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Ansys Structural Analysis Guide
Ansys Structural Analysis Guide
Analysis Guide
ANSYS Release 9.0
002114
November 2004
ANSYS, Inc. is a
UL registered
ISO 9001: 2000
Company.
ANSYS, Inc.
Southpointe
275 Technology Drive
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(T) 724-746-3304
(F) 724-514-9494
Table of Contents
1. Overview of Structural Analyses ......................................................................................................... 11
1.1. Definition of Structural Analysis .................................................................................................... 11
1.2. Types of Structural Analysis ........................................................................................................... 11
1.3. Elements Used in Structural Analyses ............................................................................................ 12
1.4. Material Model Interface ............................................................................................................... 12
1.5. Types of Solution Methods ............................................................................................................ 12
2. Structural Static Analysis .................................................................................................................... 21
2.1. Definition of Static Analysis ........................................................................................................... 21
2.2. Linear vs. Nonlinear Static Analyses ............................................................................................... 21
2.3. Performing a Static Analysis .......................................................................................................... 21
2.3.1. Build the Model ................................................................................................................... 21
2.3.1.1. Points to Remember .................................................................................................... 21
2.3.2. Set Solution Controls ............................................................................................................ 22
2.3.2.1. Access the Solution Controls Dialog Box ...................................................................... 22
2.3.2.2. Using the Basic Tab ..................................................................................................... 22
2.3.2.3. The Transient Tab ........................................................................................................ 23
2.3.2.4. Using the Sol'n Options Tab ......................................................................................... 24
2.3.2.5. Using the Nonlinear Tab .............................................................................................. 24
2.3.2.6. Using the Advanced NL Tab ......................................................................................... 25
2.3.3. Set Additional Solution Options ........................................................................................... 25
2.3.3.1. Stress Stiffening Effects ................................................................................................ 25
2.3.3.2. Newton-Raphson Option ............................................................................................. 26
2.3.3.3. Prestress Effects Calculation ......................................................................................... 26
2.3.3.4. Mass Matrix Formulation ............................................................................................. 26
2.3.3.5. Reference Temperature ............................................................................................... 27
2.3.3.6. Mode Number ............................................................................................................. 27
2.3.3.7. Creep Criteria .............................................................................................................. 27
2.3.3.8. Printed Output ............................................................................................................ 27
2.3.3.9. Extrapolation of Results ............................................................................................... 27
2.3.4. Apply the Loads ................................................................................................................... 27
2.3.4.1. Load Types .................................................................................................................. 27
2.3.4.1.1. Displacements (UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ) ................................................... 27
2.3.4.1.2. Forces (FX, FY, FZ) and Moments (MX, MY, MZ) .................................................... 27
2.3.4.1.3. Pressures (PRES) .................................................................................................. 28
2.3.4.1.4. Temperatures (TEMP) .......................................................................................... 28
2.3.4.1.5. Fluences (FLUE) .................................................................................................. 28
2.3.4.1.6. Gravity, Spinning, Etc. ......................................................................................... 28
2.3.4.2. Apply Loads to the Model ............................................................................................ 28
2.3.4.2.1. Applying Loads Using TABLE Type Array Parameters ........................................... 28
2.3.4.3. Calculating Inertia Relief .............................................................................................. 29
2.3.4.3.1. Inertia Relief Output ............................................................................................ 29
2.3.4.3.2. Partial Inertia Relief Calculations .......................................................................... 29
2.3.4.3.3. Using a Macro to Perform Inertia Relief Calculations ........................................... 210
2.3.5. Solve the Analysis .............................................................................................................. 210
2.3.6. Review the Results ............................................................................................................. 210
2.3.6.1. Postprocessors .......................................................................................................... 211
2.3.6.2. Points to Remember .................................................................................................. 211
2.3.6.3. Reviewing Results Data .............................................................................................. 211
2.3.6.4. Typical Postprocessing Operations ............................................................................. 211
2.4. A Sample Static Analysis (GUI Method) ........................................................................................ 213
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List of Figures
2.1. Diagram of Allen Wrench .................................................................................................................. 214
3.1. Diagram of a Model Airplane Wing .................................................................................................... 313
3.2. Choose Master DOF .......................................................................................................................... 320
3.3. Choosing Master DOFs ...................................................................................................................... 321
3.4. Choosing Masters in an Axisymmetric Shell Model ............................................................................. 321
4.1. Harmonic Response Systems ............................................................................................................... 41
4.2. Relationship Between Real/Imaginary Components and Amplitude/Phase Angle ................................. 46
4.3. An Unbalanced Rotating Antenna ....................................................................................................... 47
4.4. Two-Mass-Spring-System .................................................................................................................. 414
5.1. Examples of Load-Versus-Time Curves ................................................................................................. 54
5.2. Examples of Gap Conditions .............................................................................................................. 521
5.3. Model of a Steel Beam Supporting a Concentrated Mass .................................................................... 527
5.4. Effect of Integration Time Step on Period Elongation ......................................................................... 534
5.5. Transient Input vs. Transient Response .............................................................................................. 535
5.6. Rayleigh Damping ............................................................................................................................ 538
6.1. Single-Point and Multi-Point Response Spectra ................................................................................... 62
6.2. Simply Supported Beam with Vertical Motion of Both Supports ......................................................... 611
7.1. Buckling Curves .................................................................................................................................. 71
7.2. Adjusting Variable Loads to Find an Eigenvalue of 1.0 .......................................................................... 74
7.3. Bar with Hinged Ends .......................................................................................................................... 79
8.1. Common Examples of Nonlinear Structural Behavior ........................................................................... 81
8.2. A Fishing Rod Demonstrates Geometric Nonlinearity ........................................................................... 82
8.3. Newton-Raphson Approach ................................................................................................................ 83
8.4. Traditional Newton-Raphson Method vs. Arc-Length Method .............................................................. 84
8.5. Load Steps, Substeps, and Time .......................................................................................................... 84
8.6. Nonconservative (Path-Dependent) Behavior ...................................................................................... 85
8.7. Load Directions Before and After Deflection ........................................................................................ 86
8.8. Stress-Stiffened Beams ........................................................................................................................ 88
8.9. Elastoplastic Stress-Strain Curve .......................................................................................................... 89
8.10. Kinematic Hardening ...................................................................................................................... 810
8.11. Bauschinger Effect .......................................................................................................................... 811
8.12. NLISO Stress-Strain Curve ................................................................................................................ 814
8.13. Cast Iron Plasticity ........................................................................................................................... 816
8.14. Hyperelastic Structure ..................................................................................................................... 817
8.15. Typical Hyperelastic Stress-Strain Curves ......................................................................................... 823
8.16. Data Locations in Stress and Strain Input Arrays ............................................................................... 825
8.17. Typical Evaluated Hyperelastic Stress-Strain Curve ........................................................................... 827
8.18. Stress Relaxation and Creep ............................................................................................................ 829
8.19. Time Hardening Creep Analysis ....................................................................................................... 830
8.20. Shape Memory Alloy Phases ............................................................................................................ 832
8.21. Viscoplastic Behavior in a Rolling Operation .................................................................................... 833
8.22. Viscoelastic Behavior (Maxwell Model) ............................................................................................. 834
8.23. Linear Interpolation of Nonlinear Results Can Introduce Some Error ................................................. 858
8.24. Convergence Norms Displayed By the Graphical Solution Tracking (GST) Feature ............................. 867
8.25. Typical Nonlinear Output Listing ..................................................................................................... 871
8.26. Cyclic Point Load History ................................................................................................................. 873
10.1. Element Topology of a 3-D 8-Node Interface Element ...................................................................... 102
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List of Tables
1.1. Structural Element Types .................................................................................................................... 12
2.1. Basic Tab Options ............................................................................................................................... 23
2.2. Sol'n Options Tab Options ................................................................................................................... 24
2.3. Nonlinear Tab Options ........................................................................................................................ 24
2.4. Advanced NL Tab Options ................................................................................................................... 25
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Fracture mechanics
Composites
Fatigue
p-Method
Beam Analyses
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Element Name(s)
Spars
Beams
Pipes
2-D Solids
3-D Solids
Shells
Solid-Shell
SOLSH190
Interface
Contact
Coupled-Field
Specialty
Explicit Dynamics
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More information about the loads that you can apply in a static analysis appears in Section 2.3.4: Apply the Loads.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Material properties can be linear or nonlinear, isotropic or orthotropic, and constant or temperature-dependent.
You must define stiffness in some form (for example, Young's modulus (EX), hyperelastic coefficients,
and so on).
For inertia loads (such as gravity), you must define the data required for mass calculations, such as
density (DENS).
For thermal loads (temperatures), you must define the coefficient of thermal expansion (ALPX).
Regions where stresses or strains vary rapidly (usually areas of interest) require a relatively finer mesh than
regions where stresses or strains are nearly constant (within an element).
While considering the influence of nonlinearities, remember that the mesh should be able to capture the
effects of the nonlinearities. For example, plasticity requires a reasonable integration point density (and
therefore a fine element mesh) in areas with high plastic deformation gradients.
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When setting ANTYPE and NLGEOM, choose Small Displacement Static if you are performing a new
analysis and you want to ignore large deformation effects such as large deflection, large rotation, and
large strain. Choose Large Displacement Static if you expect large deflections (as in the case of a long,
slender bar under bending) or large strains (as in a metal-forming problem). Choose Restart Current
Analysis if you want to restart a failed nonlinear analysis, or you have previously completed a static analysis, and you want to specify additional loads.
When setting TIME, remember that this load step option specifies time at the end of the load step. The
default value is 1.0 for the first load step. For subsequent load steps, the default is 1.0 plus the time specified
for the previous load step. Although time has no physical meaning in a static analysis (except in the case
of creep, viscoplasticity, or other rate-dependent material behavior), it is used as a convenient way of referring to load steps and substeps (see Chapter 2, Loading in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide).
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For more information about this option, see the following section(s)
in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide:
Section 3.2: Selecting a Solver through Section 3.3.9: The Automatic Iterative (Fast) Solver Option
Program chosen solver (ANSYS selects a solver for you, based on the physics of the problem)
Sparse direct solver (default for linear and nonlinear, static and full transient analyses)
Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient (PCG) solver (recommended for large models/high wavefronts,
bulky structures)
Algebraic Multigrid (AMG) solver (applicable in the same situations as the PCG solver, but provides
parallel processing; for faster turnaround times when used in a multiprocessor environment)
Distributed Domain Solver (DDS) provides parallel processing on multiple systems across a network
Iterative solver (auto-select; for linear static/full transient structural or steady-state thermal analyses
only; recommended)
Note The AMG and DDS solvers are part of Parallel Performance for ANSYS, which is a separately-licensed
product. See Chapter 14, Improving ANSYS Performance and Parallel Performance for ANSYS in the
ANSYS Advanced Analysis Techniques Guide for more information about these solvers.
For more information about this option, see the following section(s)
in the ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide:
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For more information about this option, see the following section(s)
in the ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide:
For more information about this option, see the following section(s)
in the ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide:
Stress stiffening is relevant only in nonlinear analyses. If you are performing a linear analysis [NLGEOM,OFF],
you can turn stress stiffening OFF.
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Prior to the analysis, you know that the structure is not likely to fail because of buckling (bifurcation, snap
through).
Including stress stiffness terms, in general, accelerates nonlinear convergence characteristics. Keeping in mind
the points listed above, you may choose to turn stress stiffening OFF for specific problems in which convergence
difficulties are seen; for example, local failures.
Command(s): SSTIF
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Unabridged Menu> Analysis Options
Program-chosen (default)
Full
Modified
Initial stiffness
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2.3.4.1.2. Forces (FX, FY, FZ) and Moments (MX, MY, MZ)
These are concentrated loads usually specified on the model exterior. The directions implied by the labels are
in the nodal coordinate system.
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Category
For details on commands and menu paths for defining these loads, see...
Constraints
Forces
Pressure (PRES)
Surface
Loads
Body Loads Section 2.6.8: Body Loads in the ANSYS Basic Analysis
Guide
Inertia Loads Section 2.6.9: Inertia Loads in the ANSYS Basic Analysis
Guide
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The model should not contain axisymmetric elements, substructures, or nonlinearities. Models with a
mixture of 2-D and 3-D element types are not recommended.
The effects of offsets and tapering are ignored for beam elements (BEAM23, BEAM24, BEAM44, and
BEAM54) as well as for layered elements (SHELL91, SHELL99, SOLID46, and SOLID191). The effects of unsymmetrical layups for layered elements are also ignored. (Breaking up each tapered element into several
elements will give a more accurate solution.)
Specify only the minimum number of displacement constraints - those required to prevent rigid-body
motion. Three constraints (or fewer, depending on the element type) are necessary for 2-D models and
six (or fewer) are necessary for 3-D models. Additional constraints, such as those required to impose
symmetry conditions, are permitted, but check for zero reaction forces at all the constraints to make sure
that the model is not overconstrained for inertia relief.
The loads for which inertia relief calculations are desired should be applied.
Command(s): IRLF,1
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Other> Inertia Relief
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See the ANSYS Commands Reference for discussions of the OUTPR, IRLF, IRLIST, and PSOLVE commands.
Save a backup copy of the database to a named file. You can then retrieve your model by reentering the
ANSYS program and issuing RESUME.
Command(s): SAVE
GUI: Utility Menu> File> Save as
2.
3.
If you want the analysis to include additional loading conditions (that is, multiple load steps), you will
need to repeat the process of applying loads, specifying load step options, saving, and solving for each
load step. (Other methods for handling multiple load steps are described in Chapter 2, Loading in the
ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.)
4.
Leave SOLUTION.
Command(s): FINISH
GUI: Close the Solution menu.
Primary data:
Derived data:
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and so on
2.3.6.1. Postprocessors
You can review these results using POST1, the general postprocessor, and POST26, the time-history processor.
POST1 is used to review results over the entire model at specific substeps (time-points). Some typical
POST1 operations are explained below.
POST26 is used in nonlinear static analyses to track specific result items over the applied load history. See
Chapter 8, Nonlinear Structural Analysis for the use of POST26 in a nonlinear static analysis. For a complete
description of all postprocessing functions, see Chapter 4, An Overview of Postprocessing in the ANSYS
Basic Analysis Guide.
To review results in POST1 or POST26, the database must contain the same model for which the solution
was calculated.
2.
Read in the desired set of results. Identify the data set by load step and substep numbers or by time. (If
you specify a time value for which no results are available, the ANSYS program will perform linear interpolation on all the data to calculate the results at that time.)
Command(s): SET
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> By Load Step
3.
Perform the necessary POST1 operations. Typical static analysis POST1 operations are explained below.
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Total (default)
Static component
Damping component
Inertia component
For a body in equilibrium, the total load (using all FORCE components) is zero at all nodes except where an applied
load or reaction load exists.
Option: Line Element Results
For line elements, such as beams, spars, and pipes, use ETABLE to gain access to derived data (stresses, strains,
and so on) (Main Menu> General Postproc> Element Table> Define Table). Results data are identified by a
combination of a label and a sequence number or component name on the ETABLE command. See the ETABLE
discussion in The General Postprocessor (POST1) in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for details.
Option: Error Estimation
For linear static analyses using solid or shell elements, use the PRERR command to list the estimated solution
error due to mesh discretization (Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Percent Error). This command
calculates and lists the percent error in structural energy norm (SEPC), which represents the error relative to a
particular mesh discretization.
Option: Structural Energy Error Estimation
Use PLESOL,SERR to contour the element-by-element structural energy error (SERR) (Main Menu> General
Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Element Solu). Regions of high SERR on the contour display are good
candidates for mesh refinement. (You can activate automatic mesh refinement by means of the ADAPT command
- see the ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide for more information.) See Section 5.3.6: Estimating Solution Error
in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for more details about error estimation.
Option: Contour Displays
Use PLNSOL and PLESOL to contour almost any result item, such as stresses (SX, SY, SZ...), strains (EPELX, EPELY,
EPELZ...), and displacements (UX, UY, UZ...) (Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot>
Nodal Solu or Element Solu).
The KUND field on PLNSOL and PLESOL gives you the option of overlaying the undeformed shape on the display.
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2.
Type the text "Static Analysis of an Allen Wrench" and click on OK.
Click once in the Input Window to make it active for text entry.
2.
Type the command /UNITS,SI and press ENTER. Notice that the command is stored in the history buffer,
which can be accessed by clicking on the down arrow at the right of the input window.
3.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Parameters> Angular Units. The Angular Units for Parametric
Functions dialog box appears.
4.
In the drop down menu for Units for angular parametric functions, select "Degrees DEG."
5.
Click on OK.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Parameters> Scalar Parameters. The Scalar Parameters dialog box
appears.
2.
Type the following parameters and their values in the Selection field. Click on Accept after you define
each parameter. For example, first type exx = 2.07e11 in the Selection field and then click on Accept.
Continue entering the remaining parameters and values in the same way.
Parameter
EXX
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Value
2.07E11
Description
Young's modulus is 2.07E11 Pa
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Value
Description
W_HEX
.01
W_FLAT
W_HEX* TAN(30)
L_SHANK
.075
L_HANDLE
.2
BENDRAD
.01
L_ELEM
.0075
NO_D_HEX
TOL
25E-6
Note You can type the labels in upper- or lowercase; ANSYS always displays the labels in uppercase.
3.
Click on Close.
4.
2.
3.
4.
In the scroll box on the right, click once on "Brick 8node 45."
5.
6.
Scroll up the list on the right to "Quad 4node 42." Click once to select it.
7.
Click on OK to define Quad 4node42 as element type 2. The Library of Element Types dialog box closes.
8.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models. The Define Material Model Behavior dialog box appears.
2.
In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the following options: Structural, Linear,
Elastic, Isotropic. A dialog box appears.
3.
Type the text EXX in the EX field (for Young's modulus), and .3 for PRXY.
Click on OK. This sets Young's modulus to the parameter specified above. Material Model Number 1
appears in the Material Models Defined window on the left.
4.
Choose menu path Material> Exit to remove the Define Material Model Behavior dialog box.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Polygon> By Side Length.
The Polygon by Side Length dialog box appears.
2.
3.
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Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Keypoints> In Active CS. The
Create Keypoints in Active Coordinate System dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Click on Apply.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Window Controls> Window Options. The Window Options
dialog box appears.
2.
In the Location of triad drop down menu, select "At top left."
3.
Click on OK.
4.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Pan/Zoom/Rotate. The Pan-Zoom-Rotate dialog box appears.
5.
6.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> View Settings> Angle of Rotation. The Angle of Rotation
dialog box appears.
7.
8.
In the Axis of rotation drop down menu, select "Global Cartes X."
9.
Click on OK.
10. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering. The Plot Numbering Controls dialog box
appears.
11. Click the Keypoint numbers radio button to turn keypoint numbering on.
12. Click the Line numbers radio button to turn line numbering on.
13. Click on OK.
14. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Lines> Straight Line.
The Create Straight Line picking menu appears.
15. Click once on keypoints 4 and 1 to create a line between keypoints 1 and 4. (If you have trouble reading
the keypoint numbers in the ANSYS Graphics window, use the controls on the Pan-Zoom-Rotate dialog
box (Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Pan/Zoom/Rotate) to zoom in.)
16. Click once on keypoints 7 and 8 to create a line between keypoints 7 and 8.
17. Click once on keypoints 8 and 9 to create a line between keypoints 8 and 9.
18. Click on OK.
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Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Line Fillet. The Line Fillet
picking menu appears.
2.
3.
Click on OK in the picking menu. The Line Fillet dialog box appears.
4.
5.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering. The Plot Numbering Controls dialog box
appears.
2.
3.
Click on OK.
4.
5.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Divide> With Options> Area by Line. The Divide Area by Line picking menu appears.
6.
7.
8.
Click once on line 7. (If you have trouble reading the line numbers in the ANSYS Graphics window, use
the controls on the Pan-Zoom-Rotate dialog box (Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Pan/Zoom/Rotate) to zoom
in.)
9.
Click on OK. The Divide Area by Line with Options dialog box appears. In the Subtracted lines will be
drop down menu, select Kept. Click OK.
10. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Comp/Assembly> Create Component. The Create Component
dialog box appears.
11. Enter BOTAREA for component name.
12. In the Component is made of drop down menu, select "Areas."
13. Click on OK.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Lines> Picked Lines. The
Element Size on Picked Lines picking menu appears.
2.
3.
Click on OK in the picking menu. The Element Sizes on Picked Lines dialog box appears.
4.
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Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Elem Attributes. The
Element Attributes dialog box appears.
2.
In the Element type number drop down menu, select 2 PLANE42 and click on OK.
3.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesher Opts. The Mesher Options dialog
box appears.
4.
In the Mesher Type field, click on the Mapped radio button and then click on OK. The Set Element Shape
dialog box appears.
5.
6.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Areas> Mapped> 3 or 4 sided. The
Mesh Areas picking box appears.
2.
3.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Elem Attributes. The
Element Attributes dialog box appears.
2.
In the Element type number drop down menu, select 1 SOLID45 and click on OK.
3.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Global> Size. The Global
Element Sizes dialog box appears.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Click on OK.
8.
9.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Extrude> Areas> Along Lines.
The Sweep Areas along Lines picking box appears.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Comp/Assembly> Select Comp/Assembly. The Select
Component or Assembly dialog appears.
2.
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Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Clear> Areas. The Clear Areas picking menu
appears.
4.
5.
6.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Comp/Assembly> Select Comp/Assembly. The Select
Component or Assembly dialog appears.
2.
3.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears.
4.
5.
6.
Click on Apply.
7.
8.
9.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Symbols. The Symbols dialog box appears.
2.
Click on the "All Applied BCs" radio button for Boundary condition symbol.
3.
4.
In the Show pres and convect as drop down menu, select "Arrows."
5.
Click on OK.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog appears.
2.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
Click on Reselect.
8.
9.
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Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Write LS File. The Write Load Step File
dialog appears.
2.
3.
Click on OK.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Parameters> Scalar Parameters. The Scalar Parameters dialog box
appears.
2.
Type the text PDOWN=20/(W_FLAT*(MAXYVAL-MINYVAL)) in the Selection text box and click on Accept.
3.
Click on Close.
4.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog appears.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Write LS File. The Write Load Step File
dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Solve> From LS Files. The Solve Load Step Files dialog box
appears.
2.
3.
4.
Click on the Close button after the Solution is done! window appears.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> First Set.
2.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Reaction Solu. The List Reaction
Solution dialog box appears.
3.
4.
5.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Symbols. The Symbols dialog box appears.
6.
Click on the "None" radio button for Boundary condition symbol, and click on OK.
7.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Edge Options. The Edge Options dialog box appears.
8.
In the Element outlines for non-contour/contour plots drop down menu, select "Edge Only/All."
9.
Click on OK.
10. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape. The Plot Deformed
Shape dialog box appears.
11. Click on the "Def + undeformed" radio button and click on OK.
12. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Save Plot Ctrls. The Save Plot Controls dialog box appears.
13. Type "pldisp.gsa" in the Selection box, and click on OK.
14. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> View Settings> Angle of Rotation. The Angle of Rotation
dialog box appears.
15. Enter 120 for Angle in degrees.
16. In the Relative/absolute drop down menu, select "Relative angle."
17. In the Axis of rotation drop down menu, select "Global Cartes Y."
18. Click on OK.
19. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu. The
Contour Nodal Solution Data dialog box appears.
20. In the scroll box on the left, click on "Stress." In the scroll box on the right, click on "Intensity SINT."
21. Click on OK.
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Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> Next Set.
2.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Reaction Solu. The List Reaction
Solution dialog box appears.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape. The Plot Deformed
Shape dialog box appears.
8.
Click on the "Def + undeformed" radio button if it is not already selected and click on OK.
9.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Offset WP by Increments. The Offset WP tool box appears.
2.
3.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Hidden Line Options. The Hidden-Line Options
dialog box appears.
4.
In the drop down menu for Type of Plot, select "Capped hidden."
5.
In the drop down menu for Cutting plane is, select "Working plane."
6.
Click on OK.
7.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Pan-Zoom-Rotate. The Pan-Zoom-Rotate tool box appears.
8.
Click on "WP."
9.
10. On the Pan-Zoom-Rotate dialog box, click on the large round dot several times to zoom in on the cross
section.
2.
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Click on OK.
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2.
3.
4.
Only linear behavior is valid in a modal analysis. If you specify nonlinear elements, they are treated as linear.
For example, if you include contact elements, their stiffnesses are calculated based on their initial status
and never change.
Material properties can be linear, isotropic or orthotropic, and constant or temperature-dependent. You
must define both Young's modulus (EX) (or stiffness in some form) and density (DENS) (or mass in some
form) for a modal analysis. Nonlinear properties are ignored. If applying element damping, you must
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
Command
GUI Path
New Analysis
ANTYPE
ANTYPE
mode-extraction Method
MODOPT
MODOPT
LUMPM
PSTRES
Note When you specify a modal analysis, a Solution menu that is appropriate for modal analyses appears. The Solution menu will be either abridged or unabridged, depending on the actions you took
prior to this step in your ANSYS session. The abridged menu contains only those solution options that
are valid and/or recommended for modal analyses. If you are on the abridged Solution menu and you
want to access other solution options (that is, solution options that are valid for you to use, but their use
may not be encouraged for this type of analysis), select the Unabridged Menu option. For details, see
Section 3.5.1: Using Abridged Solution Menus in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.
Note In the single point response spectrum (SPOPT,SPRS) and Dynamic Design analysis method (SPOPT,DDAM), the modal expansion can be performed after the spectrum analysis, based on the significance
factor SIGNIF on the MXPAND command. If you want to perform modal expansion after the spectrum
analysis, choose NO for mode expansion (MXPAND) on the dialog box for the modal analysis options
(MODOPT).
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Subspace method
The subspace method is used for large symmetric eigenvalue problems. Several solution controls are
available to control the subspace iteration process.
When doing a modal analysis with a large number of constraint equations, use the subspace method with
the frontal solver instead of the JCG solver, or use the Block Lanczos mode-extraction method.
PowerDynamics method
The PowerDynamics method is used for very large models (100,000+ DOFs), and is especially useful to
obtain a solution for the first several modes to learn how the model will behave. You can then choose the
most appropriate extraction method (subspace or Block Lanczos) for running the final solution. This
method automatically uses the lumped mass approximation (LUMPM,ON)
To use the PowerDynamics method when running in batch or command mode, you first issue MODOPT,SUBSPACE, followed by EQSLV,PCG.
Unsymmetric method
The unsymmetric method is used for problems with unsymmetric matrices, such as fluid-structure interaction problems.
Damped method
The damped method is used for problems where damping cannot be ignored, such as bearing problems.
QR Damped method
The QR damped method is faster and achieves better calculation efficiency than the damped method. It
uses the reduced modal damped matrix to calculate complex damped frequencies in modal coordinates.
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Category
Cmd Family
GUI Path
Solid Model
or FE
Entity
Apply
Delete
List
Operate
Apply Settings
Solid Model
Keypoints
DK
DKDELE
DKLIST
DTRAN
Solid Model
Lines
DL
DLDELE
DLLIST
DTRAN
Solid Model
Areas
DA
DADELE
DALIST
DTRAN
Finite Elem
Nodes
DDELE
DLIST
DSCALE
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35
Command
ALPHAD
BETAD
MP,DAMP
MP,DMPR
Damping is valid only for the damped and QR damped mode-extraction methods. Damping is ignored for the
other mode-extraction methods; see the Note below.
If you include damping and specify the damped mode-extraction method, the calculated eigenvalues and eigenvectors are complex. If you include damping and specify the QR damped mode-extraction method, the eigenvalues
are complex. However, the real eigenvectors are used for the mode superposition analysis. See Section 3.13:
Comparing Mode-Extraction Methods for details. Also see the section Section 5.10.3: Damping in Chapter 5,
Transient Dynamic Analysis for more information on damping.
Only the QR damped method supports the constant material damping coefficient application in a downstream
mode superposition harmonic analysis. The QR damped eigen analysis itself, however, does not include the effect
of the constant material damping coefficient. The corresponding modal damping matrix is formulated during
modal harmonic analysis.
Note Damping can be specified in a non-damped modal analysis if a single-point response spectrum
analysis is to follow the modal analysis. Although the damping does not affect the eigenvalue solution,
it is used to calculate an effective damping ratio for each mode, which is then used to calculate the response to the spectrum. Spectrum analyses are discussed in Chapter 6, Spectrum Analysis.
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3.5.7. Solve
Before you solve, you should save (SAVE) a back-up copy of the database to a named file. You can then retrieve
your model by reentering the ANSYS program and issuing RESUME.
Now start the solution calculations.
Command(s): SOLVE
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS
3.5.7.1. Output
The output from the solution consists mainly of the natural frequencies, which are printed as part of the printed
output (Jobname.OUT) and also written to the mode shape file (Jobname.MODE). The printed output may include
reduced mode shapes and the participation factor table, depending on your analysis options and output controls.
No mode shapes are written to the database or to the results file, so you cannot postprocess the results yet. To
do this, you need to expand the modes (explained next).
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options. The Modal Analysis
dialog box appears.
2.
Choose Subspace as the mode-extraction method and specify the number of modes to extract; then
click OK. The Subspace Modal Analysis dialog box appears.
3.
To change the shift point that was used in the eigenvalue extraction, you can issue the MODOPT,,,FREQB command. If you prefer to use the GUI to change the shift point, follow these steps:
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Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options. The Modal Analysis
dialog box appears.
2.
Choose Subspace as the mode-extraction method and specify the number of modes to extract; then
click OK. The Subspace Modal Analysis dialog box appears.
3.
If you use the damped mode-extraction method, the eigenvalues and eigenvectors are complex. The imaginary
part of the eigenvalue represents the natural frequency, and the real part is a measure of the stability of the
system. If you use the QR damped mode-extraction method, the eigenvalues are complex. However, the real eigenvectors are used for the mode superposition analysis.
The mode shape file (Jobname.MODE), Jobname.EMAT, Jobname.ESAV, and Jobname.TRI (if reduced
method) must be available.
The database must contain the same model for which the modal solution was calculated.
2.
38
Activate the expansion pass and its options. ANSYS offers these options for the expansion pass:
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Command
EXPASS
GUI Path
Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> ExpansionPass
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> ExpansionPass> Single Expand> Expand Modes
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> ExpansionPass> Single Expand> Expand Modes
MXPAND
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> ExpansionPass> Single Expand> Expand Modes
Specify load step options. The only options valid in a modal expansion pass are output controls:
Printed output
Use this option to include any results data (expanded mode shapes, stresses, and forces) on the
printed output file (Jobname.OUT).
Command(s): OUTPR
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> Solu Printout
4.
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Repeat steps 2, 3, and 4 for additional modes to be expanded (in different frequency ranges, for example).
Each expansion pass is stored as a separate load step on the results file.
Caution: Spectrum analyses expect all expanded modes to be in one load step. In the single
point response spectrum (SPOPT,SPRS) and Dynamic Design analysis method (SPOPT,DDAM),
the modal expansion can be performed after the spectrum analysis, based on the significance
factor SIGNIF on the MXPAND command. If you want to perform modal expansion after the
spectrum analysis, choose NO for mode expansion (MXPAND) on the dialog box for the modal
analysis options (MODOPT).
6.
Note The expansion pass has been presented here as a separate step. However, if you include the
MXPAND command in the modal solution step, the program not only extracts the eigenvalues and eigenvectors, but also expands the specified mode shapes.
Natural frequencies
You can review these results in POST1 [/POST1], the general postprocessor. Some typical postprocessing operations for a modal analysis are described below. For a complete description of all postprocessing functions, see
Chapter 4, An Overview of Postprocessing in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.
If you want to review results in POST1, the database must contain the same model for which the solution
was calculated.
Read in results data from the appropriate substep. Each mode is stored on the results file as a separate
substep. If you expand six modes, for instance, your results file will have one load step consisting of six
substeps.
Command(s): SET,SBSTEP
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> substep
2.
Perform any desired POST1 operations. Typical modal analysis POST1 operations are explained below:
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Command(s): SET,LIST
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results
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The detailed step-by-step procedure for this example, Modal Analysis of a Model Airplane Wing, is included in
the Modal Tutorial.
1
2
keypoints 1 and 2
keypoints 5 and 1
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ESEL,U,TYPE,,1
NSEL,S,LOC,Z,0
D,ALL,ALL
NSEL,ALL
MXPAND,5
SOLVE
FINISH
! extracting 5 modes
! Unselect element type 1
/POST1
SET,LIST,2
SET,FIRST
PLDISP,0
ANMODE,10,.5E-1
SET,NEXT
PLDISP,0
ANMODE,10,.5E-1
SET,NEXT
PLDISP,0
ANMODE,10,.5E-1
SET,NEXT
PLDISP,0
ANMODE,10,.5E-1
SET,NEXT
PLDISP,0
ANMODE,10,.5E-1
FINISH
/EXIT
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Build the model and obtain a static solution with prestress effects turned on [PSTRES,ON]. The same
lumped mass setting [LUMPM] used here must also be used in the later prestress modal analysis.
Chapter 2, Structural Static Analysis describes the procedure to obtain a static solution.
2.
Reenter SOLUTION and obtain the modal solution, also with prestress effects turned on (reissue
PSTRES,ON). Files Jobname.EMAT (if ANSYS creates it) and Jobname.ESAV from the static analysis
must be available. If the model is spinning, include spin-softening effects (via the OMEGA command's
KSPIN option) if necessary.
3.
Step 1 above can also be a transient analysis. In such a case, save the EMAT and ESAV files at the desired time
point.
If the deformed shape from the static solution differs significantly from its nondeformed shape, you can perform
a prestressed modal analysis of a large-deflection solution instead.
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Stress-stiffening (SSTIF,ON) must be applied instead. (This requirement applies to elements outside of
the 18x family of elements only.)
The EMATWRITE,YES command is also necessary to write the element matrices to File.EMAT.
Issuing either a PSTRES,OFF or SSTIF,OFF command prevents all previously specified prestressing from being
applied.
If the model is spinning, include spin-softening effects (via the OMEGA command's KSPIN option) in the modal
solution if necessary.
! Initial, large deflection static analysis
!
/PREP7
...
FINISH
/SOLU
ANTYPE,STATIC
! Static analysis
NLGEOM,ON
! Large deflection analysis
PSTRES,ON
! Flag to calculate the prestress matrix
...
