Sailboat Wayra Hydrostatic and Stability Calculations

By boat owner: Gilberto Castro C.

Calculations done in base at concepts from the book Principles of Yacht Design by Lars Larsson
& Rolf E Eliasson.

CONTENT:

A- Calculations done at the Design Water Line (DWL):

1 Brief Introduction and definitions.

2 Calculation methods

3 - Simpsons Rule

4 Calculation of displacement.

4.1 Obtaining data with AutoCAD.
4.2 Using Simpsons rule.
4.3 Calculation of the Prismatic Coefficient.
4.4 Calculation of the Block Coefficient.

5 Calculation of Water Plane Area
5.1 Calculating TPC (Tons per centimetre of immersion)

6 Longitudinal Centre of Buoyancy of canoe body (LCB)
7 Longitudinal Centre of Flotation (LCF)
8 Longitudinal Moment of Inertia (Il).
9 Transverse Moment of Inertia (It).

10- Transverse stability at small angles
11- Longitudinal Stability at small angles



A- Calculations done at each draft line: Next web page update: soon.






1- Brief Introduction and definitions:

Hydrostatics and stability represents perhaps the most important aspect for design and for safe of the boat
since the properties of a yacht in these respects reflect its ability to carry the required weight and to withstand
the heeling moment from the sails, but the exact knowledge of stability is not restricted to the static case with
no waves on the water surface, therefore I will make also some dynamic calculations for Wayra that I will
show here.

Just to note that all calculations for my sailboat Wayra has been made for myself, them do not come
together with the original plans from the yacht designer. (Bruce Roberts).
I got the dimensions from the plans and from the real frames.

First of all I write some quick and basic definitions and information to show how to make the
calculations.

Basic definitions used in yachts:

Length Overall (LOA)

The maximum length of the hull from the forwardmost point on the stem to the extreme
after end. According to common practice, spars or fittings, like bowsprits, pulpits etc are not
included and neither is the rudder.

Length of water line (LWL)

The length of the designed waterline (often referred to as the DWL).
Length between perpendiculars (LPP) This length is not much used in yachting but is quite
important for ships. For ships (cargo ships) it is very important because the Draft line marks are
painted at certain distance from the Perpendiculars and the trim calculations will be done on
this.
The forward (FP) is the forward end of the designed waterline, while the aft perpendicular (AP)
is the centre of the rudder stock.

Beam (B or Bmax)
The maximum beam of the hull excluding fittings, like rubbing strakes.

Bean of waterline (BWL).
The maximum beam at designed waterline.

Draft (T)
The maximum draft or the yacht when floating on the designed waterline, TC is the
draft on the hull without the keel (The canoe body).

Depth (D)
The vertical distance from the deepest point of the keel to the sheer line (see below). Dc
is without the keel.



Displacement
Could be either mass displacement (m). The mass of the yacht, or volume displacement
(V or D)The volume of the immersed part of the yacht. Mc, Vc, and Dc are the corresponding
notation without keel.



Midship section
For ships, this section is located midway between the fore and aft perpendiculars. For
yachts it is more common to put it midways before and aft ends of the waterline. The area of the
amidships section (Submerged part ) is denoted Am, with and index c indicating that the keel
is not included.

Maximum area section
For yachts the maximum area section is usually located behind the amidships section. Its
area is denoted Ax (Axc).

Prismatic coefficient (Cp)
This is the ratio of the volume displacement and the maximum section area multiplied by
the waterline length. Cp = D/(Ax . Lwl). This value is very much influenced by the keel and in
most yacht applications only canoe body is considered. The prismatic coefficient is
representative of the fullness of the yacht. The ends, the larger the Cp. Its optimum value
depends on the speed.

Centre of buoyancy (B)
The centre of gravity of the displaced volume of water. Its longitudinal position denoted
as LCB and vertical position denoted by VCB.

