | |
. ln
a
x
x a
=

11)
2
1
(arcsin ) =
1
x
x
12)
2
1
(arccos ) =
1
x
x

13)
2
1
(arctan )
1
x
x
14)
2
1
(arccot )
1
x
x

VD 2. Tnh ( ) y x ca hm s cho bi
2
3
2 1
, 0
4
x t
t
y t
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
.
1.3. o hm hm s cho bi phng trnh tham s
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c phng trnh dng tham s:
( ), ( ) x t y t = = .
Gi s ( ) x t = c hm s ngc v hm s ngc ny
c o hm th
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
t y t
y x hay y x
t x t

= =

VD 3. Tnh
0
( ) y x ti
0
1 x = ca hm s cho bi:
2
, 2
t
x e y t t = = .
1.4. o hm cp cao
Gi s ( ) f x c o hm ( ) f x v ( ) f x c o hm th
( )
( ) ( ) f x f x
= l o hm cp hai ca ( ) f x .
Tng t ta c:
( )
( ) ( 1)
( ) ( )
n n
f x f x

= l o hm cp n ca ( ) f x .
VD 4. Cho hm s
2
( ) cos f x x = . Gi tr ca
(4)
( ) f l:
A.
(4)
( ) 0 f = B.
(4)
( ) 8 f =
C.
(4)
( ) 8 f = D.
(4)
( ) 16 f = .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
VD 6. Tnh
(4)
(0) f ca hm s
3
( ) ln 3 1 f x x = .
VD 5. Tnh (0) f ca hm s
2
( )
x
x
f x
e
= .
VD 7. Tnh (1) f ca hm s
2
1
( )
3 4
f x
x x
=

.
VD 8. Tnh
( )
( )
n
y x ca hm s
1
(3 2 )
n
y x

= .
1.5. o hm ca hm s n

Cho ( , ) 0 ( ) F x y = . Nu ( ) y y x = l hm s xc nh
trong 1 khong no sao cho khi th ( ) y x vo ( ) ta
c ng nht thc th ( ) y x l hm s n xc nh
bi phng trnh ( ) .

o hm ca hm s n ( ) y x theo x l

( )
( )
( )
F x
y x
F y

VD 9. Tnh (0) y , vi hm n ( ) y x xc nh bi
3
ln ( )
x
y e y x y = .
VD 10. Tnh ( ) y x , vi hm n ( ) y x xc nh bi
2 2
ln arctan
y
x y
x
= .
VD 11. Tnh (1) y , vi hm n ( ) y x xc nh bi

3 2 4
( 2) 2 0 ( ) y x y x = .
.
Ch

Ta c th xem hm s n ( ) y x nh hm s hp ( ) u x v
thc hin o hm nh hm s hp.
2. VI PHN
2.1. Vi phn cp mt
Gi s hm s ( ) y f x = c o hm ti im
0
x . Cho x
mt s gia x , khi hm s ( ) f x c tng ng s gia
l
0 0
( ) ( ) f f x x f x = . Ta c:
0 0
0
( ) lim ( ). ( )
x
f
f x f f x x x
x

= =
( ) .

nh ngha
Nu khi 0 x m f c th vit c di dng ( )
th ta ni hm s ( ) f x kh vi ti im
0
x . i lng
0
( ). f x x , k hiu l
0
( ) f x dx hay
0
( ) df x , c gi l
vi phn ca hm s ( ) f x ti im
0
x .
Vy ta c
0 0
( ) ( ) df x f x dx =
Nhn xt
Hm s ( ) f x kh vi ti
0
x khi v ch khi
0
( ) f x .
Xt ti
0
x . T ( ) , ta thy khi x c gi tr tuyt i
kh b th ta c cng thc tnh gn ng
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) f x x f x f x x
VD 1. Tnh vi phn ca
2 3
( )
x
f x x e = ti
0
1 x = .
VD 2. Tnh vi phn ca hm s
2
arctan( 1) y x = .
VD 3. Tnh vi phn ca hm s
ln(arcsin )
2
x
y = .
2.2. Vi phn cp cao

Xt hm s ( ) y f x = vi x l bin s c lp. Gi s
( ) y f x = c o hm n cp n, khi

1 ( )
( )
n n n n
d y d d y y dx
= =

c gi l vi phn cp n ca hm ( ) y f x = .
VD 4. Tnh vi phn cp 2 ca hm s
3
( )
x
y x x e = .
VD 5. Cho hm s ( ) ln(cos ) f x x = , tnh
4
(0) d f .
VD 6. Tnh vi phn cp n ca hm s
2
3
3 2
x
y
x x
=

.
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
3. CC NH L C BN V HM KH VI
CC TR CA HM S
3.1. Cc nh l

3.1.1. B Fermat
Cho hm s ( ) f x xc nh trong ( ; ) a b v c o hm ti
0
( ; ) x a b . Nu ( ) f x t gi tr ln nht (hoc b nht)
ti
0
x trong ( ; ) a b th
0
( ) 0 f x = .

3.1.2. nh l Rolle

Cho hm s ( ) f x lin tc trong [ ; ] a b v kh vi trong
( ; ) a b . Nu ( ) ( ) f a f b = th ( ; ) c a b sao cho ( ) 0 f c = .
3.1.3. nh l Cauchy
Cho hai hm s ( ) f x , ( ) g x lin tc trong [ ; ] a b , kh vi
trong ( ; ) a b v ( ) 0, ( ; ) g x x a b .
Khi , ( ; ) c a b sao cho:
( ) ( ) ( )
.
( ) ( ) ( )
f b f a f c
g b g a g c

=

3.1.4. nh l Lagrange
Cho hm s ( ) f x lin tc trong [ ; ] a b , kh vi trong
( ; ) a b . Khi , ( ; ) c a b sao cho:
( ) ( )
( ).
f b f a
f c
b a

3.2. Cc tr ca hm s

3.2.1. Hm s n iu
a) nh ngha
Cho hm s ( ) f x lin tc trong trong ( ; ) a b .
Khi :
( ) f x c gi l tng ngt trong ( ; ) a b nu
1 2
1 2
( ) ( )
0
f x f x
x x
,
1 2
, ( ; ) x x a b v
1 2
x x .
( ) f x c gi l gim ngt trong ( ; ) a b nu
1 2
1 2
( ) ( )
0
f x f x
x x
<
,
1 2
, ( ; ) x x a b v
1 2
x x .
( ) f x c gi l tng hay gim khng ngt trong ( ; ) a b
nu
1 2
1 2
( ) ( )
0
f x f x
x x
hay
1 2
1 2
( ) ( )
0
f x f x
x x
,
1 2
, ( ; ) x x a b v
1 2
x x .

( ) f x c gi l n iu trong ( ; ) a b nu
( ) f x tng ngt hay gim ngt trong ( ; ) a b .

