23.4.3.

3 Calculation of Shear Demand

The objective of design is to provide ultimate resistance
for shear (VuR) greater than the shear demand under
ultimate loads (Vu). For simply supported prestressed
beams, the
maximum shear near the support is given by the beam
theory. For continuous prestressed beams, a rigorous
analysis can be done by the moment distribution
method.
Else, the shear coefficients in Table 13 of
IS:456 - 2000 can be used under conditions
of uniform cross-section of the beams, uniform loads
and similar lengths of span.

Design of Stirrups

The design is done for the critical section. The critical
section is defined in Clause 22.6.2 of IS:456 - 2000. In
general cases, the face of the support is considered as
the critical section.
When the reaction at the support introduces
compression at the end of the beam, the critical section
can be selected at a distance effective depth from the
face of the support. The effective depth is selected as
the greater of dp or ds.
dp = depth of CGS from the extreme compression fiber
ds = depth of centroid of non-prestressed steel.
Since the CGS is at a higher location near the support,
the effective depth will be equalto ds. To vary the
spacing of stirrups along the span, other sections may be
selected for design. Usually the following scheme is
selected for beams under uniform load.
1) Close spacing for quarter of the span adjacent to the
supports.
2) Wide spacing for half of the span at the middle.
For large beams, more variation of spacing may be
selected

23.4.3.3 Limit State of Collapse for Shear

The shear is studied based on the capacity of a section
which is the limit state of collapse. The capacity (or
ultimate resistance) of a section (VuR) consists of a
concrete contribution (Vc) and the stirrup contribution
(VS).

VuR = VC + VS

Vc includes Vcz (contribution from uncracked
concrete), Va (aggregate interlock) and Vd (dowel
action).The value of Vc depends on whether the section
is cracked due to flexure. Section 22.4
of IS:1343 - 1980 gives two expressions of Vc,
one for cracked section and the other for
uncracked section. Usually, the expression for
the uncracked section will govern near
the support. The expression for the cracked
section will govern near the mid span. Of
course, both the expressions need to be evaluated at a
particular section. The lower value obtained from the
two expressions is selected.
For uncracked sections,
Vco is the shear causing web shear cracking at CGC.
In the above expression,

b = breadth of the section
bw, breadth of the web for flanged section
D = total depth of the section (h)
ft = tensile strength of concrete = 0.24fck
fcp = compressive stress in concrete at CGC due to the
prestress = Pe/A.
The value of fcp is taken as positive (numeric value).
Note that, a reduced effective prestress needs to be
considered in the transmission length region of a pre-
tensioned beam.
The previous equation can be derived based on the
expression of the principal tensile stress (1) at CGC.

To be conservative, only 80% of the prestressing force
is considered in the term 0.8fcp For a flanged section,
when the CGC is in the flange, the intersection of web
and flange is considered to be the critical location. The
expression of Vc0 is modified by substituting 0.8fcp
with 0.8 (the stress in concrete at the level of the
intersection of web and flange).
In presence of inclined tendons or vertical prestress, the
vertical component of the prestressing force (Vp) can be
added to Vc0.
Vcr is the shear corresponding to flexure shear cracking.
The term (1 0.55fpe /fpk)cbd is the additional shear
that changes a flexural crack to a flexure shear crack.
The notations in the previous equation are as follows.
fpe = effective prestress in the tendon after
all losses
0.6fpk

fpk = characteristic strength of prestressing steel
c = ultimate shear stress capacity of concrete,
obtained from Table 6 of
p / bd, where d is the depth of IS:1343 - 1980. It is
given for values of A CGS. The values are plotted in
the next figure.
b = breadth of the section
bw , breadth of the web for flanged sections
d = distance from the extreme compression fibre to the
centroid of the tendons at the section considered
M0 = moment initiating a flexural crack
Mu = moment due to ultimate loads at the design
section
Vu = shear due to ultimate loads at the design section.


The term (M0/Mu)Vu is the shear corresponding to the
moment M0, that decompress (nullifies the effect of
prestress) the tension face and initiates a flexural crack.
The expression of M0 is given below.
In the above expression,
IS 1343 : 2012
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fpt = magnitude of the compressive stress in concrete at
the level of CGS due to prestress only.
An equal amount of tensile stress is required to
decompress the concrete at the level of CGS. The
corresponding moment is fptI / y.

