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High concentrations of suspended solids can lower water quality by absorbing light. Waters then
become warmer and lessen the ability of the water to hold oxygen necessary for aquatic life.
Because aquatic plants also receive less light, photosynthesis decreases and less oxygen is
produced. The combination of warmer water, less light and less oxygen makes it impossible for
some forms of life to exist.
Suspended solids affect life in other ways. They can clog fish gills, reduce growth rates, decrease
resistance to disease, and prevent egg and larval development. Particles that settle out can
smother fish eggs and those of aquatic insects, as well as suffocate newly-hatched larvae. The
material that settles also fills the spaces between rocks .
The total suspended solid (TSS)
Include solids that either float on or suspended in water.
Include solids that are insoluble and large enough to remain visible and separate from
the water, including debris such as clay, silt, oil, pieces of wood, plastic, paper, sand and
grit.
Also include small settleable solids that will not remain asfloat, and will slowly separate
from the water (settle out) if the water is left relatively undisturbed.
Suspended solids are the maincause of turbidity.
The total dissolved solids ( TDS)
Include colloidal solids not large or heavy enough to settle readily, nor small enough to
dissolve in the water.
Colloidal solid are mainly organic and decay quickly.
Colloidal solids cannot be removed from water using sedimentation or filtration. However,
when these two gravity based techniques are combined with coagulation or other
biological treatment, a high rate of removal can be achieved.
Many dissolved substrances are undersirable in water because it can impart aesthetically
displeasing colour, taste and odor.
Furthermore, based on the study done some of dissolved organic can be carcinogenic.
OBJECTIVE
To provide and strenghten knowledge, skill, understanding in solid determination and enable to
relate theories taught to the practices in laboratory
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this course students are able to:
Apply knowledge in solid determination
Analyze the laboratory result and differentiate between suspended solid and dissolve solid
Identify problems and use their generic skill to solve problems
Develop their ability to work in group
THEORY
Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or waste water. Solids may affect water or
effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Waters with high dissolved solids generally are of
inferior palatability and may induce a favorable physiological reaction in the transient consumer.
Solids analyses are important in the control of biological and physical wastewater treatment
process and for assessing compliance with regulatory agency wastewater effluent limitations.
Generally, total solids is the term applied to the material residue left in the dishes after
evaporation of a sample at 103C to 105C. Total solids include total suspended solids, and total
dissolved solids. Total suspended solids is the portion of total solids retained by filter, and total
dissolved solids is the portion of solids that passes through a filter of 2.0 m (or smaller) nominal
pore size under specified conditions. Fixed solids is refer to the residue of total, suspended, or
dissolved solids after heating to dryness for a specified time at a specified temperature (500C
50 C for 15 minutes). The weight loss on ignition is called volatile solids. Determination of fixed
and volatile solids does not distinguish precisely between inorganic and organic matter because it
includes losses due to decomposition or volatilization of some mineral salts. Settle able solids is
the term applied to the material settling out of suspension within a defined period. It may include
floating material, depending on the technique.
Filter paper
DIAGRAM 1.0
Settleable solids Imhoff cone Samples
Microwave (at
103
C - 105
C)
Total solids (TS)
Fibre glass filter (
2.0m)
Microwave (at
103
C - 105
C)
Microwave (at
180
C 2
C)
Dissolved Solid
Suspended solids (SS)
Dissolved solids (DS)
Muffle furnace (at
500
C 50
C)
Muffle furnace (at
500
C 50
C)
Volatile suspended
solids (VSS)
Total solids (TS)
Volatile dissolved
solids (VDS)
Fixed dissolved solids
(FDS)
Total volatile solids TVS =
VSS + VDS
Total fixed solids
TFS = FSS + FDS
Fixed suspended solids
(FSS)
EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIAL
Evaporating dishes: Dishes of 100mL capacity made of porcelain, platinum or high-silica
glass.