( ) f x n iu trong ( ; ) a b v lin tc trong ( ; ] a b th
( ) f x n iu trong ( ; ] a b (trng hp khc tng t).
b) nh l 1
Cho hm s ( ) f x kh vi trong trong ( ; ) a b . Khi :
Nu ( ) 0, ( ; ) f x x a b th ( ) f x tng ngt trong ( ; ) a b .
Nu ( ) 0, ( ; ) f x x a b < th ( ) f x gim ngt trong ( ; ) a b .
Nu ( ) 0, ( ; ) f x x a b hay ( ) 0, ( ; ) f x x a b th
( ) f x tng khng ngt hay gim khng ngt trong ( ; ) a b .
c) nh l 2
Nu ( ) f x tng ngt trong ( ; ) a b th ( ) 0 f x trong ( ; ) a b
v khng tn ti ( ; ) ( ; ) a b sao cho ( ) 0 f x .

Nu ( ) f x gim ngt trong ( ; ) a b th ( ) 0 f x trong
( ; ) a b v khng tn ti ( ; ) ( ; ) a b sao cho ( ) 0 f x .
VD 1. Tm cc khong n iu ca
2
ln( 1) y x = .
2
2
1
( )
( 1)
x
f x
x
.
2
1
2
y
x x
=
.
VD 4. Tm cc khong n iu ca hm s ( ) y y x = :
3 3 2
, 3 x t y t t = = .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
3.2.2. Cc tr
a) nh ngha
Nu ( ) f x lin tc trong ( ; ) a b cha
0
x v
0
( ) ( ) f x f x < ,
0
( ; ) \ { } x a b x th ( ) f x t cc tiu ti
0
x .
Nu ( ) f x lin tc trong ( ; ) a b cha
0
x v
0
( ) ( ) f x f x ,
0
( ; ) \ { } x a b x th ( ) f x t cc i ti
0
x .
b) nh l
Cho ( ) f x c o hm n cp 2n trong ( ; ) a b cha
0
x
tha
(2 1)
0 0
( ) ... ( ) 0
n
f x f x
= = = v
(2 )
0
( ) 0
n
f x .
Nu
(2 )
0
( ) 0
n
f x th ( ) f x t cc tiu ti
0
x .
Nu
(2 )
0
( ) 0
n
f x < th ( ) f x t cc i ti
0
x .
VD 5. Tm cc tr ca hm s
6 3
( ) 2 3 f x x x = .
Ch
Hm s c th khng t max hoc min trn X D .
3.2.3. Gi tr ln nht gi tr nh nht
a) nh ngha
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c MX D v X D .
S M c gi l gi tr ln nht ca ( ) f x trn X nu:
0 0
: ( ) x X f x M = v ( ) , f x M x X .
K hiu l: max ( )
x X
M f x
= .
S m c gi l gi tr nh nht ca ( ) f x trn X nu:
0 0
: ( ) x X f x m = v ( ) , f x m x X .
K hiu l: min ( )
x X
m f x
= .
Nu max ( )
x X
M f x
= v min ( )
x X
m f x
= th:
( ) , m f x M x X .
b) Phng php tm max min
Hm s lin tc trn on [a; b]
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = lin tc trn on [ ; ] a b .
tm
[ ; ]
max ( )
x a b
f x
v
[ ; ]
min ( )
x a b
f x
, ta thc hin cc bc sau:

Bc 1. Gii phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = . Gi s c n
nghim
1
,..., [ ; ]
n
x x a b (loi cc nghim ngoi [ ; ] a b ).
Bc 2. Tnh
1
( ), ( ),..., ( ), ( )
n
f a f x f x f b .
Bc 3. Gi tr ln nht, nh nht trong cc gi tr
tnh trn l cc gi tr max, min tng ng cn tm.
Ch
Nu bi cha cho on [ ; ] a b th ta phi tm MX
ca hm s trc khi lm bc 1.
C th i bin s ( ) t t x = v vit ( ) ( ( )) y f x g t x = = .
Gi T l min gi tr ca hm ( ) t x th:
max ( ) max ( )
x X t T
f x g t

= , min ( ) min ( )
x X t T
f x g t

= .
VD 7. Tm max, min ca
2
( ) 5 6 f x x x = .
VD 6. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
2
2 3 3
( )
1
x x
f x
x

=
trn on [0; 2].

VD 8. Tm max, min ca
2
sin 1
( )
sin sin 1
x
f x
x x
=

.
Bc 3. Kt lun:
1) Nu
1 1 2
max{ ( ),..., ( )} max{ , }
n
f x f x L L th
1
( ; )
max max{ ( ),..., ( )}
n
x a b
f f x f x
= .
Hm s lin tc trn khong (a; b)

Cho hm ( ) y f x = lin tc trn ( ; ) a b ( , a b c th l ).
tm
( ; )
max ( )
x a b
f x
v
( ; )
min ( )
x a b
f x
, ta thc hin cc bc:

Bc 1. Gii phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = . Gi s c n
nghim
1
,..., ( ; )
n
x x a b (loi cc nghim ngoi ( ; ) a b ).

Bc 2. Tnh
1
( ),..., ( )
n
f x f x v hai gii hn
1 2
lim ( ), lim ( )
x a x b
L f x L f x

= = .
2) Nu
1 1 2
min{ ( ),..., ( )} min{ , }
n
f x f x L L < th
1
( ; )
min min{ ( ),..., ( )}
n
x a b
f f x f x
= .
3) Nu khng tha 1) (hoc 2)) th hm s khng t
max (hoc min).

VD 9. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s
3
2
( )
1
x
f x
x
=
trn khong (1; ) .

Ch
Ta c th lp bng bin thin ca ( ) f x thay cho bc 3.

VD 10. Tm max, min ca hm s
2
( )
2 1
x
f x
x
=

.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
a) nh ngha
3.3. Khong li, lm ca th im un
Nu mi tip tuyn ca th ( ) : ( ) C y f x = u nm
pha di (tng t, pha trn) ( ) C trong ( ; ) a b th
( ) C c gi l lm (tng t, li) trong ( ; ) a b .

im
0
( ) : ( ) M C y f x = nm gia phn lm v li
c gi l im un ca ( ) C .
x
y
O
im un
0
x
Phn li Phn lm
b) nh l

Nu ( ) 0 f x (hay ( ) 0 f x < ) vi mi ( ; ) x a b th
th hm s ( ) y f x = lm (hay li) trong ( ; ) a b .