In the expression of M0,
I = gross moment of inertia
y = depth of the CGS from CGC.
The factor 0.8 implies that M0 is estimated to be 80% of
the moment that decompresses the concrete at the level
of CGS. Since the concrete is cracked and the
inclination of tendon is small away from the supports,
any vertical component of the prestressing force is not
added to Vcr. Maximum Permissible Shear Stress
To check the crushing of concrete in shear compression
failure, the shear stress is limited to a maximum value
(c,max). The value of c,max depends on the grade of
concrete and is given in Table 7 of IS:1343 - 1980.

23.4.3.4 Design of Transverse Reinforcement

When the shear demand (Vu) exceeds the shear capacity
of concrete (Vc), transverse reinforcements in the form
of stirrups are required. The stirrups resist the
propagation of diagonal cracks, thus checking diagonal
tension failure and shear tension failure.

The stirrups resist a failure due to shear by several ways.
The functions of stirrups are listed below.
1) Stirrups resist part of the applied shear.
2) They restrict the growth of diagonal cracks.
3) The stirrups counteract widening of the diagonal
cracks, thus maintaining aggregate interlock to a certain
extent.
4) The splitting of concrete cover is restrained by the
stirrups, by reducing dowel forces in the longitudinal
bars.

After cracking, the beam is viewed as a plane truss. The
top chord and the diagonals are made of concrete struts.
The bottom chord and the verticals are made of steel
reinforcement ties.

The grade of steel for stirrups should be restricted to Fe
415 or lower.

23.4.3.5.Design of Stirrups for Flanges

For flanged sections, although the web carries the
vertical shear stress, there is shear stress in the flanges
due to the effect of shear lag. Horizontal reinforcement
in the form of single leg or closed stirrups is provided in
the flanges.The following figure shows the shear stress
in the flange at the face of the web. The horizontal
reinforcement is calculated based on the shear force in
the flange. The relevant quantities for the calculation
based on an elastic analysis are as follows.
1) Shear flow (shear stress width)
2) Variation of shear stress in a flange (f)
3) Shear forces in flanges (Vf).
4) Ultimate vertical shear force (Vu)

23.4.3.6 Detailing Requirements

Maximum Spacing of Stirrups

As per Clause 22.4.3.2, the maximum spacing is 0.75dt
or 4bw , whichever is smaller. When Vu is larger than
1.8Vc , the maximum spacing is 0.5dt.
The variables are as follows.
bw = breadth of web
dt = greater of dp or ds
dp = depth of CGS from the extreme compression fiber
ds = depth of centroid of non-prestressed steel
Vu = shear force at a section due to ultimate loads
Vc = shear capacity of concrete.

Minimum Amount of Stirrups

A minimum amount of stirrups is necessary to restrict
the growth of diagonal cracks and subsequent shear
failure. For V < V , minimum amount of transverse
reinforcement is provided based on the following
equation.
If V < 0.5V and the member is of minor importance,
stirrups may not be provided.
Another provision for minimum amount of stirrups
(Asv,min) is given by Clause 18.6.3.2 for beams with
thin webs. The minimum amount of stirrups is given in
terms of Awh , the horizontal sectional area of the web
in plan. The area is shown in the following sketch.

In presence of dynamic load,
Asv,min = 0.3% Awh
= 0.2% Awh , when h 4bw

With high strength bars,
Asv,min = 0.2% Awh
= 0.15% Awh , when h 4bw


In absence of dynamic load, when h > 4bw

Asv,min = 0.1% Awh

There is no specification for Asv,min when h 4bw .

23.5.1.1 Torsion

The restraint to torsion is provided at the ends of a
beam. For beams in a building frame,the restraint is
provided by the columns. Precast beams are connected
at the ends by additional elements like angles to
generate the torsional restraint. In bridges, transverse
beams at the ends provide torsional restraint to the
IS 1343 : 2012
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35
primary longitudinal girders. Box girders are provided
with diaphragms at the ends.

For equilibrium torsion in a straight beam with
distributed torque (tu), the maximum torsional moment
(Tu) is near the restraint at the support.

For a straight beam with a point torque, the maximum
torsional moment (Tu) is near the closer support. If the
location of the point torque is variable, Tu is calculated
for the location closest to a support. For a curved beam,
Tu is calculated based on structural analysis.

Design of Torsion Reinforcement

The design is done for the critical section. The critical
section is defined in Clause 41.2 of IS:456 - 2000. In
general cases, the face of the support is considered as
the critical section. When the reaction at the support
introduces compression at the end of the beam, the
critical section can be selected at a distance effective
depth from the face of the support.

To vary the amount of reinforcement along the span,
other sections may be selected for design. Usually the
following scheme is selected for the stirrup spacing in
beams under uniformly distributed load.
1) Close spacing for quarter of the span adjacent to the
supports.
2) Wide spacing for half of the span at the middle.

