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i, j+1
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n f ( x )
+
+ ..... +
+ Rn
x 1! x 2 2!
x n n!
2

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f (x + x ) = f ( x ) +

Ramadas Chennamsetti, R&DE(E)

 
 

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Ramadas Chennamsetti, R&DE(E)

 
 

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n +1
 
n + 1 f ( x )
Rn =

x n + 1 (n + 1 )!

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f x 2 f (x )
n f ( x )
+
..... + n
+ Rn
n!
x 1! x 2 2!
x
n

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rd_mech@yahoo.co.in

f ( x x ) = f ( x )

Ramadas Chennamsetti, R&DE(E)

9/30/2013

 
 

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From Taylors series expansion

f x
+ R1
x 1!
f ( x + x ) f (x ) R1
f
=>
=

x
x
x
2
R1
1 2 f ( x )
=
=> O ( x )
x x x 2 2!
f
f ( x + x ) f (x )
=>
=
+ O ( x )
x
x R&DE(E)
Ramadas Chennamsetti,

25

rd_mech@yahoo.co.in

f (x + x ) = f ( x ) +

 
 

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f ( x + x ) f (x )
f

x
x x
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rd_mech@yahoo.co.in

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rd_mech@yahoo.co.in

f
x

f ( x x ) f ( x ) %&  %' &( 

 
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x

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Ramadas Chennamsetti, R&DE(E)

 
 

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2 f ( x )
+
+ R 2 - (1)
x 2 2!
1!
2
2
x f ( x )
R 2 - (2)
+
x 2 2!
1!
f x
+ 2R2
f (x + x ) f (x x ) = 2
x 1!
f
f ( x + x ) f (x x )
=
R2
=>
x
2 x
3
f
f ( x + x ) f ( x x ) 1 3 f ( x )
=

=>
3
2 x
3!
x
x x

f
x
f
f (x x ) = f (x )
x

f (x + x ) = f (x ) +

Ramadas Chennamsetti, R&DE(E)

9/30/2013

%  

  
3
f ( x + x ) f ( x x ) 1 3 f ( x )
f
=

3
2x
3!
x x
x
2
f
f ( x + x ) f ( x x ) 3 f (x )
=>
=
3
2x
3!
x
x
f
f (x + x ) f (x x )
2
=
+ O (x )
=>
x
2x
f
f (x + x ) f (x x )

=>
x
2x
   

       


28

rd_mech@yahoo.co.in

 
 


Ramadas Chennamsetti, R&DE(E)

 
 

)  

  
f (x)

f (x)

f
f(x)

x+x
x
Forward difference

x
Actual slope
f (x)

x
Central difference

f (x)

x-x
x
Backward difference

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 29

rd_mech@yahoo.co.in

f(x)

Ramadas Chennamsetti, R&DE(E)

 
 

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f x
2 f ( x )
+
+ R 2 - (1)
x 1!
x 2
2!
2
2
f (2 x )
f 2 x
f (x + 2 x ) = f (x ) +
+ R 2 - (2)
+
x 2
x 1!
2!
4 (1 ) (2 ) => 3
2

f (x + x ) = f (x ) +

f
2 x + 3 R 2
x
f (x + 2 x ) + 4 f (x + x ) 3 f (x )
f
3
=

=>
R2
x
2x
2x
3
3
3 3 f ( x )
2
= O ( x )
R2 =
2 x x 3
3!
2 x
f
f (x + 2 x ) + 4 f ( x + x ) 3 f ( x )
=>

x
2 xR&DE(E)
Ramadas Chennamsetti,

30

rd_mech@yahoo.co.in

=> 4 f ( x + x ) f ( x + 2 x ) = 3 f ( x ) +

10