Nu
0
( ) 0 f x = v ( ) f x i du khi x chuyn t tri
sang phi qua im
0
x th
0 0 0
( ; ) M x y l im un ca
th hm s ( ) y f x = .
VD 11. Tm cc khong li, lm v im un ca th
hm s arccos y x = .
3.4. Tim cn ca th
Tim cn ng
ng cong ( ) y f x = c tim cn ng
0
x x = nu
0
lim ( ) .
x x
f x
=
Tim cn xin
ng cong ( ) y f x = c tim cn xin y ax b = nu
( )
lim , lim ( ) .
x x
f x
a f x ax b
x
l
= =
l
l

Ch
Khi 0 a = th th c tim cn ngang y b = .
.
VD 12. Tm tt c cc tim cn ca th hm s
2
3
ln(1 ) x
y
x
= .
VD 13. Tm tim cn xin ca th hm s
2 3
( 1) y x x = .
VD 14. Tm tim cn xin (ngang) ca th hm s
2
4 5 y x x x = .
4. CNG THC TAYLOR
4.1. Cng thc khai trin Taylor
Cho hm s ( ) f x lin tc trn [ ; ] a b c o hm n cp
1 n trn ( ; ) a b vi
0
, ( ; ) x x a b ta c cc khai trin:
Khai trin Taylor vi phn d Lagrange
( )
( 1)
1 0
0 0
0
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
! ( 1)!
k
n n
k n
k
f x
f c
f x x x x x
k n
=
=

vi ( ; ) c a b .

Khai trin Taylor vi phn d Peano
( )
0
0 0
0
( )
( ) ( ) (( ) )
!
k
n
k n
k
f x
f x x x x x
k
=
=

Khai trin Maclaurin
Khai trin Taylor vi phn d Peano ti
0
0 x = c
gi l khai trin Maclaurin
( )
0
(0)
( ) ( )
!
k n
k n
k
f
f x x x
k
=
=

Hay
2
( )
(0) (0)
( ) (0) ...
1! 2!
(0)
... ( )
!
n
n n
f f
f x f x x
f
x x
n

=

VD 1. Khai trin Maclaurin ca ( ) tan f x x = n
3
x .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
4.2. Cc khai trin Maclaurin cn nh
1)
2
1
1 ... ( )
1
n n
x x x x
x
=
.
2)
2
1 ... ( )
1! 2! !
n
x n
x x x
e x
n
= .
3)
2 3 4
ln(1 ) ... ( )
1 2 3 4
n
x x x x
x x = .

4)
2 4 6
cos 1 ... ( )
2! 4! 6!
n
x x x
x x = .

5)
3 5 7
sin ... ( )
1! 3! 5! 7!
n
x x x x
x x = .
Ch
Nu ( ) u x l v cng b khi 0 x th ta thay x trong cc
cng thc trn bi ( ) u x .
VD 2. Khai trin Maclaurin ca
2
1
3 1
y
x x
=

n
3
x .
2
ln(1 2 ) y x = n
6
x .
VD 4. Khai trin Maclaurin ca hm s 2
x
y = n
3
x .
sinx
y e = n
3
x .
4.3. ng dng tnh o hm cp cao

VD 6. Cho hm
3
( ) cos 2 f x x x = . Gi tr ca
(7)
(0) f l:
A.
(7)
(0) 480 f = B.
(7)
(0) 560 f =
C.
(7)
(0) 3360 f = D.
(7)
(0) 6720 f = .
VD 7. Cho hm s
2
2
1
( )
1
x x
f x
x x

=

, tnh
(4)
(0) f .

5. QUY TC LHOSPITAL
VD 1. Tm gii hn
2
0
2
lim
x x
x
e e
L
x

= .
nh l (quy tc LHospital)
Cho hai hm s ( ) f x , ( ) g x kh vi trong ln cn ca im
0
x v ( ) 0 g x trong ln cn ca
0
x (c th
0
( ) 0 g x = ).
Nu
0 0
lim ( ) lim ( ) 0
x x x x
f x g x

= = (hoc ) v
0
( )
lim
( ) x x
f x
k
g x
th
0
( )
lim
( ) x x
f x
k
g x
= .
Ch
Chiu ngc li trong nh l l khng ng.
Ta c th p dng quy tc LHospital nhiu ln.
VD 4. Tnh
0
1
lim cot
x
L x
x
1

=

( )
(dng ).
VD 5. Tm gii hn
1
1
1
lim
x
x
L x

= (dng 1
).
VD 6. Tm gii hn
1
lim ( 3 )
x
x
x
L x
= (dng
0
).
VD 3. Tm gii hn
( )
3
0
lim ln
x
L x x
= (dng 0).
.
VD 2. Tm gii hn
2 2
2 2
0
sin
lim
.arctan
x
x x
L
x x
= .
VD 7. Tnh
2
lim ( ln )
x
L x x
= (dng ).
Chng Chng 3. 3. Ph Ph p p t t nh nh t t ch ch phn phn h h m m m m t t bi bi n n s s
1. Tch phn bt nh
2. Tch phn xc nh
3. ng dng ca tch phn xc nh
4. Tch phn suy rng

1. TCH PHN BT NH
1.1. nh ngha
Hm s ( ) F x c gi l mt nguyn hm ca ( ) f x trn
khong ( ; ) a b nu ( ) ( ), ( ; ) F x f x x a b = .
K hiu ( ) f x dx
(c l tch phn).
Nhn xt
Nu ( ) F x l nguyn hm ca ( ) f x th ( ) F x C cng l
nguyn hm ca ( ) f x .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Tnh cht
1) . ( ) ( ) , k f x dx k f x dx k =

2) ( ) ( ) f x dx f x C =

3) ( ) ( )
d
f x dx f x
dx
=

4) [ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( ) f x g x dx f x dx g x dx =

.
MT S NGUYN HM CN NH
1) . , a a dx ax C =

2)
1
, 1
1
x
x dx C

3) ln
dx
x C
x
=
; 4) 2
dx
x C
x
=

5)
x x
e dx e C =
; 6)
ln
x
x
a
a dx C
a
=

7) cos sin xdx x C =
; 8) sin cos xdx x C =
9)
2
tan
cos
dx
x C
x
=
; 10)
2
cot
sin
dx
x C
x
=

11)
2 2
1
arctan
dx x
C
a a
x a
=

12)
2 2
arcsin , 0
dx x
C a
a
a x
=

13)
2 2
1
ln
2
dx x a
C
a x a
x a

14) ln tan
sin 2
dx x
C
x
=

15) ln tan
cos 2 4
dx x
C
x
1

( )

16)
2
2
ln
dx
x x a C
x a
=

1.2. Phng php i bin

1.2.1. nh l
Nu ( ) ( ) f x dx F x C =
vi ( ) t kh vi th
( ( )) ( ) ( ( )) f t t dt F t C =

VD 1. Tnh tch phn
2
3
ln
ln 1
x
I dx
x x
=
.
VD 2. Tnh tch phn
4
cot
2sin 3
x
I dx
x
=
.
VD 3. Tnh
2
tan
, 0;
2
cos cos 1
x
I dx x
x x
1

