K thut cm bin

Bai 1
KHAI NIM C BAN V CAC B CAM BIN.
1.

Khai nim c ban v cac b cam bin

Cam bin sensor: xut phat t ch sense nghia la giac quan do o no
nh cac giac quan trong c th con ngi. Nh cam bin ma mach in, h
thng in co th thu nhn thng tin t bn ngoai. T o, h thng may moc,
in t t ng mi co th t ng hin thi thng tin v ai lng ang cam
nhn hay iu khin qua trinh inh trc co kha nng thay i mt cach uyn
chuyn theo mi trng hoat ng.
d hiu co th so sanh cam nhn cua cam bin qua 5 giac quan cua
ngi nh sau:
5 giac quan
Thay i mi trng
Thit bi cam bin
Thi giac
Anh sang, hinh dang, kich
Cam bin thu hinh, cam
thc, vi tri xa gn, mau sc. bin quang.
Xuc giac
Ap sut, nhit , cn au,
Nhit tr, cam bin tim
tip xuc, tim cn, m, kh.
cn, cam bin rung
Vi giac
Ngot, mn, chua cay, beo.
ng.
Thinh giac
m rm bng, song m, m
o lng ng trong
lng.
mau.
Khu giac
Mui cua cac cht khi, cht
Cam bin song siu m,
long.
mi-cro.
o cn, thit bi cam
nhn khi ga.
Cm bin l thit b dng cm nhn bin i cc i lng vt l v cc
i lng khng c tnh cht in cn o thnh cc i lng in c th o v
x lc.
Cc i lng cn o (m) thng khng c tnh cht in (nh nhit , p
sut
...) tc ng ln cm bin cho ta mt c trng (s) mang tnh cht in (nh
in tch, in p, dng in hoc tr khng) cha ng thng tin cho php xc
nh gi tr ca i lng o. c trng (s) l hm ca i lng cn o (m): s
= F(m)
Pham vi ng dung:
Cng nghip
Nghin cu khoa hc.
Mi trng, kh tng.
Thng tin vin thng.
Nng nghip.
Dn dng
Giao thng.
V tr
Qun s

K thut cm bin

2. Phn loi cm bin

Cc b cm bin c phn loi theo cc c trng c bn sau y:
2.1 Theo nguyn l chuyn i gia kch thch v p ng:
Hin tng vt l:
- Nhit in
- Quang in
- Quang t
- in t
- Quang n hi
- T in
- Nhit t...
Hin tng ho hc:
- Bin i ho hc
- Bin i in ho
- Phn tch ph ...
- Bin i sinh ho
Hin tng sinh hc :
- Bin i vt l
- Hiu ng trn c th sng ...
2.2 Phn loi theo dng kch thch :
m thanh:
- Bin pha, phn cc
- Ph
- Tc truyn sng ...
in:
- in tch, dng in
- in th, in p
- in trng (bin, pha, phn cc, ph)
- in dn, hng s in mi ...
T:
- T trng (bin, pha, phn cc, ph)
- T thng, cng t trng
- t thm ...
Quang:
- Bin, pha, phn cc, ph
- Tc truyn
- H s pht x, khc x
- H s hp th, h s bc x ...
C:
- V tr
- Lc, p sut
- Gia tc, vn tc
- ng sut, cng
- M men:
- Khi lng, t trng
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K thut cm bin

- Vn tc cht lu, nht ...

Nhit:
- Nhit
- Thng lng
- Nhit dung, t nhit ...
Bc x:
- Kiu
- Nng lng
- Cng ...
2.3 Theo tnh nng ca b cm bin :
- nhy
- chnh xc
- phn gii
- chn lc
- tuyn tnh
- Cng sut tiu th
- Di tn
- tr
- Kh nng qu ti
- Tc p ng
- n nh
- Tui th
- iu kin mi trng
- Kch thc, trng lng
2.4 Phn loi theo phm vi s dng
- Cng nghip
- Nghin cu khoa hc
- Mi trng, kh tng
- Thng tin, vin thng
- Nng nghip
- Dn dng
- Giao thng
- V tr
- Qun s
2.5 Phn loi theo thng s ca m hnh mch in thay th :
+ Cm bin tch cc c u ra l ngun p hoc ngun dng.
+ Cm bin th ng c c trng bng cc thng s R, L, C, M .... tuyn
tnh hoc phi tuyn.
3 Vai tr - ng dng ca cm bin
Cc b cm bin ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong lnh vc o lng
v iu khin. Chng cm nhn v p ng theo cc kch thch thng l cc
i lng khng in, chuyn i cc i lng ny thnh cc i lng in
v truyn cc thng tin v h thng o lng iu khin, gip chng ta nhn
dng nh gi v iu khin mi bin trng thi ca i tng.