SOLVE
FINISH
!
! Prestressed modal analysis
!
/SOLU
ANTYPE,MODAL
! Modal analysis
UPCOORD,1.0,ON
! Display mode shapes relative to deformed geometry
!
in the postprocessor.
PSTRES,ON
! Prestress effects ON
MODOPT,...
! Select eigensolver
MXPAND,...
! Specify the number of modes to expand, if desired.
PSOLVE,EIGxxxx
! Calculate the eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
! Use EIGLANB or EIGFULL to match MODOPT command.
FINISH
/SOLU
!Additional solution step for expansion.
EXPASS,ON
PSOLVE,EIGEXP
! Expand the eigenvector solution. (Required if you
!
want to review mode shapes in the postprocessor.)
FINISH
Note You may also use one of the other eigensolvers (PSOLVE,EIGSYM, PSOLVE,EIGUNSY, PSOLVE,EIGDAMP or PSOLVE,EIGREDUC). In such a case, a PSOLVE,TRIANG command must precede the
PSOLVE,EIGxxx command.
[K ]{ i} = 2 [M]{ i}
i
where:
[K] = stiffness matrix
{i} = mode shape vector (eigenvector) of mode i
2
i = natural circular frequency of mode i ( i is the eigenvalue)
[M] = mass matrix
Many numerical methods are available to solve the above equation. ANSYS offers these methods:
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Subspace method
PowerDynamics method
Unsymmetric method
Damped method (The damped method solves a different equation; see the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference
for more information.)
QR damped method (The QR damped method solves a different equation; see the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for more information.)
Note The damped, unsymmetric, and QR damped methods are not available in the ANSYS Professional
program.
The first four methods (Block Lanczos, subspace, PowerDynamics, and reduced) are the most commonly used.
Table 3.6: Symmetric System Eigensolver Choices compares these four mode-extraction methods. Following
the table is a brief description of each mode-extraction method.
Application
Memory
Required
Disk Required
Block Lanczos
Default. To find many modes (about 40+) of large models. Recommended when the model consists of poorly shaped solid and shell elements. This solver performs well when the model consists of shells or
a combination of shells and solids. Works faster but requires about
50% more memory than subspace.
Medium
Low
Subspace
Low
High
Power Dynamics To find few modes (up to about 20) of large models. Recommended
for fast computation of eigenvalues of over 100K DOF models. On
coarse mesh models, the frequencies are approximate. Missed modes
are possible when repeated frequencies are present.
High
Low
Reduced
Low
Low
To find all modes of small to medium models (less than 10K DOF). Can
be used to find few modes (up to about 40) of large models with
proper selection of master DOF, but accuracy of frequencies depends
on the master DOF selected.
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The total number of master DOF should be at least twice the number of modes of interest.
Choose master DOF in directions in which you expect the structure or component to vibrate. For a flat
plate, for example, you should choose at least a few masters in the out-of-plane direction (see Figure 3.2: Choose Master DOF (a)). In cases where motion in one direction induces a significant motion in
another direction, choose master DOF in both directions (see Figure 3.2: Choose Master DOF (b)).
(a) Possible out-of-plane masters for a flat plate(b) Motion in X induces motion in Y
320
Choose masters at locations having relatively large mass or rotary inertia and relatively low stiffness (see
Figure 3.3: Choosing Master DOFs). Examples of such locations are overhangs and "loosely" connected
structures. Conversely, do not choose masters at locations with relatively small mass, or at locations with
high stiffness (such as DOF close to constraints).
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
Choose masters at locations with (a) large rotary inertia, (b) large mass
If your primary interest is in bending modes, you can neglect rotational and "stretching" DOF.
If the degree of freedom to be chosen belongs to a coupled set, choose only the first (primary) DOF of
the coupled set.
Choose master DOF at locations where forces or nonzero displacements are to be applied.
For axisymmetric shell models (SHELL51 or SHELL61), choose as masters the global UX degree of freedom
at all nodes on those sections of the model that are parallel to or nearly parallel to the center line, so oscillatory motions between master DOF can be avoided (see Figure 3.4: Choosing Masters in an Axisymmetric Shell Model). This recommendation can be relaxed if the motion is primarily parallel to the
centerline. For axisymmetric harmonic elements with MODE = 2 or greater, choose as masters both UX
and UZ degrees of freedom.
The best way to check the validity of the master DOF set is to rerun the analysis with twice (or half) the number
of masters and to compare the results. Another way is to review the reduced mass distribution printed during a
modal solution. The reduced mass should be, at least in the dominant direction of motion, within 10-15 percent
of the total mass of the structure.
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6 2 U
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Typical harmonic response system. Fo and are known. uo and are unknown (a). Transient and
steady-state dynamic response of a structural system (b).
Harmonic response analysis is a linear analysis. Some nonlinearities, such as plasticity will be ignored, even if
they are defined. You can, however, have unsymmetric system matrices such as those encountered in a fluidstructure interaction problem (see Chapter 15, Acoustics in the ANSYS Coupled-Field Analysis Guide). Harmonic
analysis can also be performed on a prestressed structure, such as a violin string (assuming the harmonic stresses
are much smaller than the pretension stress). See Section 4.11.1.1: Prestressed Full Harmonic Response Analysis
for more information on prestressed harmonic analyses.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
It is easy to use, because you don't have to worry about choosing master degrees of freedom or mode
shapes.
It allows unsymmetric matrices, which are typical of such applications as acoustics and bearing problems.
It accepts all types of loads: nodal forces, imposed (nonzero) displacements, and element loads (pressures
and temperatures).
A disadvantage is that this method usually is more expensive than either of the other methods when you use
the frontal solver. However, when you use the JCG solver or the ICCG solver, the full method can be very efficient.
It is faster and less expensive compared to the full method when you are using the frontal solver.
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The initial solution calculates only the displacements at the master DOF. A second step, known as the
expansion pass, is required for a complete displacement, stress, and force solution. (However, the expansion
pass might be optional for some applications.)
All loads must be applied at user-defined master degrees of freedom. (This limits the use of solid-model
loads.)
It is faster and less expensive than either the reduced or the full method for many problems.
Element loads applied in the preceding modal analysis can be applied in the harmonic response analysis
via the LVSCALE command, unless the modal analysis was done using PowerDynamics.
It allows solutions to be clustered about the structure's natural frequencies. This results in a smoother,
more accurate tracing of the response curve.
When you are using PowerDynamics for the modal analysis, initial conditions cannot have previouslyapplied loads.
You can overcome any of these restrictions by performing a transient dynamic analysis, with harmonic loads
expressed as time-history loading functions. Chapter 5, Transient Dynamic Analysis describes the procedure
for a transient dynamic analysis.
43
3.
Both Young's modulus (EX) (or stiffness in some form) and density (DENS) (or mass in some form) must
be defined. Material properties may be linear, isotropic or orthotropic, and constant or temperature-dependent. Nonlinear material properties, if any, are ignored.
Only linear behavior is valid in a harmonic response analysis. Nonlinear elements, if any, will be treated
as linear elements. If you include contact elements, for example, their stiffnesses are calculated based on
their initial status and are never changed.
For a full harmonic response analysis, you can define frequency-dependent elastic material properties by
using TB,ELASTIC and TBFIELD; use TB,SDAMP and TBFIELD to define your structural damping coefficients.
Command
GUI Path
New Analysis
ANTYPE
Solution Method
HROPT
HROUT
LUMPM
Equation Solver
EQSLV
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45
3 S
7 $A43 2! 0@9(
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The amplitude is the maximum value of the load, which you specify using the commands shown in Table 4.2:
Applicable Loads in a Harmonic Response Analysis.
The phase angle is a measure of the time by which the load lags (or leads) a frame of reference. On the complex
plane (see Figure 4.2: Relationship Between Real/Imaginary Components and Amplitude/Phase Angle), it is the
angle measured from the real axis. The phase angle is required only if you have multiple loads that are out of
phase with each other. For example, the unbalanced rotating antenna shown in Figure 4.3: An Unbalanced
Rotating Antenna will produce out-of-phase vertical loads at its four support points. The phase angle cannot
be specified directly; instead, you specify the real and imaginary components of the out-of-phase loads using
the VALUE and VALUE2 fields of the appropriate displacement and force commands. Pressures and other surface
and body loads can only be specified with a phase angle of 0 (no imaginary component) with the following exceptions: nonzero imaginary components of pressures can be applied using the SURF153 and SURF154 elements
in a full harmonic response analysis, or using a mode superposition harmonic response analysis if the mode-extraction method is Block Lanczos (see the SF and SFE commands). Figure 4.2: Relationship Between Real/Imaginary Components and Amplitude/Phase Angle shows how to calculate the real and imaginary components.
The forcing frequency range is the frequency range of the harmonic load (in cycles/time). It is specified later as a
load step option with the HARFRQ command.
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9
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An unbalanced rotating antenna will produce out-of-phase vertical loads at its four support
points.
Note A harmonic analysis cannot calculate the response to multiple forcing functions acting simultaneously with different frequencies (for example, two machines with different rotating speeds running at
the same time). However, POST1 can superimpose multiple load cases to obtain the total response.
Table 4.2: Applicable Loads in a Harmonic Response Analysis summarizes the loads applicable to a to a harmonic response analysis. Except for inertia loads, you can define loads either on the solid model (keypoints, lines,
and areas) or on the finite element model (nodes and elements). For a general discussion of solid-model loads
versus finite element loads, see Chapter 2, Loading in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.
Category
Cmd Family
GUI Path
Constraints
Forces
Pressure (PRES)
Surface Loads
SF
BF
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Category
Cmd Family
Inertia Loads
GUI Path
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply>
Structural> Other
Solid Model
or FE
Entity
Apply
Delete
List
Operate
Apply Settings
DTRAN
DL
DLDELE
DLLIST
DTRAN
DA
DADELE
DALIST
DTRAN
DDELE
DLIST
DSCALE
FK
FKDELE
FKLIST
FTRAN
Finite Elem
FDELE
FLIST
FSCALE
FCUM
SFL
SFLDELE
SFLLIST
SFTRAN
SFGRAD
SFA
SFADELE
SFALIST
SFTRAN
SFGRAD
Finite Elem
Nodes
SF
SFDELE
SFLIST
SFSCALE
SFGRAD,
SFCUM
Finite Elem
Elements
SFE
SFEDELE
SFELIST
SFSCALE
BFK
BFKDELE
BFKLIST
BFTRAN
BFL
BFLDELE
BFLLIST
BFTRAN
BFA
BFADELE
BFALIST
BFTRAN
BFV
BFVDELE
BFVLIST
BFTRAN
Finite Elem
Nodes
BF
BFDELE
BFLIST
BFSCALE
BFCUM ,
BFUNIF ,
TBUNIF
Finite Elem
Inertia
DKLIST
Finite Elem
Temperature,
Fluence
DKDELE
Pressure
DK
Force
Elements
BFE
BFEDELE
BFELIST
BFSCALE
BFCUM
Nodes
Nodes
ACEL,
OMEGA,
DOMEGA,
CGLOC,
CGOMGA,
DCGOMG
DSYM, DCUM
-
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Command
GUI Path
General Options
Number of Harmonic Solutions NSUBST
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Freq and Substeps
KBC
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time - Time Step or Freq and Substeps
HARFRQ
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Freq and Substeps
Damping
ALPHAD, BETAD, DM- Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/FrePRAT
quenc> Damping
Dynamics Options
MP,DAMP, MP,DMPR
OUTPR
Extrapolation of Results
ERESX
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Damping
Damping in some form should be specified; otherwise, the response will be infinity at the resonant frequencies. ALPHAD and BETAD result in a frequency-dependent damping ratio, whereas DMPRAT specifies
a constant damping ratio to be used at all frequencies. Damping can also be specified for individual materials using MP,DAMP and MP,DMPR. See Section 5.10.3: Damping for further details.
Note If no damping is specified in a direct harmonic analysis (full or reduced), the program uses
zero damping by default.
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4.5.4.1. Postprocessors
You can review these results using either POST26 or POST1. The normal procedure is to first use POST26 to
identify critical forcing frequencies - frequencies at which the highest displacements (or stresses) occur at points
of interest in the model - and to then use POST1 to postprocess the entire model at these critical forcing frequencies.
POST1 is used to review results over the entire model at specific frequencies.
POST26 allows you to review results at specific points in the model over the entire frequency range.
Some typical postprocessing operations for a harmonic response analysis are explained below. For a complete
description of all postprocessing functions, see Chapter 4, An Overview of Postprocessing in the ANSYS Basic
Analysis Guide.
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Graph the variables (versus frequency or any other variable). Then use PLCPLX to work with just the
amplitude, phase angle, real part, or imaginary part.
Command(s): PLVAR, PLCPLX
GUI: Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Graph Variables
Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Settings> Graph
3.
Get a listing of the variable. To list just the extreme values, use the EXTREM command. Then use the
PRCPLX command to work with amplitude and phase angle or real and imaginary part.
Command(s): PRVAR, EXTREM, PRCPLX
GUI: Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> List Variables> List Extremes
Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> List Extremes
Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Settings> List
Many other functions, such as performing math operations among variables (in complex arithmetic), moving
variables into array parameters, moving array parameters into variables, etc., are available in POST26; see Chapter 6,
The Time-History Postprocessor (POST26) in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for details.
By reviewing the time-history results at strategic points throughout the model, you can identify the critical frequencies for further POST1 postprocessing.
Read in results for the desired harmonic solution. You can use the SET command for this purpose, but
it will read in either the real component or the imaginary component, not both at the same time. The
true magnitude of the results is given by an SRSS (square-root-of-sum-of-squares) combination of the
real and imaginary components (see Figure 4.2: Relationship Between Real/Imaginary Components and
Amplitude/Phase Angle) and can be done for specific points in the model in POST26.
2.
Display the deformed shape of the structure, contours of stresses, strains, etc., or vector plots of vector
items (PLVECT). To obtain tabular listings of data, use PRNSOL, PRESOL, PRRSOL, etc.
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2.
Type the text "Harmonic Response of Two-Mass-Spring System" and click on OK.
2.
3.
Scroll down the list on the left to "Combination" and select it.
4.
5.
Click on Apply.
6.
Scroll up the list on the left to "Structural Mass" and select it.
7.
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2.
Click on Add. The Element Type for Real Constants dialog box appears.
3.
4.
Click on OK. The Real Constants for COMBIN14 dialog box appears.
5.
Enter 200 for the spring constant (K) and 0.1 for the damping coefficient (CV1). Click on OK.
6.
7.
8.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Nodes> In Active CS.
2.
3.
4.
Click on Apply.
5.
6.
7.
Click on OK.
8.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering. The Plot Numbering Controls dialog box
appears.
9.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Auto Numbered>
Thru Nodes. A picking menu appears.
2.
3.
4.
5.
415
7.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Elem Attributes.
2.
3.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Auto Numbered>
Thru Nodes. A picking menu appears.
5.
6.
Click on Apply.
7.
4.6.3.7. Specify the Analysis Type, MDOF, and Load Step Specifications
1.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis.
2.
3.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options.
4.
5.
Click once on "Amplitud + phase" to select the DOF printout format and click on OK.
6.
7.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> Solu Printout.
8.
Click on "Last substep" to set the print frequency and click on OK.
9.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Freq and Substeps.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement> On
Nodes. A picking menu appears.
2.
Click on Pick All. The Apply U, ROT on Nodes dialog box appears.
3.
In the scroll box for DOFs to be constrained, click once on "UY" to highlight it (make sure no other selections are highlighted).
4.
Click on OK.
5.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement> On
Nodes. A picking menu appears.
6.
7.
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In the scroll box for DOFs to be constrained, click once on "UX" to highlight it and click once on "UY" to
deselect it.
9.
Click on OK.
10. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Force/ Moment> On
Nodes. A picking menu appears.
11. In the graphics window, click once on node 2.
12. Click on OK. The Apply F/M on Nodes dialog box appears.
13. In the scroll box for direction of force/moment, click once on "FX."
14. Enter 200 for the real part of force/moment and click on OK.
2.
3.
Click on OK on the Solve Current Load Step dialog box to begin the solution.
4.
When the solution is finished, a dialog box stating "Solution is done!" appears. Click on Close.
Choose menu path Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Define Variables. The Defined Time-History
Variables dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Click on OK to accept the default of Nodal DOF result. The Define Nodal Data dialog box appears.
4.
5.
6.
7.
In the scroll box on the right, click once on "Translation UX" to highlight it.
8.
Click on OK.
9.
Click on Add in the Defined Time-History Variables dialog box. The Add Time-History Variable dialog box
appears.
10. Click on OK to accept the default of Nodal DOF result. The Define Nodal Data dialog box appears.
11. Enter 3 for reference number of variable.
12. Enter 3 for node number.
13. Enter 3UX for the user-specified label.
14. In the scroll box on the right, click once on "Translation UX" to highlight it.
15. Click on OK.
16. Click on Close.
17. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Graphs. The Graph Controls dialog box appears.
18. In the scroll box for type of grid, scroll to "X and Y lines" to select it.
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! Spring element
! Spring element
! Mass element
! Mass element
! Store UX Displacements
! Turn grid on
! Y-axis label disp
! Display variables 2 and 3
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3.
4.
5.
Of these, the first step is the same as for the full method. Details of the other steps are explained below.
2.
Define the analysis type and options. Options for the reduced solution are the same as described for the
full method except for the following differences:
You can include prestress effects (PSTRES). This requires element files from a previous static (or
transient) analysis that also included prestress effects. See Section 4.11.1: Prestressed Harmonic Response Analysis for details.
3.
Define master degrees of freedom. Master DOF are essential or dynamic degrees of freedom that characterize the dynamic behavior of the structure. For a reduced harmonic response dynamic analysis,
master DOF are also required at locations where you want to apply forces or nonzero displacements.
See Section 3.14: Matrix Reduction for guidelines to choose master DOF.
4.
Apply loads on the model. Harmonic loading is the same as described for the full method, except for the
following restrictions:
Only displacements and forces are valid. Element loads such as pressures, temperatures, and accelerations are not allowed.
5.
Specify load step options. These are the same as described for the full method except that the OUTRES
and ERESX commands are not available, and the constant material damping coefficient (MP,DMPR) is
not applicable for the reduced method. The OUTPR command controls the printout of the nodal solution
at the master DOF (OUTPR,NSOL,ALL (or NONE)).
6.
7.
8.
Repeat steps 4 through 7 for any additional loads and frequency ranges (that is, for additional load steps).
If you plan to do time-history postprocessing (POST26), the frequency ranges should not overlap from
one load step to the next. Another method for multiple load steps, which allows you to store the load
steps on files and then solve them at once using a macro, is described in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.
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Leave SOLUTION.
Command(s): FINISH
GUI: Close the Solution menu.
Before defining the POST26 variables, use the FILE command to specify that data are to be read from
Jobname.RFRQ. For example, if HARMONIC is the jobname, the FILE command would be: FILE,HARMONIC,RFRQ. (By default, POST26 looks for a results file, which is not written by a reduced harmonic solution.)
Only nodal degree of freedom data (at master DOF) are available for processing, so you can use only the
NSOL command to define variables.
The .RFRQ, .TRI, .EMAT, and .ESAV files from the reduced solution must be available.
The database must contain the same model for which the reduced solution was calculated.
2.
Activate the expansion pass and its options. ANSYS offers these options for the expansion pass:
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Command
GUI Path
EXPASS
NUMEXP
NUMEXP
HREXP
NUMEXP,
EXPSOL
HROUT
3.
Specify load step options. The only options valid for a harmonic expansion pass are output controls:
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Extrapolation of Results
Use this option to review element integration point results by copying them to the nodes instead of
extrapolating them (default).
Note The FREQ field on OUTPR and OUTRES can be only ALL or NONE.
Command(s): ERESX
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> Integration Pt
4.
5.
Repeat steps 2, 3, and 4 for additional solutions to be expanded. Each expansion pass is stored as a separate load step on the results file.
Caution: Subsequent spectrum analyses expect all expanded modes to be in one load step.
6.
! Jobname
! Title
! Enter PREP7
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!
!
!
!
Reenter SOLUTION
Expansion pass
Expand a single solution
Phase angle for expanded solution
See the ANSYS Commands Reference for a discussion of the ANTYPE, HROPT, HROUT, M, TOTAL, HARFRQ,
DMPRAT, NSUBST, KBC, FILE, NSOL, PLCPLX, PLVAR, PRCPLX, PRVAR, EXPASS, EXPSOL, HREXP, PLDISP,
PRRSOL, and PLNSOL commands.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Of these, the first step is the same as described for the full method. The remaining steps are described below.
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The mode-extraction method should be Block Lanczos (default), subspace, reduced, PowerDynamics, or
QR damped. (The other methods, unsymmetric and damped, do not apply to mode superposition.)
Be sure to extract all modes that may contribute to the harmonic response.
If PowerDynamics was used for the modal solution, no nonzero loads or displacements are allowed (that
is, only u = 0 is valid as the initial condition). PowerDynamics does not create a load vector; therefore, the
LVSCALE command is not valid unless the scale factor is set to zero.
For the reduced mode-extraction method, include those master degrees of freedom at which harmonic
loads will be applied.
If you use the QR damped mode-extraction method, you must specify any damping (ALPHAD, BETAD,
MP,DAMP, or element damping including gyroscopic) that you want to include during preprocessing or
in the modal analysis. (ANSYS ignores damping specified during the mode superposition harmonic analysis.) You can set a constant damping ratio (DMPRAT), define constant material damping coefficients
(MP,DMPR), or define the damping ratio as a function of mode (MDAMP) in a modal superposition harmonic analysis.
If you need to apply harmonically varying element loads (pressures, temperatures, accelerations, and so
on), specify them in the modal analysis. ANSYS ignores the loads for the modal solution, but calculates a
load vector and writes it to the mode shape file (Jobname.MODE). You can then use the load vector for
the harmonic solution. Only forces, accelerations applied via the ACEL command, and the load vector
created in the modal analysis are valid. Use the LVSCALE command to apply both the real and imaginary
(if they exist) components of the load vector from the modal solution.
The modes need not be expanded for the mode superposition solution. (If you want to review mode
shapes, however, you must expand the mode shapes.)
Do not change the model data (for example, nodal rotations) between the modal and harmonic analyses.
Enter SOLUTION.
Command(s): /SOLU
GUI: Main Menu> Solution
2.
Define the analysis type and analysis options. These are the same as described for the full method, except
for the following differences:
Specify the modes you want to use for the solution (HROPT). This determines the accuracy of the
harmonic solution. Generally, the number of modes specified should cover about 50 percent more
than the frequency range of the harmonic loads.
Optionally, cluster the solutions about the structure's natural frequencies (HROUT) for a smoother
and more accurate tracing of the response curve.
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3.
Optionally, at each frequency, print a summary table that lists the contributions of each mode to the
response (HROUT). Note, OUTPR,NSOL must be specified to print mode contributions at each frequency.
Apply loads on the model. Harmonic loading is the same as described for the full method, except for the
following restrictions:
4.
Only forces, accelerations, and the load vector created in the modal analysis are valid. Use the LVSCALE
command to apply the load vector from the modal solution. Note that ALL loads from the modal
analysis are scaled, including forces and accelerations. To avoid load duplication, delete any loads
that were applied in the modal analysis.
If mode shapes from a reduced modal solution are being used, forces may be applied only at master
DOF.
Specify load step options. These are the same as described for the reduced method except that you can
also specify modal damping (MDAMP). In addition, if the QR damped method is specified, constant
material damping coefficients (MP,DMPR) can be defined.
The NSUBST command specifies the number of solutions on each side of a natural frequency if the
clustering option (HROUT) is chosen. The default is to calculate four solutions, but you can specify any
number of solutions from 2 through 20. (Any value over this range defaults to 10 and any value below
this range defaults to 4.)
5.
If you used either the Block Lanczos (default) or the subspace option for the modal analysis (MODOPT,LANB or SUBSP), you may use a nodal component with the OUTRES,NSOL command to limit the
displacement data written to the reduced displacement file Jobname.RFRQ. The expansion pass will
only produce valid results for those nodes and for those elements in which all of the nodes of the elements
have been written to the .RFRQ file. To use this option, first suppress all writing by invoking
OUTRES,NSOL,NONE, then specify the item(s) of interest by invoking OUTRES,NSOL,ALL,component.
Repeat the OUTRES command for any additional nodal components that you want to write to the .RFRQ
file.
6.
7.
8.
Repeat steps 3 to 7 for any additional loads and frequency ranges (that is, for additional load steps). If
you plan to do time-history postprocessing (POST26), the frequency ranges should not overlap from one
load step to the next.
9.
Leave SOLUTION.
Command(s): FINISH
GUI: Close the Solution menu.
The mode superposition harmonic solution is written to the reduced displacement file, Jobname.RFRQ, regardless
of whether the subspace, Block Lanczos, reduced, PowerDynamics, or QR damped method was used for the modal
solution. You will therefore need to expand the solution if you are interested in stress results.
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! Jobname
! Title
! Enter PREP7
! Generate model
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Harmonic analysis
Mode superposition method; number of modes to use
Harmonic analysis output options; cluster option
Scale factor for loads from modal analysis
Nodal loads
Forcing frequency range
Damping ratio
Modal damping ratios
Number of harmonic solutions
Ramped or stepped loads
! Initiate solution
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See the ANSYS Commands Reference for a discussion of the ANTYPE, MODOPT, M, TOTAL, HROPT, HROUT,
LVSCALE, F, HARFRQ, DMPRAT, MDAMP, NSUBST, KBC, FILE, NSOL, PLCPLX, PLVAR, EXPASS, EXPSOL,
HREXP, SET, and PLNSOL commands.
Build the model and obtain a static solution with prestress effects turned on (PSTRES,ON). The procedure
to obtain the static solution is explained in Chapter 2, Structural Static Analysis.
2.
Reenter SOLUTION and obtain the full harmonic solution, also with prestress effects turned on (reissue
PSTRES,ON). Files Jobname.EMAT and Jobname.ESAV from the static analysis must be available.
If thermal body forces were present during the static prestress analysis, these thermal body forces must
not be deleted during the full harmonic analysis or else the thermal prestress will vanish. Hence, any
temperature loads used to define the thermal prestress must also be used in the full harmonic response
analysis as sinusoidally time-varying temperature loads. You should be aware of this limitation and exercise
some judgement about whether or not to include temperature loads in their static prestress analysis.
Build the model and obtain a static solution with prestress effects turned on (PSTRES,ON). The procedure
to obtain the static solution is explained in Chapter 2, Structural Static Analysis.
2.
Reenter SOLUTION and obtain the reduced harmonic solution, also with prestress effects turned on (reissue PSTRES,ON). Files Jobname.EMAT and Jobname.ESAV from the static analysis must be available.
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430
Analyze a simpler model first. A model of beams, masses, and springs can provide good insight into the
problem at minimal cost. This simpler model may be all you need to determine the dynamic response
of the structure.
2.
If you are including nonlinearities, try to understand how they affect the structure's response by doing
a static analysis first. In some cases, nonlinearities need not be included in the dynamic analysis.
3.
Understand the dynamics of the problem. By doing a modal analysis, which calculates the natural frequencies and mode shapes, you can learn how the structure responds when those modes are excited.
The natural frequencies are also useful for calculating the correct integration time step.
4.
For a nonlinear problem, consider substructuring the linear portions of the model to reduce analysis
costs. Substructuring is described in the ANSYS Advanced Analysis Techniques Guide.
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It is easy to use, because you do not have to worry about choosing master degrees of freedom or mode
shapes.
It accepts all types of loads: nodal forces, imposed (nonzero) displacements (although not recommended),
and element loads (pressures and temperatures) and allows tabular boundary condition specification via
TABLE type array parameters.
The main disadvantage of the full method is that it is more expensive than either of the other methods.
For procedural information about using the full method, see Section 5.4: Performing a Full Transient Dynamic
Analysis.
It is faster and less expensive than the reduced or the full method for many problems.
Element loads applied in the preceding modal analysis can be applied in the transient dynamic analysis
via the LVSCALE command, unless the modal analysis was done using PowerDynamics.
The time step must remain constant throughout the transient, so automatic time stepping is not allowed.
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The initial solution calculates only the displacements at the master DOF. A second step, known as the
expansion pass, is required for a complete displacement, stress, and force solution. (However, the expansion
pass might not be needed for some applications.)
Element loads (pressures, temperatures, and so on) cannot be applied. Accelerations, however, are allowed.
All loads must be applied at user-defined master degrees of freedom. (This limits the use of solid-model
loads.)
The time step must remain constant throughout the transient, so automatic time stepping is not allowed.
For procedural information about using the reduced method, see Section 5.6: Performing a Reduced Transient
Dynamic Analysis.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Section 5.4.6: Save the Load Configuration for the Current Load Step
7.
8.
9.
53
Both Young's modulus (EX) (or stiffness in some form) and density (DENS) (or mass in some form) must
be defined. Material properties may be linear or nonlinear, isotropic or orthotropic, and constant or temperature-dependent.
The mesh should be fine enough to resolve the highest mode shape of interest.
Regions where stresses or strains are of interest require a relatively finer mesh than regions where only
displacements are of interest.
If you want to include nonlinearities, the mesh should be able to capture the effects of the nonlinearities.
For example, plasticity requires a reasonable integration point density (and therefore a fine element mesh)
in areas with high plastic deformation gradients.
If you are interested in wave propagation effects (for example, a bar dropped exactly on its end), the mesh
should be fine enough to resolve the wave. A general guideline is to have at least 20 elements per
wavelength along the direction of the wave.
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u
u
second order): initial displacement (uo) and initial velocity ( o ). If no special action is taken, both uo and o are
u
assumed to be zero. Initial accelerations ( o ) are always assumed to be zero, but you can specify nonzero initial
accelerations by applying appropriate acceleration loads over a small time interval.
The following paragraphs describe how to apply different combinations of initial conditions.
Zero initial displacement and zero initial velocity - These are the default conditions, that is, if uo = o = 0, you do
not need to specify anything. You may apply the loads corresponding to the first corner of the load-versus-time
curve in the first load step.
Nonzero initial displacement and/or nonzero initial velocity - You can set these initial conditions with the IC command.
Command(s): IC
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Initial Condit'n> Define
Caution: Be careful not to define inconsistent initial conditions. For instance, if you define an initial velocity at a single DOF, the initial velocity at every other DOF will be 0.0, potentially leading to conflicting
initial conditions. In most cases, you will want to define initial conditions at every unconstrained DOF in
your model. If these conditions are not the same at every DOF, it is usually much easier to define initial
conditions explicitly, as documented below (rather than by using the IC command).
See the ANSYS Commands Reference for a discussion of the TIMINT and IC commands.
Zero initial displacement and nonzero initial velocity - The nonzero velocity is established by applying small displacements over a small time interval on the part of the structure where velocity is to be specified. For example
if
uo = 0.25, you can apply a displacement of 0.001 over a time interval of 0.004, as shown below.
...
TIMINT,OFF
D,ALL,UY,.001
TIME,.004
LSWRITE
DDEL,ALL,UY
TIMINT,ON
...
!
!
!
!
!
!
Nonzero initial displacement and nonzero initial velocity - This is similar to the above case, except that the imposed
displacements are actual values instead of "small" values. For example, if uo = 1.0 and
a displacement of 1.0 over a time interval of 0.4:
...
TIMINT,OFF
D,ALL,UY,1.0
TIME,.4
LSWRITE
DDELE,ALL,UY
!
!
!
!
!
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Nonzero initial displacement and zero initial velocity - This requires the use of two substeps (NSUBST,2) with a step
change in imposed displacements (KBC,1). Without the step change (or with just one substep), the imposed
displacements would vary directly with time, leading to a nonzero initial velocity. The example below shows how
u
to apply uo = 1.0 and o = 0.0:
...
TIMINT,OFF
! Time integration effects off for static solution
D,ALL,UY,1.0
! Initial displacement = 1.0
TIME,.001
! Small time interval
NSUBST,2
! Two substeps
KBC,1
! Stepped loads
LSWRITE
! Write load data to load step file (Jobname.S01)
! Transient solution
TIMINT,ON
! Time-integration effects on for transient solution
TIME,...
! Realistic time interval
DDELE,ALL,UY
! Remove displacement constraints
KBC,0
! Ramped loads (if appropriate)
! Continue with normal transient solution procedures
...
Nonzero initial acceleration - This can be approximated by specifying the required acceleration (ACEL) over a
small interval of time. For example, the commands to apply an initial acceleration of 9.81 would look like this:
...
ACEL,,9.81
! Initial Y-direction acceleration
TIME,.001
! Small time interval
NSUBST,2
! Two substeps
KBC,1
! Stepped loads
! The structure must be unconstrained in the initial load step, or
! else the initial acceleration specification will have no effect.
DDELE, ...
! Remove displacement constraints (if appropriate)
LSWRITE
! Write load data to load step file (Jobname.S01)
! Transient solution
TIME, ...
! Realistic time interval
NSUBST, ...
! Use appropriate time step
KBC,0
! Ramped loads (if appropriate)
D, ...
! Constrain structure as desired
! Continue with normal transient solution procedures
LSWRITE
! Write load data to load step file (Jobname.S02)
...
See the ANSYS Commands Reference for discussions of the ACEL, TIME, NSUBST, KBC, LSWRITE, DDELE, and
KBC commands.
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When setting ANTYPE and NLGEOM, choose Small Displacement Transient if you are performing a
new analysis and you want to ignore large deformation effects such as large deflection, large rotation,
and large strain. Choose Large Displacement Transient if you expect large deflections (as in the case of
a long, slender bar under bending) or large strains (as in a metal-forming problem). Choose Restart Current
Analysis if you want to restart a failed nonlinear analysis, or you have previously completed a static
prestress or a full transient dynamic analysis, and you want to extend the time-history.
When setting AUTOTS, remember that this load step option (which is also known as time-step optimization
in a transient analysis) increases or decreases the integration time step based on the response of the
structure. For most problems, we recommend that you turn on automatic time stepping, with upper and
lower limits for the integration time step. These limits, specified using DELTIM or NSUBST, help to limit
the range of variation of the time step; see Section 5.10.2: Automatic Time Stepping for more information.
The default is ON.