( )
.
1.2.2. Mt s dng tch phn i bin cn bit

Dng 1.
2
( )
x
I dx
ax b

=

Cch gii. Bin i
2
( )
p q
I dx
ax b
ax b
1

=

( )
.
VD 4.
2 2
4 3 2(2 1) 1
4 4 1 (2 1)
x x
dx dx
x x x

=

2
2 1
2 1
(2 1)
dx
x
x
1

=

( )

1
ln 2 1 .
2(2 1)
x C
x
=

Dng 2.
2
( 0)
x
I dx
ax bx c

=

Cch gii. Bin i
1 2
1 p q
I dx
a x x x x
1

=

( )
.
VD 5.
2
3 2 1 3 2
2 5 2 3 5
( 1)
2
x x
dx dx
x x
x x

=
1

( )

5 1 11 1
. .
7 1 7 2 5
dx
x x
1

=

( )

5 11
ln 1 ln 2 5
7 14
x x C = .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Dng 3.
2
( 0)
x
I dx
ax bx c

= <

Cch gii. Bin i
2 2
X p
I dx
X X
1

=

( )
.
VD 6.
2 2
(2 1) 2 2 1
4 4 5 (2 1) 4
x x
I dx dx
x x x

= =

1 2
2 2
2 1 2
(2 1) 4 (2 1) 4
I I
x
dx dx
x x
=

.

2
2
1
2
1 [(2 1) 4] 1
ln[(2 1) 4]
4 4
(2 1) 4
d x
I x C
x

= =


2
2
2 1
2 1 1 2 1
arctan
2 2 2
2 1
1
2
x
d
x
I C
x
1

1
( )

= =

( )
1

( )
.
Vy
( )
2
1 1 2 1
ln 4 4 5 arctan
4 2 2
x
I x x C
1

( )
.
Dng 4. Tch phn hm hu t bc cao

Cch gii. Bin i hm di du tch phn v cc
phn thc ti gin.
VD 7.
2
3 3
1 1
3
( 3) 3
dx x
dx
x
x x x
1

=

( )

3 3
3 3
( 3) 1 1 1
ln ln
3 9 9
3 3
d x x
x C
x x
= =

.
VD 8. Tnh tch phn
2
2
4 4
( 1)
x x
I dx
x x

=
.
Gii. Phn tch:
2
2 2
4 4
1
( 1) ( 1)
x x A B C
x x
x x x

=

.

Quy ng mu s, ta c:
2 2
4 4 ( 1) ( 1) x x A x Bx x Cx = ( ) .

T ( ) ta c:
0 4, 1 9, 2 3. x A x C x B = = = = = =
Vy
2
4 3 9
1
( 1)
dx dx dx
I
x x
x
=

9
4 ln | | 3ln | 1 |
1
x x C
x
=
.
Dng 5. Tch phn hm lng gic

(sin , cos ) I R x x dx =

Cch gii

Nu ( sin , cos ) (sin , cos ) R x x R x x = , t cos t x = .
Nu (sin , cos ) (sin , cos ) R x x R x x = , t sin t x = .
Nu ( sin , cos ) (sin , cos ) R x x R x x = th h bc.
Nu
1
(sin , cos )
sin cos
R x x
a x b x c
=

th ta t
2
2 2
2 1
tan sin , cos
2
1 1
x t t
t x x
t t
= = =

.
VD 9. Tnh tch phn
2 2
sin sin2 cos
dx
I
x x x
=

.
Gii. t
2
tan arctan
1
dt
t x x t dx
t
= = =
,
2 2 2
tan 1
sin , cos
1 tan 1 1
x t
x x
x t t
= = =

2 2
( 1)
2 1 ( 1) 2
dt d t
I
t t t
= =


1 1 2
ln
2 2 1 2
t
C
t

=

1 tan 1 2
ln
2 2 tan 1 2
x
C
x

=

.
VD 10. Tnh tch phn
4 sin 3cos 5
dx
I
x x
=

.
Gii. t tan 2arctan
2
x
t x t = =

2
2 2 2
2 2 1
, sin , cos
1 1 1
dt t t
dx x x
t t t
= = =

.

2 2
2 2
1 2
.
8 3 3 1
5
1 1
dt
I
t t t
t t
=

2
4 4
dt
t t
=

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
1
2
I C
t
=

1
tan 2
2
C
x
=
.
1.3. Phng php tch phn tng phn

Cng thc
udv uv vdu =

Cc dng tch phn tng phn thng gp

i vi dng tch phn ( )
x
P x e dx
th ta t
( ),
x
u P x dv e dx
= = .
Dng ( )ln P x x dx
, ta t ln , ( ) u x dv P x dx
= = .
VD 11. Tnh tch phn
2
x
x
I dx =
.
Ch

i vi nhiu tch phn kh, ta phi i bin trc khi
ly tng phn hoc tch thnh tng cc tch phn.
VD 12. Tnh tch phn
3 sin
cos
x
I x e dx =
.
Gii. Bin i
2 sin
(1 sin ) cos
x
I x e x dx =
.
t
2
sin (1 )
t
t x I t e dt = =
.
t
2
2 1
t t
du tdt u t
v e dv e dt
' '
1 1 = =
1 1 1
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ 1+


2 2
(1 ) 2 (1 ) 2 ( )
t t t t
I e t te dt e t t de = =

2
(1 ) 2 2
t t t
e t te e dt =

2 sin 2
( 1) (sin 1)
t x
e t C e x C = = .
VD 13. Tnh tch phn cos(ln ) I x dx =
.
Gii. t ln
t t
t x x e dx e dt = = =
cos (sin )
t t
I e t dt e d t = =

sin (cos )
t t
e t e d t =

(sin cos ) cos
t t
I e t t e tdt =

1
(sin cos )
2
t
I e t t C =

ln
1
[sin(ln ) cos(ln )]
2
x
I e x x C = .
VD 14. Tnh tch phn
3
cos I x dx =
.
Gii. t
3 3 2
3 t x x t dx t dt = = =

2 2
3 cos 3 (sin ) I t t dt t d t = =

2
3 sin 6 (cos ) t t td t =

2
3 sin 6 cos 6sin t t t t t C =

3 3 3 3 2
3 6 sin 6 cos x x x x C
1
=

( )
.
VD 15. Tnh tch phn
2
2
(2 1)
x x
I x x e dx
.
.
0 1 1
...
n n
x a x x x b
= < < < < = .