K thut cm bin

Bi 2

CM BIN NHIT
I. KIN THC L THUYT
1.i cng:
1.1. Thang o nhit :
Thang Kelvin : ( Thomson Kelvin 1852) : Thang nhit ng hc tuyt
i, n v nhit l oK. Trong thang o ny, ngi ta gn cho nhit ca
im cn bng ba trng thi nc nc hi mt gi tr s bng 273,15
o
K.
Thang Celsius ( Andreas Celsius 1742) : Thang nhit bch phn, n v
nhit l oC v mt Celsius bng 1 Kelvin
Nhit Celsius xc nh qua nhit Kelvin theo biu thc:

Thang Fahrenheit ( Fahrenheit 1706) : n v nhit l oF. Trong

thang o ny, nhit ca im nc tan l 32oF v im nc si l 212 oF.
Quan h gia nhit Fahrenheit v nhit Celssius:

1.2 Nhit cn o v nhit c o:

Gi s mi trng o c nhit thc bng Tx, nhng khi o ta ch nhn
c
nhit Tc l nhit ca phn t cm nhn ca cm bin. Nhit Tx gi l
nhit cn o, nhit Tc gi l nhit o c. iu kin o ng
nhit l phi c s cn bng nhit gia mi trng o v cm bin. Tuy
nhin, do nhiu nguyn nhn, nhit cm bin khng bao gi t ti nhit
mi trng Tx, do tn ti mt chnh lch nhit Tx - Tc nht nh.
chnh xc ca php o ph thuc vo hiu s Tx - Tc , hiu s ny cng b,
chnh xc ca php o cng cao. Mun vy khi o cn phi:
- Tng cnng s trao i nhit gia b cm bin v mi trng o.
- Gim s trao i nhit gia b cm bin v mi trng bn ngoi.
Chng ta hy kho st trng hp o bng cm bin tip xc. Lng nhit
truyn t mi trng vo b cm bin xc nh theo cng thc:
dQ = A(Tx Tc )dt
Vi: - h s dn nhit.
A - din tch b mt trao i nhit.
T - thi gian trao i nhit.
Lng nhit cm bin hp th:
dQ = mCdTc
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K thut cm bin

Vi: m - khi lng cm bin.

C - nhit dung ca cm bin.
Nu b qua tn tht nhit ca cm bin ra mi trng ngoi v gi , ta
c:
A Tx Tc dt = mCdTc

Trao i nhit ca cm bin.

tng cng trao i nhit gia mi trng c nhit cn o v cm
bin ta phi dng cm bin c phn t cm nhn c t nhit thp, h s dn
nhit cao, hn ch tn tht nhit t cm bin ra ngoi th cc tip im dn
t phn t cm nhn ra mch o bn ngoi phi c h s dn nhit thp.
2. Nhit in tr vi Platin v Nickel:
2.1. in tr kim loi thay i theo nhit ( Nhit tr PTR v NTR)

Da vo h s nhit in tr, c th phn in tr nhit thnh in tr c h

s nhit in tr dng PTR (Positive Thermic Resistor) v in tr c h s
nhit in tr m (Negative Thermic Resistor).
- Nhit in tr c h s nhit in tr m NTR. Gi tr in tr gim khi
nhit tng.
- Nhit in tr c h s nhit in tr dng PTR. Gi tr in tr tng
khi nhit tng.

K thut cm bin

Hnh 2.1: ng c tuyn lm vic ca PTR

ng c tuyn ca PTR chia lm 3 vng:
Vng nhit thp <TA: ging NTC
Vng h s nhit tng chm ( TA, TN)
Vng lm vic >TN
2.2 in tr kim loi vi Platin v Nickel (in tr nhit kim loi RTD)
2.2.1 Cu to u d nhit RTD

RTD c sn xut t cc vt liu c nhit in tr dng, ph bin nht l ng,

nickel, hp kim st- nickel, Vonfram, bch kim. Tuy nhin, bch kim c xem l
chnh xc nht, n nh nht v c th o nhit ln n 1200oF. Phm vi nhit
lm vic ca n cng cao hn Nickel, ng, hp kim st nikel. Ngoi ra s thay i
tr khng theo nhit ca n tuyn tnh nht
Tn vt liu
Phm vi nhit lm vic
Bch kim
-450 F n 1200 F
Nickel
-150 F n 600 F
ng
-100 F n 300 F
Hp kim st/ nickel
32 F n 400 F
Bng 2.1: Vt liu ch to RTD
Cc vt liu ng, nickel, hp kim st/nickel cng c dng lm RTD, nhng
hu ht chng u c gi thnh thp v c s dng trong cc ng dng khng i
hi yu cu cao.
* t tnh ca platin v nickel:
- Platin :
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K thut cm bin
+ C th ch to vi tinh khit rt cao (99,999%) do tng chnh xc
ca cc tnh cht in.
+ C tnh tr v mt ho hc v tnh n nh cu trc tinh th cao do m bo
tnh n nh cao v cc c tnh dn in trong qu trnh s dng.
+ H s nhit in tr 0oC bng 3,9.10-3/oC.
+ in tr 100oC ln gp 1,385 ln so vi 0oC.
+ Di nhit lm vic kh rng t -200oC 1000oC.
- Nikel:
+ C nhy nhit cao, bng 4,7.10-3/oC.
+ in tr 100oC ln gp 1,617 ln so vi 0oC.
+ D b oxy ho khi nhit cao lm gim tnh n nh.
+ Di nhit lm vic thp hn 250oC.