Centre of gravity (G)
The centre of gravity of the yacht must be on the same vertical line as the centre of
buoyancy. In drawing G is often marked with a special symbol created by a circle and a cross.
This is used also for marking geometric centres of gravity.

Sheer line
The intersection between the deck and the topside. Traditionally, the projection of this
line on the symmetry plane is concave, the sheer is positive. Zero and negative sheer may be
found on some extreme racing yachts and powerboats.

Freeboard
The vertical distance between the sheer line and the waterline. This is the reserve of
buoyancy.


2-Calculation methods:

Due to the shape curved of the frames, there is not too easy to calculate the frame areas.
There are different ways to obtain the areas on closed curves:

- One way might be to draw the closed curve on a square grid and just count the number of
squares. In most cases this method is accurate enough, but it is tedious.

- One other way is to make use of the planimeter, this method is fast and accurate but few
amateur designers have access to this handy instrument.

- By using CAD (Computer Aided Design) programs: CAD techniques are always used
nowadays by professional designers. The CAD programs without much work fair hull can
be produced rapidly and different requirements my be satisfied such as a given prismatic
coefficient or longitudinal centre of buoyancy, displacement, stability at small and large
heel angles.
- The best choice for many designers is to compute the area using a simple numerical method
This method is called Simpson's rule

Figure 2.1

3-Simpons Rule


Simpsons rule is quite popular in naval architecture. Since the sequence of operations is always
the same when applying Simpsons rule as special scheme, shown in Fig. 1.
The distance between the end points of the interval, in this case Xo and X10, is divided into an
even number of equidistant steps, in this case 10. The step size is denoted S. Values of the
function Y are computed for all X-values and may be inserted into the table in the column
Ordinate value. By multiplying each value by its Simpson multiplier, 1 for the end values
and 4 and 2 alternating for the others, and adding all the products the sum of products is
obtained. The area A under the curve Y is the simply obtained as this sum multiplied by the step
size divide by 3.

A = S / 3. (Sum of products)


4- Calculation Displacement at DWL (canoe body displacement)
4-1 obtaining frame areas with AutoCAD.

According to Archimedes principle:
When an object floats in a liquid, the weight of the volume of liquid displaced by the object is
equal to the weight of the object. Thus, if you know the volume of the displaced liquid, the
weight of the body is found multiplying the volume by the density of the liquid, in this case
fresh water or salt water.
To obtain the total Displacement of all yacht when the hull is submerged until the DWL, the
area of each section until DWL has to be obtained first.
With the Wayra lines drawing and Using AutoCAD program I got the area of each section
(Figure 4.2), then Using Simpsons rule I obtain the Displacement as shown here:

S.M.
1
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
1
Sum of products
S.M. = Simpsons multipliers
4Y7
2Y8
4Y9
Y10
Yo
Product
4Y1
2Y2
4Y3
2Y4
4Y5
2Y6
9 Y9
10 Y10
7 Y7
8 Y8
5 Y5
6 Y6
3 Y3
4 Y4
1 Y1
2 Y2
Ordinate No. Ordinate Value
0 Yo


Note that the frame 0 is minimum submerged and frame No.10 is completely out, and the keel
is not taken in account for calculations. The Keel volume I will calculate later.
Figure 4.2






4 Calculating displacement.
4.2 Using Simpsons rule.
Here the area of each section I obtained dividing each frame with 10 lines, spaced S distance.
Once obtained the areas, I use again Simpson's rule to obtain the Displacement.
Figure 4.3