Ly im
1
[ ; ]
k k k
x x
ty ( 1, k n = ).
Lp tng tch phn:
1
1
( )( )
n
k k k
k
f x x
=
=
.
2. TCH PHN XC NH
2.1. nh ngha. Cho hm s ( ) f x xc nh trn [ ; ] a b .
Ta chia on [ ; ] a b thnh n on nh bi cc im chia
K hiu l ( ) .
b
a
I f x dx =

Gii hn hu hn (nu c)
1
max( ) 0
lim
k k
k
x x
I

= c gi
l tch phn xc nh ca ( ) f x trn on [ ; ] a b .
Tnh cht
1) . ( ) ( ) ,
b b
a a
k f x dx k f x dx k =

2) [ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( )
b b b
a a a
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx =

3) ( ) 0; ( ) ( )
a b a
a a b
f x dx f x dx f x dx = =

4) ( ) ( ) ( ) , [ ; ]
b c b
a a c
f x dx f x dx f x dx c a b =

5) ( ) 0, [ ; ] ( ) 0
b
a
f x x a b f x dx

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
6) ( ) ( ), [ ; ] ( ) ( )
b b
a a
f x g x x a b f x dx g x dx

7) ( ) ( )
b b
a a
a b f x dx f x dx <

8) ( ) , [ ; ] m f x M x a b
( ) ( ) ( )
b
a
m b a f x dx M b a

9) Nu ( ) f x lin tc trn on [ ; ] a b th
[ ; ] : ( ) ( )( )
b
a
c a b f x dx f c b a =
.
Khi , i lng
1
( ) ( )
b
a
f c f x dx
b a
=

c gi l
gi tr trung bnh ca ( ) f x trn on [a; b].
VD 1. Tch phn
1
2 2
0 cos
dx
x x
b chn (hu hn) v

hm s
2 2
1
( )
cos
f x
x x
=
lin tc trn on [0; 1].

VD 2. Gi tr trung bnh ca hm s
1
( ) f x
x
= trn [1; ] e
l
1
1 1
1 1
e
dx
e x e
=

.
2.2. Cng thc Newton Leibnitz
2.2.1. Tch phn vi cn trn thay i
Cho hm ( ) f x kh tch trn [ ; ] a b , vi mi [ ; ] x a b th
hm s ( ) ( )
x
a
x f t dt =
lin tc ti mi
0
[ ; ] x a b
v ( ) ( ) x f x = .
VD 3. Cho
2 2
0
( ) , 0 ( )
x
t x
x e dt x x e
= =
.
VD 4. Tm gii hn
sin
0
tan
0
0
2
lim
sin
x
x
x
t dt
L
t dt
.
VD 5. Tm gii hn
2
0
2
(arctan )
lim
1
x
x
t dt
L
x
.
2.2.2. Cng thc Newton Leibnitz
Nu ( ) f x lin tc trn [ ; ] a b v ( ) F x l mt nguyn hm
ty ca ( ) f x th ( ) ( )
x
a
x f t dt =
v ( ) ( ) F x x C =
l nguyn hm ca ( ) f x trn [ ; ] a b . Vy ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b
b
a
a
f x dx F x F b F a = =

Nhn xt

1) C hai phng php tnh tch phn nh 1.
4) tnh ( )
b
a
f x dx
ta dng bng xt du ca ( ) f x .
2) Nu ( ) f x lin tc v l trn [ ; ] th
( ) 0 f x dx

3) Nu ( ) f x lin tc v chn trn [ ; ] th

0
( ) 2 ( ) f x dx f x dx

=

VD 6. Tnh tch phn
1
2 3
1
1. sin I x x dx
.
Gii. Do hm s
2 2 3
( ) arccos sin f x x x x = lin tc
v l trn on [ 1; 1] nn 0 I = .
VD 7. Tnh tch phn
3
3
3
| | 4 | | I x x dx
.
c bit
( ) ( )
b b
a a
f x dx f x dx =

nu ( ) 0, ( ; ) f x x a b .
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
3. NG DNG CA TCH PHN

3.1. Tnh din tch hnh phng

3.1.1. Bin hnh phng cho trong ta Descartes

Bin hnh phng cho bi hm tng minh
2 1
( ) ( )
b
a
S f x f x dx
l
=
l
l
a
b O
y
x
S
2
( ) f x
1
( ) f x
c
d
O
y
x
2 1
( ) ( )
d
c
S g y g y dy
l
=
l
l
1
( ) g y
2
( ) g y
S
Tng qut

Din tch hnh phng S gii hn bi ng ( ) y f x = v
( ) y g x = l ( ) ( ) S f x g x dx =

trong , l nghim nh nht v ln nht ca
phng trnh ( ) ( ) f x g x = ( ) < .
VD 1. Tnh din tch hnh phng S gii hn bi
cc ng 1
x
y e = ,
2
3
x
y e = v 0 x = .
VD 2. Tnh din tch hnh phng S gii hn bi
2
4 | | 3 y x x = v trc honh.
Bin hnh phng cho bi phng trnh tham s

Hnh phng S gii hn bi ng cong
( ), ( ) x x t y y t = = vi [ ; ] t th
( ) ( ) S y t x t dt

VD 3. Tnh din tch hnh elip
2 2
2 2
: 1
x y
S
a b
.
VD 4. Tnh din tch S gii hn bi ng cong
2
3
1
4 .
x t
y t t
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

3.1.2. Din tch hnh qut cong trong ta cc

H ta cc

Trong mt phng chn im O c nh gi l cc v tia
Ox gi l tia cc. V tr im M ty trong mt phng
hon ton xc nh bi r OM = v ( , ) Ox OM =

.
Khi , cp ( , ) r c gi l
ta cc ca im M.

Mi lin h gia ta cc v
ta Descartes l

cos , sin x r y r = =
Phng trnh ng cong trong ta cc
Phng trnh ng cong trong ta cc c dng
( ) r f =

Cho ng cong ( ) C trong ta Descartes c phng
trnh ( , ) 0 F x y = . Thay cos x r = v sin y r = vo
( ) ta c ( cos , sin ) 0 F r r = . Gii r theo th ta
thu c phng trnh ca ( ) C trong ta cc.
VD 5. Xt ng trn
2 2
( ) : 2 2 0 C x y ax by = .
Thay cos x r = v sin y r = vo ( ) C , ta c:
2 2 2 2
cos sin 2 ( cos ) 2 ( sin ) 0 r r a r b r = .
Vy phng trnh ca ( ) C trong ta cc l
2( cos sin ) r a b = .
Din tch hnh qut cong trong ta cc

Din tch hnh qut cong S c
bin c cho trong ta cc
gii hn bi
( ), [ ; ] r r = l

2
1
( )
2
S r d

VD 6. Tnh din tch hnh qut cong S gii hn bi
2cos 4 , 0;
8
r
l
l
=
l
l
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
VD 7. Tnh din tch hnh qut cong S gii hn bi:
0, 3 y y x = = v
2 2
2 0 x y x = .
VD 8. Tnh din tch hnh qut cong S gii hn bi:
0, x y x = = v
2 2
2 0 x y y = .
3.2. Tnh di ng cong phng

3.2.1. ng cong trong ta Descartes

ng cong c phng trnh y = f(x)
di
AB c phng trnh ( ) ( ) y f x a x b = l
2
1 [ ( )]
b
AB
a
l f x dx =