NSUBST and DELTIM are load step options that specify the integration time step for a transient analysis.
The integration time step is the time increment used in the time integration of the equations of motion.
You can specify the time increment directly or indirectly (that is, in terms of the number of substeps). The
time step size determines the accuracy of the solution: the smaller its value, the higher the accuracy. You
should consider several factors in order to calculate a "good" integration time step; see Section 5.10.1:
Guidelines for Integration Time Step for details.
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Special considerations for setting these options in a full transient analysis include:
TIMINT is a dynamic load step option that specifies whether time integration effects are on or off. Time
integration effects must be turned on for inertia and damping effects to be included in the analysis (otherwise a static solution is performed), so the default is to include time integration effects. This option is
useful when beginning a transient analysis from an initial static solution; that is, the first load steps are
solved with the time integration effects off.
ALPHAD (alpha, or mass, damping) and BETAD (beta, or stiffness, damping) are dynamic load step options
for specifying damping options. Damping in some form is present in most structures and should be included
in your analysis. See Section 5.4.4.2: Damping Option for other damping options.
TRNOPT (TINTOPT) specifies the time integration method to be used. The default is Newmark method.
TINTP is a dynamic load step option that specifies transient integration parameters. Transient integration
parameters control the nature of the Newmark and HHT time integration techniques.
Section 2.3.2.6: Using the Advanced NL Tab. Exception: You cannot use arc-length options in a full transient
analysis.
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Additional solution options for a full transient analysis that differ from those for a static analysis, or have different
descriptions are presented in the following sections.
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5.4.6. Save the Load Configuration for the Current Load Step
As described in Section 5.4.2: Establish Initial Conditions, you need to apply loads and save the load configuration
to a load step file for each corner of the load-versus-time curve. You may also want to have an additional load
step that extends past the last time point on the curve to capture the response of the structure after the transient
loading.
Command(s): LSWRITE
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Write LS File
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5.4.11.1. Postprocessors
You can review these results using either POST26, which is the time-history postprocessor, or POST1, which is
the general postprocessor.
POST26 is used to review results at specific points in the model as functions of time.
POST1 is used to review results over the entire model at specific time points.
Some typical postprocessing operations for a transient dynamic analysis are explained below. For a complete
description of all postprocessing functions, see Section 4.1: What Is Postprocessing? in the ANSYS Basic Analysis
Guide.
2.
Graph or list the variables. By reviewing the time-history results at strategic points throughout the
model, you can identify the critical time points for further POST1 postprocessing.
Command(s): PLVAR (graph variables) PRVAR, EXTREM (list variables)
GUI: Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Graph Variables
Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> List Variables
Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> List Extremes
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2.
Read in the desired set of results. Use the SET command to identify the data set by load step and substep
numbers or by time.
Command(s): SET
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> By Time/Freq
3.
Perform the necessary POST1 operations. The typical POST1 operations that you perform for a transient
dynamic analysis are the same as those that you perform for a static analysis. See Section 2.3.6.4: Typical
Postprocessing Operations for a list of these operations.
Note If you specify a time for which no results are available, the results that are stored will be
a linear interpolation between the two nearest time points.
! Jobname
! Title
! Enter PREP7
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!
!
!
!
!
/POST1
SET,...
!
PLDISP,...
!
PRRSOL,...
!
PLNSOL,...
!
PRERR
!
-----! Other postprocessing as
--FINISH
See the ANSYS Commands Reference for discussions of the ANTYPE, TRNOPT, ALPHAD, BETAD, KBC, TIME,
AUTOTS, DELTIM, OUTRES, LSWRITE, LSSOLVE, SOLU, NSOL, ESOL, RFORCE, PLVAR, PRVAR, PLDISP, PRRSOL,
PLNSOL, and PRERR commands.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The mode-extraction method should be Block Lanczos (default), reduced, subspace, PowerDynamics, or
QR damped. (The other methods, unsymmetric and damped, do not apply to mode superposition.)
PowerDynamics does not create a load vector.
Be sure to extract all modes that may contribute to the dynamic response.
If PowerDynamics was used for the modal solution, no nonzero loads or displacements are allowed (that
is, only u = 0 is valid as the initial condition). PowerDynamics does not create a load vector; therefore, the
LVSCALE command is not valid unless the scale factor is set to zero.
For the reduced mode-extraction method, include those master degrees of freedom at those nodes at
which forces and gap conditions are to be defined.
If you use the QR damped mode-extraction method, you must specify any damping (ALPHAD, BETAD,
MP,DAMP, or element damping including gyroscopic) that you want to include during preprocessing or
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Specify displacement constraints, if any. These constraints will be ignored if they are specified in the mode
superposition transient solution instead of in the modal solution.
If you need to apply element loads (pressures, temperatures, accelerations, and so on) in the transient
dynamic analysis, you must specify them in the modal analysis. The loads are ignored for the modal
solution, but a load vector will be calculated and written to the mode shape file (Jobname.MODE). You
can then use this load vector for the transient solution.
The modes need not be expanded for the mode superposition solution. (If you want to review mode
shapes from a reduced modal solution, however, you must expand the mode shapes.)
The model data (for example, nodal rotations) should not be changed between the modal and transient
analyses.
The database must contain the same model for which the modal solution was obtained.
Enter SOLUTION.
Command(s): /SOLU
GUI: Main Menu> Solution
2.
Define the analysis type and analysis options. These are the same as the analysis options that are described
for the full method (in Section 5.4.3: Set Solution Controls and Section 5.4.4: Set Additional Solution
Options), except for the following differences:
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You cannot use the Solution Controls dialog box to define analysis type and analysis options for a
mode superposition transient analysis. Instead, you must set them using the standard set of ANSYS
solution commands (which are listed in Section 5.4.3: Set Solution Controls and Section 5.4.4: Set
Additional Solution Options) and the standard corresponding menu paths.
When you specify a mode superposition transient analysis, a Solution menu that is appropriate for
that specific type of analysis appears. The Solution menu will be either abridged or unabridged,
depending on the actions you took prior to this step in your ANSYS session. The abridged menu
contains only those solution options that are valid and/or recommended for mode superposition
transient analyses. If you are on the abridged Solution menu and you want to access other solution
options (that is, solution options that are valid for you to use, but their use may not be encouraged
for this type of analysis), select the Unabridged Menu option from the Solution menu. For details,
see Section 3.5.1: Using Abridged Solution Menus in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.
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Specify the number of modes you want to use for the solution (TRNOPT). This determines the accuracy
of the transient solution. At a minimum, you should use all modes that you think will contribute to
the dynamic response. If you expect higher frequencies to be excited, for example, the number of
modes specified should include the higher modes. The default is to use all modes calculated in the
modal solution.
If you do not want to use rigid body (0 frequency) modes, use MINMODE on the TRNOPT command
to skip over them.
3.
Define gap conditions, if any. They can only be defined between two master degree of freedom (DOF)
nodes or between master DOF nodes and ground. When a non-reduced mode-extraction method is
used, a master DOF implies an unconstrained, active DOF. If you used the QR damped mode-extraction
method, gap conditions are not supported. More details about gap conditions are presented in Section 5.6.1.3.1: Gap Conditions.
Command(s): GP
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Dynamic Gap Cond> Define
4.
Apply loads to the model. The following loading restrictions apply in a mode superposition transient
dynamic analysis:
Only forces, accelerations applied via the ACEL command, and a load vector created in the modal
analysis are valid. Imposed nonzero displacements are ignored. Use the LVSCALE command
(Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Load Vector> For Mode Super) to apply the load
vector from the modal solution.
If mode shapes from a reduced modal solution are being used, forces may be applied only at master
DOF.
Multiple load steps are usually required to specify the load history in a transient analysis. The first load
step is used to establish initial conditions, and second and subsequent load steps are used for the transient loading, as explained next.
5.
Establish initial conditions. In modal superposition transient analyses, a first solution is done at TIME =
0. This establishes the initial condition and time step size for the entire transient analysis. Generally, the
only load applicable for the first load step is initializing nodal forces. For this pseudo-static analysis, the
mode superposition method may yield poor results at TIME = 0 if nonzero loads are applied.
The following load step options are available for the first load step:
Table 5.2 Options for the First Load Step-Mode Superposition Analysis
Option
Command
GUI Path
Dynamics Options
Transient Integration Para- TINTP
meters
Load Vector
LVSCALE
Damping
General Options
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Command
GUI Path
DELTIM
OUTPR
Damping
Damping in some form is present in most structures and should be included in your analysis. You
can specify five forms of damping in a mode superposition transient dynamic analysis:
Alpha (mass) damping (ALPHAD)
Beta (stiffness) damping (BETAD)
Constant damping ratio (DMPRAT)
Material-dependent beta damping (MP,DAMP)
Modal damping (MDAMP)
Remember that, as described earlier in Section 5.5.2: Obtain the Modal Solution, any damping
that you specify in the mode superposition transient analysis is ignored if you used the QR
damped mode-extraction method. Constant material damping coefficient (MP,DMPR) is not
applicable in transient analysis. See Section 5.10.3: Damping for further details.
The only valid general option for the first load step is integration time step (DELTIM), which is assumed
to be constant throughout the transient. By default, the integration time step is assumed to be 1/(20f),
where f is the highest frequency chosen for the solution. The DELTIM command is valid only in the
first load step and is ignored in subsequent load steps.
Note If you do issue the TIME command in the first load step, it will be ignored. The first
solution is always a static solution at TIME = 0.
6.
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The output control option for the first load step is printed output (OUTPR). Use this option to control
printout of the displacement solution at the master DOF.
Write the first load step to a load step file (Jobname.S01) by issuing the LSWRITE command.
Command(s): LSWRITE
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Specify loads and load step options for the transient loading portion, writing each load step to a load
step file (LSWRITE).
The only valid label on these commands is NSOL (nodal solution). The default for OUTRES is to write
the solution for every fourth time-point to the reduced displacement file (unless there are gap conditions defined, in which case the default is to write every solution).
8.
If you used either the Block Lanczos (default) or subspace option for the modal analysis (MODOPT,LANB
or MODOPT,SUBSP), you may use a nodal component with the OUTRES,NSOL command to limit the
displacement data written to the reduced displacement file Jobname.RDSP. The expansion pass will
only produce valid results for those nodes and for those elements in which all of the nodes of the elements
have been written to the .RDSP file. To use this option, first suppress all writing by invoking
OUTRES,NSOL,NONE, then specify the item(s) of interest by invoking OUTRES,NSOL,FREQ,COMP. Repeat
the OUTRES command for any additional nodal components that you want to write to the .RDSP file.
Only one output frequency is allowed - ANSYS uses the last frequency specified by OUTRES.
9.
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! Jobname
! Title
! Enter PREP7
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See the ANSYS Commands Reference for discussions of the ANTYPE, MODOPT, M, TOTAL, ACEL, TRNOPT, LVSCALE, MDAMP, DELTIM, TIME, KBC, OUTRES, LSSOLVE, FILE, SOLU, NSOL, PLVAR, PRVAR, EXPASS, NUMEXP,
OUTRES, PLDISP, PRRSOL, PLNSOL, and PRERR commands.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Of these, the first step is the same as for the full method, except that no nonlinearities are allowed (other than
simple node-to-node contact, which is specified in the form of a gap condition instead of an element type). Details
of the other steps are explained below.
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You cannot use the Solution Controls dialog box to define analysis type and analysis options for a reduced
transient dynamic analysis. Instead, you must set them using the standard set of ANSYS solution commands
(which are listed in Section 5.4.3: Set Solution Controls and Section 5.4.4: Set Additional Solution Options)
and the standard corresponding menu paths.
When you specify a reduced transient analysis, a Solution menu that is appropriate for that specific type
of analysis appears. The Solution menu will be either abridged or unabridged, depending on the actions
you took prior to this step in your ANSYS session. The abridged menu contains only those solution options
that are valid and/or recommended for reduced transient analyses. If you are on the abridged Solution
menu and you want to access other solution options (that is, solution options that are valid for you to use,
but their use may not be encouraged for this type of analysis), select the Unabridged Menu option from
the Solution menu. For details, see Section 3.5.1: Using Abridged Solution Menus in the ANSYS Basic
Analysis Guide.
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Gap conditions are similar to gap elements and are specified between surfaces that are expected to contact
(impact) each other during the transient. The ANSYS program accounts for the gap force, which develops when
the gap closes, by using an equivalent nodal load vector.
Some guidelines to define gap conditions are presented below:
Use enough gap conditions to obtain a smooth contact stress distribution between the contacting surfaces.
Define a reasonable gap stiffness. If the stiffness is too low, the contacting surfaces may overlap too much.
If the stiffness is too high, a very small time step will be required during impact. A general recommendation
is to specify a gap stiffness that is one or two orders of magnitude higher than the adjacent element
stiffness. You can estimate the adjacent element stiffness using AE/L, where A is the contributing area
around the gap condition, E is the elastic modulus of the softer material at the interface, and L is the depth
of the first layer of elements at the interface.
The nonlinear gap damping provided through the DAMP field of the GP command runs faster than a full
transient analysis using a gap element COMBIN40. Only TRNOPT = MSUP allows the nonlinear gap
damping action. Damping conditions are ignored for the reduced transient analysis method.
Only displacements, forces, and translational accelerations (such as gravity) are valid. Acceleration loading
is not allowed if the model contains any master DOF at any nodes with rotated nodal coordinate systems.
As mentioned for the full method, multiple load steps are usually required to specify the load history in a transient
analysis. The first load step is used to establish initial conditions, and second and subsequent load steps are used
for the transient loading, as explained next.
Establish initial conditions. The only initial condition that may be explicitly established is the initial dis-
placement (uo); that is, initial velocity and acceleration must be zero ( o = 0, o = 0). Displacements
cannot be deleted in subsequent load steps, therefore they cannot be used to specify an initial velocity.
In a reduced transient analysis, a static solution is always performed as the first solution, using the loads
given, to determine uo.
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Specify load step options for the first load step. Valid options appear in Table 5.3: Options for the First
Load Step-Reduced Analysis.
Command
GUI Path
Dynamics Options
Transient Integration Paramet- TINTP
ers
ALPHAD, BETAD,
MP,DAMP
DELTIM
OUTPR
Damping
General Options
Integration Time Step
Output Control Options
Printed Output
Damping
Damping in some form is present in most structures and should be included in your analysis. You can
specify four forms of damping in a reduced transient dynamic analysis:
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General Options
Time (specifies the time at the end of the load step) (TIME)
Stepped (KBC,1) or ramped loads (KBC)
Output Controls
Printed output (OUTPR)
Reduced displacement file (OUTRES)
The only valid label on these commands is NSOL (nodal solution). The default for OUTRES is to write the
solution for every fourth time-point to the reduced displacement file (unless there are gap conditions
defined, in which case the default is to write every solution).
Before defining the POST26 variables, use the FILE command (Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Settings>
File) to specify that data are to be read from Jobname.RDSP. For example, if the jobname is TRANS, the
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Only nodal degree of freedom data (at master DOF) are available for processing, so you can use only the
NSOL command to define variables.
The .RDSP, .EMAT, .ESAV, .DB, and .TRI files from the reduced solution must be available.
The database must contain the same model for which the reduced solution was calculated.
Reenter SOLUTION.
Command(s): /SOLU
GUI: Main Menu> Solution
Note You must explicitly leave SOLUTION (using the FINISH command) and reenter (/SOLU)
before performing the expansion pass.
2.
Command
GUI Path
EXPASS
NUMEXP
EXPSOL
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3.
Specify load step options. The only options valid for a transient dynamic expansion pass are output
controls:
Output Controls
4.
5.
Repeat steps 2, 3, and 4 for additional solutions to be expanded. Each expansion pass is stored as a separate load step on the results file.
6.
Leave SOLUTION.
Command(s): FINISH
GUI: Close the Solution window.
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2.
Enter the text "Transient response to a constant force with a finite rise time."
3.
Click on OK.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete. The Element Types
dialog box appears.
2.
3.
4.
In the right scroll box, click on "2D elastic 3," and click on Apply.
5.
6.
In the right scroll box, click on "3D mass 21," and click on OK.
7.
In the Element Types dialog box, click once on "Type 2," and click on Options.
8.
In the scroll box for Rotary inertia options, scroll to "2D w/o rot iner" and select it.
9.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Real Constants> Add/Edit/Delete. The Real Constants
dialog box appears.
2.
Click on Add. The Element Type for Real Constants dialog box appears.
3.
Click on Type1 BEAM3 then Click on OK. The Real Constants for BEAM3 dialog box appears.
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5.
Click on OK.
6.
7.
Click on Type 2 MASS21 and click on OK. The Real Constant Set Number 2, for MASS21 dialog box appears.
8.
9.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models. The Define Material Model Behavior dialog box appears.
2.
In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the following options: Structural, Linear,
Elastic, Isotropic. A dialog box appears.
3.
Enter 30e3 for EX (Young's modulus), enter 0.3 for PRXY, and click on OK. Material Model Number 1 appears
in the Material Models Defined window on the left.
4.
Choose menu path Material> Exit to remove the Define Material Model Behavior dialog box.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Nodes> In Active CS. The Create
Nodes in Active Coordinate System dialog box appears.
2.
Enter 1 for node number and click on Apply to define node 1 at 0,0,0.
3.
4.
5.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Nodes> Fill between Nds. The
Fill between Nds picking menu appears.
6.
Click once on nodes 1 and 3 in the ANSYS Graphics window, and click on OK in the picking menu. The
Create Nodes Between 2 Nodes dialog box appears.
7.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Auto Numbered>
Thru Nodes. The Elements from Nodes picking menu appears.
2.
3.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Elem Attributes. The
Element Attributes dialog box appears.
5.
6.
In the Real constant set number drop down menu, select 2 and click OK.
7.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Auto Numbered>
Thru Nodes. The Elements from Nodes picking menu appears.
8.
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Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis.
2.
Click on "Transient" to select it, and click on OK. The Transient Analysis dialog box appears.
3.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options. The Reduced Transient
Analysis dialog box appears.
5.
6.
Click on OK.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Master DOFs> User Selected> Define. The Define Master
DOFs picking menu appears.
2.
Click on node 2 and click on OK. The Define Master DOFs dialog box appears.
3.
In the drop down menu for 1st degree of freedom, select "UY."
4.
Click on OK.
Choose the menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time-Time Step.
The Time and Time Step Options dialog box appears.
2.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement> On
Nodes. The Apply U,ROT on Nodes picking menu appears.
2.
Click on node 1 and click on Apply. The Apply U,ROT on Nodes dialog box appears.
3.
Click on "UY" to select it and click on Apply. The Apply U,ROT on Nodes picking menu appears.
4.
Click on node 3, and click on OK. The Apply U,ROT on Nodes dialog box appears.
5.
Click on "UX" to select it. "UY" should remain selected. Click on OK.
6.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Force/Moment> On
Nodes. The Apply F/M on Nodes picking menu appears.
7.
Click on node 2 and click on OK. The Apply F/M on Nodes dialog box appears.
8.
In the drop down menu for Direction of force/mom, select "FY." Leave the value as blank (zero) for the
initial static solution.
9.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> DB/Results File. The
Controls for Database and Results File Writing dialog box appears.
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2.
3.
Click on OK on the Solve Current Load Step dialog box to begin the solution.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc>Time-Time Step. The
Time and Time Step Options dialog box appears.
2.
Enter .075 for Time at end of load step and click on OK.
3.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Force/Moment> On
Nodes. The Apply F/M on Nodes picking menu appears.
4.
Click on node 2 and click on OK. The Apply F/M on Nodes dialog box appears.
5.
2.
3.
Click on OK on the Solve Current Load Step dialog box to begin the solution.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time-Time Step. The
Time and Time Step Options dialog box appears.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Click on OK on the Solve Current Load Step dialog box to begin the solution.
6.
7.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> ExpansionPass. Set the Expansion pass
radio button to On and click on OK.
2.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> ExpansionPass> Single Expand> By
Time/Freq. The Expand Single Solution by Time/Frequency dialog box appears.
3.
4.
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Section 5.8: Sample Reduced Transient Dynamic Analysis (Command or Batch Method)
5.
6.
Click on OK on the Solve Current Load Step dialog box to begin the solution.
7.
Choose menu path Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Settings> File. The File Settings dialog box appears.
2.
Click browse and select "file.rdsp" and click on open then OK.
3.
Choose menu path Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Define Variables. The Defined Time-History
Variables dialog box appears.
4.
5.
Click on OK to accept the default of Nodal DOF result. The Define Nodal Data picking menu appears. Pick
node 2 and click OK.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Click on OK, then click on Close in the Defined Time-History Variables dialog box.
11. Choose menu path Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Graph Variables.
12. Enter 2 for 1st variable to graph and click on OK. The graph appears in the ANSYS Graphics window.
13. Choose menu path Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> List Variables.
14. Enter 2 for 1st variable to list and click on OK.
15. Review the information in the status window and click on Close.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> First Set.
2.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape. The Plot Deformed
Shape dialog box appears.
3.
2.
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! 2-D mass
! Beam area = 1, I = 800.6, h = 18
! Mass
! Force = 0 at Time = 0
! Time at end of load step
! Force is ramped to 20
! Constant force until time = 0.1
/SOLU
! The following is the expansion pass using BEAM3 and MASS21 elements
EXPASS,ON
! Expansion pass on
EXPSOL,,,0.092
! Time of maximum response
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST26
NUMVAR,0
FILE,file,rdsp
NSOL,2,2,U,Y,NSOL
PLVAR,2
PRVAR,2
FINISH
/POST1
SET,FIRST
PLDISP,1
FINISH
! Read in results
! Display deformed and undeformed shape
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Build your model, enter SOLUTION, and define a transient analysis type (ANTYPE,TRANS).
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If prestressing effects develop because of nonlinear behavior (as in the case of residual thermal stresses
in a casting), several load steps might be required to complete the static prestressing phase of your
analysis. In the case of geometric nonlinearities (large deformation effects), you can capture the
prestressing effect by issuing NLGEOM,ON.
2.
For all subsequent load steps, turn time integration effects on (TIMINT,ON), and proceed using the full
transient dynamic analysis procedures described previously. Once all load steps are written to files
(LSWRITE), you can initiate the multiple load step solution (LSSOLVE).
Note The static prestress solution must be done as a separate solution if initial conditions are to be
defined with the IC command.
(Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Initial Condit'n> Define)
The IC command is valid only in the first load step.
Build the model and obtain a static solution with prestress effects turned on (PSTRES,ON). The procedure
to obtain a static solution is explained in Chapter 2, Structural Static Analysis.
2.
Reenter SOLUTION (/SOLU) and obtain the reduced transient solution, also with prestress effects turned
on (PSTRES,ON). Files Jobname.DB, Jobname.EMAT, and Jobname.ESAV from the static analysis must
be available.
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Resolve the response frequency. The time step should be small enough to resolve the motion (response)
of the structure. Since the dynamic response of a structure can be thought of as a combination of modes,
the time step should be able to resolve the highest mode that contributes to the response. For the
Newmark time integration scheme, it has been found that using approximately twenty points per cycle
of the highest frequency of interest results in a reasonably accurate solution. That is, if f is the frequency
(in cycles/time), the integration time step (ITS) is given by
ITS = 1/20f
Smaller ITS values may be required if acceleration results are needed.
The following figure shows the effect of ITS on the period elongation of a single-DOF spring-mass system.
Notice that 20 or more points per cycle result in a period elongation of less than 1 percent.
For the HHT time integration method, the same guidelines for time step should be applied. Note that if
the same time step and time integration parameters are used, the HHT method will be more accurate
compared to the Newmark method.
2.
534
Resolve the applied load-versus-time curve(s). The time step should be small enough to follow the
loading function. The response tends to lag the applied loads, especially for stepped loads, as shown in
Figure 5.5: Transient Input vs. Transient Response. Stepped loads require a small ITS at the time of the
step change so that the step change can be closely followed. ITS values as small as 1/180f may be needed
to follow stepped loads.
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3.
Resolve the contact frequency. In problems involving contact (impact), the time step should be small
enough to capture the momentum transfer between the two contacting surfaces. Otherwise, an apparent
energy loss will occur and the impact will not be perfectly elastic. The integration time step can be determined from the contact frequency (fc) as:
ITS =1/Nfc
fc =(1/ 2) k /m
where k is the gap stiffness, m is the effective mass acting at the gap, and N is the number of points per
cycle. To minimize the energy loss, at least thirty points per cycle of (N = 30) are needed. Larger values
of N may be required if acceleration results are needed. For the reduced and mode superposition
methods, N must be at least 7 to ensure stability.
You can use fewer than thirty points per cycle during impact if the contact period and contact mass are
much less than the overall transient time and system mass, because the effect of any energy loss on the
total response would be small.
4.
Resolve the wave propagation. If you are interested in wave propagation effects, the time step should
be small enough to capture the wave as it travels through the elements. See Section 5.4.1: Build the
Model for a discussion of element size.
5.
Resolve the nonlinearities. For most nonlinear problems, a time step that satisfies the preceding guidelines
is sufficient to resolve the nonlinearities. There are a few exceptions, however: if the structure tends to
stiffen under the loading (for example, large deflection problems that change from bending to membrane
load-carrying behavior), the higher frequency modes that are excited will have to be resolved.
After calculating the time step using the appropriate guidelines, use the minimum value for your analysis. By
using automatic time stepping, you can let the ANSYS program decide when to increase or decrease the time
step during the solution. Automatic time stepping is discussed next.
Caution: Avoid using exceedingly small time steps, especially when establishing initial conditions. Exceedingly small numbers can cause numerical difficulties. Based on a problem time scale of unity, for
example, time steps smaller than 10-10 could cause numerical difficulties.
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Problems that have only localized dynamic behavior (for example, turbine blade and hub assemblies),
where the low-frequency energy content of part of the system may dominate the high-frequency areas
Problems that are constantly excited (for example, seismic loading), where the time step tends to change
continually as different frequencies are excited
Kinematics (rigid-body motion) problems, where the rigid-body contribution to the response frequency
term may dominate
5.10.3. Damping
Damping is present in most systems and should be specified in a dynamic analysis. The following forms of
damping are available in the ANSYS program:
Material-Dependent Damping
Modal Damping
Element Damping
Only the constant damping ratio and modal damping are available in the ANSYS Professional program. You can
specify more than one form of damping in a model. The program will formulate the damping matrix (C) as the
sum of all the specified forms of damping. The constant material damping coefficient is only applicable in full
and modal harmonic analyses.
Table 5.5: Damping for Different Analysis Types shows the types of damping available for different structural
analyses.
Material- Dependent
Constant
Damping Damping Ratio
MP,DAMP
DMPRAT
Modal
Damping
MDAMP
Element
Constant MaDamping(3) terial Damping
COMBIN7, and Coefficient
so on
MP,DMPR
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
No(5)
No(5)
No(5)
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No(7)
Full
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Reduced
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Modal
Undamped
Damped
Harmonic
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Alpha, Beta
Damping ALAnalysis Type PHAD, BETAD
Mode Sup
Material- Dependent
Constant
Damping Damping Ratio
MP,DAMP
DMPRAT
Modal
Damping
MDAMP
Element
Constant MaDamping(3) terial Damping
COMBIN7, and Coefficient
so on
MP,DMPR
Yes(6)
Yes(4,6)
Yes
Yes
Yes(6)
Yes(7)
Full
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Reduced
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Mode Sup
Yes(6)
Yes(4,6)
Yes
Yes
Yes(6)
No
SPRS, MPRS(2)
Yes(1)
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
DDAM(2)
Yes(1)
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
PSD(2)
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Buckling
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Substructure
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Transient
Spectrum
2.
Damping is used only for mode combination and not for computation of mode coefficients
3.
4.
5.
6.
If you use the QR damped mode-extraction method (MODOPT,QRDAMP), and you specify any kind of
damping during preprocessing or in the modal analysis, ANSYS ignores damping specified during the
mode superposition analysis
7.
Only the QR damped method supports the constant material damping coefficient application in a
downstream mode superposition harmonic analysis
Alpha damping and Beta damping are used to define Rayleigh damping constants and . The damping matrix
(C) is calculated by using these constants to multiply the mass matrix (M) and stiffness matrix (K):
(C) = (M) + (K)
The ALPHAD and BETAD commands are used to specify and , respectively, as decimal numbers. The values
of and are not generally known directly, but are calculated from modal damping ratios, i. i is the ratio of
actual damping to critical damping for a particular mode of vibration, i. If i is the natural circular frequency of
mode i, and satisfy the relation
i = /2i + i/2
In many practical structural problems, alpha damping (or mass damping) may be ignored ( = 0). In such cases,
you can evaluate from known values of i and i, as
= 2 i/i
Only one value of can be input in a load step, so choose the most dominant frequency active in that load step
to calculate .
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Alpha damping can lead to undesirable results if an artificially large mass has been introduced into the model.
One common example is when an artificially large mass is added to the base of a structure to facilitate acceleration
spectrum input. (You can use the large mass to convert an acceleration spectrum to a force spectrum.) The alpha
damping coefficient, which is multiplied by the mass matrix, will produce artificially large damping forces in such
a system, leading to inaccuracies in the spectrum input, as well as in the system response.
Beta damping and material damping can lead to undesirable results in a nonlinear analysis. These damping
coefficients are multiplied by the stiffness matrix, which is constantly changing in a nonlinear analysis. The resulting change in damping can sometimes be opposite to the actual change in damping that can occur in physical structures. For example, whereas physical systems that experience softening due to plastic response will
usually experience a corresponding increase in damping, an ANSYS model that has beta damping will experience
a decrease in damping as plastic softening response develops.
Material-dependent damping allows you to specify beta damping () as a material property (MP,DAMP). Note,
however, that MP,DAMP in a spectrum analysis (ANTYPE,SPECTR) specifies a material-dependent damping ratio ,
not . Also note that for multi-material elements such as SOLID46, SOLID65, SHELL91, and SHELL99, can only
be specified for the element as a whole, not for each material in the element. In these cases, is determined from
the material pointer for the element (set with the MAT command), rather than the material pointed to by any
real constant MAT for the element. MP,DAMP is not assumed to be temperature-dependent, and is always
evaluated at T = 0.0.
The constant material damping coefficient is available only for full and modal harmonic analyses.
The constant damping ratio is the simplest way of specifying damping in the structure. It represents the ratio of
actual damping to critical damping, and is specified as a decimal number with the DMPRAT command. DMPRAT
is available only for spectrum, harmonic response, and mode superposition transient dynamic analyses.
Modal damping gives you the ability to specify different damping ratios for different modes of vibration. It is
specified with the MDAMP command and is available only for the spectrum and mode superposition method
of solution (transient dynamic and harmonic response analyses).
Element damping involves using element types having viscous damping characteristics, such as COMBIN7,
COMBIN14, COMBIN37, COMBIN40, and so on.
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[M]
No
T[M] =
T[M] =
No
T[K ] = 2
i
T[K ] = 2
i
i
2
[M]
BETAD
[K]
No
[K]
m
MP,DAMP j
No
No
Nm
m
j [K j ]
No
No
j =1
Nm
m s
j Ej
j =1
Nm
s
Ej
j =1
Nm
T m [K j ]
j
Nm
T m [K j ]
j
No
No
2i
2i
Nm
j =1
DMPRAT
Harmonic
j =1
j =1
2
[K ]
MDAMP
No
No
m
i
No
2mi
i
2mi
i
m
i
No
Element
Damping
No
No
[Ck ]
T [Ck ]
T [Ck ]
No
No
No
Ne
[Ck ]
k =1
Ne
k =1
MP,DMPR
Harmonic
Nm
2 [K j ]
j
j =1
Ne
k =1
No
No
Ne
k =1
No
2 [K j ]
j
j =1
N
T m
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For modal, mode superposition, and spectrum analyses the boxes are split where applicable
with the top indicating the Lanczos method and the bottom indicating the QR damped method.
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The only method available in the ANSYS Professional program is the single-point response spectrum.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
The modal solution is required because the structure's mode shapes and frequencies must be available to calculate
the spectrum solution. Also, by performing the spectrum solution ahead of mode expansion, you can expand
only the significant modes that contribute to the final solution.
Only linear behavior is valid in a spectrum analysis. Nonlinear elements, if any, are treated as linear. If you
include contact elements, for example, their stiffnesses are calculated based on their initial status and are
never changed.
Both Young's modulus (EX) (or stiffness in some form) and density (DENS) (or mass in some form) must
be defined. Material properties can be linear, isotropic or orthotropic, and constant or temperature-dependent. Nonlinear properties, if any, are ignored.
Use the Block Lanczos (default), subspace, or reduced method to extract the modes. The other methods
- unsymmetric, damped, QR damped, and PowerDynamics - are not valid for subsequent spectrum analysis.
The number of modes extracted should be enough to characterize the structure's response in the frequency
range of interest.
If you are using GUI method, choose NO for mode expansion on the dialog box for the modal analysis
options [MODOPT], so that modes are not expanded at this time, but can be expanded selectively in a
separate solution pass. (See the use of the SIGNIF field on the MXPAND command.) Otherwise, choose
YES to expand all the modes at this phase.
Be sure to constrain those DOF where you want to apply a base excitation spectrum.
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Enter SOLUTION.
Command(s): /SOLU
GUI: Main Menu> Solution
2.
Define the analysis type and analysis options. ANSYS offers the following analysis options for a spectrum
analysis. Not all modal analysis options and not all eigenvalue extraction techniques work with all spectrum
analysis options.
Command
ANTYPE
GUI Path
Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis
Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis> Spectrum
SPOPT
3.
Specify load step options. The following options are available for single-point response spectrum analysis:
Command
GUI Path
Spectrum Options
Type of Response Spec- SVTYP
trum
Excitation Direction
SED
FREQ, SV
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Command
GUI Path
Modal Damping
MDAMP
Spectrum Options
These data include the following:
4.
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Repeat steps 3 and 4 for additional response spectra, if any. Note that solutions are not written to the
file.rst at this time.
6.
Click on the expansion pass option button on the Expansion Pass dialog box to signify YES for an expansion
pass.
Command(s): MXPAND
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis> Modal
Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Expansion Pass
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Expansion Pass> Expand Modes
2.