Section N.0 Section N.1
Ordinate
No.
Ordinate
value A
S.M (B) Product
(AXB)
Ordinate
No.
Ordinate value A S.M (B) Product
(AXB)
Y0 0 1 0,00 Y0 0 1 0,00
Y1 0,0028 4 0,01 Y1 0,128 4 0,51
Y2 0,0055 2 0,01 Y2 0,2172 2 0,43
Y3 0,0082 4 0,03 Y3 0,2823 4 1,13
Y4 0,0109 2 0,02 Y4 0,3327 2 0,67
Y5 0,0136 4 0,05 Y5 0,3746 4 1,50
Y6 0,0162 2 0,03 Y6 0,4115 2 0,82
Y7 0,0188 4 0,08 Y7 0,4436 4 1,77
Y8 0,0212 2 0,04 Y8 0,4711 2 0,94
Y9 0,0236 4 0,09 Y9 0,4939 4 1,98
Y10 0,026 1 0,03 Y10 0,5119 1 0,51
Suma of products = 0,40 Suma of products = 10,27
A = S/3 x (Sum of Products) A = S/3 x (Sum of Products)
S= 0,0074 S= 0,0539
S/3 0,002466667 S/3 0,017966667
S/3 x (sum of products) = 0,0010 S/3 x (sum of products) = 0,1845
As = A x 2 (both sides)= 0,0020 As = A x 2 (both sides)= 0,3689






Section N.2 Section N.3
Ordinate
No.
Ordinate
value A
S.M (B) Product
(AXB)
Ordinate
No.
Ordinate value A S.M (B) Product
(AXB)
Y0 0 1 0,00 Y0 0 1 0,00
Y1 0,1824 4 0,73 Y1 0,2682 4 1,07
Y2 0,3861 2 0,77 Y2 0,5298 2 1,06
Y3 0,554 4 2,22 Y3 0,7983 4 3,19
Y4 0,6631 2 1,33 Y4 0,9728 2 1,95
Y5 0,7439 4 2,98 Y5 1,0837 4 4,33
Y6 0,8066 2 1,61 Y6 1,1636 2 2,33
Y7 0,8558 4 3,42 Y7 1,2225 4 4,89
Y8 0,895 2 1,79 Y8 1,267 2 2,53
Y9 0,9262 4 3,70 Y9 1,3008 4 5,20
Y10 0,9506 1 0,95 Y10 1,3261 1 1,33
Suma of products = 19,50 Suma of products = 27,89
A = S/3 x (Sum of Products) A = S/3 x (Sum of Products)
S= 0,0696 S= 0,078
S/3 0,0232 S/3 0,026
S/3 x (sum of products) = 0,4524 S/3 x (sum of products) = 0,7250
As = A x 2 (both sides)= 0,9049 As = A x 2 (both sides)= 1,4501






Section N.4 Section N.5
Ordinate
No.
Ordinate
value A
S.M (B) Product
(AXB)
Ordinate
No.
Ordinate value A S.M (B) Product
(AXB)
Y0 0 1 0,00 Y0 0 1 0,00
Y1 0,3187 4 1,27 Y1 0,3379 4 1,35
Y2 0,6784 2 1,36 Y2 0,7269 2 1,45
Y3 0,9934 4 3,97 Y3 1,1734 4 4,69
Y4 1,2324 2 2,46 Y4 1,4178 2 2,84
Y5 1,3583 4 5,43 Y5 1,5610 4 6,24
Y6 1,4450 2 2,89 Y6 1,6577 2 3,32
Y7 1,5106 4 6,04 Y7 1,7227 4 6,89
Y8 1,5598 2 3,12 Y8 1,7669 2 3,53
Y9 1,5955 4 6,38 Y9 1,7974 4 7,19
Y10 1,6203 1 1,62 Y10 1,8180 1 1,82
Suma of products = 34,56 Suma of products = 39,33
A = S/3 x (Sum of Products) A = S/3 x (Sum of Products)
S= 0,0828 S= 0,0836
S/3 0,0276 S/3 0,027866667
S/3 x (sum of products) = 0,9538 S/3 x (sum of products) = 1,0959
As = A x 2 (both sides)= 1,9076 As = A x 2 (both sides)= 2,1918