VD 9. Tnh di l ca cung ln(cos ), 0
4
y x x

= .
VD 10. Tnh di cung
2
2
x
y = t (0; 0) O n
1
1;
2
M
1

( )
.
ng cong c phng trnh tham s
di
AB c phng trnh tham s:

( ), ( ) ( ) x x t y y t t = = l
2 2
[ ( )] [ ( )]
AB
l x t y t dt

VD 11. Tnh di l ca cung c phng trnh:
2
2
1
, 0; 1
ln 1
x t
t
y t t
'
1
= 1
1
1 l
!
1 l
l 1
=
1

( ) 1
1+
.
3.2.2. ng cong c phng trnh trong ta cc
di cung
AB c phng trnh trong ta cc

( ), [ ; ] r r = l
2 2
( ) [ ( )]
AB
l r r d

VD 12. Tnh di l ca cung:

3 3cos , [0; ] r = .
3.3. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay

3.3.1. Vt th quay quanh Ox

Th tch V ca vt th do min phng S gii hn bi
1 2
( ), ( ) y f x y f x = = , x a = , x b = quay quanh Ox l
2 2
1 2
( ) ( )
b
a
V f x f x dx =

VD 13. Tnh th tch V do hnh phng S gii hn bi
ln , 0, 1, y x y x x e = = = = quay xung quanh Ox .
VD 14. Tnh V do
2 2
2 2
( ) : 1
x y
E
a b
= quay quanh Ox .
3.3.2. Vt th quay quanh Oy
1
( ) x g y = ,
2
( ) x g y = , y c = , y d = quay quanh Oy l
2 2
1 2
( ) ( )
d
c
V g x g x dx =

( ) y f x = , 0 y = , x a = v x b = quay quanh Oy l
2 . ( )
b
a
V x f x dx =

VD 15. Tnh th tch V do hnh phng S gii hn bi
2
2 y x x = v 0 y = quay xung quanh Oy.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
4. TCH PHN SUY RNG
4.1. Tch phn suy rng loi 1
4.1.1. nh ngha
Cho hm s ( ) f x xc nh trn [ ; ) a , kh tch trn
mi on [ ; ] ( ) a b a b < .
Gii hn (nu c) ca ( )
b
a
f x dx
khi b c gi
l tch phn suy rng loi 1 ca ( ) f x trn [ ; ) a .
K hiu:
( ) lim ( ) .
b
b
a a
f x dx f x dx
=

Nghin cu v tch phn suy rng (ni chung) l kho
st s hi t v tnh gi tr hi t (thng l kh).
nh ngha tng t:
( ) lim ( ) ;
b b
a
a
f x dx f x dx
=

( ) lim ( ) .
b
b
a
a
f x dx f x dx

=

Nu cc gii hn trn tn ti hu hn th ta ni tch phn
hi t, ngc li l tch phn phn k.
Trng hp khc 1:

1
1
1
1
lim lim
1
b
b
b b
dx
I x
x

1

= =

( )

( )
1
1
, 1 1
lim 1
1
1
, 1.
b
b

'
1
1

1
= =
!
1
1 <
1
+

Gii Trng hp = 1:
1
1
lim lim ln
b
b
b b
dx
I x
x
1

= = =

( )
(phn k).
VD 1. Kho st s hi t ca tch phn
1
dx
I
x
.
VD 2. Tnh tch phn
0
2
(1 )
dx
I
x
.
VD 3. Tnh tch phn
2
1
dx
I
x
.
Vy: Vi 1 :
1
1
I =

(hi t).
Vi 1 : I = (phn k).
Ch
Nu tn ti lim ( ) ( )
x
F x F
= , ta dng cng thc:

( ) ( )
a
a
f x dx F x
.
Nu tn ti lim ( ) ( )
x
F x F
= , ta dng cng thc:

( ) ( )
b
b
f x dx F x
.
Tng t:
( ) ( ) f x dx F x
.
4.1.2. Cc tiu chun hi t
a) Tiu chun 1. Nu 0 ( ) ( ), [ ; ) f x g x x a
v ( )
a
g x dx
hi t th ( )
a
f x dx
hi t.
Cc trng hp khc tng t.
VD 4. Xt s hi t ca tch phn
10
1
x
I e dx
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
b) Tiu chun 2
Nu ( )
a
f x dx
hi t th ( )
a
f x dx
hi t (ngc li
khng ng).
1
cos 3
x
I e x dx
.
c) Tiu chun 3
Cho ( ), ( ) f x g x lin tc, lun dng trn [ ; ) a
v
( )
lim
( ) x
f x
k
g x
= . Khi :
Nu 0 k < < th:
( )
a
f x dx
v ( )
a
g x dx
cng hi t hoc phn k.

Nu 0 k = v ( )
a
g x dx
hi t th ( )
a
f x dx
hi t.
Nu
( )
a
k
g x dx
'
1 =
1
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
+
phan ky
th ( )
a
f x dx
phn k.

2 3
1
1 2
dx
I
x x
.
Ch
Nu ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x x th
( )
a
f x dx
v ( )
a
g x dx
c cng tnh cht.

1
1 sin
dx
I
x x
.
VD 8. iu kin ca
3
1
. ln 1
dx
I
x x
hi t l:
A. 3 ; B.
3
2
; C. 2 ; D.
1
2
.
VD 9. iu kin ca
2
4
1
( 1)
2 3
x dx
I
x x
hi t?
4.2. Tch phn suy rng loi 2
4.2.1. nh ngha
Cho hm s ( ) f x xc nh trn [ ; ) a b v khng xc nh
ti b, kh tch trn mi on [ ; ] ( 0) a b .
Gii hn (nu c) ca ( )
b
a
f x dx
khi 0 c gi l
tch phn suy rng loi 2 ca ( ) f x trn [ ; ) a b .
K hiu:
0
( ) lim ( ) .
b b
a a
f x dx f x dx
=

nh ngha tng t:
0
( ) lim ( )
b b
a a
f x dx f x dx
=

(suy rng ti a );
0
( ) lim ( )
b b
a a
f x dx f x dx
=

(suy rng ti a , b ).
Nu cc gii hn trn tn ti hu hn th ta ni tch phn
hi t, ngc li l tch phn phn k.
VD 10. Kho st s hi t ca
0
, 0
b
dx
I b
x
.
Gii. Trng hp = 1:
0 0 0
lim lim ln ln lim ln
b
b dx
I x b
x

1
= = = =

( )
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Trng hp khc 1:

1
0 0 0
1
lim lim lim
1
b b
b
dx
I x dx x
x

1

= = =

( )

( )
1
1 1
0
1 , 1
lim
1
1
, 1.
b
b
'
1
1
< 1
= =
!

1
1
1
+

Vy
Vi 1 < :
1
1
b
I
(hi t).