2.2.2 Phn loi u d nhit RTD

C 2 loi c bn:

a. Loi dy ni (Wire wound Element) :

y l loi thit k n gin nht. Si dy cm bin ( lm bng bch kim) c
qun xung quanh 1 ci li hoc trc. Li c th l trn hoc phng, nhng quan trng
l phi cch in c. Ngi ta cch in bng cch t li v dy qun trong 1 ci
ng bng s hoc king. Dy cm bin c ni ra ngoi bng nhng si dy ln hn.

Hnh 2.2: RTD loi dy ni

b. Loi mng mng (Thin Film Element) :

Ngi ta ph 1 lp bch kim mng (dy khong 10-7 mm n 10-6mm) ln 1 ci
bng s. u im ca loi ny l gi thnh thp v khi lng tc dng nhit thp,
lm cho chng p ng nhanh v d dng t vo cc v nh. Nhng n khng lm
vic n nh nh loi Wire wound.

Hnh 2.3: RTD loi mng mng

2.23 Cch ni dy o
Cu hnh dy c ba loi
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K thut cm bin

a. Loi 2 dy :
y l loi cu hnh dy n gin nht v chnh xc cng thp nht. in tr
ca dy mc ni tip vi phn t cm bin lm nh hng n chnh xc. Dy ni
cng di cng nh hng cng ln. S mch cu 2 dy c minh ha trong s
sau:

Hnh 2.4: RTD cu hnh 2 dy

Trong s mch loi 2 dy, dng in i qua phn t cm bin. Khi nhit ca
cm bin tng, in tr s gia tng. Kt qu l in p tng (V=I.R). Tr khng thc
lm cho in p tng chnh l tng tr ca phn t cm bin v tr khng ca dy ni.
V vy s dng c loi ny th dy ni cn phi ngn.

b. Loi 3 dy :
C 3 si dy ni t RTD thay v 2 dy. L1 v L3 dn dng o, L2 c vai tr nh
dy chit p. L tng th in tr ca dy L1 v L3 khng c. Tr khng ca R3 th
bng vi tr khng ca phn t cm bin Rt.

Hnh 2.5: RTD cu hnh 3 dy

c. Loi 4 dy:
Loi ny khc phc c li do tr khng ca im ni gy ra. Dng in i t
ngun dng n L1 ri n dy L4; Dy L2 v L3 o p ri trn RTD. Vi ngun
dng c nh th php o chnh xc hn. Loi cu hnh ny c gi thnh cao hn so
vi cu hnh 2 hay 3 dy, tuy nhin nu i hi chnh xc cao th nn la chn loi
cu hnh ny ( trong phng th nghim, t dng trong cng nghip)

Hnh 2.6: RTD Cu hnh 4 dy

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K thut cm bin

2.24 ng dng
S dng ph bin nht l RTD cu hnh 3 dy. RTD c nhiu ng dng, o c
nhit ca cht lng, b mt vt, cc dng kh. RTD l loi thit b th ng, khi s
dng cn c ngun cung cp.

Trong cng nghip, RTD thng c s dng kt hp vi cc b hin th nhit

(Controller) ca cc hng Autonics, Honeywell, ; cc b chuyn i
(transmitter) hoc c ni trc tip vo cc module AI (ca Siemens chng hn).
Nu s dng cc b hin th hay module th khng cn c ngun cung cp ring v cc
thit b ny cung cp ngun cho RTD.

K thut cm bin

Hnh 2.8: B iu khin nhit (Controller) ca Honeywell

3. Cm bin nhit bn dn:

3.1 Cm bin nhit bn dn vi vt liu silic (Si):
3.1.1 Cu to:
Lm t cc loi cht bn dn thng l Silic tinh khit hoc n tinh.
3.1.2 Nguyn l:
S phn cc ca cc cht bn dn b nh hng bi nhit .
Silic tinh khit hoc n tinh th silic c h s nhit in tr m.S thay i
in tr sut theo nhit ca Si ph thuc vo nng pha tp ( dn ti s
din tch t do) v vo nhit . Do vy, c th phn ra 2 min nhit . Di
1200C, h s nhit ca in tr sut dng ngha l in tr sut tng theo
nhit . Do tuyn tnh hn ch m di nhit ng dng ca in tr Si l:
- 50 n 1200 C.
Trn khong 1200 C, h s nhit in tr ca Si l m v tuyn tnh km
hn. Trong vng nhit trn 1200C th h s nhit in tr khng ph thuc
vo mc pha tp.
3.1.3 u nhc im
- u im: R tin, d ch to, nhy cao, chng nhiu tt, mch x l
n gin.
- Nhc im: Khng chu nhit cao, km bn.
3.1.4 ng dng:
o nhit khng kh, dng trong cc thit b o, bo v cc mch in t.
3.2 IC cm bin nhit
Cm bin nhit bn dn l nhng loi cm bin c ch to t nhng cht
bn dn. C cc loi nh Diode, Transistor, IC. Nguyn l ca chng l da
trn mc phn cc ca cc lp P-N tuyn tnh vi nhit mi trng.
Ngy nay vi s pht trin ca ngnh cng ngh bn dn cho ra i rt
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K thut cm bin