Muffle furnace for operating at 500
C 50
C
Steam bath
Desicator
Drying ove
Analytical balance
Magnetic stirrer
Graduated cylinder
Wid-bore pipe
Low-form beaker
PROCEDURES
In this experiment, students should run three parallel laboratory tests for:
i. Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
ii. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
iii. Total Volatile Solids (TVS)
Generally, students need to prepare samples for those three tests, filter the samples and separate
the samples into three categories.
i. Suspended solids in unfiltered samples.
ii. Suspended solids which remained on the filter paper.
iii. Suspended solids inside the filtered samples which passed the filter paper.
Wieght both samples.
Then, dry those samples inside the furnace with temperature of 105
O
C to make sure water are
evaporated. Obtain the weight of dried samples.
A. Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
i. Preparation of the glass fibre filter disc: Insert the filter disc onto the base and clamp
on funnel. While vacuum is applied, wash the disc with three (3) successive 20 mL
distilled water. Remove all traces of water by continuing to apply vacuum after water
has passed through. Remove funnel from base and place filter in the dish and dry in
an oven at 103
C - 105
C for one (1) hour. When needed, remove dish from the oven,
desiccate and weight.
i. Select a sample volume (max. of 200 mL) that will yield not more than 200 mg of total
suspended solids.
ii. Place the filter on the base and clamp on funnel and apply vacuum. Wet the filter with
small volume of distilled water to seal the filter against the base.
iii. Shake the samples vigorously and quantitatively transfer required volume (mL) of
samples to the filter using a large orifis, volumetric pipette. Remove all traces of water
by continuing to apply vacuum after samples has passed through.
iv. Rinse the pipette and funnel onto the filter with small volume of distilled water. Remove
all traces of water by continuing to apply vacuum after samples has passed through.
ii. Carefully remove the disc filter from the base. Dry for at least one (1) hour at 103
C -
105
C 50
C for
one (1) hour in muffle furnace. Store in desiccator until needed. Weigh immediately
before use.
ii. Choose samples volume to yield between 2.5 and 200 mg dried residue. If more than
10 minutes are required to complete filtration, increase filter size or decrease sample
volume.
iii. Stir samples with magnetic stirrer and pipet a measures volume onto glass-fibre filter
with applied vacuum. Wash with three (3) successive 10 mL of distilled water, allowing
complete drainage between washings, and continue suction for about 3 min after
filteration complete.
iv. Transfer total filtrate (with washings) to a weighed evaporating dish and evaporate to
dryness on a drying oven. Dry evaporated samples for at least 1 h in an oven at
180C 2C, cool in a desiccator to balance temperature, and weigh. Repeat drying
cycle of drying, cooling, desiccating, and weighing until a constant weigh is obtained.
(The filtrate from the total suspended solids determination may be used for
determination of total dissolved solids).
Total Volatile Solids
If volatile solids are to be measured, the residue from method A and B is ignited at
500
C 50
= 0.0714 g/mL
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS
(SECTION 1/GROUP 3)
SUBJECT CODE
EXPERIMENT CODE
MA1
EXPERIMENT TITTLE
TOTAL SOLID
COURSE CODE
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING
LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEET
SHORT REPORT
SUBJECT CODE DFC2071
CODE & EXPERIMENT TITLE MA1 TOTAL SOLID
COURSE CODE
EXPERIMENT DATE 8 FEBRUARY 2011
NAME OF STUDENT
NO. OF GROUP GROUP 3 /SECTION 1
NAME OF GROUP MEMBERS 1.FARHAN BINTI HUSSIN DF090195
2. SHAFIQAH HANI BT MOHAMAD DF090209
ZUBIR
3. MOHAMAD KHAIRI ANWAR B. DF090211
MOHD SAD
4. MOHD QAYYUM B ABD BASIT DF090194
.
NAME OF LECTURER/
TUTOR/TRAINER
EN. IZAT BIN YAHAYA
DATE OF SUBMISSION 14 FEBRUARY 2011
MARK PARTICIPATION/
DISCIPLINE
/15%
RESULT /25%
DATA ANALYSIS /30%
DISCUSSION /30%
TOTAL /100%
EXAMINERS COMMENT
APPROVAL RECEIVE