Vi 1 : I = (phn k).
VD 11. Tnh tch phn
1
3
2
1
6
3
1 9
dx
I
x
=
.
A.
3
I

= ; B.
3
I

= ; C.
6
I

= ; D. I = .
VD 12. Tnh tch phn
3 2
1
. ln
e
dx
I
x x
=
.
VD 13. Tnh tch phn
2
2
1
dx
I
x x
=
.
4.1.2. Cc tiu chun hi t
Cc tiu chun hi t nh tch phn suy rng loi 1.

Ch
Nu ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x x b th ( )
b
a
f x dx
v ( )
b
a
g x dx

c cng tnh cht (vi b l cn suy rng).
VD 14. Tch phn suy rng
1
0
( 1)(2 )
x dx
I
x x x

hi t khi v ch khi:
A. 1 < ; B.
1
2
< ; C.
1
2
; D. .
VD 15. Tch phn suy rng
1
2
0
1
( 1)sin
x
I dx
x x

phn k khi v ch khi:
A. 1 ; B.
1
2
; C.
1
2
; D. .
Ch
Cho
1 2
I I I = vi
1 2
, , I I I l cc tch phn suy rng
ta c:
1)
1
I v
2
I hi t I hi t.
2)
1
2
( )
0
I
I
'
1
1
!
1
1
+
phan ky
hoc
1
2
( )
0
I
I
'
1
1
!
1
1
+
phan ky

th I phn k.
3)
1
2
( )
0
I
I
'
1
1
!
1
1
+
phan ky
hoc
1
2
( )
0
I
I
'
1
1
!
1 <
1
+
phan ky

th cha th kt lun I phn k.
VD 16.
1
2
0
1
sin
x
I dx
x x
phn k khi v ch khi:

A.
1
4
; B.
1
4
; C.
1
2
; D. .
Chng Chng 4. 4. L L thuy thuy t t chu chu i i

1. KHI NIM C BN V CHUI S
1.1. nh ngha
Cho dy s c v hn cc s hng
1 2
, ,..., ,...
n
u u u
Biu thc
Tng n s hng u tin
1 2
...
n n
S u u u = c
gi l tng ring th n ca chui s.
1 2
1
... ...
n n
n
u u u u
=
=

c gi l chui s.
Cc s
1 2
, ,..., ,...
n
u u u l cc s hng v
n
u c gi l
s hng tng qut ca chui s.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Nu dy

n
n
S
hi t n s S hu hn th ta ni
chui s hi t v c tng l S , ta ghi l
1
n
n
u S
=
=
.
Ngc li, ta ni chui s phn k.
VD 1. Xt s hi t ca chui nhn
1
n
n
aq
vi 0 a .
Gii
1 q = :
n
S na = chui phn k.
1 q :
1
1 1
. .
1 1
n n
n
q q
S u aq
q q

= =

Vi | | 1 q < th
1
n
a
S
q

chui hi t.
Vi | | 1 q th
n
S chui phn k.
VD 2. Xt s hi t ca chui s
1
1
( 1)
n
n n
.
1
1
ln 1
n
n
=
1

( )
.
1
1
n n
.
Vy
1
1
n
n
aq
hi t | | 1 q < .
1.2. iu kin cn chui s hi t
Nu chui
1
n
n
u
hi t th lim 0
n
n
u
= , ngc li nu
lim 0
n
n
u
th
1
n
n
u
phn k.
4
4
1
3 2
n
n
n n
.
5
4
1
1
n
n
n
.
1.3. Tnh cht
Nu
1 1
,
n n
n n
u v

= =

hi t th

1 1 1
( )
n n n n
n n n
u v u v

= = =
=

.
Nu
1
n
n
u
hi t th
1 1
n n
n n
u u

= =
=

.
2. CHUI S DNG
2.1. nh ngha

1
n
n
u
c gi l chui s dng nu 0,
n
u n .
Khi 0,
n
u n th chui s l dng thc s.
Tnh cht hi t hay phn k ca chui s khng i
nu ta thm hoc bt i hu hn s hng.
..
2.2. Cc nh l so snh
nh l 1. Cho hai chui s dng
1 1
,
n n
n n
u v

= =

tha

0
0 ,
n n
u v n n .
1
1
.2
n
n
n
.
VD 2. Xt s hi t ca chui iu ha
1
1
n
n
bng cch
so snh vi
1
1
ln 1
n
n
=
1

( )
.
Nu
1
n
n
v
hi t th
1
n
n
u
hi t.
Nu
1
n
n
u
phn k th
1
n
n
v
phn k.
nh l 2
Cho hai chui s
1 1
,
n n
n n
u v

= =

tha:
0
n
u v 0
n
v vi n ln v lim
n
n
n
u
k
v
= .
Nu 0 k = th
1
n
n
u
phn k
1
n
n
v
phn k.
Nu k = th
1
n
n
u
hi t
1
n
n
v
hi t.
Nu 0 k < < th
1 1
,
n n
n n
u v

= =

cng tnh cht.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
1
1
2 ( 1)
.3
n
n
n
n
n
bng cch
so snh vi
1
2
3
n
n
=
1

( )
.
Ch
Chui
1
1
n
n
hi t khi 1 v phn k khi 1 .

5
1
1
2 3 n
n
n
.
2.3. Cc tiu chun hi t
2.3.1. Tiu chun DAlembert
Cho chui s dng
1
n
n
u
v
1
lim
n
n
n
u
D
u
= .
Nu 1 D < th chui hi t.
Nu 1 D th chui phn k.
Nu 1 D = th cha th kt lun.
1
1 1
1
3
n
n
n
n
=
1

( )
.
2
1
5 ( !)
(2 )!
n
n
n
n
.
2.3.2. Tiu chun Cauchy
Cho chui s dng
1
n
n
u
v lim
n
n
n
u C
= .
Nu 1 C < th chui hi t.
Nu 1 C th chui phn k.
Nu 1 C = th cha th kt lun.
2
1
1
2
n
n
=
1

( )
.
1
3
n
n
n
n
.
2.3.3. Tiu chun Tch phn Maclaurin Cauchy
Cho hm s ( ) f x lin tc, khng m v gim trn na
khong [ ; ), k k . Khi :
( ) ( )
n k
k
f n f x dx

hoi tu hoi tu.
3 2
1
1
n n
.
3
2
1
ln
n
n n
.
3. CHUI S C DU TY
VD 1.
1
( 1)
n
n
n
,
1
1
1
2 1
( 1)
2
n
n
n
n
l cc chui an du.
3.1. Chui an du
a) nh ngha. Chui s
1
( 1)
n
n
n
u
c gi l
chui s an du nu 0,
n
u n .
b) nh l Leibnitz
Nu dy { }
n n
u
gim nghim ngt v 0

n
u th chui

1
( 1)
n
n
n
u
hi t. Khi , ta gi l chui Leibnitz.