Section N.6 Section N.7
Ordinate
No.
Ordinate
value A
S.M (B) Product
(AXB)
Ordinate
No.
Ordinate value A S.M (B) Product
(AXB)
Y0 0 1 0,00 Y0 0 1 0,00
Y1 0,4498 4 1,80 Y1 0,4366 4 1,75
Y2 0,8772 2 1,75 Y2 0,8326 2 1,67
Y3 1,2794 4 5,12 Y3 1,2798 4 5,12
Y4 1,5332 2 3,07 Y4 1,5316 2 3,06
Y5 1,665 4 6,66 Y5 1,652 4 6,61
Y6 1,7594 2 3,52 Y6 1,7503 2 3,50
Y7 1,8351 4 7,34 Y7 1,8187 4 7,27
Y8 1,8916 2 3,78 Y8 1,8718 2 3,74
Y9 1,9318 4 7,73 Y9 1,9159 4 7,66
Y10 1,9578 1 1,96 Y10 1,9472 1 1,95
Suma of products = 42,73 Suma of products = 42,33
A = S/3 x (Sum of Products) A = S/3 x (Sum of Products)
S= 0,0806 S= 0,0728
S/3 0,026866667 S/3 0,024266667
S/3 x (sum of products) = 1,1479 S/3 x (sum of products) = 1,0273
As = A x 2 (both sides)= 2,2958 As = A x 2 (both sides)= 2,0545



Section N.8 Section N.9
Ordinate
No.
Ordinate
value A
S.M (B) Product
(AXB)
Ordinate No. Ordinate
value A
S.M (B) Product
(AXB)
Y0 0 1 0,36 Y0 9 1 9,00
Y1 0,3567 4 2,88 Y1 0,2285 4 0,91
Y2 0,7207 2 2,19 Y2 0,4644 2 0,93
Y3 1,0929 4 4,37 Y3 0,6980 4 2,79
Y4 1,3758 2 2,75 Y4 0,9324 2 1,86
Y5 1,4951 4 5,98 Y5 1,1285 4 4,51
Y6 1,5823 2 3,16 Y6 1,2339 2 2,47
Y7 1,6534 4 6,61 Y7 1,3033 4 5,21
Y8 1,7088 2 3,42 Y8 1,3572 2 2,71
Y9 1,7529 4 7,01 Y9 1,4023 4 5,61
Y10 1,7907 1 1,79 Y10 1,4414 1 1,44
Suma of products = 40,53
Suma of products
= 37,46
A = S/3 x (Sum of Products) A = S/3 x (Sum of Products)
S= 0,05393 S= 0,0362
S/3 0,017976667 S/3 0,012066667
S/3 x (sum of products)
=
0,7285

S/3 x (sum of products) = 0,4520
As = A x 2 (both sides)= 1,4571 As = A x 2 (both sides)= 0,9040


Calculation of the Volume Displacement (Dc=Canoe body displacement)
Ordinate No. Area section (A) S.M (B) Product (A X B)
0 0,002 1 0,002
1 0,3689 4 1,4756
2 0,9049 2 1,8098
3 1,4501 4 5,8004
4 1,9076 2 3,8152
5 2,1918 4 8,7672
6 2,2958 2 4,5916
7 2,0545 4 8,218
8 1,4571 2 2,9142
9 0,9040 4 3,616
10 0 1 0
Sum of Products = 41,01
S = distance between sections Dc = S/3 X (sum of products)
S = 1,29
S/3 = 0,43 Dsw = Displ. In Salt water = Dc x 1.025
DC = 17,59 m3
Dsw
= 18,03 Metric Tons


Note: There is one small difference between Displacement calculated using AutoCAD to obtain
sectional areas with the displacement obtained using Simpson's rule also to obtain the sectional
areas.
Displacement obtained with AutoCad program = 18.15 m3
Displacement obtained using Simpsons rule = 17.59 m3

4.3 Calculation of Prismatic Coefficient (Cp).

This is the ratio of the volume displacement and the maximum section area multiplied by the
waterline length. This value is very much influenced by the keel and in most yacht applications
only the canoe body is considered. The prismatic coefficient is representative of thefullness of
the yacht. The fuller the end, larger the Cp. Its optimum value depends on the speed.
Here I consider only the Canoe body for Sialboat Wayra.