For large beams, more variation of spacing may be
selected. The following sketch shows the typical
variation of spacing of stirrups. The span is represented
by L.

First, an equivalent flexural moment Mt is calculated
from Tu. Second, for the design of primary
longitudinal reinforcement, including the prestressed
tendon, the total equivalent ultimate moment (Me1) is
calculated from the flexural moment (Mu) and Mt.
Third, the design of longitudinal reinforcement for other
faces based on equivalent e2 and M t is larger ultimate
moments M e3 is necessary when the equivalent
moment M than Mu.

The design for Me1 is similar to the design of a
prestressed section for flexure.
The design for Me2 is similar to the design of a
prestressed concrete or reinforced concrete section. The
design for Me3 is similar to the design of a reinforced
concrete section. The design of stirrups including
torsion is similar to the design of stirrups in
absence of torsion.

23.5.2 Limit State of Collapse for Torsion

The design for the limit state of collapse for torsion is
based on the Skew Bending Theory. For a beam
subjected to simultaneous flexure and torsion, an
equivalent ultimate bending moment at a section is
calculated.

The design for torsion involves the design of
longitudinal reinforcement as well as the transverse
reinforcement. The longitudinal reinforcement is
designed based on the equivalent ultimate bending
moment.The transverse reinforcement is designed based
on the Skew Bending Theory and a total shear
requirement. For the capacity of concrete, to consider
the simultaneous occurrence of flexural and torsional
shears, an interaction between the two isconsidered.


The equations in IS:1343 - 1980 are applicable for
beams of the following sections.
1) Solid rectangular, with D > b.
2) Hollow rectangular, with D > b and t b/4.
3) Flanged sections like T-beams and I-beams.

The average prestress in a section at the level of CGC, is
limited to 0.3fck.

23.5.3 Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement

For the design of the longitudinal reinforcement, there
are three expressions of the equivalent ultimate bending
moment for the three modes of failure


Mu = applied bending moment at ultimate.
Mt = additional equivalent bending moment
for torsion.
Tu = applied torsion at ultimate.

Since, the torsion generates tension in the reinforcement
irrespective of the sign, the sign of Mt is same as that of
Mu.

The equivalent ultimate bending moment for Mode 3
failure (Me2) is given by the following equation.
Me2 = Mt Mu
The expression of Mt is same as for Mode 1
failure, given before. Mode 3 failure is checked when
the numerical value of Mu is less than that of Mt. Me2
acts in the opposite sense of that of Mu.

The longitudinal reinforcement is designed for Me1
similar to the flexural reinforcement for a prestressed
beam.
When Me2 is considered, longitudinal reinforcement is
designed similar to a prestressed concrete or reinforced
concrete beam. When Me3 is considered, longitudinal
reinforcement is designed similar to a reinforced
concrete beam.



IS 1343 : 2012
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25.3.1 Calculation of Crack Width

The crack width of a flexural member is calculated to
satisfy a limit state of serviceability. Among prestressed
concrete members, there is cracking under service loads
only for Type 3 members. Hence the calculation of
crack width is relevant only for Type 3 members. The
crack width is calculated for the cracks due to bending
which occur at the bottom or top surfaces of a flexural
member.

The flexural cracks start from the tension face and
propagate perpendicular to the axis of the member. This
type of cracks is illustrated in Section 5.1, Analysis for
Shear. If these cracks are wide, it leads to corrosion of
the reinforcing bars and prestressed tendons. Also, the
cracks tend to widen under sustained load or cyclic load.
To limit the crack width, Type 3 members have regular
reinforcing bars in the tension zone close to the surface,
in addition to the prestressed tendons.

The crack width of a flexural crack depends on the
following quantities.

1) Amount of prestress
2) Tensile stress in the longitudinal bars
3) Thickness of the concrete cover
4) Diameter and spacing of longitudinal bars
5) Depth of member and location of neutral axis
6) Bond strength
7) Tensile strength of concrete.


Usually the crack width is calculated at a point in the
soffit, which is equidistant from two longitudinal bars.
This point is the location of maximum estimated crack
width.

The values of x and m are calculated based on a
sectional analysis under service loads. The sectional
analysis should consider the tension carried by the
uncracked concrete in between two cracks. The
stiffening of a member due to the tension carried by the
concrete is called the tension stiffening effect. The
value of m is considered to be an average value of the
strain at the selected level over the span.