nhiu loi cm bin nhit vi s tch hp ca nhiu u im: chnh xc cao,

chng nhiu tt, hot ng n nh, mch in x l n gin, r tin,.
- Ta d dng bt gp cc cm bin loi ny di dng diode ( hnh dng
tng t Pt100), cc loi IC nh: LM35, LM335, LM45.
Nguyn l ca chng l nhit thay i s cho ra in p thay i. in
p ny c phn p t mt in p chun c trong mch.

IC cm bin nhit LM35

Cm bin nhit dng
Diode
Gn y c cho ra i IC cm bin nhit cao cp, chng h tr lun c chun
truyn thng I2C ( DS18B20 ) m ra mt xu hng mi trong th gii cm
bin.

IC cm bin nhit DS18B20

Lu khi s dng:
- V c ch to t cc thnh phn bn dn nn cm bin nhit Bn Dn
km bn, khng chu nhit cao. Nu vt ngng bo v c th lm hng
cm bin.
- Cm bin bn dn mi loi ch tuyn tnh trong mt gii hn no , ngoi
di ny cm bin s mt tc dng. Ht sc quan tm n tm o ca loi cm
bin ny t c s chnh xc.
- Loi cm bin ny km chu ng trong mi trng khc nghit: m cao,
ha cht c tnh n mn, rung sc va chm mnh.

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K thut cm bin

4. Thc hnh ng dng cc loi cm bin nhit :

A.Gii thiu Module cm bin nhit :

Binh gia nhiet

Bo dieu khien - hien thi nhiet do

Fan

M1

M2 Mixer

TEMPERATURE
BATH

E5CZ

HEATER

Control output

Alarm output
POWER SUPPLY

Thng s k thut

Module bnh gia nhit

- Th tch bnh: 2.6l
- ng knh bnh: 150 mm
- Kiu gia nhit: 2 chiu lnh v nng, cho php iu chnh T = 65 C,
cho php iu chnh nhit xung thp hn nhit mi trng.
- Lm mt: kiu i lu cng bc s dng qut gi
- Cng sut qut lm mt: 3.5W
- Cng sut b gia nhit: 300W
- Cc u vo / ra
+ Tn hiu ca cm bin nhit
+ Tn hiu iu khin b gia nhit
+ Tn hiu iu khin qut lm mt
- Thng s cm bin nhit
+ Di o ca cm bin: 0 ~ 400 C
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K thut cm bin

+ Kiu cm bin: PT-100

Module b hin th - iu khin nhit

- in p hot ng: AC220V,50Hz
- Kiu hin th: Led 7 thanh
- Cc tham s hin th c:
+ Nhit hin thi
+ Nhit t xung b iu khin (nhit mong mun ca ngi s
dng)
- Cc loi cm bin c th tng thch c:
+ Can nhit: K, J, R, E, T, N, W
+ in tr nhit: Pt100, JIS Pt100
- Cng sut u ra b gia nhit: 400W
- Cng sut u ra iu khin qut lm mt: 60W
- Kiu iu khin: On/Off, P, PI, PD, PID
Cc u vo ra
- A, B, C: u ra cm bin nhit .
- 3, 4, 5: u vo b iu khin nhit TZN4S.
- 1, 2, 6, 7, 8: Tip im iu khin ( u ni bn trong)
- Cool/Heat: o chiu tm gia nhit
- Sv2: iu khin ng c khuy.
- VR: iu chnh tc ng c khuy
- Heat, Stop, Cool: Led hin th trng thi.
Nguyn l hot ng
Khi cp ngun cho modul tm gia nhit s lm tng nhit trong bnh.
Cm bin nhit s a ra nhin hin th trn b iu khin nhit
TZN4S. C th iu chnh tc ng c khuy bng bin tr VR, iu chnh
nhit trong bnh bng cch o chiu tm gia nhit.
Gii thiu b iu khin nhit TZN4S