You must expand modes regardless of whether you used the Block Lanczos, subspace, or reduced extraction method. Details of how to expand the modes are explained in Chapter 3, Modal Analysis under
"Expand the Modes" as a separate solution pass, but you should keep in mind the following points:
Only significant modes can be selectively expanded. (See the use of the SIGNIF field on the MXPAND
command.) If you are using the GUI method and want to selectively expand modes, choose NO for
mode expansion on the dialog box for the modal analysis options [MODOPT] in the modal analysis
phase. You then perform mode expansion as a separate solution pass after performing the spectrum
solution.
Only expanded modes are used for the mode combination operation in the subsequent mode combination pass.
If you are interested in stresses caused by the spectrum, be sure to request stress calculations here.
By default, no stresses are calculated in the expansion pass, which means no stresses are available
for the spectrum analysis.
If you want to expand all the modes, you can include the mode expansion steps in the modal solution
pass by issuing the MXPAND command. If you are using the GUI method and want to expand all the
modes, choose YES for mode expansion on the dialog box for the modal analysis options [MODOPT]
in the modal solution step. But if you want to expand only the significant modes, you must perform
mode expansion as a separate solution pass after performing the spectrum solution.
Note that modal analysis solutions are written to the results file (Jobname.RST) only if the mode expansion is
performed.
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Enter SOLUTION.
Command(s): /SOLU
GUI: Main Menu> Solution
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3.
Grouping (GRP)
The NRLSUM method is typically used in the context of the Dynamic Design and Analysis Method (DDAM)
spectrum analysis.
The following commands are used to invoke different methods of mode combinations:
Command(s): SRSS, CQC, DSUM, GRP, NRLSUM
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis> Spectrum
Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Opts> Single-pt resp
Main Menu> Load Step Opts> Spectrum> Spectrum-Single Point-Mode Combine
These commands allow computation of three different types of responses:
Start solution.
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If you selected velocity as the response type (label = VELO), velocities and stress velocities are combined
for each mode on the mode combination command.
5.
If you selected displacement as the response type (label = DISP), displacements and stresses are
combined for each mode on the mode combination command.
If you selected acceleration as the response type (label = ACEL), accelerations and stress accelerations
are combined for each mode on the mode combination command.
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2.
Display results.
Other Capabilities
Many other postprocessing functions, such as mapping results onto a path, transforming results to
different coordinate systems, and load case combinations, are available in POST1. See The General
Postprocessor (POST1) in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for details.
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The modal solution and spectrum solution passes can be combined into a single modal analysis [ANTYPE,MODAL] solution pass, with spectrum loads [SV, SVTYP, SED, FREQ].
The mode expansion and mode combination solution passes can be combined into a single modal analysis [ANTYPE,MODAL and EXPASS,ON] solution pass with a mode combination command.
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6.4.4. Procedure
6.4.4.1. Set the Analysis Title
1.
2.
Type the text "Seismic Response of a Beam Structure" and click on OK.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete. The Element Types
dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Scroll down the list on the left to "Structural Beam" and select it.
4.
5.
6.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Real Constants. The Real Constants dialog box appears.
2.
Click on Add. The Element Type for Real Constants dialog box appears.
3.
Click on OK. The Real Constants for BEAM3 dialog box appears.
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5.
6.
7.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models. The Define Material Model Behavior dialog box appears.
2.
In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the following options: Structural, Linear,
Elastic, Isotropic. A dialog box appears.
3.
Enter 30e6 for EX (Young's modulus), and click on OK. Material Model Number 1 appears in the Material
Models Defined window on the left.
4.
5.
6.
Choose menu path Material> Exit to remove the Define Material Model Behavior dialog box.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Keypoints> In Active CS. The
Create Keypoints in Active Coordinate System dialog box appears.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Click on OK.
7.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering. The Plot Numbering Controls dialog box
appears.
8.
9.
Click on OK.
10. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Lines> Straight Line. A
picking menu appears.
11. Click on keypoint 1, and then on keypoint 2. A straight line appears between the two keypoints.
12. Click on OK. The picking menu closes.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Global> Size. The Global
Element Sizes dialog box appears.
2.
Enter 8 for the number of element divisions and click on OK. The Global Element Sizes dialog box closes.
3.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Lines. A picking menu appears.
4.
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Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement> On
Nodes. A picking menu appears.
2.
In the graphics window, click once on the node at the left end of the beam.
3.
4.
In the scroll box of DOFs to be constrained, click once on "UY" to highlight it.
5.
Click on OK.
6.
Repeat steps 1-3 and select the node at the right end of the beam.
7.
In the scroll box of DOFs to be constrained, click once on "UX." Both "UX" and "UY" should be highlighted.
8.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis. The New Analysis dialog
box appears.
2.
Click on "Modal" to select it and click on OK. The New Analysis dialog box closes.
3.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options. The Modal Analysis
dialog box appears.
4.
5.
6.
Click on the Calculate elem. results dialog button [MXPAND] to specify YES.
7.
Click on OK. The Modal Analysis dialog box closes, and the Reduced Modal Analysis dialog box appears.
8.
Enter 3 for the No. of modes to print and click on OK. The Reduced Modal Analysis dialog box closes.
9.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Master DOFs> User Selected> Define. The picking menu
appears.
10. Choose Pick All. The Define Master DOFs dialog box appears.
11. Select UY for the 1st degree of freedom and click on OK. The Define Master DOFs dialog box closes.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS. The Solve Current Load Step dialog box
appears, along with a status window.
2.
Carefully review the information in the status window, and then click on Close.
3.
Click on OK on the Solve Current Load Step dialog box to start the solution.
4.
When the solution is finished, a dialog box stating "Solution is done!" appears. Click on Close.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis. The New Analysis dialog
box appears, along with a warning message that states: "Changing the analysis type is only valid within
the first load step. Pressing OK will cause you to exit and reenter SOLUTION. This will reset load step
count to 1." Click on CLOSE to close the warning message box.
2.
Click on "Spectrum" to select it, and click on OK. The New Analysis dialog box closes.
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Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Spectrum> Single Point> Settings. The
Settings for Single-point Response Spectrum dialog box appears.
4.
Select "Seismic displac" in the scroll box as the type of response spectrum.
5.
Enter 0,1,0 for excitation direction into the excitation direction input windows and click on OK.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Spectrum> Single Point> Freq Table.
The Frequency Table dialog box appears.
2.
Enter 0.1 for FREQ1, enter 10 for FREQ2, and click on OK.
3.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Spectrum> Single Point> Spectr Values.
The Spectrum Values - Damping Ratio dialog box appears.
4.
Click on OK to accept the default of no damping. The Spectrum Values dialog box appears.
5.
6.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS. The Solve Current Load Step dialog box
appears, along with a status window.
2.
Carefully review the information in the status window, and then click on Close.
3.
Click on OK on the Solve Current Load Step dialog box to start the solution.
4.
When the solution is finished, a dialog box stating "Solution is done!" appears. Click on Close.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis. The New Analysis dialog
box appears, along with a warning message that states: "Changing the analysis type is only valid within
the first load step. Pressing OK will cause you to exit and reenter SOLUTION. This will reset load step
count to 1." Click on CLOSE to close the warning message box.
2.
Click on "Modal" to select it, and click on OK. The New Analysis dialog box closes.
3.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Expansion Pass. The Expansion Pass dialog
box appears.
4.
Click on the expansion pass dialog button to turn it ON and click on OK. The Expansion Pass dialog box
closes.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> ExpansionPass> Expand Modes. The
Expand Modes dialog box appears.
2.
Enter 10 for the number of modes to expand and enter 0.005 for the significant threshold.
3.
Click on the calculate element results dialog button to specify YES for element results calculation.
4.
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Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS. The Solve Current Load Step dialog box
appears, along with a status window.
2.
Carefully review the information in the status window, and then click on Close.
3.
Click on OK on the Solve Current Load Step dialog box to start the solution.
4.
When the solution is finished, a dialog box stating "Solution is done!" appears. Click on Close.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis. The New Analysis dialog
box appears, along with a warning message that states: "Changing the analysis type is only valid within
the first load step. Pressing OK will cause you to exit and reenter SOLUTION. This will reset load step
count to 1." Click on CLOSE to close the warning message box.
2.
Click on "Spectrum" to select it, and click on OK. The New Analysis dialog box closes.
3.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options. The Spectrum Analysis
dialog box appears.
4.
Accept the default spectrum type single-point response. Click on OK. The Spectrum Analysis dialog box
closes.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Spectrum> Single Point> Mode Combine.
The Mode Combination Methods dialog box appears.
2.
3.
4.
Select displacement for the type of output. Click OK. The Mode Combination Methods dialog box closes.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS. The Solve Current Load Step dialog box
appears, along with a status window.
2.
Carefully review the information in the status window, and then click on Close.
3.
Click on OK on the Solve Current Load Step dialog box to start the solution.
4.
When the solution is finished, a dialog box stating "Solution is done!" appears. Click on Close.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Results Summary. The SET Command
listing window appears.
2.
Review the information in the listing window, and click on Close. The SET Command listing window
closes.
3.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> File> Read Input From. The Read File dialog box appears.
4.
From the left side of the Read File dialog box, select the directory containing your results from the scroll
box.
5.
From the right side of the Read File dialog box, select the jobname.mcom file from the scroll box.
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7.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Nodal Solution. The List Nodal
Solution dialog box appears.
8.
Click on OK to accept the default settings of "DOF solution" in the scroll box on the left and "All DOFs
DOF" in the scroll box on the right. The List Nodal Solution dialog box closes.
9.
The PRNSOL Command listing window appears. Review the results and click on Close to close the
PRNSOL Command listing window.
10. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Element Solution. The List Element
Solution dialog box appears.
11. Scroll down the list on the left to select "Line Elem results" and select "Structural ELEM" on the scroll box
on the right. Click on OK. The List Element Solution dialog box closes.
12. The PRESOL Command listing window appears. Review the results and click on Close to close the PRESOL
Command listing window.
13. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Reaction Solu. The List Reaction
Solution dialog box appears.
14. Scroll down the list to "All struc forc F" to select it and click on OK. The List Reaction Solution dialog box
closes.
15. The PRRSOL Command listing window appears. Review the results in the listing window and click on
Close to close the PRRSOL Command listing window.
2.
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! Mode-frequency analysis
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/SOLU
ANTYPE,SPECTR
SPOPT,SPRS
SED,,1
SVTYPE,3
FREQ,.1,10
SV,,.44,.44
SOLVE
FINISH
!
!
!
!
!
!
/SOLU
ANTYPE,MODAL
EXPASS,ON
MXPAND,10,,,YES,0.005
Spectrum analysis
Single point spectrum
Global Y-axis as spectrum direction
Seismic displacement spectrum
Frequency points for SV vs. freq. table
Spectrum values associated with frequency points
! Mode-frequency analysis
! Expand 10 mode shapes, calculate element stresses
! set signif=0.005
SOLVE
FINISH
/SOLU
ANTYPE,SPECTR
SRSS,0.15,DISP
SOLVE
FINISH
/POST1
SET,LIST
/INP,,mcom
PRNSOL,DOF
PRESOL,ELEM
PRRSOL,F
FINISH
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Of these, the first two steps are the same as described for a single-point response spectrum analysis. The procedure
for the remaining four steps is explained below. Random vibration analysis is not available in the ANSYS Professional program.
In the GUI method, the dialog box for the modal analysis options [MODOPT] contains an option for mode expansion [MXPAND]. Choose YES for mode expansion. You then follow the instructions in Section 6.7.1: Expand the
Modes. The procedures for obtaining the modal solution and expanding the nodes are combined into a single
step.
Only expanded modes are used for the mode combination step.
If you are interested in stresses caused by the spectrum, be sure to request stress calculations here. By
default, no stresses are calculated in the expansion pass, which means no stresses are available at the end
of the spectrum solution.
The mode expansion can be performed as a separate step, or can be included in the modal analysis phase.
At the end of the expansion pass, leave SOLUTION with the FINISH command. If you want to exit ANSYS
after running the modal analysis, you must save the database at this point.
As explained in Chapter 3, Modal Analysis, you can combine the modal solution and mode expansion steps by
including the MXPAND command in the modal analysis step (GUI and batch modes).
Enter SOLUTION.
Command(s): /SOLU
GUI: Main Menu> Solution
2.
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3.
Specify load step options. The following options are available for a random vibration analysis:
Spectrum Data
Type of PSD
Command(s): PSDUNIT
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Spectrum> PSD> Settings
The PSD type can be displacement, velocity, force, pressure, or acceleration. Whether it is a base
excitation or a nodal excitation is specified in Steps 4 and 5. If a pressure PSD is to be applied, the
pressures should be applied in the modal analysis itself.
PSD-versus-frequency table
Define a piecewise-linear (in log-log scale) PSD versus frequency table. Since a curve-fitting
polynomial is used for the closed-form integration of the curve, you should graph the input, which
is overlaid with the fitted curve, to ensure a good fit. If the fit is not good, you should add one or
more intermediate points to the table until you obtain a good fit.
Command(s): PSDFRQ, PSDVAL, PSDGRAPH
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Spectrum> PSD> PSD vs Freq
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Spectrum> PSD> Graph PSD Tables
PSDFRQ and PSDVAL are used to define the PSD-versus-frequency table. Step 6 describes how
to apply additional PSD excitations (if any).
You can issue STAT to list PSD tables and issue PSDGRAPH to graph them.
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5.
6.
If you need to apply multiple PSD excitations on the same model, repeat steps 3, 4, and 5 for each additional PSD table. Then define, as necessary, the degree of correlation between the excitations, using any
of the following commands:
Command(s): COVAL for cospectral values, QDVAL for quadspectral values, PSDSPL for a
spatial relationship, PSDWAV for a wave propagation relationship, PSDGRAPH to graph the
data overlaid with the fitted curve
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Spectrum> PSD> Correlation
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Spectrum> PSD> Graph Tables
When you use the PSDSPL or PSDWAV command, you must use SPATIAL or WAVE, respectively, for
Parcor on the PFACT command. PSDSPL and PSDWAV relationships might be quite CPU intensive for
multi-point base excitations. Nodal excitation and base excitation input must be consistent when using
PSDWAV and PSDSPL (for example, FY cannot be applied to one node and FZ be applied to another).
The PSDSPL and PSDWAV commands are not available for a pressure PSD analysis.
7.
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Items
Form
Displacement Solution (label DISP on Displacements, stresses, strains, forces Relative, absolute, or neither
PSDRES)
Velocity Solution (label VELO on
PSDRES)
8.
9.
Enter Solution.
Command(s): /SOLU
GUI: Main Menu> Solution
2.
3.
Only the PSD mode combination method is valid in a random vibration analysis. This method triggers
calculation of the one-sigma displacements, stresses, etc., in the structure. If you do not issue the PSDCOM
command, the program does not calculate the one-sigma response of the structure.
Command(s): PSDCOM
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Spectrum> PSD> Mode Combin
The SIGNIF and COMODE fields on the PSD mode combination method [PSDCOM] offer options to reduce
the number of modes to be combined (see the description of PSDCOM command). If you want to exercise
these options, it is prudent to print the modal covariance matrices in Section 6.7.2: Obtain the Spectrum
Solution to first investigate the relative contributions of the modes toward the final solution.
4.
5.
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2.
3.
The following output, if mode combinations are requested [PSDCOM] and based on the PSDRES setting:
1 velocity solution (velocities, stress velocities, strain velocities, and force velocities)
1 acceleration solution (accelerations, stress accelerations, strain accelerations, and force accelerations)
You can review these results in POST1, the general postprocessor, and then calculate response PSDs in POST26,
the time-history postprocessor.
Substep
Etc.
2 (Base excit.
only)
Contents
Etc.
Etc.
Etc.
Command(s): SET
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> First Set
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2.
Store the frequency vector. NPTS is the number of frequency points to be added on either side of natural
frequencies in order to "smooth" the frequency vector (defaults to 5). The frequency vector is stored as
variable 1.
Command(s): STORE,PSD,NPTS
GUI: Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Store Data
3.
Define the variables in which the result items of interest (displacements, stresses, reaction forces, etc.)
are to be stored.
Command(s): NSOL, ESOL, and/or RFORCE
GUI: Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Define Variables
4.
Calculate the response PSD and store it in the desired variable. The PLVAR command can then be used
to plot the response PSD.
Command(s): RPSD
GUI: Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Calc Resp PSD
2.
Define the variables in which the result items of interest (displacements, stresses, reaction forces, etc.)
are to be stored.
Command(s): NSOL, ESOL, and/or RFORCE
GUI: Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Define Variables
3.
Calculate the contributions of each response component (relative or absolute response) and store them
in the desired variable. The PLVAR command can then be used to plot the modal contributions (relative
response) followed by the contributions of pseudo-static and mixed part responses to the total covariance.
Command(s): CVAR
GUI: Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Calc Covariance
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! Jobname
! Title
! Enter PREP7
! Generate model
!
!
!
!
Enter SOLUTION
Modal analysis
Reduced method
Master DOF
! Constraints
! Initiates solution
! Reenter SOLUTION
! Expansion pass
! Number of modes to expand
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Spectrum analysis
Power Spectral Density; No. of modes;
Stress calcs. on/off
Type of spectrum
Frequency pts. (for spectrum values vs.
frequency tables)
Spectrum values
Damping ratio
Base excitation
Calculate participation factors
Output controls
PSDVAL, ...
DMPRAT, ...
D,0
PFACT, ...
PSDRES, ...
SAVE
SOLVE
FINISH
!
! Combine modes using PSD method
/SOLU
! Re-enter SOLUTION
ANTYPE,SPECTR
! Spectrum analysis
PSDCOM,SIGNIF,COMODE
! PSD mode combinations with significance factor and
!
option for selecting a subset of modes for
!
combination
SOLVE
FINISH
!
! Review the Results
/POST1
! Enter POST1
SET, ...
! Read results from appropriate load step, substep
...! Postprocess as desired
...! (PLDISP; PLNSOL; NSORT; PRNSOL; etc.)
...
FINISH
!
! Calculate Response PSD
/POST26
! Enter POST26
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!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
*GET,CVAR23U,VARI,4,EXREME,CVAR !
FINISH
See the ANSYS Commands Reference for a discussion of the ANTYPE, MODOPT, M, TOTAL, D, EXPASS, MXPAND,
SPOPT, PSDUNIT, PSDFRQ, PSDVAL, DMPRAT, PFACT, PSDCOM, SUMTYPE, and PSDRES commands.
Use the British system of units [inches (not feet), pounds, etc.] for all input data - model geometry, material
properties, element real constants, etc.
Use the ADDAM and VDDAM commands instead of SVTYP, SV, and FREQ to specify the spectrum values
and types. Specify the global direction of excitation using the SED command. Based on the coefficients
specified in the ADDAM and VDDAM commands, the program computes the mode coefficients according
to the empirical equations given in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference.
The most applicable mode combination method is the NRL sum method [NRLSUM]. Mode combinations
are done in the same manner as for a single-point response spectrum. Mode combinations require
damping.
No damping needs to be specified for solution because it is implied by the ADDAM and VDDAM commands. If damping is specified, it is used for mode combinations but ignored for solution.
Note As in the Single-point Response Spectrum analysis, DDAM spectrum analysis requires six steps
to systematically perform the analysis.
The modal solution and DDAM spectrum solution passes can be combined into a single modal analysis
[ANTYPE,MODAL] solution pass with DDAM spectrum loads [ADDAM, VDDAM, SED].
The mode expansion and mode combination solution passes can be combined into a single modal analysis [ANTYPE,MODAL and EXPASS,ON] solution pass with a mode combination command.
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You cannot specify any degree of correlation between the spectra (i.e., they are assumed to be uncorrelated).
Only relative results (relative to the base excitation) not absolute values, are calculated.
Results from a multi-point response spectrum analysis are written to the mode combination file, Jobname.MCOM, in the form of POST1 commands. The commands calculate the overall response of the
structure by combining the maximum modal responses in some fashion (specified by the mode combination command in SOLUTION). The overall response consists of the overall displacements and, if placed
on the results file during the modal expansion pass, the overall stresses, strains, and reaction forces. If
Label = VELO or ACEL on the mode combination command (SRSS, CQC, GRP, DSUM, or NRLSUM) during
SOLUTION, the corresponding velocity or acceleration responses are written to the mode combination
file.
Multi-point response spectrum analysis is not available in the ANSYS Professional program.
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7.4.3. Important
Remember that an unconverged solution does not necessarily mean that the structure has reached its maximum
load. It could also be caused by numerical instability, which might be corrected by refining your modeling technique. Track the load-deflection history of your structure's response to decide whether an unconverged load
step represents actual structural buckling, or whether it reflects some other problem. Perform a preliminary
analysis using the arc-length method [ARCLEN] to predict an approximate value of buckling load. Compare this
approximate value to the more precise value calculated using bisection to help determine if the structure has
indeed reached its maximum load. You can also use the arc-length method itself to obtain a precise buckling
load, but this method requires you to adjust the arc-length radius by trial-and-error in a series of manually directed
reanalyses.
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If the loading on the structure is perfectly in-plane (that is, membrane or axial stresses only), the out-ofplane deflections necessary to initiate buckling will not develop, and the analysis will fail to predict
buckling behavior. To overcome this problem, apply a small out-of-plane perturbation, such as a modest
temporary force or specified displacement, to begin the buckling response. (A preliminary eigenvalue
buckling analysis of your structure may be useful as a predictor of the buckling mode shape, allowing you
to choose appropriate locations for applying perturbations to stimulate the desired buckling response.)
The imperfection (perturbation) induced should match the location and size of that in the real structure.
The failure load is very sensitive to these parameters.
In a large-deflection analysis, forces (and displacements) will maintain their original orientation, but surface
loads will "follow" the changing geometry of the structure as it deflects. Therefore, be sure to apply the
proper type of loads.
You should carry your stability analysis through to the point of identifying the critical load in order to
calculate the structure's factor of safety with respect to nonlinear buckling. (Merely establishing the fact
that a structure is stable at a given load level is generally insufficient for most design practice; you will
usually be required to provide a specified safety factor, which can only be determined by establishing the
actual limit load.)
You can extend your analysis into the post-buckled range by activating the arc-length method [ARCLEN].
Use this feature to trace the load-deflection curve through regions of "snap-through" and "snap-back"
response.
For those elements that support the consistent tangent stiffness matrix (BEAM4, SHELL63, and SHELL143),
activate the consistent tangent stiffness matrix (KEYOPT(2) = 1 and NLGEOM,ON) to enhance the convergence behavior of your nonlinear buckling analyses and improve the accuracy of your results. This element
KEYOPT must be defined before the first load step of the solution and cannot be changed once the solution
has started.
Many other elements (such as BEAM188, BEAM189, and SHELL181) will provide consistent tangent stiffness
matrix with NLGEOM,ON.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Only linear behavior is valid. Nonlinear elements, if any, are treated as linear. If you include contact elements,
for example, their stiffnesses are calculated based on their status after the static prestress run and are
never changed.
Young's modulus (EX) (or stiffness in some form) must be defined. Material properties may be linear, isotropic or orthotropic, and constant or temperature-dependent. Nonlinear properties, if any, are ignored.
Prestress effects [PSTRES] must be activated. Eigenvalue buckling analysis requires the stress stiffness
matrix to be calculated.
Unit loads are usually sufficient (that is, actual load values need not be specified). The eigenvalues calculated
by the buckling analysis represent buckling load factors. Therefore, if a unit load is specified, the load
factors represent the buckling loads. All loads are scaled. (Also, the maximum permissible eigenvalue is
1,000,000 - you must use larger applied loads if your eigenvalue exceeds this limit.)
Note that eigenvalues represent scaling factors for all loads. If certain loads are constant (for example,
self-weight gravity loads) while other loads are variable (for example, externally applied loads), you need
to ensure that the stress stiffness matrix from the constant loads is not factored by the eigenvalue solution.
One strategy that you can use to achieve this end is to iterate on the eigensolution, adjusting the variable
loads until the eigenvalue becomes 1.0 (or nearly 1.0, within some convergence tolerance). Design optimization could be useful in driving this iterative procedure to a final answer.
Consider, for example, a pole having a self-weight W0, which supports an externally-applied load, A. To
determine the limiting value of A in an eigenvalue buckling solution, you could solve repetitively, using
different values of A, until by iteration you find an eigenvalue acceptably close to 1.0.
You can apply a nonzero constraint in the prestressing pass as the static load. The eigenvalues found in
the buckling solution will be the load factors applied to these nonzero constraint values. However, the
mode shapes will have a zero value at these degrees of freedom (and not the nonzero value specified).
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2.
3.
For NMODE, specify the number of eigenvalues to be extracted. This argument defaults to one, which
is usually sufficient for eigenvalue buckling.
4.
For Method, specify the eigenvalue extraction method. You can choose subspace iteration or Block
Lanczos. The Block Lanczos and subspace iteration methods use the full system matrices. See Section 3.5.2.3: Option: Mode-Extraction Method [MODOPT] in this manual for more information about
these solution methods.
For SHIFT, specify the point (load factor) about which eigenvalues are calculated. The shift point is
helpful when numerical problems are encountered (due to negative eigenvalues, for example). Defaults
to 0.0.
5.
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7.
The mode shape file (Jobname.MODE) from the eigenvalue buckling solution must be available.
The database must contain the same model for which the solution was calculated.
Reenter SOLUTION.
Command(s): /SOLU
GUI: Main Menu> Solution
Note You must explicitly leave SOLUTION (using the FINISH command) and reenter (/SOLU)
before performing the expansion pass.
2.
3.
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For NMODE, specify the number of modes to expand. This argument defaults to the total number of
modes that were extracted.
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4.
For Elcalc, indicate whether you want ANSYS to calculate stresses. "Stresses" in an eigenvalue
analysis do not represent actual stresses, but give you an idea of the relative stress or force distribution
for each mode. By default, no stresses are calculated.
Printed Output
Use this option to include any results data on the output file (Jobname.OUT).
Command(s): OUTPR
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrl> Solu Printout
5.
6.
Leave the SOLUTION processor. You can now review results in the postprocessor.
Command(s): FINISH
GUI: Close the Solution menu.
Note The expansion pass has been presented here as a separate step. You can make it part of
the eigenvalue buckling solution by including the MXPAND command (Main Menu> Solution>
Load Step Opts> ExpansionPass> Expand Modes) as one of the analysis options.
77
Read in data for the desired mode to display buckling mode shapes. (Each mode is stored on the results
file as a separate substep.)
Command(s): SET,SBSTEP
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> load step
3.
4.
See the ANSYS Commands Reference for a discussion of the ANTYPE, PSTRES, D, F, SF, BUCOPT, EXPASS, MXPAND,
OUTRES, SET, PLDISP, and PLNSOL commands.
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2.
Enter the text "Buckling of a Bar with Hinged Ends" and click on OK.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete. The Element Types
dialog box appears.
2.
3.
In the scroll box on the left, click on "Structural Beam" to select it.
4.
In the scroll box on the right, click on "2D elastic 3" to select it.
5.
Click on OK, and then click on Close in the Element Types dialog box.
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Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Real Constants> Add/Edit/Delete. The Real Constants
dialog box appears.
2.
Click on Add. The Element Type for Real Constants dialog box appears.
3.
Click on OK. The Real Constants for BEAM3 dialog box appears.
4.
Enter .25 for area, 52083e-7 for IZZ, and .5 for height.
5.
Click on OK.
6.
7.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models. The Define Material Model Behavior dialog box appears.
8.
In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the following options: Structural, Linear,
Elastic, Isotropic. A dialog box appears.
9.
Enter 30e6 for EX (Young's modulus), and click on OK. Material Model Number 1 appears in the Material
Models Defined window on the left.
10. Choose menu path Material> Exit to remove the Define Material Model Behavior dialog box.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Nodes> In Active CS. The Create
Nodes in Active Coordinate System dialog box appears.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Click on OK. The two nodes appear in the ANSYS Graphics window.
Note The triad, by default, hides the node number for node 1. To turn the triad off, choose
menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Window Controls> Window Options and select the "Not
Shown" option for Location of triad. Then click OK to close the dialog box.
7.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Nodes> Fill between Nds. The
Fill between Nds picking menu appears.
8.
Click on node 1, then 11, and click on OK. The Create Nodes Between 2 Nodes dialog box appears.
9.
Click on OK to accept the settings (fill between nodes 1 and 11, and number of nodes to fill 9).
10. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Auto Numbered>
Thru Nodes. The Elements from Nodes picking menu appears.
11. Click on nodes 1 and 2, then click on OK.
12. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Copy> Elements> Auto Numbered. The
Copy Elems Auto-Num picking menu appears.
13. Click on Pick All. The Copy Elements (Automatically-Numbered) dialog box appears.
14. Enter 10 for total number of copies and enter 1 for node number increment.
15. Click on OK. The remaining elements appear in the ANSYS Graphics window.
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Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Unabridged Menu> Analysis Type> New Analysis. The
New Analysis dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options. The Static or SteadyState Analysis dialog box appears.
4.
In the scroll box for stress stiffness or prestress, scroll to "Prestress ON" to select it.
5.
Click on OK.
6.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement> On
Nodes. The Apply U,ROT on Nodes picking menu appears.
7.
Click on node 1 in the ANSYS Graphics window, then click on OK in the picking menu. The Apply U,ROT
on Nodes dialog box appears.
8.
9.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Force/Moment> On
Nodes. The Apply F/M on Nodes picking menu appears.
10. Click on node 11, then click OK. The Apply F/M on Nodes dialog box appears.
11. In the scroll box for Direction of force/mom, scroll to "FY" to select it.
12. Enter -1 for the force/moment value, and click on OK. The force symbol appears in the ANSYS Graphics
window.
2.
Carefully review the information in the status window, and click on Close.
3.
Click on OK in the Solve Current Load Step dialog box to begin the solution.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis.
Note Click on Close in the Warning window if the following warning appears: Changing the
analysis type is only valid within the first load step. Pressing OK will cause you to exit and reenter
SOLUTION. This will reset the load step count to 1.
2.
In the New Analysis dialog box, click the "Eigen Buckling" option on, then click on OK.
3.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options. The Eigenvalue Buckling
Options dialog box appears.
4.
Click on the "Block Lanczos" option, and enter 1 for number of modes to extract.
5.
Click on OK.
6.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> ExpansionPass> Expand Modes.
7.
8.
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Carefully review the information in the status window, and click on Close.
10. Click on OK in the Solve Current Load Step dialog box to begin the solution.
11. Click on Close in the Information window when the solution is finished.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> First Set.
2.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape. The Plot Deformed
Shape dialog box appears.
3.
Click the "Def + undeformed" option on. Click on OK. The deformed and undeformed shapes appear in
the ANSYS graphics window.
2.
!
!
!
!
Static analysis
Calculate prestress effects
Fix symmetry ends
Unit load at free end
! Buckling analysis
! Use Block Lanczos solution method, extract 1 mode
! Expand 1 mode shape
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714
Changing status
Geometric nonlinearities
Material nonlinearities
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Before each solution, the Newton-Raphson method evaluates the out-of-balance load vector, which is the difference between the restoring forces (the loads corresponding to the element stresses) and the applied loads. The
program then performs a linear solution, using the out-of-balance loads, and checks for convergence. If convergence criteria are not satisfied, the out-of-balance load vector is reevaluated, the stiffness matrix is updated, and
a new solution is obtained. This iterative procedure continues until the problem converges.
A number of convergence-enhancement and recovery features, such as line search, automatic load stepping,
and bisection, can be activated to help the problem to converge. If convergence cannot be achieved, then the
program attempts to solve with a smaller load increment.
In some nonlinear static analyses, if you use the Newton-Raphson method alone, the tangent stiffness matrix
may become singular (or non-unique), causing severe convergence difficulties. Such occurrences include nonlinear buckling analyses in which the structure either collapses completely or "snaps through" to another stable
configuration. For such situations, you can activate an alternative iteration scheme, the arc-length method, to
help avoid bifurcation points and track unloading.
The arc-length method causes the Newton-Raphson equilibrium iterations to converge along an arc, thereby
often preventing divergence, even when the slope of the load vs. deflection curve becomes zero or negative.
This iteration method is represented schematically in Figure 8.4: Traditional Newton-Raphson Method vs. ArcLength Method.
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The "top" level consists of the load steps that you define explicitly over a "time" span (see the discussion
of "time" in Chapter 2, Loading in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide). Loads are assumed to vary linearly
within load steps (for static analyses).
Within each load step, you can direct the program to perform several solutions (substeps or time steps) to
apply the load gradually.
At each substep, the program will perform a number of equilibrium iterations to obtain a converged
solution.
Figure 8.5: Load Steps, Substeps, and Time illustrates a typical load history for a nonlinear analysis. Also see the
discussion of load steps, substeps, and equilibrium iterations in Chapter 2, Loading in the ANSYS Basic Analysis
Guide.
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8.1.2.2. Substeps
When using multiple substeps, you need to achieve a balance between accuracy and economy: more substeps
(that is, small time step sizes) usually result in better accuracy, but at a cost of increased run times. ANSYS provides
automatic time stepping that is designed for this purpose.
Automatic time stepping adjusts the time step size as needed, gaining a better balance between accuracy and
economy. Automatic time stepping activates the ANSYS program's bisection feature.
Bisection provides a means of automatically recovering from a convergence failure. This feature will cut a time
step size in half whenever equilibrium iterations fail to converge and automatically restart from the last converged
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8.2.1. Stress-Strain
In large strain solutions, all stress-strain input and results will be in terms of true stress and true (or logarithmic)
strain. (In one dimension, true strain would be expressed as = ln ( / 0). For small-strain regions of response,
true strain and engineering strain are essentially identical.) To convert strain from small (engineering) strain to
logarithmic strain, use ln = ln (1 + eng). To convert from engineering stress to true stress, use true = eng (1 +
eng). (This stress conversion is valid only for incompressible plasticity stress-strain data.)
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To use stress stiffening in the second category of systems, you must issue PSTRES,ON (GUI path Main Menu>
Solution> Unabridged Menu> Analysis Type> Analysis Options) in your first load step.
Large strain and large deflection procedures include initial stress effects as a subset of their theory. For most
elements, initial stiffness effects are automatically included when large deformation effects are activated
[NLGEOM,ON] (GUI path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Sol'n Control ( : Basic Tab) or Main Menu>
Solution> Unabridged Menu> Analysis Type> Analysis Options).