The analysis of a Type 3 member should be based on
strain compatibility of concrete and prestressing steel.
IS:456 - 2000 recommends two procedures for the
sectional analysis considering the tension stiffening
effect.
1) Rigorous procedure with explicit calculation of
tension carried by the concrete.
2) Simplified procedure based on the conventional
analysis of a cracked section,neglecting the tension
carried by concrete. An approximate estimate of the
tension carried by the concrete is subsequently
introduced. Here, the simplified procedure is explained.
For a prestressed member, (EpAp + EsAs) is substituted
in place of EsAs.
The second term considers the tension carried by the
concrete approximately by reducing the strain (1)
obtained from the analysis of a cracked section.

In the above expression,
a = distance from the compression face to the level at
which crack width is calculated
h, when the crack width is calculated at the soffit
b = width of the rectangular zone
d = effective depth of the longitudinal reinforcement
As = area of non-prestressed reinforcement
Ap = area of prestressing steel.
Es = modulus of elasticity of non-prestressed steel
Ep = modulus of elasticity of prestressed steel

The depth of neutral axis (x) can be calculated by a trial
and error procedure till the equilibrium equations are
satisfied. The following sketch shows the beam cross
section, strain profile, stress diagram and force couples
under service loads.
Based on the principles of mechanics, the
following equations are derived.

1) Equations of equilibrium

The first equation states that the resultant axial force is
zero. This means that the compression and the tension
in the force couple balance each other.


The second equation relates the moment under service
loads (M) with the internal couple in the force diagram.

The value of M should be equal to the moment due to
service loads.

2) Equations of compatibility

The depth of the neutral axis is related to the depth of
CGS and the depth of non-prestressed reinforcement by
the similarity of the triangles in the strain diagram.


2) Constitutive relationships

Linear elastic constitutive relationships are used in the
earlier expressions of C, Ts and Tp.

The steps for solving the above equations are given
below.
1) Assume c
2) Assume x.
3) Calculate p and s
If Tp+ Ts > C, increase x.
4) Calculate M If the value differs from the given value,
change c and repeat from Step 2.

IS 1343 : 2012
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25.3.2 Limits of Crack Width


The limits of crack width are as follows.
Crack width 0.2 mm for moderate and mild
environments 0.1 mm for severe environment.

The types of environments are explained in Table 9,
Appendix A of IS:1343 - 1980.

1) Prior to cracking the load carried by the steel
remain constant along the length of the member
2) Applied load corresponding to a given elongation is
N
C
+N
S

3) At crack, a short length of the bar is debonded from
the concrete and over this length all the load is
carried by the rebar
4) At the primary cracks , the concrete will be
unstressed and a certain distance , the transfer
length, will be required to buildup the tensile
stresses in all of the concrete surrounding the bar
5) At all the sections, maximum load the concrete can
carry is A
C
*f
Cr
and when this value is reached a
new primary crack will form
6) When there is no longer sufficient length between
adjacent primary cracks for the load to build up to
the cracking load, no further primary crack will
form.

25.3.3 Limit state of serviceability

It should bensured that , with an adequate probability,
cracks will not impair the serviceability and durability
of the structure.
Cracks do not indicate a lack of serviceability or
durability; in reinforced concrete structures, cracking
may be inevitable due to tension, bending, shear,
torsion,without necessarily impairing serviceability or
durability.
However the following specific requirements should
generally be respected.

1) Function requirements

The function of the structure should not be harmed by
the cracks formed. In relevant cases, nominal crack
width limits may be agreed with the client , unless
reference is made to more simplified design means.

2) Durability

The durability of the structure during its intended
lifetime should not be harmed by the cracks formed.

3) Appearance of the structure

The appearance of the structure should not be
unacceptable because of cracking

4) Uncertainties

Uncertainties related to the actual load concrete tensile
strength as well as to unforeseen tensile stresses, should
be appropriately covered in design and construction.

5) Further requirements

Further requirements for an appropriate control of
cracking may result from the necessity to limit or to
avoid vibrations, damage caused by excessive
deformations , brittle failure.

The design is done for the critical section. The critical
section is defined in Clause 22.6.2 of IS:456 - 2000. In
general cases, the face of the support is considered as
the critical section.
When the reaction at the support introduces
compression at the end of the beam, the critical section
can be selected at a distance effective depth from the
face of the support. The effective depth is selected as
the greater of dp or ds.
dp = depth of CGS from the extreme compression fiber
ds = depth of centroid of non-prestressed steel.
Since the CGS is at a higher location near the support,
the effective depth will be equalto ds. To vary the
spacing of stirrups along the span, other sections may be
selected for design. Usually the following scheme is
selected for beams under uniform load.
1) Close spacing for quarter of the span adjacent to the
supports.
2) Wide spacing for half of the span at the middle.
For large beams, more variation of spacing may be
selected

The crack width of a flexural member is calculated to
satisfy a limit state of serviceability. Among prestressed
concrete members, there is cracking under service loads
only for Type 3 members. Hence the calculation of
crack width is relevant only for Type 3 members. The
crack width is calculated for the cracks due to bending
which occur at the bottom or top surfaces of a flexural
member.