1. Gii thch model:

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K thut cm bin

1- Mc:
TZN: iu khin nhit PID
2- S ch s:
4 s
3- Kch thc:
S: W48 H48mm (Loi c kt ni)
SP: W48 H48mm (Loi c chn cm trn)
ST: W48 H48mm (Loi c kt ni)
4- Ng ra ph:
1: Ng ra Event1
2: Ng ra Event1 + Event2
R: Ng ra Event1 + Transmission (PV4-20mADC)
5- Ngun cp:
2: 24VAC/24-48VDC
4: 100-240VAC 50/60Hz
6- Ng ra iu khin:
R: Ng ra rle
S: Ng ra SSR
C: Ng ra dng (4-20mADC)
2. Thng s k thut
Ngun cung cp
Cng sut tiu th
Cch thc hin th
Kch thc ch
Ng
vo

Can nhit
RTD

Analog
Ng ra Relay
SSR
Dng
Ph
Loi iu khin
Hin th chnh xc
Thi gian ly mu
Thi gian ci t

100-240VAC 50/60Hz
5VA
Hin th bng LED 7 thanh (Gi tr x l (PV):
mu , gi tr ci t (SV): mu xanh.
PV: W7.8H11mm
SV: W5.8H8mm
K (CA), J(IC), R(PR), E(CR), T(CC), S(PR),
N(NN), W(TT) <sai s in tr ln nht trn
ng dy 100 cho mi dy>
Pt100, JIS Pt100, loi 3 dy <sai s in tr
ln nht trn ng dy 5 cho mi dy>
1-5VDC, 0-10VDC, 4-29mADC
250VAC 3A 1c
12VDC 3V 30mA max
4-20mADC ti max 600
Event1: Rle 250VAC 1A
iu khin ON/OFF, P, PI, PD, PIDF, PIDS
F.S 0.3% hoc 3oC
0.5 giy
1~999 giy
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K thut cm bin

LBA
Ci t cnh xung
Cnh ln, cnh xung 1~99 pht
3. nh dng mt trc v cc phm chc nng

1: PV: Hin th gi tr x l (mu )

2: SV: Hin th gi tr ci t (mu xanh)
3: Ch th hat ng ca SV2
4: AT: ch th hot ng t ng
5: Phm AT: ch th ch t ng
6: Phm ci t
7: EV1: Ch th ng ra Event1
8: OUT: Ch th ng ra chnh
9: MD: phm Mode
4. S kt ni

5. Kch thc

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K thut cm bin

6. Ci t
n phm
thng s c chn s nhp nhy, n phm
ch sau n phm
d liu s c thay i. Sau khi n
li ch RUN, nu khng n n s t ng RUN sau 60s.

16

chn
n s tr

K thut cm bin

Trong :
: u vo cm bin, la chn 19 loi
: Event1, la chn 9 loi
: u ra cnh bo, la chn 4 loi
: T ng bt turn1 hoc turn2
: Chn PIDF hoc PIDS
: Chn chc nng heat hoc cool
: n v nhit oC hoc oF
: t gi tr gii hn cao
: t gi tr gii hn thp
: La chn v tr im thp phn cho u vo analog
: Cho php t ON hoc OFF ca chc nng Ramp
: D liu khng th thay i kihi phm kha l ON

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K thut cm bin

7. Thay i gi tr ci t
1. Trong trng hp thay i gi tr ci t trng thi RUN, n phm
s ti SV s nhp nhy.

2. n phm

s ti SV s ln lt nhp nhy.

3. n phm
hoc
ti s nhp nhy thay i gi tr ci t.
4. n phm
khi hon thnh ci t. N s ngng nhp nhy v sau
tr li ch RUN.
B. TRNH T THC HIN:
Bc 1: Ci t thng s cho b hin th.
Bc 2: u ni gia l nhit v module cm bin nhit .
Bc 3: Cp ngun cho mudule l nhit v cm bin nhit . Ch : trnh
in git, chp in
Bc 4: Theo di s thay i nhit trn mn hnh, quan st cc loi n
bo( nh), n bo qu nhit, n bo thp nhit, cc n bo: Alm1, out1,
out2( ch lm nng/ lnh) v theo di cc n bo Alm1, Alm2,out1( ch
iu khin tiu chun) trn mt hin th ca mudule cm bin nhit

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K thut cm bin

Bi 3: CM BIN TIM CN V MT S LOI CM

BIN XC NH V TR V KHONG CCH KHC.
1. CM BIN TIM CN:
1.1.I CNG
1.1.1. c im:

Pht hin vt khng cn tip xc.

Tc p ng cao.

u sensor nh c th lp nhiu ni.

C th s dng trong mi trng khc nghit.

1.1.2.Mt s nh ngha: ( cc thut ng thng dng)

Ng Thng
S Dng
+. Thi GianCc
pThut
ng (Response
Time):
Trong di hot ng

D
i
ho
t

ng

Cm
Bin
Tim
Cn

+ Vt Chun (Standard Object):

Ngoi di hot ng

Vt
Cm
Bin

B
mt
cm
bin

Vt liu
Hnh dng
Kch thc
Tc
v..v..v..