Ax = 2,3804 m = 25,622 foot
Dc = 18,15 m3 = 640,96 cubic feet
LWL = 12,87 mts = 42,224 Feet
Ax = Maximum sectional area
[Section No. 6]
Cp = 0,59


4.4 Calculation of Block Coefficient (Cb).


In general ship hydrodynamics this coefficient is quite
important, but it is not commonly used in yachts design. The
volume displacement is now divided by the volume of a circumscribed block (only canoe body
value is relevance).

T = 0.852 mts. (Draft without keek. Only canoe body)
LWL = 12.87 mts.
BWL = 3.99 mts
Cb = 0.41



5 Calculation of the Water Plane Area:


The area inside the designed waterline (DWL) is important in several respects:



1- Its size determines the weight per mm immersion. It is the weight required to sink the hull a certain
distance.
2- Its centre of gravity is located on the axis around which the hull is trimmed, when moving a weight
longitudinally on board.
3- The so-called moment of inertia (called also second moment of area) around a longitudinal axis
determines the stability at small angles of heel.
4- The moment of inertia around a transverse axis through the centre of gravity (of the area) yields the
longitudinal stability, it is the moment required to trim the hull a certain angle.
The calculation of the area is done using Simpson's rule as shown here:
Water Plane area
0,0000
0,5000
1,0000
1,5000
2,0000
2,5000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Sections
A
r
e
a
s

" Wayra " Water Line Plane Area (ADWL).
Calculation using Simpsons rule. Calculo del area del plano en la linea del
calado de diseo. Usando " El metodo de Simpson"
Ordinate No.
Half beam of each
Section at DWL SM Product
0 0,0028 1 0,0028
1 0,5200 4 2,0800
2 0,9680 2 1,9360
3 1,3560 4 5,4240
4 1,6490 2 3,2980
5 1,8490 4 7,3960
6 1,9960 2 3,9920
7 1,9160 4 7,6640
8 1,6850 2 3,3700
9 1,1290 4 4,5160
10 0,0000 1 0,0000
Sum of Products = 39,6788

A total = 2 x S/3 (Sum of products)
S = 1,287 Distance between sections. (Distancia entre cuadernas)
S/3 0,43
Adwl = 34,04 M






5.1 Calculation of TPC (Tons per centimetre of immersion) at ADWL
The additional displacement when sinking the hull 1 cm is 0.01 X Adwl m2 X The mass of this volume,
corresponding to the applied mass on the hull, is:

TPC = d x 0.01 x Adwl

where d is the water density. ( 1.025 for salt water).

TPC = 1.025 x O.O1 m x Af (m2)
TPC = 1.025 tons/m3 x 0.01m x 34.04 m2
TPC = 0,348 tons [ 348 kg por centimeter]

This means that at the DWL to sink the hull one centimeter, will be necessary to add 348 kg.
Weight to the Sailboat Wayra.


6 Longitudinal Centre of Buoyancy of canoe body ( LCB ) at DWL.

The Centre of gravity of the displaced volume of water is called Centre of buoyancy.
The longitudinal position is denoted by LCB.
The vertical position is denoted by VCB.
The moment created by a force with respect to a perpendicular axis is the product of the force and the
distance to the axis (the lever arm).
This concept can be used for finding the centre of gravity of a body. By definition the centre of gravity is the
point where the mass of the body may be assumed concentrated. The gravitational force bay be assumed
acting at this point.
To calculate the distance to the centre of gravity from one arbitrary axis, is to add the moments of the
different parts of the body with respect to the axis. This gives the resulting moment, which must be equal to
that of the concentrated mass at the centre of gravity.
The axis chosen is located athwart ships at the FP.
I will use this method to find the Sailboat Wayra Centre of Gravity (CG) later on, before I launch to the
water the boat, I will have to calculate all the installed equipments weights.
To calculate the real Sailboat Wayra CG will take a some time from now. (Dec. 2007)
A corresponding computation can be done for the centre of gravity of the displaced volume of water: Centre
of buoyancy. Therefore I calculate first the longitudinal position of it, LCB using the FP as reference axis.
Each section of the hull may be considered as contributing to the moment by an amount proportional to its
area multiplied by its distance from the FP. Thus a curve of sectional moments can be constructed in a
similar way to the curve of sectional areas. The area on the new curve represent the total moment, from
which the position of the centre of buoyancy can be obtained as explained in the figures and calculation
below.

