SUMMARY OF REACTION PATHWAYS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

ALKANES
HALOALKANES
ALKENES
ALCOHOLS
CARBONYLS
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
NITRILES
PRIMARY AMINES
DIHALOALKANES
EPOXYALKANES DIOLS
POLYALKENES
ALKYL
HYDROGEN
SULPHATES
You need to know the equations, conditions, reagents and type of reaction for all these
reactions.
You need to know the mechanism for some of them.
1. Alkane chloroalkane
reagents: Cl
2
conditions: UV light
mechanism: free radical substitution
equation: ! " Cl
2
Cl " !Cl
2. Alkene polalkene
Conditions: low #, high p.
$quation:

C C n
C C
n
#ype of reaction: addition polymerisation %free radical&
!. Alkene "ro#oalkane
eagent: !'%g&
Conditions: room #
$quation:

H
Br H
C C
C C
+
Br
#ype of reaction: electrophilic addition
$. Alkene %&"ro#oalkane
eagent: (r
2
in water or in an organic sol)ent
Conditions: room #
$quation:
Br
Br Br
C C
C C
+
Br
*echanism: electrophilic addition
'. Alkene alklh%ro(en)*lpha+e
eagent: concentrated sulphuric acid
Conditions: cold
$quation:
H
H
C C
C C
+
OSO
3
H
OSO
3
H
*echanism: electrophilic addition
,. Alklh%ro(en)*lpha+e alcohol
eagent: water
Conditions: warm
$quation:

H
C C
OSO
3
H
H
H
C C
+ OSO
3
H
+
H
2
O
OH
#ype of reaction: hydrolysis
-. Alkene alcohol
eagent: steam
Conditions: +,,
o
C, -, atm, !
+
./
0
catalyst
$quation:
H
OH
H
H
C C
C C
+ O
#ype of reaction: hydration
.. Haloalkane alcohol
eagent: 1a/!%aq& or 2/!%aq&
Conditions: warm under reflu3
$quation: 4' " /!
4
4/! " '
4
#ype of reaction: nucleophilic substitution
/. Haloalkane n&+r&le
eagent: 2C1 in aqueous ethanol
Conditions: boil under reflu3
$quation: 4' " C1
4
4C1 " '
4
#ype of reaction: nucleophilic substitution
10. Haloalkane A#&ne
eagent: ammonia in ethanol in a sealed tube
Conditions: heat
$quation: 4' " 21!
+
41!
2
" 1!
0
'
#ype of reaction: nucleophilic substitution
11. Haloalkane alkene
eagent: 2/! in ethanol
Conditions: heat
$quation:

C C
H
R
X
R
R
+ X +
-
C C
R R
R
H
2
O R
R
#ype of reaction: elimination
12. Pr&#ar alcohol al%eh%e
eagent: potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid
Conditions: warm, distillation
$quation: C!
2
/! " 5/6 C!/ " !
2
/
#ype of reaction: mild o3idation
1!. Secon%ar alcohol ke+one
eagent: potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid
Conditions: heat, distillation
$quation:
7
C!%/!&
2
" 5/6
7
C/
2
" !
2
/
#ype of reaction: o3idation
1$. al%eh%e car"o1l&c ac&%
eagent: potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid
Conditions: heat, reflu3
$quation: 4C!/ " 5/6 4C//!
#ype of reaction: o3idation
1'. Alcohol) alkene)
eagent: concentrated sulphuric acid
Conditions: heat
$quation:
C C
C C H
OH
+
H
2
O
#ype of reaction: elimination
1,. (l*co)e e+hanol
reagent: yeast
conditions: +8 9 88
o
C, no air
equation: C
-
!
72
/
-
2C
2
!
8
/! " 2C/
2
type of reaction: fermentation