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8.3.1.1. Plasticity
Most common engineering materials exhibit a linear stress-strain relationship up to a stress level known as the
proportional limit. Beyond this limit, the stress-strain relationship will become nonlinear, but will not necessarily
become inelastic. Plastic behavior, characterized by nonrecoverable strain, begins when stresses exceed the
material's yield point. Because there is usually little difference between the yield point and the proportional limit,
the ANSYS program assumes that these two points are coincident in plasticity analyses (see Figure 8.9: Elastoplastic
Stress-Strain Curve).
Plasticity is a nonconservative, path-dependent phenomenon. In other words, the sequence in which loads are
applied and in which plastic responses occur affects the final solution results. If you anticipate plastic response
in your analysis, you should apply loads as a series of small incremental load steps or time steps, so that your
model will follow the load-response path as closely as possible. The maximum plastic strain is printed with the
substep summary information in your output (Jobname.OUT).
The automatic time stepping feature [AUTOTS] (GUI path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Sol'n Control
( : Basic Tab) or Main Menu> Solution> Unabridged Menu> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc>Time and
Substps) will respond to plasticity after the fact, by reducing the load step size after a load step in which a large
number of equilibrium iterations was performed or in which a plastic strain increment greater than 15% was
encountered. If too large a step was taken, the program will bisect and resolve using a smaller step size.
Other kinds of nonlinear behavior might also occur along with plasticity. In particular, large deflection and large
strain geometric nonlinearities will often be associated with plastic material response. If you expect large deformations in your structure, you must activate these effects in your analysis with the NLGEOM command (GUI path
Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Sol'n Control ( : Basic Tab) or Main Menu> Solution> Unabridged
Menu> Analysis Type> Analysis Options). For large strain analyses, material stress-strain properties must be
input in terms of true stress and logarithmic strain.
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!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
See the MPTEMP, MP, TB, TBTEMP, TBDATA, TBLIST, /XRANGE, and TBPLOT command descriptions for more
information.
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The Multilinear Kinematic Hardening (KINH and MKIN) options use the Besseling model, also called the sublayer
or overlay model, so that the Bauschinger effect is included. KINH is preferred for use over MKIN because it uses
Rice's model where the total plastic strains remain constant by scaling the sublayers. KINH allows you to define
more stress-strain curves (40 vs. 5), and more points per curve (20 vs. 5). Also, when KINH is used with LINK180,
SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, SOLSH190, BEAM188, BEAM189, SHELL208,
and SHELL209, you can use TBOPT = 4 (or PLASTIC) to define the stress vs. plastic strain curve. For either option,
if you define more than one stress-strain curve for temperature dependent properties, then each curve should
contain the same number of points. The assumption is that the corresponding points on the different stressstrain curves represent the temperature dependent yield behavior of a particular sublayer. These options are
not recommended for large-strain analyses. You can combine either of these options with the Hill anisotropy
option to simulate more complex material behaviors. See Material Model Combinations in the ANSYS Elements
Reference for the combination possibilities. Also, see Section 8.3.2: Material Model Combinations in this chapter
for sample input listings of material combinations. Figure 8.10: Kinematic Hardening(b) illustrates typical stressstrain curves for the MKIN option.
A typical stress-strain temperature data input using KINH is demonstrated by this example.
TB,KINH,1,2,3
TBTEMP,20.0
TBPT,,0.001,1.0
TBPT,,0.1012,1.2
TBPT,,0.2013,1.3
TBTEMP,40.0
TBPT,,0.008,0.9
TBPT,,0.09088,1.0
TBPT,,0.12926,1.05
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
In this example, the third point in the two stress-strain curves defines the temperature-dependent yield behavior
of the third sublayer.
A typical stress- plastic strain temperature data input using KINH is demonstrated by this example.
TB,KINH,1,2,3,PLASTIC
TBTEMP,20.0
TBPT,,0.000,1.0
TBPT,,0.1012,1.2
TBPT,,0.2013,1.3
TBTEMP,40.0
TBPT,,0.008,0.9
TBPT,,0.09088,1.0
TBPT,,0.12926,1.05
Stress = 1.0
Stress = 1.2
Stress = 1.3
Stress = 0.9
Stress = 1.0
Stress = 1.05
In this example, the stress - strain behavior is the same as the previous sample, except now the strain value is
the plastic strain. The plastic strain can be converted from total strain as follows:
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Please see the MPTEMP, MP, TB, TBPT, TBTEMP, TBDATA, /XRANGE, and TBPLOT command descriptions for
more information.
The Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening (CHABOCHE) option uses the Chaboche model, which is a multi-component
nonlinear kinematic hardening model that allows you to superpose several kinematic models. See the ANSYS,
Inc. Theory Reference for details. Like the BKIN and MKIN options, you can use the CHABOCHE option to simulate
monotonic hardening and the Bauschinger effect. This option also allows you to simulate the ratcheting and
shakedown effect of materials. By combining the CHABOCHE option with isotropic hardening model options
BISO, MISO, and NLISO, you have the further capability of simulating cyclic hardening or softening. You can also
combine this option with the Hill anisotropy option to simulate more complex material behaviors. See Material
Model Combinations in the ANSYS Elements Reference for the combination possibilities. Also, see Section 8.3.2:
Material Model Combinations in this chapter for sample input listings of material combinations. The model has
1 + 2 x n constants, where n is the number of kinematic models, and is defined by NPTS in the TB command. See
the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for details. You define the material constants using the TBTEMP and TBDATA
commands. This model is suitable for large strain analysis.
The following example is a typical data table with no temperature dependency and one kinematic model:
TB,CHABOCHE,1
TBDATA,1,C1,C2,C3
The following example illustrates a data table of temperature dependent constants with two kinematic models
at two temperature points:
TB,CHABOCHE,1,2,2
TBTEMP,100
TBDATA,1,C11,C12,C13,C14,C15
TBTEMP,200
TBDATA,1,C21,C22,C23,C24,C25
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Please see the TB, TBTEMP, and TBDATA command descriptions for more information.
The Bilinear Isotropic Hardening (BISO) option uses the von Mises yield criteria coupled with an isotropic work
hardening assumption. This option is often preferred for large strain analyses. You can combine BISO with
Chaboche, creep, viscoplastic, and Hill anisotropy options to simulate more complex material behaviors. See
Material Model Combinations in the ANSYS Elements Reference for the combination possibilities. Also, see Section 8.3.2: Material Model Combinations in this chapter for sample input listings of material combinations.
The Multilinear Isotropic Hardening (MISO) option is like the bilinear isotropic hardening option, except that
a multilinear curve is used instead of a bilinear curve. This option is not recommended for cyclic or highly nonproportional load histories in small-strain analyses. It is, however, recommended for large strain analyses. The
MISO option can contain up to 20 different temperature curves, with up to 100 different stress-strain points allowed
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! Temperature = 500
! Strain, stress at temperature = 500
See the MPTEMP, MP, TB, TBTEMP, TBPT, /XRANGE, and TBPLOT command descriptions for more information.
The Nonlinear Isotropic Hardening (NLISO) option is based on the Voce hardening law (see the ANSYS, Inc.
Theory Reference for details). The NLISO option is a variation of BISO where an exponential saturation hardening
term is appended to the linear term (see Figure 8.12: NLISO Stress-Strain Curve).
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The advantage of this model is that the material behavior is defined as a specified function which has four material constants that you define through the TBDATA command. You can obtain the material constants by fitting
material tension stress-strain curves. Unlike MISO, there is no need to be concerned about how to appropriately
define the pairs of the material stress-strain points. However, this model is only applicable to the tensile curve
like the one shown in Figure 8.12: NLISO Stress-Strain Curve. This option is suitable for large strain analyses.
You can combine NLISO with Chaboche, creep, viscoplastic, and Hill anisotropy options to simulate more complex
material behaviors. See Material Model Combinations in the ANSYS Elements Reference for the combination possibilities. Also, see Section 8.3.2: Material Model Combinations in this chapter for sample input listings of material combinations.
The following example illustrates a data table of temperature dependent constants at two temperature points:
TB,NLISO,1
TBTEMP,100
TBDATA,1,C11,C12,C13,C14
TBTEMP,200
TBDATA,1,C21,C22,C23,C24
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Please see the TB, TBTEMP, and TBDATA command descriptions for more information.
The Anisotropic (ANISO) option allows for different bilinear stress-strain behavior in the material x, y, and z directions as well as different behavior in tension, compression, and shear. This option is applicable to metals that
have undergone some previous deformation (such as rolling). It is not recommended for cyclic or highly nonproportional load histories since work hardening is assumed. The yield stresses and slopes are not totally independent
(see the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for details).
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See the MP, TB, and TBDATA command descriptions for more information.
The Cast Iron (CAST, UNIAXIAL) option assumes a modified von Mises yield surface, which consists of the von
Mises cylinder in compression and a Rankine cube in tension. It has different yield strengths, flows, and hardenings
in tension and compression. Elastic behavior is isotropic, and is the same in tension and compression. The TB,CAST
command is used to input the plastic Poisson's ration in tension, which can be temperature dependent. Use the
TB,UNIAXIAL command to enter the yield and hardening in tension and compression.
Note Cast Iron is intended for monotonic loading only and cannot be used with any other material
model.
TB,CAST,1,,,ISOTROPIC
TBDATA,1,0.04
TB,UNIAXIAL,1,1,5,TENSION
TBTEMP,10
TBPT,,0.550E-03,0.813E+04
TBPT,,0.100E-02,0.131E+05
TBPT,,0.250E-02,0.241E+05
TBPT,,0.350E-02,0.288E+05
TBPT,,0.450E-02,0.322E+05
TB,UNIAXIAL,1,1,5,COMPRESSION
TBTEMP,10
TBPT,,0.203E-02,0.300E+05
TBPT,,0.500E-02,0.500E+05
TBPT,,0.800E-02,0.581E+05
TBPT,,0.110E-01,0.656E+05
TBPT,,0.140E-01,0.700E+05
Figure 8.13: Cast Iron Plasticity illustrates the idealized response of gray cast iron in tension and compression.
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Tension
TBTEMP,1.0
TBDATA,1,19e5,0.3,1e3,100,
TBTEMP,2.0
816
!
!
!
!
!
!
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If you use state variables in the USERMAT subroutine, you must first define the number of state variables using
the TB,STATE command. You then use the TBDATA command to initialize the value of the state variables, as
shown in the following example:
TB,STATE,1,,4,
TBDATA,1,C1,C2,C3,C4,
8.3.1.4. Hyperelasticity
A material is said to be hyperelastic if there exists an elastic potential function (or strain energy density function),
which is a scalar function of one of the strain or deformation tensors, whose derivative with respect to a strain
component determines the corresponding stress component.
Hyperelasticity can be used to analyze rubber-like materials (elastomers) that undergo large strains and displacements with small volume changes (nearly incompressible materials). Large strain theory is required [NLGEOM,ON].
A representative hyperelastic structure (a balloon seal) is shown in Figure 8.14: Hyperelastic Structure.
There are two types of elements suitable for simulating hyperelastic materials: the hyperelastic elements (HYPER56,
HYPER58, HYPER74, HYPER158), and all of the 18x family of elements except the link and beam elements (SHELL181,
PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, SOLSH190, SHELL208, and SHELL209). For further details
on the use of hyperelastic elements, and on mixed formulation of the 18x solid elements, see Mixed u-P Formulation Elements in the ANSYS Elements Reference.
The material response in ANSYS hyperelastic models is always assumed to be isotropic and isothermal. Because
of this assumption, the strain energy potentials are expressed in terms of strain invariants. Unless indicated
otherwise, the hyperelastic materials are also assumed to be nearly or purely incompressible. Material thermal
expansion is also assumed to be isotropic.
ANSYS supports several options of strain energy potentials for the simulation of incompressible or nearly incompressible hyperelastic materials. All options are applicable to elements SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185,
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Refer to Mooney-Rivlin Hyperelastic Material (TB,HYPER) in the ANSYS Elements Reference for a description of the
material constants required for this option.
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!Define
1
!Define 2
!Define
2
!Define incompressibility parameter
!(as 2/K, K is the bulk modulus)
!(Second incompressibility parameter d2 is zero)
Refer to Ogden Hyperelastic Material Constants in the ANSYS Elements Reference for a description of the material
constants required for this option.
Refer to Neo-Hookean Hyperelastic Material in the ANSYS Elements Reference for a description of the material
constants required for this option.
Refer to Arruda-Boyce Hyperelastic Material Constants in the ANSYS Elements Reference for a description of the
material constants required for this option.
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Refer to Gent Hyperelastic Material Constants in the ANSYS Elements Reference for a description of the material
constants required for this option.
Refer to Yeoh Hyperelastic Material Constants in the ANSYS Elements Reference for a description of the material
constants required for this option.
Refer to Blatz-Ko Foam Hyperelastic Material Constants in the ANSYS Elements Reference for a description of the
material constants required for this option.
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Refer to Ogden Compressible Foam Hyperelastic Material Constants in the ANSYS Elements Reference for a description of the material constants required for this option.
Refer to Mooney-Rivlin Hyperelastic Material Constants (TB,MOONEY) in the ANSYS Elements Reference for a description of the constants required as input for this option.
The Mooney-Rivlin constants for any given hyperelastic material are not generally available in the open literature.
Consequently, you can use the *MOONEY command to automatically determine a set of Mooney-Rivlin constants
from a set of known experimental test data. Sometimes the manufacturer of the material will be able to supply
some or all of the needed test data, but you might find that you need to obtain more data from a testing laboratory.
Hyperelastic material behavior is much more complicated than typical metallic material behavior. Hyperelastic
stress-strain relationships usually differ significantly for tension, compression, and shear modes of deformation.
Therefore, using *MOONEY to generate a generally applicable hyperelastic material model will require test data
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Dimension all arrays that will be used for data input, Mooney-Rivlin constant storage, and calculated
stress-strain evaluation.
2.
Fill the input-data arrays with engineering stress and strain test data.
3.
4.
5.
This array has the dimensions N x 3, where N equals the maximum number of data points in any one of the three
columns. For example, if you have 20 data points from uniaxial tension/compression tests and 10 data points
from shear tests, N = 20. This array must always be N x 3, even if fewer than three types of test data are available.
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Two-term
Five-term
Nine-term
CALC Array: An output stress-data array of dimension N x 3 (where N is as described above), in which sorted
calculated stress values are stored. These stress values will be sorted into the same order as their corresponding
sorted strain values (which will be sorted into ascending order).
SORTSN Array: An array of dimension N x 3 in which sorted input strain data are stored.
SORTSS Array: An array of dimension N x 3 in which sorted input stress data are stored.
For example, if your test data contained up to 20 data points for any one test type, and if you wanted to generate
a five-term set of Mooney-Rivlin constants, you might issue the following commands to dimension the necessary
arrays (remember that you can substitute any valid parameter names for the ones shown here):
*DIM,STRAIN,,20,3
*DIM,STRESS,,20,3
*DIM,CONST,,5,1
*DIM,CALC,,20,3
!
!
!
!
Dim.
Dim.
Dim.
Dim.
array
array
array
array
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Note that these do not have a 1:1 relationship with the modes of deformation and their equivalencies. The first
mode of deformation, uniaxial tension, has equibiaxial compression as its equivalency, but the first column of
the array contains data from uniaxial tension and/or uniaxial compression. Likewise, the second mode of deformation, equibiaxial tension, has uniaxial compression as its equivalency, but the second column of the array contains
data from equibiaxial tension and/or equibiaxial compression.
Uniaxial tension
Uniaxial tension
Equibiaxial compression
Column one
Column two
Equibiaxial tension
Equibiaxial tension
Uniaxial compression
Column two
Column one
Shear
Planar tension
Planar compression
Column three
Column three
If fewer than three types of tests are used, you must leave the missing columns blank. Schematically, data input
might be represented as shown in Figure 8.16: Data Locations in Stress and Strain Input Arrays.
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Consider a case in which data from uniaxial tension and shear tests are available. The commands to store the
strain and stress data in the input-data arrays could look something like this (of course, the arrays can have any
valid array names, and the number of data points represented by N1 and N2 in this example can be any integral
numbers):
! Uniaxial Tension Data
*SET,STRAIN(1,1), ... !
*SET,STRAIN(11,1),... !
*SET,STRESS(1,1), ... !
*SET,STRESS(11,1),... !
! Shear Data
*SET,STRAIN(1,3), ... !
*SET,STRESS(1,3), ... !
The program automatically determines the Mooney-Rivlin constants, stores them in the database and in the
CONST array (which can have any valid parameter name), and writes a series of TB and TBDATA commands in
the ASCII file Fname.Ext (default file name = Jobname.TB).
Uniaxial equations will be used for the data in column 1, equibiaxial equations for the data in column 2, and
planar (pure shear) equations for the data in column 3.
Note All the laboratory test data entered in the STRAIN and STRESS arrays will be used to determine
the Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic material constants.
Step 4: Evaluate the Quality of the Mooney-Rivlin Constants
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See the *DIM, *EVAL, /AXLAB, and *VPLOT command descriptions for more information.
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The first stability check occurs before the analysis. The check is for six typical stress paths (uniaxial tension
and compression, equibiaxial tension and compression, and planar tension and compression), and covers
a stretch ratio ranging from 0.1 to 10. If the material is not stable over the range, a message appears that
states the critical values of the nominal strains where the material first becomes unstable, and lists the
Mooney-Rivlin constants that you entered. If the material is stable over the range, you will not see any
message or indication. The sample warning message below lists the nominal strains where Material 1
loses stability, then lists the constants that were entered for this example:
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0.645E+00
-0.565E+00
0.516E+00
-0.220E+00
0.585E+00
-0.369E+00
0.000E+00,
0.000E+00,
0.000E+00,
0.150E+03
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
For the hyperelastic elements with mixed u-P formulation (HYPER56, HYPER58, HYPER74, and HYPER158),
you can also have ANSYS perform a stability check during an analysis by setting KEYOPT(8) = 1. For each
equilibrium iteration, the program checks every Gauss point in the problem for stability violations. If the
problem fails the stability check, you will see a message in the solution history section of the ANSYS Output
window reporting the total number of Gauss points that were unstable for that iteration. You will not see
any messages if the problem passes the check. The sample message below shows that, during an analysis,
ANSYS detected 3 Gauss points that exceeded the material stability limit:
DISP CONVERGENCE VALUE
= 22.81
CRITERION= 0.5000
EQUIL ITER
1 COMPLETED. NEW TRIANG MATRIX. MAX DOF INC=
10.00
FORCE CONVERGENCE VALUE = 0.5018E+07 CRITERION= 0.1917E+05
>>>
3 Gauss points have exceeded the material stability limit
For elements that contain at least one unstable Gauss point, the instability indicator is set to 1 and stored
in the result file as an item in the SMISC record. You can plot the region of instability in POST1 by plotting
this SMISC record identified as STFLAG for the element. The SMISC number for STFLAG differs for some
of the elements. See the appropriate table for the SMISC item that corresponds to instability indicator
STFLAG, for the particular element of interest: HYPER56 Item and Sequence Numbers for ETABLE and ESOL
Commands, HYPER58 Item and Sequence Numbers for ETABLE and ESOL Commands, HYPER74 Item and
Sequence Numbers for ETABLE and ESOL Commands, HYPER158 Item and Sequence Numbers for ETABLE
and ESOL Commands.
You should be aware that even though a material failing a stability check is often an indication of convergence
difficulty, it does not necessarily mean that your solution is invalid once the material enters the unstable region.
The material stability check is simply a tool to help you diagnose the problem when the solution fails to converge.
For nearly incompressible materials with Poisson's ratio greater than 0.49, we recommend that you use the hyperelastic elements with mixed u-P formulation (HYPER56, HYPER58, HYPER74, and HYPER158).
Note The element types HYPER84 and HYPER86 are intended primarily for modeling compressible,
foam-like elastomers, using a Blatz-Ko function to describe the material properties. Select the Blatz-Ko
option by setting KEYOPT(2) = 1 for these elements, then use MP commands to enter appropriate values
for EX and NUXY to define the initial material shear modulus. An incompressible hyperelastic material
option is also available for HYPER84 and HYPER86, but it is limited to two-term Mooney-Rivlin only. In
general, it is recommended that you use HYPER56, HYPER58, HYPER74, or HYPER158 (not HYPER84 or
HYPER86) for all incompressible hyperelastic materials.
Problems using hyperelastic elements can be sensitive to the rate of load application. In most instances, load
application should be slow so as not to over-distort elements in the converging sequence. Each problem may
be unique and require special consideration. Bifurcation of the solution, indicating that two or more different
geometric configurations have the same minimum potential energy, may occur at various times during the
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8.3.1.5. Creep
Creep is a rate dependent material nonlinearity in which the material continues to deform under a constant load.
Conversely, if a displacement is imposed, the reaction force (and stresses) will diminish over time (stress relaxation;
see Figure 8.18: Stress Relaxation and Creep(a)). The three stages of creep are shown in Figure 8.18: Stress
Relaxation and Creep(b). The ANSYS program has the capability of modeling the first two stages (primary and
secondary). The tertiary stage is usually not analyzed since it implies impending failure.
Creep is important in high temperature stress analyses, such as for nuclear reactors. For example, suppose you
apply a preload to some part in a nuclear reactor to keep adjacent parts from moving. Over a period of time at
high temperature, the preload would decrease (stress relaxation) and potentially let the adjacent parts move.
Creep can also be significant for some materials such as prestressed concrete. Typically, the creep deformation
is permanent.
ANSYS analyzes creep using two time integration methods. Both are applicable to static or transient analyses.The
implicit creep method is robust, fast, accurate, and recommended for general use. It can handle temperature
dependent creep constants, as well as simultaneous coupling with isotropic hardening plasticity models. The
explicit creep method is useful for cases where very small time steps are required. Creep constants cannot be
dependent on temperature. Coupling with other plastic models is available by superposition only.
Note The terms implicit and explicit as applied to creep, have no relationship to explicit dynamics,
or any elements referred to as explicit elements.
The implicit creep method supports the following elements: PLANE42, SOLID45, PLANE82, SOLID92, SOLID95,
LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, SOLSH190, BEAM188, BEAM189,
SHELL208, and SHELL209.
The explicit creep method supports the following elements: LINK1, PLANE2, LINK8, PIPE20, BEAM23, BEAM24,
PLANE42, SHELL43, SOLID45, SHELL51, PIPE60, SOLID62, SOLID65, PLANE82, SOLID92, and SOLID95.
The creep strain rate may be a function of stress, strain, temperature, and neutron flux level. Libraries of creep
strain rate equations are built into the ANSYS program for primary, secondary, and irradiation induced creep.
(See Creep Equations in the ANSYS Elements Reference for discussions of, and input procedures for, these various
creep equations.) Some equations require specific units. In particular, for the explicit creep option, temperatures
used in the creep equations should be based on an absolute scale.
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You can input other creep expressions using the user programmable feature and setting TBOPT = 100. You can
define the number of state variables using the TB command with Lab = STATE. The following example shows
how five state variables are defined.
TB,STATE,1,,5
You can simultaneously model creep [TB,CREEP] and isotropic, bilinear kinematic, and Hill anisotropy options
to simulate more complex material behaviors. See Material Model Combinations in the ANSYS Elements Reference
for the combination possibilities. Also, see Section 8.3.2: Material Model Combinations in this chapter for sample
input listings of material combinations.
To perform an implicit creep analysis, you must also issue the solution RATE command, with Option = ON (or
1). The following example shows a procedure for a time hardening creep analysis (See Figure 8.19: Time
Hardening Creep Analysis).
The user applied mechanical loading in the first load step, and turned the RATE command OFF to bypass the
creep strain effect. Since the time period in this load step will affect the total time thereafter, the time period for
this load step should be small. For this example, the user specified a value of 1.0E-8 seconds. The second load
step is a creep analysis. The RATE command must be turned ON. Here the mechanical loading was kept constant,
and the material creeps as time increases.
/SOLU
RATE,OFF
TIME,1.0E-8
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The RATE command works only when modeling implicit creep with either von Mises or Hill potentials.
When modeling implicit creep with von Mises potential, you can use the RATE command with the following
elements: LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, SOLSH190, BEAM188,
BEAM189, SHELL208, and SHELL209.
When modeling anisotropic creep (TB,CREEP with TB,HILL), you can use the RATE command with the following
elements: PLANE42, SOLID45, PLANE82, SOLID92, SOLID95, LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185,
SOLID186, SOLID187, SOLSH190, BEAM188, BEAM189, SHELL208, and SHELL209.
For most materials, the creep strain rate changes significantly at an early stage. Because of this, a general recommendation is to use a small initial incremental time step, then specify a large maximum incremental time step
by using solution command DELTIM or NSUBST. For implicit creep, you may need to examine the effect of the
time increment on the results carefully because ANSYS does not enforce any creep ratio control by default. You
can always enforce a creep limit ratio using the creep ratio control option in commands CRPLIM or CUTCONTROL,CRPLIMIT. A recommended value for a creep limit ratio ranges from 1 to 10. The ratio may vary with materials so your decision on the best value to use should be based on your own experimentation to gain the required
performance and accuracy. For larger analyses, a suggestion is to first perform a time increment convergence
analysis on a simple small size test.
ANSYS provides tools to help you determine the coefficients for all of the implicit creep options defined in
TB,CREEP. The TBFT command allows you to compare your experimental data with existing material data curves
and visually fit your curve for use in the TB command. All of the TBFT command capability is available via either
batch or interactive (GUI) mode. See Material Curve Fitting (also in this manual) for more information.
For the explicit creep method, you can incorporate other creep expressions into the program by using User
Programmable Features (see the Guide to ANSYS User Programmable Features).
For highly nonlinear creep strain vs. time curves, a small time step must be used with the explicit creep method.
Creep strains are not computed if the time step is less than 1.0e-6. A creep time step optimization procedure is
available [AUTOTS and CRPLIM] for automatically adjusting the time step as appropriate.
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Use the MP command to input the linear elastic behavior of the austenite phase, and the TB,SMA command to
input the behavior of the transition and martensite phases. Use the TBDATA command to enter the specifics
(data sets) of the alloy material. You can enter up to six sets of data.
SMAs can be specified for the following elements: PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, and
SOLSH190.
A typical ANSYS input listing (fragment) will look similar to this:
MP,EX,1,60.0E3
MP,NUXY,1.0.3
TB,SMA,1,2
TBTEMP,10
TBDATA,1,520.0,600.0,300.0,200.0,0.07,0.12
TBDATA,7,5.0E4
TBTEMP,20
TBDATA,1,420.0,540.0,300.0,200.0,0.10,0.15
TBDATA,7,4.0E3
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
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8.3.1.7. Viscoplasticity
Viscoplasticity is a time-dependent plasticity phenomenon, where the development of the plastic strains are
dependent on the rate of loading. The primary applications are high-temperature metal forming processes such
as rolling and deep drawing, which involve large plastic strains and displacements with small elastic strains (see
Figure 8.21: Viscoplastic Behavior in a Rolling Operation). The plastic strains are typically very large (for example,
50% or greater), requiring large strain theory [NLGEOM,ON].
Viscoplasticity is modeled with element types VISCO106, VISCO107, and VISCO108, using Anand's model for
material properties as described in Nonlinear Stress-Strain Materials in the ANSYS Elements Reference.
Viscoplasticity is defined by unifying plasticity and creep via a set of flow and evolutionary equations. A constraint
equation is used to preserve volume in the plastic region.
The Rate-Dependent Plasticity (Viscoplasticity) or TB,RATE option allows you to introduce the strain rate effect
in material models to simulate the time-dependent response of materials. Two material options are available,
the Perzyna model and the Peirce model (see the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for details). In contrast to other
rate-dependent material options in ANSYS such as Creep or Anand's model, the Perzyna and Peirce models also
include a yield surface. The plasticity and thus the strain rate hardening effect are active only after plastic yielding.
You must use the models in combination with the BISO, MISO, or NLISO material options to simulate viscoplasticity.
Further, you can simulate anisotropic viscoplasticity by also combining the HILL option. See Material Model
Combinations in the ANSYS Elements Reference for the combination possibilities. Also, see Section 8.3.2: Material
Model Combinations in this chapter for sample input listings of material combinations. For isotropic hardening,
the intent is for simulating the strain rate hardening of materials rather than softening. This option is also suitable
for large strain analysis, and is applicable to the following elements: PLANE42, SOLID45, PLANE82, SOLID92,
SOLID95, LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, SOLSH190, BEAM188,
BEAM189, SHELL208, and SHELL209. Some typical applications of these material options are metal forming and
micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS).
8.3.1.8. Viscoelasticity
Viscoelasticity is similar to creep, but part of the deformation is removed when the loading is taken off. A common
viscoelastic material is glass. Some plastics are also considered to be viscoelastic. One type of viscoelastic response
is illustrated in Figure 8.22: Viscoelastic Behavior (Maxwell Model).
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Viscoelasticity is modeled with element types VISCO88 and VISCO89 for small deformation viscoelasticity and
LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, SOLSH190, BEAM188, BEAM189,
SHELL208, and SHELL209 for small and large deformation viscoelasticity. You must input material properties
using the TB family of commands. For SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, SOLSH190,
SHELL208, and SHELL209, the underlying elasticity is specified by either the MP command (hypoelasticity) or by
the TB,HYPER command (hyperelasticity). For LINK180, BEAM188, and BEAM189, the underlying elasticity is
specified using the MP command (hypoelasticity) only. The elasticity constants correspond to those of the fast
load limit. Use the TB,PRONY and TB,SHIFT commands to input the relaxation property (see the TB command
description for more information).
!Small Strain Viscoelasticity
mp,ex,1,20.0E5 !elastic properties
mp,nuxy,1,0.3
tb,prony,1,,2,shear !define viscosity parameters (shear)
tbdata,1,0.5,2.0,0.25,4.0
tb,prony,1,,2,bulk !define viscosity parameters (bulk)
tbdata,1,0.5,2.0,0.25,4.0
!Large Strain Viscoelasticity
tb,hyper,1,,,moon !elastic properties
tbdata,1,38.462E4,,1.2E-6
tb,prony,1,,1,shear !define viscosity parameters
tbdata,1,0.5,2.0
tb,prony,1,,1,bulk !define viscosity parameters
tbdata,1,0.5,2.0
See Viscoelastic Material Constants in the ANSYS Elements Reference and the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for details
about how to input viscoelastic material properties using the TB family of commands.
ANSYS provides tools to help you determine the coefficients for all of the viscoelastic options defined by TB,PRONY.
The TBFT command allows you to compare your experimental data with existing material data curves and
visually fit your curve for use in the TB command. All of the TBFT command capability is available via either
batch or interactive (GUI) mode. See Material Curve Fitting (also in this manual) for more information.
8.3.1.9. Swelling
Certain materials respond to neutron flux by enlarging volumetrically, or swelling. In order to include swelling
effects, you must write your own swelling subroutine, USERSW. (See the Guide to ANSYS User Programmable
Features for a discussion of User-Programmable Features.) Swelling Equations in the ANSYS Elements Reference
discusses how to use the TB family of commands to input constants for the swelling equations. Swelling can
also be related to other phenomena, such as moisture content. The ANSYS commands for nuclear swelling can
be used analogously to define swelling due to other causes.
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! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,CHAB,1
TBDATA,1,180,100,3
! CHABOCHE TABLE
TB,BISO,1
TBDATA,1,180,200
! BISO TABLE
For information on the BISO option, see Bilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the CHAB option, see Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,CHAB,1
TBDATA,1,180,100,3
! CHABOCHE TABLE
! THIS EXAMPLE ISOTHERMAL
TB,MISO,1
TBPT,,9.7E-4,180
TBPT,,1.0,380
! MISO TABLE
For information on the MISO option, see Multilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the CHAB option, see Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,CHAB,1,3,5
! CHABOCHE TABLE
TBTEMP,20,1
! THIS EXAMPLE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT
TBDATA,1,500,20000,100,40000,200,10000
TBDATA,7,1000,200,100,100,0
TBTEMP,40,2
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! NLISO TABLE
For information on the NLISO option, see Nonlinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the CHAB option, see Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,BISO,1
TBDATA,1,9000,10000
! BISO TABLE
TB,RATE,1,,,PERZYNA
TBDATA,1,0.5,1
! RATE TABLE
For information on the BISO option, see Bilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the RATE option, see Rate-Dependent Viscoplastic Materials in the ANSYS Elements Reference,
and Section 8.3.1.7: Viscoplasticity in this chapter.
! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,MISO,1
TBPT,,0.015,30000
TBPT,,0.020,32000
TBPT,,0.025,33800
TBPT,,0.030,35000
TBPT,,0.040,36500
TBPT,,0.050,38000
TBPT,,0.060,39000
! MISO TABLE
TB,RATE,1,,,PERZYNA
TBDATA,1,0.5,1
! RATE TABLE
For information on the MISO option, see Multilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the RATE option, see Rate-Dependent Viscoplastic Materials in the ANSYS Elements Reference,
and Section 8.3.1.7: Viscoplasticity in this chapter.
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! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,NLISO,1
TBDATA,1,30000,100000,5200,172
! NLISO TABLE
TB,RATE,1,,,PERZYNA
TBDATA,1,0.5,1
! RATE TABLE
For information on the NLISO option, see Nonlinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the RATE option, see Rate-Dependent Viscoplastic Materials in the ANSYS Elements Reference,
and Section 8.3.1.7: Viscoplasticity in this chapter.
! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,BISO,1
TBDATA,1,9000,10000
! BISO TABLE
TB,CREEP,1,,,2
! CREEP TABLE
TBDATA,1,1.5625E-14,5.0,-0.5,0.0
For information on the BISO option, see Bilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the CREEP option, see Implicit Creep Equations in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.5.1: Implicit Creep Procedure in this chapter.
! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,MISO,1
TBPT,,0.015,30000
TBPT,,0.020,32000
TBPT,,0.025,33800
TBPT,,0.030,35000
TBPT,,0.040,36500
TBPT,,0.050,38000
TBPT,,0.060,39000
! MISO TABLE
TB,CREEP,1,,,2
! CREEP TABLE
TBDATA,1,1.5625E-14,5.0,-0.5,0.0
For information on the MISO option, see Multilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
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! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,NLISO,1
TBDATA,1,30000,100000,5200,172
! NLISO TABLE
TB,CREEP,1,,,2
! CREEP TABLE
TBDATA,1,1.5625E-14,5.0,-0.5,0.0
For information on the NLISO option, see Nonlinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the CREEP option, see Implicit Creep Equations in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.5.1: Implicit Creep Procedure in this chapter.
! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,BKIN,1,
TBDATA,1,42000,1000
! BKIN TABLE
TB,CREEP,1,,,6
TBDATA,1,7.4e-21,3.5,0,0,0,0
! CREEP TABLE
For information on the BKIN option, see Bilinear Kinematic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the CREEP option, see Implicit Creep Equations in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.5.1: Implicit Creep Procedure in this chapter.
! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,HILL,1,2
! HILL TABLE
TBTEMP,100
TBDATA,1,1,1.0402,1.24897,1.07895,1,1
TBTEMP,200
TBDATA,1,0.9,0.94,1.124,0.97,0.9,0.9
TB,BISO,1,2
TBTEMP,100
TBDATA,1,461.0,374.586
TBTEMP,200
TBDATA,1,400.0,325.0
! BISO TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1:
Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
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! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,MISO,1
TBPT,,0.015,30000
TBPT,,0.020,32000
TBPT,,0.025,33800
TBPT,,0.030,35000
TBPT,,0.040,36500
TBPT,,0.050,38000
TBPT,,0.060,39000
! MISO TABLE
TB,HILL,1
! HILL TABLE
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.1,0.9,0.85,0.9,0.80
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1:
Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the MISO option, see Multilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,NLISO,1
TBDATA,1,30000,100000,5200,172
! NLISO TABLE
TB,HILL,1
! HILL TABLE
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.1,0.9,0.85,0.9,0.80
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1:
Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the NLISO option, see Nonlinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,BKIN,1
TBDATA,1,9000,10000
! BKIN TABLE
TB,HILL,1
! HILL TABLE
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.1,0.9,0.85,0.9,0.80
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1:
Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
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! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
MPDATA,EX,1,1,30.00E6,27.36E6,25.20E6,23.11E6,20.76E6
MPDATA,EY,1,1,30.00E6,27.36E6,25.20E6,23.11E6,20.76E6
MPDATA,EZ,1,1,30.00E6,27.36E6,25.20E6,23.11E6,20.76E6
MPDATA,PRXY,1,1,0.351,0.359,0.368,0.375,0.377
MPDATA,PRYZ,1,1,0.351,0.359,0.368,0.375,0.377
MPDATA,PRXZ,1,1,0.351,0.359,0.368,0.375,0.377
MPDATA,GXY,1,1,1.190E4,1.160E4,1.110E4,1.080E4,1.060E4
MPDATA,GYZ,1,1,1.190E4,1.160E4,1.110E4,1.080E4,1.060E4
MPDATA,GXZ,1,1,1.190E4,1.160E4,1.110E4,1.080E4,1.060E4
TB,MKIN,1,5,5
! MKIN TABLE
TBTEMP,,strain
TBDATA,1,0.0015,0.006,0.04,0.08,0.1
TBTEMP,20
TBDATA,1,45000,60000,90000,115000,120000
TBTEMP,400
TBDATA,1,41040,54720,82080,104880,109440
TBTEMP,650
TBDATA,1,37800,50400,75600,96600,100800
TBTEMP,800
TBDATA,1,34665,46220,69330,88588,92440
TBTEMP,950
TBDATA,1,31140,41520,62280,79580,83040
TB,HILL,1,5
! HILL TABLE
TBTEMP,20.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.93,0.93,0.93
TBTEMP,400.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.93,0.93,0.93
TBTEMP,650.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.93,0.93,0.93
TBTEMP,800.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.00,1.00,1.00
TBTEMP,950.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.00,1.00,1.00
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1:
Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the MKIN option, see Multilinear Kinematic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,KINH,1,,3
TBPT,,5E-5,1E3
TBPT,,0.01,2E3
TBPT,,0.60,6E4
! KINH TABLE
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! HILL TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1:
Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the KINH option, see Multilinear Kinematic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,CHAB,1
TBDATA,1,180,400,3,0
! CHABOCHE TABLE
TB,HILL,1
! HILL TABLE
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.1,0.9,0.85,0.9,0.80
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1:
Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the CHAB option, see Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,CHAB,1
TBDATA,1,180,100,3
! CHABOCHE TABLE
TB,BISO,1
TBDATA,1,180,200
! BISO TABLE
TB,HILL,1
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.1,0.9,0.85,0.9,0.80
! HILL TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1:
Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the BISO option, see Bilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the CHAB option, see Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
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! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,CHAB,1
TBDATA,1,185,100,3
! CHABOCHE TABLE
TB,MISO,1
TBPT,,0.001,185
TBPT,,1.0,380
! MISO TABLE
TB,HILL,1
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.1,0.9,0.85,0.9,0.80
! HILL TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1:
Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the MISO option, see Multilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the CHAB option, see Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
TB,NLISO,1
TBDATA,1,180,0.0,100.0,5
! NLISO TABLE
!
TB,CHAB,1
TBDATA,1,180,100,3
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! CHABOCHE TABLE
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TB,HILL,1,5
TBTEMP,750.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.93,0.93,0.93
TBTEMP,800.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.93,0.93,0.93
TBTEMP,850.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.93,0.93,0.93
TBTEMP,900.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.00,1.00,1.00
TBTEMP,950.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.00,1.00,1.00
! HILL TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1:
Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the NLISO option, see Nonlinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the CHAB option, see Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
TB,BISO,1,
TBDATA,1,45000,760000
! BISO TABLE
TB,RATE,1,2,,PERZYNA
TBTEMP,20
TBDATA,1,0.1,0.3
TBTEMP,950
TBDATA,1,0.3,0.5
! RATE TABLE
TB,HILL,1,5
! HILL TABLE
TBTEMP,750.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.93,0.93,0.93
TBTEMP,800.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.93,0.93,0.93
TBTEMP,850.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.93,0.93,0.93
TBTEMP,900.0
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For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1:
Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the RATE option, see Rate-Dependent Viscoplastic Materials in the ANSYS Elements Reference,
and Section 8.3.1.7: Viscoplasticity in this chapter.
For information on the BISO option, see Bilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,MISO,1
TBPT,,0.015,30000
TBPT,,0.020,32000
TBPT,,0.025,33800
TBPT,,0.030,35000
TBPT,,0.040,36500
TBPT,,0.050,38000
TBPT,,0.060,39000
! MISO TABLE
TB,HILL,1
! HILL TABLE
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.1,0.9,0.85,0.9,0.80
TB,RATE,1,,,PERZYNA
TBDATA,1,0.5,1
! RATE TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1:
Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the RATE option, see Rate-Dependent Viscoplastic Materials in the ANSYS Elements Reference,
and Section 8.3.1.7: Viscoplasticity in this chapter.
For information on the MISO option, see Bilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,NLISO,1
TBDATA,1,30000,100000,5200,172
! NLISO TABLE
TB,HILL,1
! HILL TABLE
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.1,0.9,0.85,0.9,0.80
TB,RATE,1,,,PERZYNA
TBDATA,1,0.5,1
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! RATE TABLE
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TB,CREEP,1,,,2
TBDATA,1,5.911E-34,6.25,-0.25
! CREEP TABLE
TB,HILL,1,5
TBTEMP,750.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.93,0.93,0.93
TBTEMP,800.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.93,0.93,0.93
TBTEMP,850.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.93,0.93,0.93
TBTEMP,900.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.00,1.00,1.00
TBTEMP,950.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.00,1.00,1.00
! HILL TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1:
Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the CREEP option, see Implicit Creep Equations in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.5.1: Implicit Creep Procedure in this chapter.
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TB,BISO,1
TBDATA,1,180,200
! BISO TABLE
TB,CREEP,1,,,2
TBDATA,1,5.911E-34,6.25,-0.25
! CREEP TABLE
TB,HILL,1,5
TBTEMP,750.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.93,0.93,0.93
TBTEMP,800.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.93,0.93,0.93
TBTEMP,850.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,0.93,0.93,0.93
TBTEMP,900.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.00,1.00,1.00
TBTEMP,950.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.00,1.00,1.00
! HILL TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1:
Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the CREEP option, see Implicit Creep Equations in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.5.1: Implicit Creep Procedure in this chapter.
For information on the BISO option, see Bilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
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! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,MISO,1
TBPT,,0.015,30000
TBPT,,0.020,32000
TBPT,,0.025,33800
TBPT,,0.030,35000
TBPT,,0.040,36500
TBPT,,0.050,38000
TBPT,,0.060,39000
! MISO TABLE
TB,HILL,1
! HILL TABLE
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.1,0.9,0.85,0.9,0.80
TB,CREEP,1,,,2
! CREEP TABLE
TBDATA,1,1.5625E-14,5.0,-0.5,0.0
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1:
Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the CREEP option, see Implicit Creep Equations in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.5.1: Implicit Creep Procedure in this chapter.
For information on the MISO option, see Multilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,NLISO,1
TBDATA,1,30000,100000,5200,172
! NLISO TABLE
TB,HILL,1
! HILL TABLE
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.1,0.9,0.85,0.9,0.80
TB,CREEP,1,,,2
! CREEP TABLE
TBDATA,1,1.5625E-14,5.0,-0.5,0.0
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1:
Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the CREEP option, see Implicit Creep Equations in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.5.1: Implicit Creep Procedure in this chapter.
For information on the NLISO option, see Nonlinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
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! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
TB,BKIN,1
TBDATA,1,42000,1000
! BKIN TABLE
TB,CREEP,1,,,6
TBDATA,1,7.4e-21,3.5,0,0,0,0
! CREEP TABLES
TB,HILL,1
! HILL TABLE
TBDATA,1,1.15,1.05,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1:
Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on the CREEP option, see Implicit Creep Equations in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.5.1: Implicit Creep Procedure in this chapter.
For information on the BKIN option, see Bilinear Kinematic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
For information on hyperelasticity, see Hyperelastic Material Constants in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.4: Hyperelasticity in this chapter.
For information on the viscoelasticity, see Viscoelastic Material Constants in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and
Section 8.3.1.8: Viscoelasticity in this chapter.
PRED
MONITOR
DELTIM
NROPT
NEQIT
NSUBST
TINTP
SSTIF
CNVTOL
CUTCONTROL
KBC
LNSRCH
OPNCONTROL
EQSLV
ARCLEN
CDWRITE
LSWRITE
These commands and the settings they control are discussed in later sections. You can also refer to the individual
command descriptions in the ANSYS Commands Reference.
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Single-field nonlinear or transient structural and solid mechanics analysis where the solution DOFs are
combinations of UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, and ROTZ.
Single-field nonlinear or transient thermal analysis where the solution DOF is TEMP.
Note The Solution Controls dialog box, which is described later in this chapter, cannot be used to
set solution controls for a thermal analysis. Instead, you must use the standard set of ANSYS solution
commands and the standard corresponding menu paths.
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When setting ANTYPE and NLGEOM, choose Large Displacement Static if you are performing a new
analysis. (But, keep in mind that not all nonlinear analyses will produce large deformations. See Section 8.2:
Using Geometric Nonlinearities for further discussion of large deformations.) Choose Restart Current
Analysis if you want to restart a failed nonlinear analysis. You cannot change this setting after the first
load step (that is, after you issue your first SOLVE command). You will usually choose to do a new analysis,
rather than a restart. Restarts are discussed in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.
When working with time settings, remember that these options can be changed at any load step. See
Chapter 2, Loading in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for more information on these options. Advanced
time/frequency options, in addition to those available on the Solution Controls dialog box, are discussed
in Section 8.5.2.3: Advanced Load Step Options You Can Set on the Solution Controls Dialog Box.
A nonlinear analysis requires multiple substeps (or time steps; the two terms are equivalent) within each
load step so that ANSYS can apply the specified loads gradually and obtain an accurate solution. The
NSUBST and DELTIM commands both achieve the same effect (establishing a load step's starting, minimum, and maximum step size), but by reciprocal means. NSUBST defines the number of substeps to be
taken within a load step, whereas DELTIM defines the time step size explicitly. If automatic time stepping
is off [AUTOTS], then the starting substep size is used throughout the load step.
OUTRES controls the data on the results file (Jobname.RST). By default, only the last substep is written
to the results file in a nonlinear analysis.
Only 1000 results sets (substeps) can be written to the results file, but you can use the command /CONFIG,NRES to increase the limit (see the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide).
8.5.2.2. Advanced Analysis Options You Can Set on the Solution Controls Dialog
Box
The following sections provide more detail about some of the advanced analysis options that you can set on the
Solution Controls dialog box.
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If it is a beam/shell or beam/shell and solid structure, choose the sparse direct solver.
If it is a 3-D solid structure and the number of DOF is relatively large (that is, 200,000 or more DOF), choose
the PCG solver.
If the problem is ill-conditioned (triggered by poor element shapes), or has a big difference in material
properties in different regions of the model, or has insufficient displacement boundary constraints, choose
the sparse direct solver.
8.5.2.3. Advanced Load Step Options You Can Set on the Solution Controls Dialog
Box
The following sections provide more detail about some of the advanced load step options that you can set on
the Solution Controls dialog box.
Number of equilibrium iterations used in the last time step (more iterations cause the time step size to
be reduced)
Predictions for nonlinear element status change (time step sizes are decreased when a status change is
imminent)
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The infinite norm repeats the single-DOF check at each DOF in your model.
The L1 norm compares the convergence criterion against the sum of the absolute values of force (and
moment) imbalance for all DOFs.
The L2 norm performs the convergence check using the square root sum of the squares of the force (and
moment) imbalances for all DOFs. (Of course, additional L1 or L2 checking can be performed for a displacement convergence check.)
Example
For the following example, the substep will be considered to be converged if the out-of-balance force (checked
at each DOF separately) is less than or equal to 5000*0.0005 (that is, 2.5), and if the change in displacements
(checked as the square root sum of the squares) is less than or equal to 10*0.001 (that is, 0.01).
CNVTOL,F,5000,0.0005,0
CNVTOL,U,10,0.001,2
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8.5.3.1. Advanced Analysis Options You Cannot Set on the Solution Controls Dialog
Box
The following sections describe some advanced analysis options that you can set for your analysis. As noted
above in Section 8.5.3: Set Additional Solution Options, you cannot use the Solution Controls dialog box to set
the options described below. Instead, you must set them using the standard set of ANSYS solution commands
and the standard corresponding menu paths.
Program-chosen (NROPT,AUTO): The program chooses which of the options to use, based on the kinds
of nonlinearities present in your model. Adaptive descent will be automatically activated, when appropriate.
Full (NROPT,FULL): The program uses the full Newton-Raphson procedure, in which the stiffness matrix
is updated at every equilibrium iteration.
If adaptive descent is on (optional), the program will use the tangent stiffness matrix only as long as the
iterations remain stable (that is, as long as the residual decreases, and no negative main diagonal pivot
occurs). If divergent trends are detected on an iteration, the program discards the divergent iteration and
restarts the solution, using a weighted combination of the secant and tangent stiffness matrices. When
the iterations return to a convergent pattern, the program will resume using the tangent stiffness matrix.
Activating adaptive descent will usually enhance the program's ability to obtain converged solutions for
complicated nonlinear problems but is supported only for elements indicated under "Special Features"
in the Input Summary table (Table 4.n.1 for an element, where n is the element number) in the ANSYS
Elements Reference.
Modified (NROPT,MODI): The program uses the modified Newton-Raphson technique, in which the tangent
stiffness matrix is updated at each substep. The matrix is not changed during equilibrium iterations at a
substep. This option is not applicable to large deformation analyses. Adaptive descent is not available.
Initial Stiffness (NROPT,INIT): The program uses the initial stiffness matrix in every equilibrium iteration.
This option can be less likely to diverge than the full option, but it often requires more iterations to achieve
convergence. It is not applicable to large deformation analyses. Adaptive descent is not available.
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Full with unsymmetric matrix (NROPT,UNSYM): The program uses the full Newton-Raphson procedure,
in which the stiffness matrix is updated at every equilibrium iteration. In addition, it generates and uses
unsymmetric matrices that you can use for any of the following:
If you are running a pressure-driven collapse analysis, an unsymmetric pressure load stiffness might
be helpful in obtaining convergence. You can include pressure load stiffness using SOLCONTROL,INCP.
If you are defining an unsymmetric material model using TB,USER, you would need NROPT,UNSYM
to fully use the property you defined.
If you are running a contact analysis, an unsymmetric contact stiffness matrix would fully couple the
sliding and the normal stiffnesses. See Section 3.8.4: Determining Contact Stiffness and Allowable
Penetration in the ANSYS Contact Technology Guide for details.
You should first try NROPT,FULL; then try NROPT,UNSYM if you experience convergence difficulties. Note
that using an unsymmetric solver requires more computer time to obtain a solution, than if you use a
symmetric solver.
If a multistatus element is in the model, however, it would be updated at the iteration in which it changes
status, irrespective of the Newton-Raphson option.
8.5.3.2. Advanced Load Step Options You Cannot Set on the Solution Controls
Dialog Box
The following sections describe some advanced load step options that you can set for your analysis. As noted
above in Section 8.5.3: Set Additional Solution Options, you cannot use the Solution Controls dialog box to set
the options described below. Instead, you must set them using the standard set of ANSYS solution commands
and the standard corresponding menu paths.
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To review results in POST1, the database must contain the same model for which the solution was calculated.
Verify from your output file (Jobname.OUT) whether or not the analysis converged at all load steps.
2.
If not, you probably will not want to postprocess the results, other than to determine why convergence
failed.
If your solution converged, then continue postprocessing.
Enter POST1. If your model is not currently in the database, issue RESUME.
Command(s): /POST1
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc
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Read in results for the desired load step and substep, which can be identified by load step and substep
numbers or by time. (Note, however, that arc-length results should not be identified by time.)
Command(s): SET
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> load step
You can also use the SUBSET or APPEND commands to read in or merge results data for selected portions
of the model only. The LIST argument on any of these commands lists the available solutions on the
results file. You can also limit the amount of data written from the results file to the database through
the INRES command. Additionally, you can use the ETABLE command to store result items for selected
elements. See the individual command descriptions in the ANSYS Commands Reference for more information.
Caution: If you specify a TIME value for which no results are available, the ANSYS program will
perform a linear interpolation to calculate the results at that value of TIME. Realize that this interpolation will usually cause some loss of accuracy in a nonlinear analysis (see Figure 8.23: Linear
Interpolation of Nonlinear Results Can Introduce Some Error). Thus, for a nonlinear analysis, you
should usually postprocess at a TIME that corresponds exactly to the desired substep.
Figure 8.23 Linear Interpolation of Nonlinear Results Can Introduce Some Error
4.
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Verify from your output file (Jobname.OUT) whether or not the analysis converged at all desired load
steps. You should not base design decisions on unconverged results.
2.
If your solution converged, enter POST26. If your model is not currently in the database, issue RESUME.
Command(s): /POST26
GUI: Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro
3.
Define the variables to be used in your postprocessing session. The SOLU command will cause various
iteration and convergence parameters to be read into the database, where you can incorporate them
into your postprocessing.
Command(s): NSOL, ESOL, RFORCE
GUI: Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Define Variables
4.
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Other Capabilities
Many other postprocessing functions are available in POST26. See Chapter 6, The Time-History Postprocessor
(POST26) in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for details.
See the NLGEOM, SSTIF, NROPT, TIME, NSUBST, AUTOTS, KBC, CNVTOL, NEQIT, NCNV, PRED, OUTRES, and
SOLU command descriptions for more information.
Specify transient analysis type and define analysis options as you would for a nonlinear static analysis:
2.
Large Displacement Transient (if using the Solution Controls dialog box to set analysis type)
Apply loads and specify load step options in the same manner as you would for a linear full transient
dynamic analysis. A transient load history usually requires multiple load steps, with the first load step
typically used to establish initial conditions (see the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide). The general, nonlinear,
birth and death, and output control options available for a nonlinear static analysis are also available for
a nonlinear transient analysis.
In a nonlinear transient analysis, time must be greater than zero. See Chapter 5, Transient Dynamic
Analysis for procedures for defining nonzero initial conditions.
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Damping
Rayleigh damping constants are defined using the constant mass [ALPHAD] and stiffness [BETAD]
matrix multipliers. In a nonlinear analysis the stiffness may change drastically - do not use BETAD,
except with care. See Section 5.10.3: Damping for details about damping.
3.
Write load data for each load step to a load step file.
Command(s): LSWRITE
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Write LS File
4.
5.
Start solution calculations. Other methods for multiple load steps are described in Chapter 1, Getting
Started with ANSYS in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.
Command(s): LSSOLVE
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve> From LS Files
6.
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!
!
!
!
! General Postprocessor
! Read results from desired time step
! Postprocess as desired
See the ANTYPE, TRNOPT, LSWRITE, NLGEOM, SSTIF, NROPT, TIME, DELTIM, AUTOTS, KBC, ALPHAD, TIMINT,
CNVTOL, NEQIT, NCNV, PRED, OUTRES, LSSOLVE, and SOLU command descriptions for more information.
8.8. Restarts
Restart procedures for a transient analysis are essentially the same as for a static analysis; see Section 3.10: Restarting an Analysis in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.
COMBIN7
COMBIN14
COMBIN37
COMBIN39
COMBIN40
LINK10
SHELL41
SOLID65
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Gain preliminary insight into your structure's behavior by analyzing a preliminary simplified model first.
For nonlinear static models, a preliminary linear static analysis can reveal which regions of your model
will first experience nonlinear response, and at what load levels these nonlinearities will come into play.
For nonlinear transient dynamic analyses, a preliminary model of beams, masses, and springs can provide
insight into the structure's dynamics at minimal cost. Preliminary nonlinear static, linear transient dynamic,
and/or modal analyses can also help you to understand various aspects of your structure's nonlinear dynamic response before you undertake the final nonlinear transient dynamic analysis.
Read and understand the program's output messages and warnings. At a minimum, before you try to
postprocess your results, make sure your problem converged. For path-dependent problems, the printout's
equilibrium iteration record can be especially important in helping you to determine if your results are
valid or not.
Keep your final model as simple as possible. If you can represent your 3-D structure as a 2-D plane stress,
plane strain, or axisymmetric model, do so. If you can reduce your model size through the use of symmetry
or antisymmetry surfaces, do so. (However, if your model is loaded antisymmetrically, you can generally
not take advantage of antisymmetry to reduce a nonlinear model's size. Antisymmetry can also be rendered
inapplicable by large deflections.) If you can omit a nonlinear detail without affecting results in critical
regions of your model, do so.
Consider substructuring the linear portions of your model to reduce the computational effort required
for intermediate load or time increments and equilibrium iterations.
Recognize that regions undergoing plastic deformation require a reasonable integration point density
(mesh density is particularly important in plastic-hinge regions). Higher-order elements use only the corner
integration points for nonlinear analyses, thus lower-order elements provide the same accuracy as higherorder elements. However, the 18x elements are recommended for nonlinear analyses.
Provide an adequate mesh density on contact surfaces to allow contact stresses to be distributed in a
smooth fashion.
Provide a mesh density adequate for resolving stresses. Areas where stresses or strains are of interest require
a relatively fine mesh compared to that needed for displacement or nonlinearity resolution.
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Use a mesh density adequate to characterize the highest mode shape of interest. The number of elements
needed depends on the elements' assumed displacement shape functions, as well as on the mode shape
itself.
Use a mesh density adequate to resolve any transient dynamic wave propagation through your structure.
If wave propagation is important, then provide at least 20 elements to resolve one wavelength.
For nonconservative, path-dependent systems, you need to apply the load in small enough increments
to ensure that your analysis will closely follow the structure's load-response curve.
You can sometimes improve the convergence behavior of conservative systems by applying the load
gradually, so as to minimize the number of Newton-Raphson equilibrium iterations required.
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Elements contain nodes that have near zero pivots (nonlinear analyses)
Elements where mixed u-P constraints are not satisfied (mixed U-P option of 18x solid elements only)
ANSYS has default limits which, when exceeded, determine when convergence criteria have been violated. Some
limits are user-controlled; for example, the CUTCONTROL command sets the maximum plastic/creep strain increments allowed in an iteration. Other limits are fixed.
The NLDIAG,EFLG command identifies elements that violate the above criteria and records them in a file (Jobname.ndxxx).
Note Convergence problems may occur when material algorithms fail (e.g. local element level NewtonRaphson convergence failure, or extreme element distortion). The Ansys error message identifies the
corresponding element number and/or the material ID for these cases. Be sure to read any error messages
generated during solution.
Process the Tracked Results Issue the NLDPOST command to process the .ndxxx nonlinear diagnostics files.
The command creates components of elements that violate a certain criterion for a particular equilibrium iteration
(or iterations).
Identify contact pairs causing convergence difficulties Issue the NLDIAG,CONT command to write various
contact information for all defined contact pairs to a single Jobname.cnd text file. The file is written during
solution at a user-specified frequency (each iteration, substep, or load step).
Information stored in this file will help identify when and how contact occurs, determine the regions where
contact is unstable, and identify the corresponding contact parameters. You can then focus on the specific settings
for those particular contact pairs that need attention.
Monitor the Diagnostics Results in Real Time The NLHIST command allows you to monitor results of interest
in real time during solution. Before starting the solution, you can request nodal data such as displacements or
reaction forces at specific nodes. You can also request element nodal data such as stresses and strains at specific
elements to be graphed. Pair-based contact data are also available. The result data are written to a file named
Jobname.nlh.
For example, a reaction force-deflection curve could indicate when possible buckling behavior occurs. Nodal
results and contact results are monitored at every converged substep while element nodal data are written as
specified via the OUTRES setting.
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Figure 8.24 Convergence Norms Displayed By the Graphical Solution Tracking (GST)
Feature
Be sure to place an upper limit on the time step size using DELTIM or NSUBST, especially for complicated
models. This ensures that all of the modes and behaviors of interest will be accurately included. This can
be important in the following situations:
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Problems with short ramp times on some of their loads. If the time step size is allowed to become too
large, ramped portions of the load history may be inaccurately characterized.
Problems that have only localized dynamic behavior (for example, turbine blade and hub assemblies)
in which the low-frequency energy content of the system could dominate the high-frequency areas.
Problems that include structures that are continuously excited over a range of frequencies (for example,
seismic problems).
Take care when modeling kinematic structures (systems with rigid-body motions). These guidelines can
usually help you obtain a good solution:
Incorporate significant numerical damping (0.05 < < 0.1 on the TINTP command) into the solution
to filter out the high frequency noise, especially if a coarse time step is used. Do not use -damping
(mass matrix multiplier, ALPHAD command) in a dynamic kinematic analysis, as it will dampen the
rigid body motion (zero frequency mode) of the system.
Avoid imposed displacement history specifications, because imposed displacement input has (theoretically) infinite jumps in acceleration, which causes stability problems for the Newmark time-integration
algorithm.
If you are analyzing a "flimsy" structure which exhibits increasing stiffness (such as a fishing pole).
If you notice (from the program output messages) oscillatory convergence patterns.
The arc-length method is restricted to static analyses with proportional (ramped) loads only.
The program calculates the reference arc-length radius from the load (or displacement) increment of the
first iteration of the first substep, using the following formula:
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Do not use line search [LNSRCH], the predictor [PRED], adaptive descent [NROPT,,,ON], automatic time
stepping [AUTOTS, TIME, DELTIM], or time-integration effects [TIMINT] when the arc-length method is
active.
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Do not attempt to base convergence on displacement [CNVTOL,U]. Use the force criteria [CNVTOL,F] instead.
To help minimize solution time with the arc-length method, the maximum number of equilibrium iterations
in a single substep [NEQIT] should be less than or equal to 15.
If an arc-length solution fails to converge within the prescribed maximum number of iterations [NEQIT],
the program will automatically bisect and continue the analysis. Bisection will continue either until a
converged solution is obtained, or until the minimum arc-length radius is used (the minimum radius is
defined by NSBSTP [NSUBST] and MINARC [ARCLEN]).
In general, you cannot use this method to obtain a solution at a specified load or displacement value because the value changes (along the spherical arc) as equilibrium is achieved. Note in Figure 8.4: Traditional
Newton-Raphson Method vs. Arc-Length Method how the specified load
point. The actual load at convergence is somewhat less.
a
F1
Similarly, it can be difficult to determine a value of limiting load or deflection within some known tolerance
when using the arc-length method in a nonlinear buckling analysis. You generally have to adjust the reference arc-length radius (using NSUBST) by trial-and-error to obtain a solution at the limit point. It might
be more convenient to use standard Newton-Raphson iterations with bisection [AUTOTS] to determine
values of nonlinear buckling loads.
You should usually avoid using the JCG solver [EQSLV] in conjunction with the arc-length method, because
the arc-length procedure might result in a negative definite stiffness matrix (negative pivot), which can
cause a solution failure with this solver.
You can freely switch from the Newton-Raphson iteration method to the arc-length method at the start
of any load step. However, to switch from arc-length to Newton-Raphson iterations, you must terminate
the analysis and restart, deactivating the arc-length method in the first load step of the restart
[ARCLEN,OFF].
An arc-length solution terminates under these conditions:
When limits defined by the ARCTRM or NCNV commands are reached
When the solution converges at the applied load
When you use an abort file (Jobname.ABT)
See the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for a discussion of termination and restart procedures.
Use the load-deflection curve as a guide for evaluating and adjusting your analysis to help you achieve
the desired results. It is usually good practice to graph your load-deflection curve (using POST26 commands)
with every analysis.
Often, an unsuccessful arc-length analysis can be traced to an arc-length radius that is either too large or
too small. "Drifting back," in which the analysis retraces its steps back along the load-deflection curve, is
one typical difficulty that is caused by using too large or too small an arc-length radius. Study the loaddeflection curve to understand this problem. You can then use the NSUBST and ARCLEN commands to
adjust the arc-length radius size and range, as appropriate.
The total arc-length load factor (item ALLF on the SOLU command) can be either positive or negative.
Similarly, TIME, which in an arc-length analysis is related to the total arc-length load factor, can also be
either positive or negative. Negative values of ALLF or TIME indicate that the arc-length feature is applying
load in the reverse direction, in order to maintain stability in the structure. Negative ALLF or TIME values
can be commonly encountered in various snap-through analyses.
When reading arc-length results into the database for POST1 postprocessing [SET], you should always
reference the desired results data set by its load step and substep number (LSTEP and SBSTEP) or by its
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If TIME becomes negative, remember to define an appropriate variable range [/XRANGE or /YRANGE]
before creating any POST26 graphs.
In some cases, you can use imposed displacements instead of applied forces. This approach can be used
to start a static analysis closer to the equilibrium position, or to control displacements through periods
of unstable response (for example, snap-through or postbuckling).
Another technique that can be effective in circumventing problems due to initial instability is running a
static problem as a "slow dynamic" analysis (that is, using time-integration effects in an attempt to prevent
the solution from diverging in any one load step).
You can also apply temporary artificial stiffness to unstable DOFs, using control elements (such as COMBIN37), or using the birth and death option on other elements. The idea here is to artificially restrain the
system during intermediate load steps in order to prevent unrealistically large displacements from being
calculated. As the system displaces into a stable configuration, the artificial stiffness is removed.
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Checking
Logic
Load step
summary
table
ANSYS SOLVE
COMMAND
L O A D
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S T E P
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ON
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NO
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Load step 2
substep 1
Load step 2
substep 2
Load step 2
substep 3
Equilbrium
iteration
summaries
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871
SUBSTEP
3 COMPLETED.
TIME INC =
1.50000
CUM ITER =
13
872
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0.001123514
19.00
0.001865643
22.80
0.002562402
25.08
0.004471788
29.07
0.006422389
31.73
The plate has a dead load acting as a uniform pressure of 0.125N/m2. The history of the cyclic point load is shown
here:
'
&
I F F H G
9F 9FEDE8 @ 97 53 32
C B 4 A 5 8 6 4
873
3.
Click on OK.
4.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> File> Change Jobname. The Change Jobname dialog box appears.
5.
Type the text axplate in the entry box and click OK.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Click on Options. The PLANE42 element type options dialog box appears.
7.
In the scroll box for element behavior, scroll to "Axisymmetric" and select it.
8.
Click on OK.
9.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models. The Define Material Model Behavior dialog box appears.
2.
In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the icons next to the following options:
Structural, Linear, Elastic, Isotropic. A dialog box appears.
3.
4.
5.
Click on OK. Material Model Number 1 appears in the Material Models Defined window on the left.
In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the following options: Nonlinear, Inelastic,
Rate Independent, Kinematic Hardening Plasticity, von Mises Plasticity, Multilinear (General). A dialog
box appears.
2.
Enter the following Strain/Stress value pair in the table: 0.00112, 19.0.
3.
Click on the Add Point button, and enter the next Strain/Stress value pair: 0.00187, 22.8.
4.
Repeat the previous step to enter the following Strain/Stress value pairs: 0.00256, 25.1; 0.00447, 29.1;
0.00642, 31.7.
5.
Click on OK.
6.
Choose menu path Material> Exit to remove the Define Material Model Behavior dialog box.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Graphs> Modify Axes. The Axes Modifications for
Graph Plots dialog box appears.
2.
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Enter True Stress for the Y-axis label and click OK.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models. The Define Material Model Behavior dialog box appears.
5.
In the Material Models Defined window, double-click in Material Model Number 1, and Multilinear Kinematic (General). The dialog box appears that includes the Strain/Stress data pairs that you entered.
6.
Click on the Graph button. A graph of the data table values appears in the Graphics window. If necessary,
revise the stress/strain values and click on the Graph button again. Repeat revisions and graphing as
needed until you are satisfied with the graphed results. Click on OK.
7.
Choose menu path Material> Exit to remove the Define Material Model Behavior dialog box.
8.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Parameters> Scalar Parameters. The Scalar Parameters dialog box
appears.
2.
Type "radius=1.0" in the Selection field and click Accept. This value is the radius of the plate.
3.
Type "thick=0.1" in the Selection field and click Accept. This value is the thickness of the plate. Click Close.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Rectangle> By Dimensions. The Create Rectangle by Dimensions dialog box appears.
5.
6.
Enter "0, thick" for Y-coordinates and click on OK. A rectangle appears in the ANSYS Graphics window.