Calculating Longitudinal center of Buoyancy of Canoe body at DWL
Ordinate
No.
Area of each
section
(A)
dist.from
Fp to each
section
( S)
Moment
(A x S)
S.M
Product
(AxS) x SM
0 0,0016 0,0000 0 1 0,0000
1 0,3920 1,2870 0,504504 2 1,0090
2 0,9626 2,5740 2,4777324 4 9,9109
3 1,5227 3,8610 5,8791447 2 11,7583
4 2,0083 5,1480 10,3387284 4 41,3549
5 2,3176 6,4350 14,913756 2 29,8275
6 2,3804 7,7220 18,3814488 4 73,5258
7 2,1456 9,0090 19,3297104 2 38,6594
8 1,5828 10,2960 16,2965088 4 65,1860
9 0,7304 11,5830 8,4602232 2 16,9204
10 0,0000 12,8700 0 1 0,0000
Suma of products = 288,15
Am = S/3.(Sum of products)
S = 1,287
S/3 = 0,429
X lcb = Am/Dc
Am = 123,62

Dc = 18,60 Dc=Displacement
X lcb = 6,65 Mtrs. from Forward Perpendicular.
X lcb = Distance from FP to the Centre of buoyancy (El centro de carena se encuentra a 6,65 metros
desde la Perpendicular de Proa )

7 Longitudinal Centre of Flotation (LCF )
The sum of moments obtained from multiply distance from each Section to the Forward
Perpendicular axis and divided between the sum of the distances will give the geometric centre
of gravity of water plane Area, usually called, Centre of flotation.
For now I made calculation at the DWL. Later I will make the calculations for all draft lines.


Longitudinal Center of Flotation (LCF)
Section
Beam
(A)
dist.from Fp to
each section
( B)
Product (AXB)
0 0,0560 0,0000 0
1 1,0400 1,2870 1,33848
2 1,9360 2,5740 4,983264
3 2,7120 3,8610 10,471032
4 3,2980 5,1480 16,978104
5 3,6980 6,4350 23,79663
6 3,9920 7,7220 30,826224
7 3,8320 9,0090 34,522488
8 3,3700 10,2960 34,69752
9 2,2580 11,5830 26,154414
10 0,0000 12,8700 0
26,1920 183,768156

LCF= S moments / S beams

LCF = 7,02 mts. From FP.




8 Longitudinal Moment of Inertia (Il ).



Moment of Inertia of the water plane is a measure of a vessel's resistance to rolling motion
about the vessel's longitudinal axis. For example, the moment of inertia of a log would be very
small, because there is little resistance to rolling motion about its longitudinal axis. A broad-
beamed barge, on the other hand, would offer a great deal of resistance to rolling motion about
its longitudinal axis. It would have a large moment of inertia. This moment that resists motion
is actually made up of an infinite number of moments, each of which are composed of the
product of the elementary area and the square of the distance from the axis.
The FP is used as transverse axis to construct the curve of sectional moments of inertia, which
each ordinate is the product of the waterline half- width and the square of distance from the FP
as shown here:



Ordinate
No.
bo = Half-width of
each section
(A)
X (distan.FP to
each Section)
(B)
A X B S.M
Product
(AxB)xSM
0 0,0280 0 0 1 0,0000
1 0,5200 1,6563 0,861276 4 3,4451
2 0,9680 6,6254 6,4133872 2 12,8268
3 1,3560 14,9073 20,214299 4 80,8572
4 1,6490 26,5019 43,701633 2 87,4033
5 1,8490 41,4092 76,565611 4 306,2624
6 1,9960 59,6292 119,01988 2 238,0398
7 1,9160 81,1620 155,50639 4 622,0256
8 1,6850 106,0076 178,62281 2 357,2456
9 1,1290 134,1658 151,47319 4 605,8928
10 0,0000 1 0,0000
Sum of Products = 2313,9985
S = 1,287
ILFP = 2 * S/3 * (Sum of products)
ILFP = 1985,41 M 4
Moment of inertia around center of fluotation
bo = Half beam
Awp = 34,04 m
IL = ILFP - (Aw. Xf ) Aw = Waterplane area
Xf = 7,02 m
Xf = 49,23
Xf = Distance from FP to center of flotation
Awp.Xf = 1675,90
IL = 309,51 M4



9 Transverse Moment of Inertia ( It ).
The transverse moment of inertia It around the longitudinal axis, needed for the transverse
stability, could be computed in similar way than the Inertia longitudinal but to do this, the water
plane area would have to be divided into a set of longitudinal strips, which could be treated like
the transverse ones as above. This division is impractical, however, since it is not used in any
other calculation, for reasons of symmetry the longitudinal axis has to pass through the centre
of flotation, so no correction need be applied.

Calculation Of the transverse moment of inertia (It)
Ordinate No.
bo = Half beam
each section (A)
bo (B)
S.M Product (A X B)
0 0,028 0 1 0,0000
1 0,520 0,1406 4 0,5624
2 0,968 0,9070 2 1,8141
3 1,356 2,4933 4 9,9733
4 1,649 4,4840 2 8,9679
5 1,849 6,3214 4 25,2855
6 1,996 7,9521 2 15,9042
7 1,916 7,0337 4 28,1350
8 1,685 4,7841 2 9,5682
9 1,129 1,4391 4 5,7563
10 0,000 0,0000 1 0,0000
Sum of Products = 105,9668
S = 1,287
bo half beam in watel line
A = S/3 * (Sum of products)
A = 45,46
IT = 2/3 x A
IT = 30,31 M4

transverse moment of inertia (It) in the water line
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Sections






10- Transverse stability at small angles
The transverse stability of a yacht may be explained with reference at figure 10.1. When the yacht is heeled
the centre of buoyancy moves to leeward from B to B `. The buoyancy force, upwards, then creates a couple
with the equally large gravity force acting downwards at G. The lever arm is usually GZ and the righting
moment is m.g. GZ, since the gravity force is the mass, m, times the acceleration of gravity, g (9,81 m/s 2).
There is another important point marked in the figure is called transverse metcentre, M. This is the
intersection between the vertical line through B` and the symmetry plane of the yacht. For small angles of
heel this point may be assumed fixed, which simplifies the calculations considerably. The distance between
G and M, GM, is called the metacentric height and BM is the metacentric radius. A fundamental stability
formula says that the metacentric radius is equal to the ratio of the transverse moment inertial It and volume
displacement Dc. Using this formula and some simples geometric relation the fighting moment may be
obtained as explained in the figure 4.9
Since the stability of the yacht is proportional to GM there are two principal ways to increasing it. Either G
may be lowered or M may be raised.
Figure 10.1



11- Longitudinal stability at small angles.
The method of calculating the longitudinal stability corresponds exactly to that of the transverse
stability. Thus, the restoring moment when the hull gets a trim angle, may be computed from
the formula of the figure 11.1, which correspond to those of the transverse figure.
There is also a formula for computing the trim angle obtained when moving a weight
longitudinally on board the yacht.


A- Calculations done at each draft line and More: Next web page update:
soon.