The flexural cracks start from the tension face and
propagate perpendicular to the axis of the member. This
type of cracks is illustrated in Section 5.1, Analysis for
Shear. If these cracks are wide, it leads to corrosion of
the reinforcing bars and prestressed tendons. Also, the
cracks tend to widen under sustained load or cyclic load.
To limit the crack width, Type 3 members have regular
reinforcing bars in the tension zone close to the surface,
in addition to the prestressed tendons.

The crack width of a flexural crack depends on the
following quantities.
IS 1343 : 2012
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38

1) Amount of prestress
2) Tensile stress in the longitudinal bars
3) Thickness of the concrete cover
4) Diameter and spacing of longitudinal bars
5) Depth of member and location of neutral axis
6) Bond strength
7) Tensile strength of concrete.


Usually the crack width is calculated at a point in the
soffit, which is equidistant from two longitudinal bars.
This point is the location of maximum estimated crack
width.

The values of x and m are calculated based on a
sectional analysis under service loads. The sectional
analysis should consider the tension carried by the
uncracked concrete in between two cracks. The
stiffening of a member due to the tension carried by the
concrete is called the tension stiffening effect. The
value of m is considered to be an average value of the
strain at the selected level over the span.

The analysis of a Type 3 member should be based on
strain compatibility of concrete and prestressing steel.
IS:456 - 2000 recommends two procedures for the
sectional analysis considering the tension stiffening
effect.
1) Rigorous procedure with explicit calculation of
tension carried by the concrete.
2) Simplified procedure based on the conventional
analysis of a cracked section, neglecting the tension
carried by concrete. An approximate estimate of the
tension carried by the concrete is subsequently
introduced. Here, the simplified procedure is explained.
For a prestressed member, (EpAp + EsAs) is substituted
in place of EsAs.
The second term considers the tension carried by the
concrete approximately by reducing the strain (1)
obtained from the analysis of a cracked section.

In the above expression,
a = distance from the compression face to the level at
which crack width is calculated
h, when the crack width is calculated at the soffit
b = width of the rectangular zone
d = effective depth of the longitudinal reinforcement
As = area of non-prestressed reinforcement
Ap = area of prestressing steel.
Es = modulus of elasticity of non-prestressed steel
Ep = modulus of elasticity of prestressed steel

The depth of neutral axis (x) can be calculated by a trial
and error procedure till the equilibrium equations are
satisfied. The following sketch shows the beam cross
section, strain profile, stress diagram and force couples
under service loads.
Based on the principles of mechanics, the
following equations are derived.

Crack with and crack spacing

Concrete can tolerate only a small tensile strain due to
stress before it cracks .After cracking the concrete
elongates by widening of the cracks and by formation of
new cracks.
Ignoring the small elastic strain in the concrete between
the cracks we can realize the crack width to the strain of
the member by
w
m
= e
cf
s
m


wm is the mean crack width and sm is the mean crack
spacing.
For a primary crack to form, the tensile stress at the
outer surface of the concrete must reach the tensile
strength of concrete. When a crack forms , the concrete
in the vicinity of the crack is relieved of any tension
,resulting in a stress free zone near the crack. The
average spacing of the primary cracks is twice the
length of the stress free zones.

S
m
= 3c
max


Where cmax is the maximum distance that appoint on
the surface of the concrete can be away from a
reinforcing bar face.

It is important to realize that the distance between
cracks will vary randomly over a very wide range , with
the maximum crack spacing being about twice the
minimum crack spacing. The crack spacings will be
influenced by additional variables. If the spacing of the
transverse reinforcements is close to the average crack
spacing that would form in the absence of transverse
bars a very uniform pattern of cracks will form.

Due to wide variation in crack spacings , there will also
be a wide variation in crack widths . To account for this
variation the characteristic crack width wm as the width
that only 5 % of the cracks will exceed . This
characteristic strength will be taken as

w
k
= 1.7w
m


The design for torsion involves the design of
longitudinal reinforcement as well as the transverse
reinforcement. The longitudinal reinforcement is
designed based on the equivalent ultimate bending
moment.The transverse reinforcement is designed based
on the Skew Bending Theory and a total shear
requirement. For the capacity of concrete, to consider
the simultaneous occurrence of flexural and torsional
shears, an interaction between the two is considered.


IS 1343 : 2012
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