7.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> MeshTool. The MeshTool dialog box appears.
2.
Click Size Controls> Lines> Set. The Element Size on Picked Lines picking menu appears. Click on the
two vertical lines (2 and 4). Click OK on the picking menu. The Element Sizes on Picked Lines dialog box
appears.
3.
4.
Repeat these steps (1-3), but choose horizontal lines 1 and 3, and specify 40 element divisions.
On the MeshTool, pick Quad and Map, then click MESH. The Mesh Areas picking menu appears.
2.
3.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Unabridged Menu> Analysis Type> Analysis Options.
The Static or Steady-State Analysis dialog box appears.
2.
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Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> DB/Results File. The
Controls for Database and Results File Writing dialog box appears.
4.
Verify that All items are selected, and choose Every substep for the File write frequency. Click OK.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Parameters> Scalar Parameters. The Scalar Parameters dialog box
appears.
2.
3.
Type "nright = node(radius,0.0,0.0)" in the Selection field and click Accept, then Close.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Nonlinear> Monitor. The Monitor picking
menu appears.
5.
Type "ntop" in the picker and press RETURN. Click OK in the picking menu. The Monitor dialog box appears.
6.
In the scroll box for Quantity to be monitored, scroll to "UY" and select it. Click OK.
7.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Nonlinear> Monitor. The Monitor picking
menu appears.
8.
Type "nright" in the picker and press RETURN. Click OK in the picking menu. The Monitor dialog box appears.
9.
In the scroll box for Variable to redefine, scroll to "Variable 2" and select it. In the scroll box for Quantity
to be monitored, scroll to "FY" and select it. Click OK.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears.
2.
Select Nodes and By Location in the first two selection boxes. Verify that X coordinates are selected, and
enter "radius" in the Min, Max field. Click OK.
3.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement> On
Nodes. The Apply U,ROT on Nodes picking menu appears.
4.
Click Pick All. The Apply U,ROT on Nodes dialog box appears.
5.
6.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears. Verify that
Nodes, By Location, and X coordinates are selected. Enter "0" in the Min, Max field and click OK. This will
select the nodes at the X=0 position.
7.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement> On
Nodes. The Apply U,ROT on Nodes picking menu appears.
8.
Click Pick All. The Apply U,ROT on Nodes dialog box appears.
9.
Click on "UX" for DOFs to be constrained. Click on All DOF to deselect it.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time and Substps.
The Time and Substep Options dialog appears.
2.
Enter 10 as the number of substeps, enter 50 as the maximum number of substeps, and enter 5 as the
minimum number of substeps. Click OK.
3.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS. Review the information in the /STAT
window, and click on Close.
4.
5.
Click on Close on the Information dialog box when the solution is done.
6.
Choose Utility Menu> Parameters> Scalar Parameters. The Scalar Parameters dialog box appears.
2.
Enter "f = 0.010" in the Selection field and click on Accept. Click on Close.
3.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time and Substps.
The Time and Substep Options dialog appears.
4.
Enter "4" for the number of substeps, "25" for the maximum number of substeps, and "2" for the minimum
number of substeps. Click OK.
5.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Force/Moment> On
Nodes. The Apply F/M on Nodes picking menu appears.
6.
Enter "ntop" in the picker and press RETURN. Click OK in the Apply F/M on Nodes picking menu. The
Apply F/M on Nodes dialog box appears.
7.
Select "FY" in the Direction of force/mom selection box. Enter "-f" in the Force/moment value field. Click
OK.
8.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS. Review the information in the /STAT
window, and click on Close.
9.
10. Click on Close on the Information dialog box when the solution is done.
11. Repeat Steps 5-10, entering "f" in the Force/moment value field at Step 7.
12. Repeat Steps 5-11 two more times, for a total of three cycles (six substeps).
13. Click on SAVE_DB on the ANSYS Toolbar.
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Choose menu path Utility Menu> List> Files> Other. The List File dialog box appears. Select the axplate.mntr file and click on OK.
2.
Review the time step size, vertical displacement, and reaction force evolution over the entire solution.
3.
Click Close.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> Last Set.
2.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape. The Plot Deformed
Shape dialog box appears.
3.
Click on Def + undef edge for items to be plotted. Click OK. The deformed mesh appears in the ANSYS
Graphics window.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Element Solu. The
Contour Element Solution Data dialog box appears.
5.
In the selection box on the left, choose Strain-plastic. In the selection box on the right, choose Eqv plastic
EPEQ. Click OK. The contour plot appears in the Graphics window.
6.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears.
2.
Verify that Nodes and By Num/Pick are selected in the first two boxes. Click OK. The Select nodes picking
menu appears.
3.
4.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears. Choose Elements in the first drop-down selection box. Choose Attached to in the second drop-down selection box.
Verify that Nodes is selected. Click OK.
5.
6.
Choose Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Define Variables. The Defined Time-History Variables dialog
box appears. Click on Add. The Add Time-History Variable dialog box appears.
7.
Click on Element results. Click OK. The Define Elemental Data picking menu appears.
8.
Click on the top left element in the ANSYS Graphics window. Click OK on the picking menu. The Define
Nodal Data picking menu appears.
9.
Click on the top left node of the top left element. Click OK on the picking menu. The Define Element
Results Variable dialog box appears.
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Choose menu path Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Settings> Graph. The Graph Settings dialog box
appears.
2.
Click on Single variable for the X-axis variable and enter 5 as the single variable number. Click OK.
3.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Graphs> Modify Axes. The Axes Modifications for
Graph Plots dialog box appears.
4.
5.
6.
Choose menu path Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Graph Variables. The Graph Time-History Variables
dialog box appears.
7.
2.
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! Select the nodes located at right end and constrain their radial (x) and
! axial (y) direction displacement to be zero.
nsel,s,loc,x,radius
d,all,all
! Select the nodes located at left end and constrain their radial (x) direction
! displacement to be zero.
nsel,s,loc,x,0.0
d,all,ux,0.0
! Define the load for Load Step 1.
! Select the nodes located at top surface of plate and apply a uniform pressure
! of 0.125 N/m^2 as dead load on the plate.
nsel,s,loc,y,thick
sf,all,pres,0.125
alls! Select all nodes
! Define the number of substeps (10). Also define maximum number of
! substeps (50), and the minimum number of substeps (5) for the automatic
! time stepping algorithm.
nsub,10,50,5
solve
f = 0.01
! Over six load steps apply a cyclic point load of magnitude f = 0.01 units
! applied at the center of the plate over three cycles
! Start Cycle 1
! ---------------nsel,s,node,,ntop
f,all,fy,-f
nsel,all
nsubst,4,25,2
solve
nsel,s,node,,ntop
f,all,fy,f
nsel,all
nsubst,4,25,2
solve
! Start Cycle 2
! ---------------nsel,s,node,,ntop
f,all,fy,-f
nsel,all
nsubst,4,25,2
solve
nsel,s,node,,ntop
f,all,fy,f
nsel,all
nsubst,4,25,2
solve
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!
!
!
!
!
fini
/post26
eplo
nsel,s,node,,ntop
esln
elem=elnext(0)
alls
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2 Section 9.2.1.2: Input the Data into AN- The experimental data can be read into ANSYS by browsing to the file
SYS
location (GUI) or by specifying the filename and path (batch) on the
command line.
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Case 1 - Totally Incompressible Models (see Table 9.1: Experimental Details for Case 1 and 2 Models and
Blatz-Ko)
Case 2 - Nearly Incompressible Models (see Table 9.1: Experimental Details for Case 1 and 2 Models and
Blatz-Ko)
Case 3 - Compressible Models (see Table 9.2: Experimental Details for Case 3 Models)
The types of data required for each of these cases is defined in the tables below.
Table 9.1 Experimental Details for Case 1 and 2 Models and Blatz-Ko
Experimental Type
Column 1
Column 2
Uniaxial Test
Engineering Strain
Engineering Stress
Biaxial Test
Engineering Strain
Engineering Stress
Shear Test
Engineering Strain
Engineering Stress
Volumetric Test
Volumetric Strain(J)
True Stress
Column 1
Column 2
Uniaxial Test
Longitudinal Engineering
Strain
Biaxial Test
Engineering Stress
Shear Test
Engineering Stress
Volumetric Test
Volumetric Strain(J)
True Stress
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Column 3
60.00
118.2
175.2
231.1
For temperature dependent curve fitting, specify your temperature values at the top of the experimental data
using the
/temp,value
line. This header format specifies the attribute (temp) and its value (100). An example of a typical data input using
these attributes follows:
/temp,100
0.9703 60.00
0.9412 118.2
0.9127 175.2
0.8847 231.1
Adding this header introduces a temperature attribute of 100 degrees. You can add additional data sets at other
temperatures, in additional files. One file can have data at only one temperature.
9.2.1.2.1. Batch
TBFT,EADD,ID,Option1,Option2,Option3,Option4
9.2.1.2.2. GUI
The Material Properties GUI provides an input field where you can type in the filename of your data file, and also
include the appropriate path. You can also browse to a file in a specified location. Separate input is performed
for each Option1 value (UNIA, BIAX, SHEA, etc.).
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Abbreviation
Order/Options
Mooney-Rivlin
moon
2, 3, 5, 9
2/3/5/9+1
Linear
Polynomial
poly
1 to N
Linear
Yeoh
yeoh
1 to N
N+N
Linear
Neo-Hookean
neoh
1+1
Linear
Ogden
ogde
1 to N
2*N+N
Nonlinear
Arruda-Boyce
boyc
2+1
Nonlinear
Gent
gent
2+1
Nonlinear
Blatz-Ko
blat
Nonlinear
1 to N
2*N+N
Nonlinear
1.
The number of coefficients is usually the sum of the number of deviatoric coefficients and the number
of volumetric coefficients.
2.
The number of coefficients for a polynomial will be dependent on the polynomial order N.
N
Number of Coefficients = (1 + i) + N
i =1
Blatz-Ko and Ogden hyper-foam are compressible models. For Ogden hyper-foam, the experimental data you
supply will require additional fields.
More information on the hyperelastic models ANSYS supplies for curve fitting can be found in Section 2.5.2:
Hyperelastic Material Constants.
9.2.1.3.1. Batch
TBFT,FADD,ID,HYPER,Option2,Option3
Option2 = model name, as specified in Table 9.3: Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model Types (above)
Option3 = order or number of coefficients, where applicable. Table 9.3: Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model
Types (above) specifies the number and type of coefficient(s) necessary for each hyperelastic model type.
9.2.1.3.2. GUI
A pull-down selection menu in the material GUI allows you to pick the applicable material model option. The
options displayed will be dependent on the format of your experimental data file.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
9.2.1.4.1. Batch
TBFT,SET,ID,HYPER,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
Option2 = model name (see Table 9.3: Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model Types (above) for the available
models)
Option3 = order, if applicable
Option4 = index of coefficient
Option5 = value of the coefficient
Option2 = model name. See Table 9.3: Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model Types (above) for the available
models.
Option3 = order, if applicable
Option4 = tdep or tref
Option5 = If Option4 = tdep, Option5 = 1 turns on temperature dependency, and Option5 = 0 turns it off.
If Option4 = tref, Option5 will be either all, or the reference temperature.
TBFT,FIX,ID,HYPER,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
Option2 = model name See Table 9.3: Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model Types (above) for the available
models.
Option3 = not applicable
Option4 = index of coefficient
Option5 = 1 for fixed and 0 to vary
9.2.1.4.2. GUI
The GUI automatically updates your coefficient tables depending on the model you pick. You can modify individual coefficients to initialize them at values you believe are more appropriate.
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number of iterations
2.
residual tolerance
3.
The solution stops when both the residual tolerance and the coefficient change tolerance of your error norm
are met, or if the number of iterations criteria is met. When you use nonlinear regression, you must initialize your
coefficients.
9.2.1.5.1. Batch
TBFT,SOLVE,ID,HYPER,Option2,Option3,Option4, ..., Option7
Option2 = model name. See Table 9.3: Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model Types (above) for the models
available.
Option3 = order or number of your coefficients. See Table 9.3: Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model Types
9.2.1.5.2. GUI
The GUI lets you specify all of your control parameters (error norm, solution control parameters, and the solver
options) interactively. You select the appropriate options from the provided menus, and solve to generate the
coefficients. You can change the parameters and repeat the solution as necessary to ensure an accurate result.
The unused options are disabled whenever necessary.
9.2.1.6.1. Batch
TBFT,PLOT,ID,Option1,HYPER,Option3,Option4
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Option4 = order or number of your coefficients. See Table 9.3: Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model Types
(above) for possible values.
You use the /WINDOW command to configure the graphs for each of the resultant curves for the individual
stress types.
9.2.1.6.2. GUI
Use the GRAPH button to plot the data. Your plots will show columns 2 and above as separate curves, plotted
as a function of column 1. The data in column 1 is always the X-axis. By default, all the experiments are plotted
in the GUI window. To view specific data and its corresponding fitting result, you can click the right mouse button
(RMB) on the specific data set, and pick a desired option to view the results. Other RMB plotting utilities can be
found for different data fields in the curve fitting GUI window.
Use RMB functions to Zoom, Fit, Save Plot to File, View/Hide Legend and View/Hide Grid. Two or more fitted
functions can also be compared in the same plot. For example, you can view Mooney2 Uniaxial and Mooney9
Uniaxial plots directly on top of each other, provided you have already solved for both of these functions. RMB
also allows you to set the number of points used to generate the plot, and also change the minimum X value
and the maximum X value in a plot. You can also hide a particular curve within a graph, turn the legend and/or
axis displays on and off, and switch the scales between log scale and regular scale. Use the middle-mouse button
to eliminate a specific curve and clarify or refine the remaining curve.
9.2.1.6.3. Review/Verify
The two factors you consider in determining results acceptability are visual fit and the error norm/residual values.
When you plot the curve, the error norm/residual values are printed in the curve fitting GUI window. Error norm
values help you determine the quality of curve fitting and whether to accept the results, but are not always the
best indicator of a valid curve fit. Plotting the curves and visually assessing the result is usually the best indication.
If the results are unacceptable, you may want to go back to step 3 and solve again, either by picking a different
model, increasing the order, or redefining your initial values of the coefficients or other control parameters. You
can continue to use your original experimental data, repeating step 3 through step 7 until you get an acceptable
solution.
9.2.1.7.1. Batch
TBFT,FSET,ID,HYPER,Option2,Option3
Option2 = model name. See Table 9.3: Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model Types (above) for the models
available.
Option3 = order or number of your coefficients. See Table 9.3: Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model Types
(above) for possible values.
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9.2.1.7.2. GUI
Once you complete the process and update your material data properties with the representative curve data,
you are returned to the material properties dialog. The curve data can now be accessed for the full range of
material behavior.
The material options for the applicable curve fitting regimen are
defined in the TB command. ANSYS supports thirteen implicit
creep models. Once you pick a model, you can still switch to another model if an ideal fit is not realized.
5 Section 9.3.1.5: Specify Control Parameters You choose the error norm to be used for an acceptable curve fit.
and Solve
6 Section 9.3.1.6: Plot the Experimental Data You review and verify the results by comparing them with the exand Analyze
perimental data and the regression errors. If they are not acceptable, repeat steps 3 to 5 to obtain a new curve fitting solution.
7 Section 9.3.1.7: Write Data to TB Command Write curve fitting results in the TB command format to the ANSYS
database.
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time
creq
dcreq
Equivalent Stress
seqv
Temperature
temp
The header format to define each column's data-type is /n, abbr, where n is the index of the data column in the
file, and abbr is the abbreviation for the type of data in the column, as described in Table 9.4: Creep Data Types
and Abbreviations.
A typical data input is shown below:
/1,seqv ! indicates first column is stress
/2,creq ! indicates second column is creep strain
/3,temp ! indicates third column is temperature
/4,dcreq ! indicates fourth column is creep strain rate
4000
0.00215869 100
0.000203055
4000
0.00406109 100
0.000181314
4000
0.00664691 100
0.000165303
4000
0.0102068 100
0.000152217
4000
0.0151416 100
0.000140946
When a particular column is unchanged over the loading history, you can define it as an attribute. For instance,
in the above example, the stress and temperature are constant throughout the range. You define this data as
an attribute.
The header format to define a data attribute is /attr, value, where attr is the data-type abbreviation, and value is
the value of the attribute. The constant stress and temperature values above can be written into the file header,
as follows:
/seqv,4000 ! indicate this creep has a constant stress of 4000
/temp,100 ! indicate this creep data is at a constant temperature of 100
/1,creq ! indicate first column is creep strain
/2,dcreq ! indicate second column is creep strain rate
0.00215869 0.000203055
0.00406109 0.000181314
0.00664691 0.000165303
0.0102068 0.000152217
0.0151416 0.000140946
0.0220102 0.000130945
ANSYS provides thirteen model types for creep curve fitting. The model you choose will determine the experimental data required for the curve fitting process. The following table describes the creep data required to perform
curve fitting for each model type. Note that for strain hardening and modified strain hardening, you need to input
both creep strain and creep strain rate in the experimental data.
creq
dcreq
Strain Hardening
time
seqv
temp
Time Hardening
Generalized Exponential
Generalized Graham
Generalized Blackburn
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creq
dcreq
time
seqv
temp
Generalized Garofalo
Exponential Form
Norton
9.3.1.2.1. Batch
The EADD argument of the TBFT command is used to identify and specify the location of your data files. The
command syntax is:
TBFT,EADD,ID,Option1,Option2,Option3,Option4
Option1 = creep
Option2 = name of file containing experimental data
Option3 = file name extension
Option4 = file directory
9.3.1.2.2. GUI
In interactive mode, you can input experimental data by typing the filename (with the appropriate path if the
file is not in the default directory) into the appropriate area. You can also browse to a file in a particular location.
Use the Add Data Set button to add additional data sets for creep curve fitting. There is no restriction on the
number of data sets you can add.
9.3.1.3.1. Batch
TBFT,FADD,ID,CREEP,Option2,Option3
Option2 = creep model abbreviation. See Table 9.6: Creep Models and Abbreviations.
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The following table describes the creep models available and their abbreviated names for Option2 (above).
Name
Fitting Name/Option2
Strain Hardening
shar
Time Hardening
thar
Generalized Exponential
gexp
Generalized Graham
ggra
Generalized Blackburn
gbla
mtha
msha
Generalized Garofalo
ggar
Exponential Form
expo
10
Norton
nort
11
psth
12
psrp
13
gtha
Note The experimental data must be consistent with the creep model you choose. See Table 9.5: Creep
Model and Data/Type Attribute for the data types required for each creep model.
9.3.1.3.2. GUI
You can pick the appropriate model option from a menu in the data entry area. All of the options and constraints
listed for batch input apply.
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9.3.1.4.1. Batch
You define your coefficient values and temperature dependency using the SET option of the TBFT command,
as follows:
TBFT,SET,ID,CREEP,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
Then you can modify the coefficients with the FIX option of the TBFT command.
TBFT,FIX,ID,CREEP,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
9.3.1.4.2. GUI
The models listed in Table 9.6: Creep Models and Abbreviations are available directly from the GUI. When you
pick a model from the choices, ANSYS automatically configures the coefficients for the model. You can then
make modifications, including initializing and/or fixing certain coefficients.
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9.3.1.5.1. Batch
The batch command is:
TBFT,SOLVE,ID,CREEP,Option2,Option3,Option4, ..., Option7
Option2 = creep function name (See Table 9.6: Creep Models and Abbreviations)
Option3 = not applicable for creep models
Option4 = error norm: 0 = unnormalized, 1 = normalized (default)
Option5 = maximum number of iterations
Option6 = tolerance of residual changes
Option7 = tolerance of coefficient changes
Other solving parameters are available. See the TBFT command for details.
9.3.1.5.2. GUI
After you fill in the last set of coefficient values, the analysis moves automatically to the solution phase. Each of
the options specified in the command line description is presented as a pull down menu or fill in box, and each
option must be specified before Solve will begin. The coefficients are updated in the GUI after the solution is
complete.
9.3.1.6.1. Batch
TBFT,PLOT,ID,Option1,Option2,Option3,Option4
Option1 = CREEP
Option3 = creep model name
Option4 = not used
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9.3.1.6.2. GUI
You can simultaneously display many data sets for each function plotted. Each window of your display can be
used to display each one of the data sets you are plotting against column one.
9.3.1.7.1. Batch
TBFT,FSET,ID,CREEP,Option2,Option3
9.3.1.7.2. GUI
When you complete the process, click the Write to Database button to write the fitted coefficients of your creep
model as a creep data table in ANSYS material database. You are then returned to the material properties dialog.
The curve data can now be accessed for the full range of material behavior.
Notes
1 Strain Hardening
Strain hardening has 4 coefficients, with C4 dedicated to temperature dependency. If you do not have temperature dependent data, set C4 to zero. If you
have difficulty solving temperature dependent data, use experimental data for
only one temperature and fix C4 to zero. Solve, and then add data for your
other temperatures. Then release C4 and solve for all coefficients. You can also
solve for just C4 by fixing the C1, C2 and C3 values.
2 Time Hardening
Time hardening has 4 coefficients, with C4 dedicated to temperature dependency. If you do not have temperature dependent data, set C4 to zero. If you
have difficulty solving temperature dependent data, use experimental data for
only one temperature and fix C4 to zero. Solve, and then add data for your
other temperatures. Then release C4 and solve for all coefficients. You can also
solve for just C4 by fixing the C1, C2 and C3 values.
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4 Generalized Graham
5 Generalized Blackburn
Generalized Blackburn has 7 coefficients. It is advisable to look at the exponential terms and try to keep them from floating-point overflows. To keep eC2
within floating-point range, make sure the initial value of C2 is such that C2
is close to 1. Similarly try to keep /C4 and C7 close to 1.
Modified Strain Hardening has 3 coefficients. This model can be complex for
C2
C3
Generalized Garofalo has 4 coefficients, with C4 dedicated to temperature dependency. If you do not have temperature dependent data, set C4 to zero. To
keep the Sinh term within floating-point range, keep c2 close to one when
you initialize the coefficients.
9 Exponential Form
Exponential form has 3 coefficients, with C3 dedicated to temperature dependency. If you do not have temperature dependent data, set C3 to zero. To keep
eC2 within floating-point range, keep /C2 close to one.
10 Norton
12 Prim+Sec Rational Polynomial Rational polynomial is a very complex model for curve fitting, with 10 coefficients. If you find it hard to fit this data, it is advisable that you split the experimental data into primary creep data and secondary creep data. Primary creep
data is the initial part of the curve that covers the nonlinearity in the strain rate.
Fit only the secondary data by fixing C1 to 1 and then set all other coefficients
except C2, C3 and C4 to zero. Use a low value of C3 to keep 10C3 within floatingpoint range. Coefficients C5 to C10 in curve fitting refers to coefficients C7 to
C12 in the implicit creep equation. Then add the primary creep data, release
all coefficients, and solve.
13 Generalized Time Hardening
Generalized time hardening has 6 coefficients. Set C6 to zero if you have temperature independent data. When initializing coefficients set C5 close to 1 to
avoid floating-point overflows.
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9.4.1. Using Curve Fitting to Determine the Coefficients of Viscoelastic Material Model
The steps for Viscoelastic Curve Fitting are defined as follows:
1 Section 9.4.1.1: Prepare Experimental
Data
2 Section 9.4.1.2: Input the Data into AN- The experimental data can be read into ANSYS from the GUI or via
SYS
batch commands, as a plain text file.
3 Section 9.4.1.3: Select a Material Model This includes Prony series expansion of shear and/or bulk moduli as
Option
well as shift function. The supported shift functions include WLF and
TN.
4 Section 9.4.1.4: Initialize the Coefficients Viscoelastic curve fitting is a nonlinear regression; the initial value of
your coefficients is very important for a successful solution.
5 Section 9.4.1.5: Specify Control Paramet- Specify the error norm to be used, the solution control parameters,
ers and Solve
and perform the nonlinear regression.
6 Section 9.4.1.6: Plot the Experimental
Data and Analyze
Graphically view the curve fitting results. Review and verify the results
by comparing them with the experimental data and the regression
errors. If any factor is not acceptable, repeat steps 3 to 7 to obtain a
new curve fitting solution.
7 Section 9.4.1.7: Write Data to TB Com- Write your curve fitting results in TB command format to the ANSYS
mand
database.
time
Shear modulus
smod
Bulk modulus
bmod
Temperature
temp
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9.4.1.2.1. Batch
TBFT,EADD,ID,Option1,Option2,Option3,Option4
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9.4.1.2.2. GUI
Click on the Add Dataset button and type the filename into the area provided. You can also browse to a file in
a specified location. Separate input is performed for each data type (Option1 = sdec, or bdec)
9.4.1.3.1. Batch
You define a viscoelastic material with the Prony series expansion by creating a case and setting the order of
shear modulus, bulk modulus, and shift options. You create the case with the TBFT, FCASE command. The first
line will include FCASE, ID, NEW. Then you specify the number of shear terms, bulk terms, and the shift function.
The case is actually created only after the option is issued. The following syntax examples and argument descriptions illustrate the relationship of these activities.
TBFT,FCASE,ID,NEW,Option2,Option3
CATEGORY = VISCO
Option2 = pshear or pbulk or shift
Option3 = dependent on Option2 as follows:
9.4.1.3.2. GUI
You can use the GUI to interactively navigate the tree structure of the curve fitting window. Each of the shear,
bulk and shift options can be selected, and you can fill in the appropriate casename in a text box field. As you
choose the options, the coefficient table is automatically created.
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9.4.1.4.1. Batch
TBFT,SET,ID,CASE,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
Option2 = casename
Option3 = not applicable
Option4 = index of coefficient
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For example:
TBFT,SET,1, myvisco1,,1,1.2
TBFT,SET,1, myvisco1,,2,1.5
Use the TBFT,FIX command to fix a coefficient to a value set by the TBFT, SET command or to release a previously
fixed coefficient. By default, coefficients are not fixed.
TBFT,FIX,ID,CASE,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
Option2 = casename
Option3 = not applicable
Option4 = index of coefficient
Option5 = 1 to fix, 0 to vary
For example:
TBFT,FIX,1, myvisco1,,1,1.
TBFT,FIX,1, myvisco1,,2,1
Temperature dependency uses Option4, and references data files you entered with the appropriate temp
header.
TBFT,SET,ID,VISCO,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
Option2 = model name. See Table 9.7: Viscoelastic Data Types and Abbreviations (above) for the models
available.
Option3 = not applicable
Option4 = tdep or tref
Option5 = If Option 4 = tdep, then 1 turns temperature dependency on and 0 turns it off. IfOption 4 =
9.4.1.4.2. GUI
The coefficients table is automatically updated in the viscoelastic curve fitting GUI window when the order of
shear modulus and/or bulk modulus and/or shift function are defined. Specify values for your coefficients in the
coefficients table in the curve fitting GUI window, and check the appropriate boxes to fix them or allow them to
vary.
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2.
3.
Note For GUI operations, when only the shear and bulk buttons are checked, only your shear coefficients
are solved. To solve for both shear and bulk, you must check all three buttons.
Turn the temperature dependency flag on using the command TBFT, SET,,,,,TDEP,1.
2.
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Alternatively, you can solve for both shear and bulk data at the same time.
1.
Turn the temperature dependency flag on using the command TBFT, SET,,,,,TDEP,1.
2.
9.4.1.5.3. Batch
Solution option command is:
TBFT,SET,ID,CASE,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
Option2 = casename
Option3 = not applicable
Option4 = comp
Option5 = pshea (for Shear only) or pbulk (for bulk only)
The SOLVE option allows you to specify procedure types, tolerances, and number of iterations.
TBFT,SOLVE,ID,CASE,Option2,Option3,Option4, ..., Option7
Option2 = visco function name (See Table 9.7: Viscoelastic Data Types and Abbreviations.)
Option3 = not applicable
Option4 = curve fitting procedure: 0 = unnormalized least squares, 1 = normalized least squares (default)
Option5 = maximum number of iterations
Option6 = tolerance of residual changes
Option7 = tolerance of coefficient changes
Other solving parameters are available. See the TBFT command for details.
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9.4.1.5.4. GUI
The GUI provides access for you to choose your error norm, solution control parameters, and solver options.
Once you complete these specifications and SOLVE, you can go back and modify your parameters as necessary
to obtain a good curve fit.
9.4.1.6.1. Batch
You enter the plotting parameters from the command line as follows:
TBFT,PLOT,ID,ExpIndex,CASE,Option3
Option3 = casename
9.4.1.6.2. GUI
The Graph button provides direct means to plot the data.
9.4.1.7.1. Batch
TBFT,FSET,ID,Option2,Option3
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9.4.1.7.2. GUI
Click the Write to Database button and the fitted coefficients are automatically written to the ANSYS material
database according Prony data table. Please note that the coefficients you see in the curve fitting module are
different from those in the TB tables. The values remain the same, but the values are different. The values
shown in ANSYS are the square of the values derived during curve fitting. They are also normalized to make
at time 0 = 1.
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Build or import the model. There are no special considerations for building or importing the model for
a gasket joint analysis. You perform this step as you would in any typical ANSYS analysis. See Section 1.2:
Building a Model in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide. For further details on building the model, see the
ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide.
2.
Define element type. To properly simulate gasket joints, you must define structural element types and
corresponding interface element types. See Section 10.4: ANSYS Family of Interface Elements in this
chapter for more details on this topic, and in particular, see Section 10.4.1: Element Selection for a table
of corresponding structural and interface elements.
3.
Define material. Use TB,GASKET to define the gasket joint material. You can use TB,GASKET to define
four types of data input: general parameters, transverse shear stiffness, compression (loading), and tension
(unloading). You specify the type using TBOPT. You then input the sets of data using the TBDATA and
TBPT commands, as applicable. You can also plot most of the gasket data types using the TBPLOT
command. See Section 10.5: Material Definition in this chapter for more details on this topic.
4.
Mesh the model. Use the AMESH or VMESH commands to mesh the structural element types, and use
the IMESH command to mesh the gasket layer. Special restrictions apply to the IMESH command in
terms of matching the source and target. Also, the order in which you execute these commands is critical.
You can also mesh interface layers using the VDRAG command, and can generate interface elements
directly using the EGEN command. Each of these commands involve special considerations for interface
elements. See Section 10.6: Meshing Interface Elements in this chapter for more details on this topic.
5.
Solve. There are special solving considerations when you perform a gasket joint analysis. These are
primarily concerned with the gasket element stiffness loss, and the gasket element's use with contact
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Review Results. You can print or plot any of four gasket output items: stresses (also pressure), total
closure, total inelastic closure, and thermal closure, using the PRESOL, PRNSOL, PLESOL, PLNSOL, or
ESOL commands. You can also use these items with the *GET command in POST1. See Section 10.8:
Reviewing the Results in this chapter for more details on this topic.
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The 2-D elements, INTER192 and INTER193, use a KEYOPT to define various stress state options.
2-D, linear
INTER192
2-D, quadratic
INTER193
3-D, quadratic
INTER194
3-D, linear
INTER195
Proper element type is chosen based on the stress states of interest and structural element types used.
Element selection is done by the element type command, ET, for example,
ET,1,195
10.4.2. Applications
In general, linear and quadratic elements are chosen for the following reasons:
Fewer nodes produce a smaller model that runs faster with less computer resources.
Quadratic elements are necessary if stress gradients are present in surrounding bodies.
If elements are to follow a curved boundary closely, quadratic elements are ideal because their edges are
arcs.
With a free mesh (tetrahedral elements) the mid-node (quadratic) is required for an accurate solution.
When a surrounding structure can be considered as a 2-D structure, for example, plane stress / strain / axisymmetric, 2-D elements are the ideal choice. A good example of the use of 2-D element INTER192 or INTER193 is
the gasket between the "flanged" ends of pipe line. In this case the gasket properties do not vary significantly
with geometric location.
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You input the general parameters using the TBDATA command, then input the compression and unloading
data using the TBPT command.
Presented in the following sections are examples of inputs for the various types of gasket data.
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Refer to Gasket Materials in the ANSYS Elements Reference for further details on these parameters.
where: NPTS is the number of unloading points; xi is the closure where unloading started, and yi is unloading
slope.
The following input listing is an example showing the linear unloading behavior of a gasket joint material with
3 unloading points
TB,GASKET,1, ,3,LUNL
! define linear unloading data
TBPT,, 0.78000E-04, 0.25100E+12
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A sample plot representing linear unloading curves is shown in Figure 10.3: Gasket Material Input: Linear Unloading Curves.
where: xi, yi are pairs of closure and pressure values. Several unloading curves can be defined.
An example showing the nonlinear unloading behavior of a gasket joint material with 3 unloading points is as
follows:
TB,GASKET,1, ,5,NUNL
! define first nonlinear unloading data
TBPT,, 0.78000E-04, 0.30000E+09
TBPT,, 0.66900E-04, 0.24750E+08
TBPT,, 0.63100E-04, 0.82500E+07
TBPT,, 0.54100E-04, 0.15000E+07
TBPT,, 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00
TB,GASKET,1, ,5,NUNL
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0.28600E-03,
0.26400E-03,
0.26100E-03,
0.25600E-03,
0.00000E+00,
0.58500E+09
0.22350E+08
0.90000E+07
0.15000E+07
0.00000E+00
TB,GASKET,1, ,5,NUNL
TBPT,, 0.50500E-03, 0.89550E+09
TBPT,, 0.47800E-03, 0.33900E+08
TBPT,, 0.47500E-03, 0.13500E+08
TBPT,, 0.46800E-03, 0.15000E+07
TBPT,, 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00
A sample plot representing nonlinear unloading curves is shown in Figure 10.4: Gasket Material Input: Nonlinear
Unloading Curves.
ANSYS will automatically interpolate the temperature data to the material points using linear interpolation.
When the temperature is out of the specified range, the closest temperature point is used.