Thi gian p ng (Response Time):

t1 : Khong thi gian t lc i tng chun chuyn ng i vo vng
Vthin
Chun
pht
ca(Standard
sensor ti Object):
khi u ra sensor bt ON.
vt c
nu hnh
dng,
vt liu,
t2Mt
: Khong
thixem
gianltvt
lcchun
i tng
chun
chuyn
ngkch
i rac,
khi
v.v.v...
ca
vt
phi
ph
hp

pht
huy
c
cc
t
tnh
k
thut
vng pht hin ca sensor ti khi u ra sensor tt v OFF.
ca sensor.

19

K thut cm bin

+. Tn S p ng (Response Frequency):

Cm Bin
Tim Cn

B mt
cm bin

Khong
cch cm
bin

Vt cm
bin

Tn s p ng f (Response Frequency):
S ln tc ng lp li khi vt cm bin i vo vng hot ng ca
sensor.

1.2. CM BIN TIM CN IN CM

1.2.1 Cu trc ca cm bin tim cn in cm:

Hnh 6.13 Cu to cm bin tim cn in cm

Mt b cm bin tim cn in cm gm c 4 khi chnh:
Cun dy v li ferit.
Mch dao ng.
Mch pht hin.
- Mch u ra.
1.2.2. Nguyn l hot ng:

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K thut cm bin

Hnh 6-14: Nguyn l hot ng ca cm bin tim cn in cm

Mch dao ng to dao ng in t, t trng bin thin t li st s tc
ng vi vt kim loi t trc n.
Khi c i tng li gn, xut hin dng in cm ng chng li s thay i
dng in, gim bin tn hiu dao ng.
B pht hin s pht hin s thay i tn hiu v tc ng mch ra ln
mc ON.
1.2.3..Phn loi:
Loi C Bo V (Shielded):
Vt
Cm
Bin

Sensor

T trng c tp trung trc

mt sensor nn t b nhiu bi
kim loi xung quanh, tuy nhin
khong cch o ngn i.

Shielded

Loi Khng C Bo V (Un-Shielded):

Khng c bo v t trng xung
quanh mt sensor nn khong
cch o di hn, tuy nhin d b
nhiu ca kim loi xung quanh.

Sensor

UnShielded
Vt Cm Bin

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K thut cm bin

1.2.4. Nhng yu t nh hng n tm pht hin ca cm bin tim

cn in cm.
a. Vt Liu i Tng (Material):
Khong cch
pht hin

V
t
Kim loi khng cha st (nhm, ng, )

u
Sensor

Kim loi c t tnh (st, SUS, )

Khong cch pht hin ca sensor ph

thuc rt nhiu vo vt liu ca vt cm
bin.
Cc vt liu c t tnh hoc kim loi c
cha st s c khong cch pht hin xa
hn cc vt liu khng t tnh hoc
khng cha st.

K
ho
n
g
c
ch
c
m
bi
n
(
m
m
)

u
Sensor

V
t

Iron

SUS
Brass
Aluminum
Copper

dn ca vt

b. Kch C Ca i Tng (Size):

Khong cch
pht hin

u
Sensor

u
Sensor

V
t

V
t
Kch thc vt ln

Kch thc vt nh

Nu vt cm bin nh hn vt th chun (test object), khong cch

pht hin ca sensor s gim.

22

K thut cm bin

c. B Dy Ca i Tng (Size):
Vi vt cm bin thuc nhm kim loi c t tnh (st, niken,
SUS, ), b dy vt phi ln hn hoc bng 1mm.

u
Sensor

Khong cch
cm bin

dy
vt
Vt

Vi vt cm bin khng thuc nhm kim loi c t tnh, b

dy ca vt cng mng th khong cch pht hin cng xa

1.2.5. u, nhc im ca cm bin tim cn in cm:

u im:
Pht hin vt khng cn phi tip xc.
Khng gy nhiu cho cc sng in t, sng siu m.
Tc p ng nhanh.
C th s dng trong mi trng khc nghit.
- u cm bin nh, c th lp t nhiu ni.
Nhc im:
Khong pht hin vt cn hi nh.
Ch pht hin c cc vt bng kim loi.
* Gii thiu cc u cm bin tim cn in cm trong thc t

23

K thut cm bin

1.2.6. Mt s ng dng ca cm bin tim cn in cm:

ng dng: pht hin vic ng np nhm cc chai bia

Pht hin cc l kim loi trn giy bc socola sau khi ng gi

24

K thut cm bin

1.3.CM BIN TIM CN IN DUNG

Cm bin tim cn in dung tng t nh cm bin in cm, im khc
nhau chnh l cm bin tim cn in cm sinh ra vng tnh in thay v
vng t in nh cm bin tin cn in cm.
1.3.1. Cu trc ca cm bin tim cn in dung:

Hnh Cu to cm bin tim cn in dung

Cm bin tim cn in dung gm bn b phn chnh :
- Cm bin(cc bn cc cch in).
- Mch dao ng.`
- B pht hin.
- Mch u ra.
1.3.2.Nguyn l ca cm bin tim cn in dung:
Trong cm bin tim cn in dung c b phn lm thay i in dung C
ca cc bn cc.
Nguyn l hot ng c bn ca cm bin in dung da trn vic nh gi
s thay i in dung ca t in.Bt k vt no i qua trong vng nhy ca
cm bin in dung th in dung ca t in tng ln.S thay i in dung
ny ph thuc vo khong cch,kch thc v hng s in mi ca vt liu.
Bn trong c mch dng ngun DC to dao ng cho cm bin dng, cm
bin dng s a ra mt dng in t l vi khong cch gia 2 tm cc
1.3.3. u, nhc im ca cm bin tim cn in dung:
u im:
i tng pht hin c th l cht lng,vt liu phi kim
Tc chuyn mch tng i nhanh
C th pht hin cc i tng c kch thc nh.
Phm vi cm nhn ln.
u cm bin nh, c th lp t nhiu ni.
Nhc im
- Chu nh hng ca bi v m
* Gii thiu cc u cm bin tim cn in dung trong thc t

25

K thut cm bin

1.3.4. Mt s ng dng ca cm bin tim cn in dung

ng dng : dng pht hin sa trong hp giy.

Pht hin c b mt cht lng, khng b nh hng bi mu sc

cht lng v khi ng b bn

26

K thut cm bin

bt

iu chnh nhy

Cht lng

Dy ra

E2KQ-X10ME1
Monitor photodiode

1.4. CM BIN TIM CN SIU M

1.4.1 . Cu trc:

1.4.2.Ngun l hot ng:

S dng b chuyn i ng vai tr va l b pht va l b thu sng m.
B chuyn i c th t trn nh ca bnh cha. Sng m dng xung pht ra
t b chuyn i n b mt cht lu s b phn x tr li v c b chuyn
i thu nhn bin thnh tn hiu in. Khong thi gian t thi im pht
xung n thi im thu sng phn x s t l vi khong cch t b chuyn i
n b mt cht lu. Nh vy, qua c th nh gi c mc ca cht lu
trong bnh cha.
1.4.3. u im ca cm bin tim cn siu m:
Vng cm bin rng khong cch pht hin vt th c th ln n vi m.
C th dng xc nh cc vt th c mu sc v vt liu kh phn
bit.
27

K thut cm bin

C th pht hin c vt th trong sut ( vt liu thy tinh ).

C th lm vic trong mt mi trng d v bi.
1.4.4. Nhc im ca cm bin tim cn siu m:
Cm bin siu m c gi thnh rt cao, khng kinh t.
Cm ng siu m phn ng tn hiu chm hn cc dng cm bin khc.
Tn s chuyn mch t 1 n 125 HZ.
1.4.5. Mt s ng dng ca cm bin tim cn siu m:

CM BIN SIU M
u ra analog: 4 20mA/ 0 10V
Ni connector ra (M12)
phn gii : 0.172 mm
Ngun vo: 10 30VDC

28

K thut cm bin

o mc cht lng trong bn

o chng ca vt

o cao ca 1 ng

o s lng giy b cun

1.5 CU HNH NG RA CA CM BIN TIM CN

Ng ra dng Transistor NPN v Transistor PNP:
Cm bin ba dy:
BN(1)
BK(4)

+24V DC
L

BU(3)

0 V

BN(1)
BK(4)

+24V DC

NPN normally open

BU(3)

0 V

BN(1)

BU(3)

PNP normally closed

0 V

BN(1)

BK(4)

PNP normally open

+24V DC
L

BU(3)

BK(4)

PNP normally closed

+24V DC
NPN normally closed

L
0 V

29

K thut cm bin

Cm bin bn dy

PNP c mt thng ng v
mt thng m

NPN c mt thng ng v mt
thng m

1.6 CCH KT NI CC CM BIN TIM CN VI NHAU

Kt ni 2 cm bin hai dy mc song song

+24V DC
BN(1)

BN(1)

BU(3)

BU(3)

UV

L
0V

30

K thut cm bin

Kt ni 2 cm bin 3 dy mc song song

+24V DC
BN(1)
BK(4)
BU(3)

BN(1)
BK(4)
BU(3)

L
0V

Kt ni 2 cm bin hai dy mc ni tip

+24V DC
BN(1)
BU(3)

BN(1)
BU(3)

V1
V2
L

0V

Kt ni 2 cm bin ba dy mc ni tip
+24V DC
BN(1)
BK(4)
BU(3)

BN(1)
BK(4)
BU(3)