1
( 1)
n
n
n
.
1
1
2 1
( 1)
2
n
n
n
n
.
2
( 1)
( 1)
n
n
n n
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
3.2. Chui c du ty
a) nh ngha
Chui
1
,
n n
n
u u
c gi l chui c du ty .

1
n
n
u
c gi l hi t tuyt i nu
1
n
n
u
hi t.

1
n
n
u
c gi l bn hi t nu
1
n
n
u
hi t v

1
n
n
u
phn k.
b) nh l
Nu
1
n
n
u
hi t th chui c du ty
1
n
n
u
hi t.
2
1
cos( )
n
n
n
n
.
1
1
( 1) ( 2)
3
n n
n
n

=

.
VD 5. Chui s
1
( 1)
n
n
n
l bn hi t.
4. CHUI HM
4.1. Khi nim chung v chui hm
4.1.1. Cc nh ngha
Cho dy hm
1 2
( ), ( ), ..., ( ), ...
n
u x u x u x cng xc nh
trn D . Tng hnh thc:
1 2
1
( ) ( ) ... ( ) ... ( )
n n
n
u x u x u x u x
=
=
(1)
c gi l chui hm s hay chui hm trn D .
Nu ti
0
x D , chui s
0
1
( )
n
n
u x
hi t (phn k)
th
0
x c gi l im hi t (phn k) ca chui (1).
Tp hp cc im hi t
0
x ca chui (1) c gi l
min hi t ca chui (1).
Chui (1) c gi l hi t tuyt i ti
0
x D nu
chui
0
1
( )
n
n
u x
hi t.
Tng
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( )
n n
S x u x u x u x = c gi l
tng ring th n ca chui (1).
Trong min hi t ca chui (1), tng ( )
n
S x hi t v
mt hm s ( ) f x no .
Hm ( ) lim ( )
n
n
f x S x
= xc nh trong min hi t ca
chui (1) c gi l tng ca chui (1).
Ta vit l:
1
( ) ( )
n
n
u x f x
=
=
.
Khi , ( ) ( ) ( )
n n
R x f x S x = c gi l phn d ca
(1) v ti mi x thuc min hi t th lim ( ) 0
n
n
R x
= .
VD 1. Tm min hi t ca chui hm
1
nx
n
ne
.
Gii
Vi 0 x : lim 1
n nx x
n
ne e

= < chui hi t.
Vi 0 x : 0
nx
ne
chui phn k.
Vy min hi t ca chui hm l
( )
0; .
2
1
!
n
n
x
n
.
Gii
Vi 0 x = : Chui hi t.
Vi 0 x , ta c:
2( 1) 2 2
lim : lim 0
( 1)! ! 1
n n
n n
x x x
n n n

l
l
= =
l

l
l
chui hi t.
Vy min hi t ca chui hm l .
4.1.2. Chui hm hi t u
a) nh ngha
Chui (1) c gi l hi t u trong min D nu
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ) ...
n n n n m
R x u x u x u x

=
hi t u v 0 trong min D.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Ngha l:
0, ( ) : , | ( ) | .
n
N N n N x D R x = <
b) Tiu chun hi t u Weierstrass
Nu chui (1) tha mn:
( ) , ,
n n n
u x C x D C v
1
n
n
C
hi t
th chui (1) hi t u trong min D.

VD 3. Chui hm
2
1
sin
n
nx
n
hi t u trn v:
2 2
sin 1
,
nx
x
n n
v
2
1
1
n
n
hi t.
4.2. Chui ly tha
4.2.1. nh ngha
Chui hm
0
0
( )
n
n
n
a x x
vi
0
,
n
a x l cc hng s
c gi l chui ly tha.
Nhn xt
Nu t
0
x x x = th chui ly tha c dng
0
n
n
n
a x
.
Min hi t ca
0
n
n
n
a x
cha 0 x = nn khc rng.

4.2.2. B Abel
Nu chui hm
0
n
n
n
a x
hi t ti 0 x = th chui
hi t tuyt i ti mi im
( )
; x .
H qu
Nu chui hm
0
n
n
n
a x
phn k ti x = th phn k
ti mi x tha x .
4.2.3. Bn knh hi t
a) nh ngha
S 0 R
0
n
n
n
a x
hi t tuyt i trn ( ; ) R R v
phn k ti : x x R c gi l bn knh hi t.
Khong ( ; ) R R c gi l khong hi t.
Nhn xt

Nu chui hi t x th R = .
Nu chui phn k 0 x th 0 R = .
b) Phng php tm bn knh hi t
Nu tn ti
1
lim
n
n
n
a
r
a
= hoc lim
n
n
n
a r
= th:
0,
1
, 0
, 0
r
R r
r
r
'
1 =
1
1
1
1
= < <
!
1
1
1
=
1
1
+
.
Tm min hi t ca chui ly tha
Bc 2. Xt s hi t ca cc chui s ti x R = .
Bc 3
Nu cc chui s phn k ti x R = th kt lun:
min hi t ca chui hm l ( ; ) R R .
Bc 1. Tm bn knh hi t R, suy ra khong hi t ca
chui ly tha l: ( ; ) R R .
Nu chui s phn k ti x R = v hi t ti x R =
th kt lun: min hi t ca chui hm l [ ; ) R R .
Tng t: min hi t l ( ; ], [ ; ] R R R R .
Chng Chng 4. 4. L L thuy thuy t t chu chu i i Chng Chng 4. 4. L L thuy thuy t t chu chu i i
1
n
n
x
n
.
1
( 1)
.2
n
n
n
x
n
.
2
1
1
1
n
n
n
x
n
=
1

( )
.
2
0
3 ( 2)
n n
n
x
.
.Ht

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H Cng nghip Tp.

bng gii hn t s hai VCB cp thp

4.4. Phn loi im gin on

, ta thc hin cc bc sau:

trn on [0; 2].

, ta thc hin cc bc:

trn khong (1; ) .

Chng Chng 2. 2. Ph Ph p p t t nh nh vi vi phn phn h h m m m m t t bi bi n n s s

; 8) sin cos xdx x C =

Chng Chng 3. 3. Ph Ph p p t t nh nh t t ch ch phn phn h h m m m m t t bi bi n n s s

= < < < < = .

b chn (hu hn) v

lin tc trn on [0; 1].

AB c phng trnh tham s:

AB c phng trnh trong ta cc

= , ta dng cng thc:

= , ta dng cng thc:

cng hi t hoc phn k.

c cng tnh cht.

phn k khi v ch khi:

Chng Chng 4. 4. L L thuy thuy t t chu chu i i

hi t khi 1 v phn k khi 1 .

gim nghim ngt v 0

hi t. Khi , ta gi l chui Leibnitz.

cha 0 x = nn khc rng.

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