V1

V2

L
0V

31

K thut cm bin

2. MT S LOI CM BIN XC NH V TR V
KHONG CCH KHC
2.1. Xc nh v tr v khong cch dng bin tr.

Hnh . in th k in tr
Mc ch ca vic o v pht hin mc cht lu l xc nh mc hoc khi
lng cht lu c trong bnh cha.
a. Cu trc v nguyn l hot ng: Gm mt in tr c nh Rn v mt
tip xc im c th di chuyn gn vi chuyn ng cn o. V tr con chy t l vi
gi tr in tr ti u ra ca tip xc im.
Dch chuyn thng

Hnh: Dng in th k in tr dch chuyn thng

Dch chuyn quay

Hnh: Dng in th k in tr dch chuyn quay

b. c tnh:

32

K thut cm bin

Hnh 6.6: S thay i ca in th k ph thuc vo v tr con chy

Gi tr in tr t 1K n 100K, i khi ln n M.
phn gii : thng thng t c 10m.
Tui th ca con chy : 106 ln vi dng xoay v 107 108 vi dng dch
chuyn.
tuyn tnh: u ng chy hoc cui ng chy, tuyn tnh km
Yu cu con chy: con chy phi m bo tip xc in tt, ngha l khng
gy nn sut in ng tip xc, in tr tip xc phi nh v n nh.

2. 2. Xc nh v tr, khong cch bng cm bin in dung.

Nguyn l lm vic : thay i gi tr in dung di tc ng dch chuyn lm thay
i v tr ca 2 bn cc.

in dung s ph thuc vo tit din, khong cch 2 bn cc v in mi ga 2 bn

cc

C(x) khng tuyn tnh theo dch chuyn

nhy:

33

K thut cm bin

bin thin in dung bng vi bin thin ca s dch chuyn nhng ngc
chiu.

2.3. Xc nh v tr, khong cch bng t cm.

XV tc ng lm phn ng 3 dch chuyn khe h khng kh thay i thay i t

tr ca li theo in cm v tng tr ca cm bin cng thay i theo.

Cm bin s dch chuyn dng h cm (t nghin cu).

Cu to ca cm bin dng h cm tng t cm bin in cm ch khc mt

ch c thm mt cun dy o.
Khi chiu di khe h khng kh (hnh a) hoc tit din khe khng kh thay i
(hnh b) hoc tn hao do dng in xoy thay i (hnh c) s lm cho t thng ca
mch t bin thin, ko theo sut in ng e trong cun thay i.

34

K thut cm bin

Sc in ng cm ng trong cun dy o W2:

35

K thut cm bin

3.THC HNH:
THC HNH CM BIN TIM CN IN CM V IN DUNG

S dng cm bin in cm v in dung trong mch iu khin

in kh nn:
A. Cng tc chun b:
1. Nghin cu s mch:
a) Mch in s dng cng tc hnh trnh:

b) Mch in kh nn dng cm bin gii hn hnh trnh ca piston:

1

+24V

A1

PB

K1
K1

2
Y
1

K2
A1

K1

K2

0V

2
5

36

K thut cm bin

Nguyn l hot ng: Nhn nt nhn PB, cun dy ca van in t c in

lm piston A dui ra, cui hnh trnh th tc ng ln A1 lm van in t mt
in nn nng van t phc hi lm cho piston A tht vo.
2. La chn thit b:
- B ngun 24V.
- B cng tc.
- B rle trung gian.
- Van in t 3/2.
- Xy lanh tc ng n.
- Cng tc hnh trnh.
- Cm bin in cm v in dung.
3.Vt t:
- ng dn kh.
- Dy in.
B. Trnh t thc hin:
1- La chn thit b, kim tra thit b:
Kim tra van in t, r le trung gian ( hc phn in kh nn).
Kim tra cm bin in dung: cp ngun cho cm bin v cho cm bin
nhn bit kim loi, phi kim nu ng ra cm bin c ni vi n, n sng l
cm bin tt.
Kim ra cm bin in cm cng tng t, nhng cm bin in cm ch
pht hin kim loi.
2- B tr thit b:
Lp thit b phi chc chn, cc thit b lp t gn p, cng tc hnh trnh
v cm bin mc sao cho hp l, u dy v sa cha cd dng.
3-.u mch in kh nn:
- Lp mch ng lc:
- Lp mch iu khin dng cng tc hnh trnh.
4. Kim tra mch:
5. Cp ngun cho mch vn hnh.
Sau khi mch in kh nn dng cng tc hnh trnh hot ng tt, ta thay
cng tc hnh trnh bng cm bin gii hn hnh trnh ca piston. T so
snh tc dng ca cng tc hnh trnh bng c v cm bin.
Sau khi mch s dng cm bin hot ng tt ta khng cho cm bin
nhn bit u piston m cho cm bin nhn bit cc vt liu khc nhau ( kim
loi , phi kim), cc kim loi khc nhau ( c t tnh hot khng c t tnh) v
cc vt c kch c khc nhau( ln nh, dy mng). t rt ra kt lun v kh
nng nhn bit ca cm bin tim cn in cm v in dung.

37