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0.18000E+08
0.50500E+08
0.83000E+08
0.10000E+09
0.12400E+09
0.15800E+09
0.19500E+09
0.22450E+09
0.26000E+09
0.29850E+09
TBTEMP,
300.000
TBPT,, 0.20000E-04,
TBPT,, 0.40000E-04,
TBPT,, 0.60000E-04,
TBPT,, 0.78000E-04,
TBPT,, 0.12000E-03,
TBPT,, 0.19000E-03,
TBPT,, 0.28600E-03,
TBPT,, 0.35800E-03,
TBPT,, 0.43200E-03,
TBPT,, 0.50500E-03,
0.90000E+07
0.25250E+08
0.41500E+08
0.50000E+08
0.62000E+08
0.79000E+08
0.97500E+08
0.11225E+09
0.13000E+09
0.14925E+09
TBTEMP,
400.000
TBPT,, 0.20000E-04,
TBPT,, 0.40000E-04,
TBPT,, 0.60000E-04,
TBPT,, 0.78000E-04,
TBPT,, 0.12000E-03,
TBPT,, 0.19000E-03,
TBPT,, 0.28600E-03,
TBPT,, 0.35800E-03,
TBPT,, 0.43200E-03,
TBPT,, 0.50500E-03,
0.36000E+07
0.10100E+08
0.16600E+08
0.20000E+08
0.24800E+08
0.31600E+08
0.39000E+08
0.44900E+08
0.52000E+08
0.59700E+08
TBTEMP,
500.000
TBPT,, 0.20000E-04,
TBPT,, 0.40000E-04,
TBPT,, 0.60000E-04,
TBPT,, 0.78000E-04,
TBPT,, 0.12000E-03,
TBPT,, 0.19000E-03,
TBPT,, 0.28600E-03,
TBPT,, 0.35800E-03,
TBPT,, 0.43200E-03,
TBPT,, 0.50500E-03,
0.18000E+07
0.50500E+07
0.83000E+07
0.10000E+08
0.12400E+08
0.15800E+08
0.19500E+08
0.22450E+08
0.26000E+08
0.29850E+08
TB,GASKET,1, 5,5,NUNL
! define first nonlinear unloading data with 5 temperatures
TBTEMP,
100.000
TBPT,, 0.78000E-04, 0.30000E+09
TBPT,, 0.66900E-04, 0.24750E+08
TBPT,, 0.63100E-04, 0.82500E+07
TBPT,, 0.54100E-04, 0.15000E+07
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0.10000E+09
0.82500E+07
0.27500E+07
0.50000E+06
0.00000E+00
TBTEMP,
300.000
TBPT,, 0.78000E-04,
TBPT,, 0.66900E-04,
TBPT,, 0.63100E-04,
TBPT,, 0.54100E-04,
TBPT,, 0.00000E+00,
0.50000E+08
0.41250E+07
0.13750E+07
0.25000E+06
0.00000E+00
TBTEMP,
400.000
TBPT,, 0.78000E-04,
TBPT,, 0.66900E-04,
TBPT,, 0.63100E-04,
TBPT,, 0.54100E-04,
TBPT,, 0.00000E+00,
0.20000E+08
0.16500E+07
0.55000E+06
0.10000E+06
0.00000E+00
TBTEMP,
500.000
TBPT,, 0.78000E-04,
TBPT,, 0.66900E-04,
TBPT,, 0.63100E-04,
TBPT,, 0.54100E-04,
TBPT,, 0.00000E+00,
0.10000E+08
0.82500E+06
0.27500E+06
0.50000E+05
0.00000E+00
TB,GASKET,1, 5,5,NUNL
! define second nonlinear unloading data with 5 temperatures
TBTEMP,
100.000
TBPT,, 0.28600E-03, 0.58500E+09
TBPT,, 0.26400E-03, 0.22350E+08
TBPT,, 0.26100E-03, 0.90000E+07
TBPT,, 0.25600E-03, 0.15000E+07
TBPT,, 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00
TBTEMP,
200.000
TBPT,, 0.28600E-03,
TBPT,, 0.26400E-03,
TBPT,, 0.26100E-03,
TBPT,, 0.25600E-03,
TBPT,, 0.00000E+00,
0.19500E+09
0.74500E+07
0.30000E+07
0.50000E+06
0.00000E+00
TBTEMP,
300.000
TBPT,, 0.28600E-03,
TBPT,, 0.26400E-03,
TBPT,, 0.26100E-03,
TBPT,, 0.25600E-03,
TBPT,, 0.00000E+00,
0.97500E+08
0.37250E+07
0.15000E+07
0.25000E+06
0.00000E+00
TBTEMP,
400.000
TBPT,, 0.28600E-03,
TBPT,, 0.26400E-03,
TBPT,, 0.26100E-03,
TBPT,, 0.25600E-03,
TBPT,, 0.00000E+00,
0.39000E+08
0.14900E+07
0.60000E+06
0.10000E+06
0.00000E+00
TBTEMP,
500.000
TBPT,, 0.28600E-03,
TBPT,, 0.26400E-03,
TBPT,, 0.26100E-03,
TBPT,, 0.25600E-03,
TBPT,, 0.00000E+00,
0.19500E+08
0.74500E+06
0.30000E+06
0.50000E+05
0.00000E+00
TB,GASKET,1, 5,5,NUNL
! define third nonlinear unloading data with 5 temperatures
TBTEMP,
100.000
TBPT,, 0.50500E-03, 0.89550E+09
TBPT,, 0.47800E-03, 0.33900E+08
TBPT,, 0.47500E-03, 0.13500E+08
TBPT,, 0.46800E-03, 0.15000E+07
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0.29850E+09
0.11300E+08
0.45000E+07
0.50000E+06
0.00000E+00
TBTEMP,
300.000
TBPT,, 0.50500E-03,
TBPT,, 0.47800E-03,
TBPT,, 0.47500E-03,
TBPT,, 0.46800E-03,
TBPT,, 0.00000E+00,
0.14925E+09
0.56500E+07
0.22500E+07
0.25000E+06
0.00000E+00
TBTEMP,
400.000
TBPT,, 0.50500E-03,
TBPT,, 0.47800E-03,
TBPT,, 0.47500E-03,
TBPT,, 0.46800E-03,
TBPT,, 0.00000E+00,
0.59700E+08
0.22600E+07
0.90000E+06
0.10000E+06
0.00000E+00
TBTEMP,
500.000
TBPT,, 0.50500E-03,
TBPT,, 0.47800E-03,
TBPT,, 0.47500E-03,
TBPT,, 0.46800E-03,
TBPT,, 0.00000E+00,
0.29850E+08
0.11300E+07
0.45000E+06
0.50000E+05
0.00000E+00
Sample plots of compression and unloading curves for gasket data to two temperatures is shown in Figure 10.5: Gasket Compression and Unloading Curves at Two Temperatures.
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For meshing gasket layers as an area or volume, use the IMESH command.
For meshing gasket layers by dragging an area mesh along a path, use the VDRAG command.
For generating interface elements directly from a pattern, use the EGEN command.
There are special requirements for meshing interface elements. See Section 7.5.6: Generating an Interface Mesh
for Gasket Simulations in the ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide for further details on this type of meshing.
The following example input listing shows the use of the IMESH command.
/batch,list
/title, Test to demonstrate the use of IMESH command
/com, ************************************************************
/com, *
*
/com, * This is a simple test to demonstrate the use of IMESH
*
/com, * command to generate gasket elements. The model consists *
/com, * of two blocks with gasket elements (INTER194) defined
*
/com, * between them.
*
/com, *
*
/com, ************************************************************
/prep7
!*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
!* Define Element Types
!*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
et,1,187
! Solid tetrahedral element
et,2,194
! Interface layer element
!*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
!* Define Parameters
!*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
EH=1.0
IH=0.1
DX=0
DY=0
DZ=IH
Z1=EH
Z2=Z1+IH
Z3=Z2+EH
!*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
!* Generate Keypoints
!*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
k,1,0,0
k,2,1,0
k,3,1,1
k,4,0,1
k,5,0,0,z1
k,6,1,0,z1
k,7,1,1,z1
k,8,0,1,z1
k,9,0,0,z2
k,10,1,0,z2
k,11,1,1,z2
k,12,0,1,z2
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Figure 10.6: Gasket Finite Element Model Geometry shows the geometry of the finite element model, a thin
interface layer between two block volumes. Figure 10.7: Whole Model Mesh with Brick Element shows the mesh
with solid brick element, SOLID185, in top and bottom of block volumes, and Figure 10.8: Interface Layer Mesh
shows the mesh of interface element, INTER195, in the interface layer between the two blocks. Figure 10.9: Whole
Model Tetrahedral Mesh shows the mesh with solid tetrahedral element, SOLID187, in top and bottom of block
volumes, and Figure 10.10: Interface Layer Mesh with Degenerated Wedge Elements shows the mesh of interface
element (degenerated wedge), INTER194, in the interface layer between the two blocks.
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By default a zero stress cap has been enforced on the gasket. When the element goes into tension, it will
lose its stiffness and may cause numerical instability.
It is always a good practice to place the lower and upper limit on the time step size using the DELTIM or
NSUBST commands, and to start with a small time step, then subsequently ramp it up . This ensures that
all of the modes and behaviors of interest will be accurately included and that the problem is solved effectively.
Gasket elements must be configured to support transverse shear. Even if you do so, errors can result, especially for contact and other nonlinear applications. You should not use gasket elements with contact
elements unless you configure the elements accordingly, and ascertain the mesh compatibility of the
gasket layer and its mating components.
Like any other type of nonlinear analysis, the ANSYS program performs a series of linear approximations with
corrections. A convergence failure can indicate a physical instability in the structure, or it can merely be the result
of some numerical problem in the finite element model. The program printout gives you continuous feedback
on the progress of these approximations and corrections. (The printout either appears directly on your screen,
is captured on Jobname.OUT, or is written to some other file [/OUTPUT].) You can examine some of this same
information in POST1, using the PRITER command, or in POST26, using the SOLU and PRVAR commands. You
should make sure that you understand the iteration history of your analysis before you accept the results. In
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. . . . .
. UX
UY
. . . . .
INCLUDED.
. . . . .
O P T I O N S
. . .
UZ
. . .
. . .
. . .
. .3-D
. .STATIC (STEADY-STATE)
. .YES
. .PROGRAM CHOSEN
CP=
0.000
TIME= 00:00:00
CP=
0.000
S T E P
TIME= 00:00:00
No .emat or .erot
O P T I O N S
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
. 1.0000
.
ON
.
200
. 20000
.
20
.
15
.
NO
.YES (EXIT)
.USE DEFAULTS
.YES, FOR ELEMENTS WITH
ACTIVE MAT. NONLINEARITIES
PRINT OUTPUT CONTROLS . . . . . . . . . . . . .NO PRINTOUT
DATABASE OUTPUT CONTROLS
ITEM
FREQUENCY
COMPONENT
ALL
ALL
SVAR
ALL
Maximum wavefront =
, Memory required (MB)
0
=
0.0
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NUMBER
1
2
ENAME
2
1
TOTAL CP
SOLID185
INTER195
0.000
0.000
2
1
SOLID185
INTER195
0.000
0.000
AVE CP
0.000000
0.000000
AVE CP
0.000000
0.000000
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To review results in POST1, the database must contain the same model for which the solution was calculated.
Verify from your output file (Jobname.OUT) whether or not the analysis converged at all load steps.
If not, you probably won't want to postprocess the results, other than to determine why convergence
failed.
2.
Enter POST1. If your model is not currently in the database, issue RESUME.
Command(s): /POST1
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc
3.
Read in results for the desired load step and substep, which can be identified by load step and substep
numbers or by time.
Command(s): SET
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> load step
4.
Display the results using any of the following options. Note that gasket results, such as pressure and
closure, are always displayed and listed in the local coordinate system.
Option: Display Deformed Shape
Command(s): PLDISP
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape
Option: Contour Displays
Command(s): PLNSOL or PLESOL
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu or
Element Solu
Use these options to display contours of stresses, strains, or any other applicable item. When displaying
the gasket pressure distribution, if other structural mating components are not included, ANSYS will plot
the geometry of those components in gray. To have a better visualization of a gasket pressure plot, it is
better for you to select gasket elements only.
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Section 10.9: Sample Gasket Element Verification Analysis (Command or Batch Method)
/com, **************************************************************
/prep7
!*+++++++++++++++++++++
!* Define Element Types
!*+++++++++++++++++++++
et,1,185
et,2,195
!*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
!* Define Linear Elastic Material Type 1
!*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
mp,ex,1,2.1E12
mp,nuxy,1,0.0
!*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
!* Define Initial Gap, Stable Stiffness, Stress Cap
!*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
delta0 = 0.00e-3
stiff0 = 0.0e7
scap
= 1.0e-5
tb,gasket,2,,,para
tbdata, 1,delta0,stiff0,scap
!*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
!* Define Gasket Compression Curve
!*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
tb,gask,2,1,13,comp
tbpt,,0.460800E-03, 0.161226E+07
tbpt,,0.511600E-03, 0.520884E+07
tbpt,,0.562400E-03, 0.113134E+08
tbpt,,0.613200E-03, 0.200499E+08
tbpt,,0.664000E-03, 0.259960E+08
tbpt,,0.714800E-03, 0.290345E+08
tbpt,,0.765600E-03, 0.357453E+08
tbpt,,0.816400E-03, 0.440064E+08
tbpt,,0.867200E-03, 0.563189E+08
tbpt,,0.918000E-03, 0.748254E+08
tbpt,,0.968800E-03, 0.967287E+08
tbpt,,0.101960E-02, 0.129001E+09
tbpt,,0.109326E-02, 0.157147E+09
!*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
!* Define Gasket Linear Unloading Curve
!*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
tb,gask,2,1,5,lunl
tbpt,,0.460800E-03, 2.430000E+11
tbpt,,0.714800E-03, 3.565000E+11
tbpt,,0.816400E-03, 5.92300E+11
tbpt,,0.968800E-03, 1.088000e+12
tbpt,,0.109326E-02, 1.490000E+12
!*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++
!* List Gasket Material Model
!*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++
tblist,gask,all
!*++++++++++++++++++
!* Define Parameters
!*++++++++++++++++++
n1
= 20
n2
= n1*100
n3
= n1
dis1 = -0.0008
dis2 = -0.000001
pres = 1.0e7
pres2 = 10
pres3 = 1.4E8
dp
= -2.0e7
elb
= 1.0
elg
= 0.1
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Section 10.9: Sample Gasket Element Verification Analysis (Command or Batch Method)
/post1
set,last
pres,s
pres,epto
pres,epel
prns,epel
finish
!*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
!* Post26, Print and Plot Gasket Element Results
!*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
/post26
esol,2,3, ,s,x,press
esol,3,3, ,epel,x,delta
add,4,2, , ,press,,,-1,
! change sign for plotting
add,5,3,,,delta,,,-1,
! change sign for plotting
prvar,2,3,4,5
xvar,5
plvar,4
finish
/exit,nosave
3 S
X
press
-139488.
-278977.
-418465.
-557953.
-697442.
-836930.
-976418.
-0.111591E+07
-0.125539E+07
-0.139488E+07
-0.153437E+07
-0.278389E+07
-0.557968E+07
-0.989280E+07
-0.152775E+08
-0.208613E+08
-0.250737E+08
-0.277640E+08
-0.310936E+08
-0.357955E+08
-0.227277E+08
-0.965988E+07
-0.100000E-04
-0.100000E-04
-0.100000E-04
-0.100000E-04
-0.100000E-04
-0.100000E-04
-0.100000E-04
-0.100000E-04
-0.100000E-04
-0.100000E-04
-0.100000E-04
-0.100000E-04
-0.100000E-04
-0.100000E-04
-0.100000E-04
-0.100000E-04
-0.100000E-04
-0.100000E-04
3 EPELX
delta
-0.398672E-04
-0.797343E-04
-0.119601E-03
-0.159469E-03
-0.199336E-03
-0.239203E-03
-0.279070E-03
-0.318937E-03
-0.358804E-03
-0.398672E-03
-0.438539E-03
-0.477349E-03
-0.514686E-03
-0.550578E-03
-0.585450E-03
-0.620132E-03
-0.656120E-03
-0.693558E-03
-0.730387E-03
-0.765909E-03
-0.738405E-03
-0.710900E-03
-0.680150E-03
-0.640200E-03
-0.600250E-03
-0.560300E-03
-0.520350E-03
-0.480400E-03
-0.440450E-03
-0.400500E-03
-0.360550E-03
-0.320600E-03
-0.280650E-03
-0.240700E-03
-0.200750E-03
-0.160800E-03
-0.120850E-03
-0.809000E-04
-0.409500E-04
-0.100000E-05
4 ADD
press
139488.
278977.
418465.
557953.
697442.
836930.
976418.
0.111591E+07
0.125539E+07
0.139488E+07
0.153437E+07
0.278389E+07
0.557968E+07
0.989280E+07
0.152775E+08
0.208613E+08
0.250737E+08
0.277640E+08
0.310936E+08
0.357955E+08
0.227277E+08
0.965988E+07
0.100000E-04
0.100000E-04
0.100000E-04
0.100000E-04
0.100000E-04
0.100000E-04
0.100000E-04
0.100000E-04
0.100000E-04
0.100000E-04
0.100000E-04
0.100000E-04
0.100000E-04
0.100000E-04
0.100000E-04
0.100000E-04
0.100000E-04
0.100000E-04
5 ADD
delta
0.398672E-04
0.797343E-04
0.119601E-03
0.159469E-03
0.199336E-03
0.239203E-03
0.279070E-03
0.318937E-03
0.358804E-03
0.398672E-03
0.438539E-03
0.477349E-03
0.514686E-03
0.550578E-03
0.585450E-03
0.620132E-03
0.656120E-03
0.693558E-03
0.730387E-03
0.765909E-03
0.738405E-03
0.710900E-03
0.680150E-03
0.640200E-03
0.600250E-03
0.560300E-03
0.520350E-03
0.480400E-03
0.440450E-03
0.400500E-03
0.360550E-03
0.320600E-03
0.280650E-03
0.240700E-03
0.200750E-03
0.160800E-03
0.120850E-03
0.809000E-04
0.409500E-04
0.100000E-05
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Stress intensity factors (KI, KII, KIII) associated with the three basic modes of fracture (see Figure 19.13: The
Three Basic Modes of Fracture in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference).
J-integral, which may be defined as a path-independent line integral that measures the strength of the
singular stresses and strains near a crack tip
Energy release rate (G), which represents the amount of work associated with a crack opening or closure
See Chapter 2, Structural Static Analysis for details about the general static analysis procedure. Also see Chapter 8,
Nonlinear Structural Analysis for a discussion of structural nonlinearities.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
In linear elastic problems, it has been shown that the displacements near the crack tip (or crack front) vary as
r
, where r is the distance from the crack tip. The stresses and strains are singular at the crack tip, varying as
r
1/
. To pick up the singularity in the strain, the crack faces should be coincident, and the elements around the
crack tip (or crack front) should be quadratic, with the midside nodes placed at the quarter points. Such elements
are called singular elements. Figure 11.2: Examples of Singular Elements shows examples of singular elements
for 2-D and 3-D models.
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113
Take advantage of symmetry where possible. In many cases, you need to model only one half of the crack
region, with symmetry or antisymmetry boundary conditions, as shown below.
For reasonable results, the first row of elements around the crack tip should have a radius of approximately
a/8 or smaller, where a is the crack length. In the circumferential direction, roughly one element every
30 or 40 is recommended.
The crack tip elements should not be distorted, and should take the shape of isosceles triangles.
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Element size recommendations are the same as for 2-D models. In addition, aspect ratios should not exceed
approximately 4 to 1 in all directions.
For curved crack fronts, the element size along the crack front will depend on the amount of local curvature.
As a rough guide, you should have at least one element every 15 to 30 along a circular crack front.
All element edges should be straight, including the edge on the crack front.
Define a local crack-tip or crack-front coordinate system, with X parallel to the crack face (perpendicular
to the crack front in 3-D models) and Y perpendicular to the crack face, as shown in the following figure.
Note This coordinate system must be the active model coordinate system [CSYS] and results
coordinate system [RSYS] when KCALC is issued.
Command(s): LOCAL (or CLOCAL, CS, CSKP, etc.)
GUI: Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Local Coordinate Systems> Create Local CS> At Specified
Loc
Define a path along the crack face. The first node on the path should be the crack-tip node. For a halfcrack model, two additional nodes are required, both along the crack face. For a full-crack model, where
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Calculate KI, KII, and KIII. The KPLAN field on the KCALC command specifies whether the model is planestrain or plane stress. Except for the analysis of thin plates, the asymptotic or near-crack-tip behavior of
stress is usually thought to be that of plane strain. The KCSYM field specifies whether the model is a halfcrack model with symmetry boundary conditions, a half-crack model with antisymmetry boundary
conditions, or a full-crack model.
Command(s): KCALC
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Nodal Calcs> Stress Int Factr
11.2.2.2. J-Integral
In its simplest form, the J-integral can be defined as a path-independent line integral that measures the strength
of the singular stresses and strains near a crack tip. The following equation shows an expression for J in its 2-D
form is shown below. It assumes that the crack lies in the global Cartesian X-Y plane, with X parallel to the crack
(see Figure 11.7: J-Integral Contour Path Surrounding a Crack-Tip).
uy
u
J = r Wdy r t x x + t y
ds
x
x
where:
= any path surrounding the crack tip
W = strain energy density (that is, strain energy per unit volume)
tx = traction vector along x axis = xnx + xy ny
ty = traction vector along y axis = yny + xy nx
= component stress
n = unit outer normal vector to path
u = displacement vector
s = distance along the path
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2.
3.
4.
Define a path for the line integral. Figure 11.8: Examples of Paths for J-integral Calculation shows examples of such paths.
Command(s): PATH, PPATH
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Define Path
5.
Map the strain energy density, which was stored in the element table in step 1, onto the path.
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7.
Assign the final value of the integral to a parameter. This gives us the first term of equation 10.1.
Command(s): *GET,Name,PATH,,LAST
GUI: Utility Menu> Parameters> Get Scalar Data
8.
Map the component stresses SX, SY, and SXY onto the path.
Command(s): PDEF
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Map Onto Path
9.
10. Calculate TX and TY using the expressions shown with equation 10.1.
Command(s): PCALC
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> operation
11. Shift the path a small distance in the positive and negative X directions to calculate the derivatives of
the displacement vector (ux/x and uy/y). The following steps are involved (see Figure 19.13: The
Three Basic Modes of Fracture in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference):
Calculate the distance by which the path is to be shifted, say DX. A rule of thumb is to use one percent
of the total length of the path. You can obtain the total path length as a parameter using
*GET,Name,PATH,,LAST,S.
Shift the path a distance of DX/2 in the negative X direction [PCALC,ADD,XG,XG,,,,-DX/2] and map
the displacements UX and UY onto the path [PDEF], giving them labels UX1 and UY1, for example.
Shift the path a distance of DX in the positive X direction (that is, +DX/2 from its original position)
and map UX and UY onto the path, giving them labels UX2 and UY2, for example.
Shift the path back to its original location (a distance of -DX/2) and calculate the quantities (UX2UX1)/DX and (UY2-UY1)/DX using PCALC. These quantities represent ux/x and uy/y, respectively.
See the ANSYS Coupled-Field Analysis Guide for a discussion of the *GET, PCALC and PDEF commands.
12. Using the quantities calculated in steps 10 and 11, calculate the integrand in the second term of J [PCALC]
and integrate it with respect to the path distance S [PCALC]. This gives the second term of equation 10.1.
13. Calculate J according to equation 10.1, using the quantities calculated in steps 5-7 and 12.
You can simplify the J-integral calculations by writing a macro that performs the above operations. (Macros are
described in the ANSYS APDL Programmer's Guide.)
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1110
SOLID95, the 20-node structural solid element, with KEYOPT(1) = 1 functions similarly to a single layered
SOLID191 including the use of an orientation angle and failure criterion. It allows nonlinear materials and
large deflections.
SHELL63, the 4-node shell element, can be used for rough, approximate studies of sandwich shell models.
A typical application would be a polymer between two metal plates, where the bending stiffness of the
polymer would be small relative to the bending stiffness of the metal plates. The bending stiffness can
be adjusted by the real constant RMI to represent the bending stiffness due to the metal plates, and distances from the middle surface to extreme fibers (real constants CTOP, CBOT) can be used to obtain output
stress estimates on the outer surfaces of the sandwich shell. It is not used as frequently as SHELL91,
SHELL99, or SHELL181, and will not be considered for anything other than sandwich structures in this
section.
SOLID65, the 3D Reinforced Concrete Solid Element, models an isotropic medium with optional reinforcing
in 3 different user-defined orientations.
BEAM188 and BEAM189, the 3D finite strain beam elements, can have their sections built up with multiple
materials.
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By defining constitutive matrices that relate generalized forces and moments to generalized strains and
curvatures (available only for SOLID46 and SHELL99 )
For each layer, the following properties are specified in the element real constant table [R, RMORE, RMODIF]
(Main Menu> Preprocessor> Real Constants) (accessed with REAL attributes).
Layered sections may also be defined through the Section Tool (Prep>Sections>Shell Add/edit). For each
layer, the following are specified in the section definition through the section commands; or through the Section
Tool (SECTYPE, SECDATA) (accessed with the SECNUM attributes).
Material Properties - As with any other element, the MP command (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props>
Material Models> Structural> Linear> Elastic> Isotropic or Orthotropic) is used to define the linear material
properties, and the TB command is used to define the nonlinear material data tables (plasticity is only available
for elements SOLID191 and SHELL91). The only difference is that the material attribute number for each layer of
an element is specified in the element's real constant table. For the layered elements, the MAT command (Main
Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> Default Attribs) attribute is only used for the DAMP and
REFT arguments of the MP command. The linear material properties for each layer may be either isotropic or
orthotropic (see Linear Material Properties in the ANSYS Elements Reference). Typical fiber-reinforced composites
contain orthotropic materials and these properties are most often supplied in the major Poisson's ratio form (see
the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference). Material property directions are parallel to the layer coordinate system, which
is defined by the element coordinate system and the layer orientation angle (described below).
Layer Orientation Angle- This defines the orientation of the layer coordinate system with respect to the element
coordinate system. It is the angle (in degrees) between X-axes of the two systems. By default, the layer coordinate
system is parallel to the element coordinate system. All elements have a default coordinate system which you
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123
The terms of the matrices are defined as real constants. Mass effects are incorporated by specifying an average
density (real constants AVDENS) for the element. If the matrix approach is used, detailed results in each layer
cannot be obtained since individual layer information is not input.
You can model sandwich structures with SHELL63, SHELL91, or SHELL181. SHELL63 has one layer but permits
sandwich modeling through the use of real constants. You can modify the effective bending moment of inertia
and the distance from the middle surface to the extreme fibers to account for the weak core. KEYOPT(9) = 1 of
SHELL91 specifies the sandwich option. The core is assumed to carry all of the transverse shear; the faceplates
carry none. Conversely, the faceplates are assumed to carry all (or almost all) of the bending load. Only SHELL91
has this sandwich option.
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Tsai-Wu Failure Criterion, which allows nine failure stresses and three additional coupling coefficients. You
have a choice of two methods of calculating this criterion. The methods are defined in the ANSYS, Inc.
Theory Reference.
The failure strains, stresses, and coupling coefficients may be temperature-dependent. See the ANSYS Elements
Reference for details about the data required for each criterion. To specify a failure criterion, use either the family
of TB commands or the family of FC commands.
The TB commands areTB, TBTEMP, and TBDATA. (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Failure Criteria). A typical sequence of commands to specify a failure criterion using these commands is shown below.
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The FC commands are FC, FCDELE, and FCLIST commands (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props>
Material Models> Structural> Nonlinear> Inelastic> Non-Metal Plasticity> Failure Criteria) and (Main
Menu> General Postproc> Failure Criteria). A typical sequence of commands to specify a failure criterion using
these commands is shown below.
FC,1,TEMP,,
100,
FC,1,S,XTEN, 1500,
FC,1,S,YTEN, 400,
FC,1,S,ZTEN,10000,
FC,1,S,XY , 200,
FC,1,S,YZ ,10000,
FC,1,S,XZ ,10000,
FCLIST,
,100
FCLIST,
,150
FCLIST,
,200
PRNSOL,S,FAIL
200
1200
500
8000
200
8000
8000
! Temperatures
! Maximum stress components
!
!
!
!
List status
List status
List status
Use Failure
Note The TB commands (TB, TBTEMP, and TBDATA) can be used only for SHELL91, SHELL99, SOLID46,
or SOLID191, but the FC and FCLIST commands can be used for any 2-D or 3-D structural solid element
or any 3-D structural shell element.
See the ANSYS Commands Reference for a discussion of the TB, TBTEMP, TBDATA, TBLIST, FC, FCDELE, and
FCLIST commands.
Some notes about specifying failure criteria:
The criteria are orthotropic, so you must input the failure stress or failure strain values for all directions.
(The exception is that compressive values default to tensile values.)
If you don't want the failure stress or strain to be checked in a particular direction, specify a large number
in that direction (as shown in the previous example).
User-written failure criteria may be specified via user subroutines USRFC1 through USRFC6. These subroutines
should be linked with the ANSYS program beforehand; see the ANSYS Advanced Analysis Techniques Guide for a
brief description of user-programmable features.
Composites exhibit several types of coupling effects, such as coupling between bending and twisting,
coupling between extension and bending, etc. This is due to stacking of layers of differing material
properties. As a result, if the layer stacking sequence is not symmetric, you may not be able to use
model symmetry even if the geometry and loading are symmetric, because the displacements and
stresses may not be symmetric.
2.
Interlaminar shear stresses are usually important at the free edges of a model. For relatively accurate interlaminar shear stresses at these locations, the element size at the boundaries of the model should be
approximately equal to the total laminate thickness. For shells, increasing the number of layers per actual
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Because a large amount of input data is required for composites, you should verify the data before proceeding with the solution. Several commands are available for this purpose:
ELIST (Utility Menu> List> Elements) lists the nodes and attributes of all selected elements.
EPLOT (Utility Menu> Plot> Elements) displays all selected elements. Using the /ESHAPE,1 command
(Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Size and Shape) before EPLOT causes shell elements to be displayed as solids with the layer thicknesses obtained from real constants or section definition (see
Figure 12.5: Example of an Element Display. This example uses element SHELL99 with /ESHAPE
turned on). It also causes SOLID46 elements to be displayed with layers.
/PSYMB,LAYR,n (Utility Menu> PlotCrls> Symbols) followed by EPLOT displays layer number n for
all selected layered elements. This can be used to display and verify each individual layer across the
entire model.
/PSYMB,ESYS,1 followed by EPLOT displays the element coordinate system triad for those elements
whose default coordinate system has been changed.
LAYLIST (Utility Menu> List> Elements> Layered Elements) lists the layer stacking sequence from
real constants and any two material properties for SHELL99, SHELL91, SOLID46, and SOLID191 elements. You can specify a range of layer numbers for the listing.
LIST LAYERS
1 TO
4 IN REAL SET
TOTAL LAYERS =
4 LSYM =
1 LP1 =
LAYPLOT (Utility Menu> Plot> Layered Elements) displays the layer stacking sequence from real
constants in the form of a sheared deck of cards (see Figure 12.6: Sample LAYPLOT Display for [45/ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
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4.
SECPLOT (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Shell> Plot Section) displays the section stacking
sequence from sections in the form of a sheared deck of cards (see Figure 12.6: Sample LAYPLOT
Display for [45/-45/ - 45/45] Sequence). The sections are crosshatched and color coded for clarity.
The hatch lines indicate the layer angle (THETA) and the color indicates layer material number (MAT)
defined by the SECDATA command. You can specify a range of layer numbers for the display.
By default, only data for the bottom of the first (bottom) layer, top of the last (top) layer, and the layer
with the maximum failure criterion value are written to the results file. If you are interested in data for
all layers, set KEYOPT(8) = 1. Be aware, though, that this may result in a large results file.
5.
Use the ESEL,S,LAYER command to select elements that have a certain layer number. If an element has
a zero thickness for the requested layer, the element is not selected.
Note For energy output, the results are applicable only to the entire element; you cannot get
output results for individual layers.
6.
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Use the LAYER command (Main Menu> General Postproc> Options for Outp) in POST1 (or LAYERP26
(Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Define Variables) in POST26) to specify the layer number for which
results are to be processed. The SHELL command (Main Menu> General Postproc> Options for Outp
or Main Menu> TimeHist Prostpro> Define Variables) specifies a TOP, MID, or BOT location within the
layer. The default in POST1 is to store results for the bottom of the bottom layer, and the top of the top
layer, and the layer with the maximum failure criterion value. In POST26, the default is layer 1. If KEYOPT(8)
= 1 (that is, data stored for all layers), the LAYER and LAYERP26 commands store the TOP and BOT results
for the specified layer number. MID values are then calculated by average TOP and BOT values. If KEYOPT
(8) = 2 is set for SHELL181 during SOLUTION, then LAYER and LAYERP26 commands store the TOP,
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By default, POST1 displays all results in the global Cartesian coordinate system. Use the RSYS command
(Main Menu> General Postproc> Options for Outp) to transform the results to a different coordinate
system. In particular, RSYS,SOLU allows you to display results in the layer coordinate system if LAYER is
issued with a nonzero layer number.
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A formal fatigue evaluation accounts for each of these factors as it calculates how "used up" a certain component
will become during its anticipated life cycle.
You can postprocess existing stress results to determine the fatigue usage factors for any solid-element
or shell-element model. (You can also manually input stresses for fatigue evaluation of line-element
models.)
You can store stresses at a preselected number of locations for a preselected number of events and
loadings within the event.
You can define stress concentration factors for each location and scale factors for each event.
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2.
Establish the size (the number of locations, events, and loadings), define the fatigue material properties,
identify stress locations, and define stress concentration factors.
3.
Store stresses at locations of interest for various events and loadings; assign event repetitions and scale
factors.
4.
5.
Enter POST1.
Command(s): /POST1
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc
2.
Read your database file (Jobname.DB) into active memory. (If your intended fatigue evaluation is a
continuation of an ongoing ANSYS session, then Jobname.DB will already be in memory.) A results file
(Jobname.RST) with nodal stress results should also be available; you will read results data into memory
later.
Command(s): RESUME
GUI: Utility Menu> File> Resume from
1.
2.
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The S-N curve, a curve of alternating stress intensity ((Smax - Smin)/2) versus allowable number of cycles.
The ASME S-N curves already account for maximum mean stress effects. You should adjust your S-N
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The Sm-T curve, a curve of design stress-intensity value versus temperature. This curve is needed if
you want the program to detect whether or not the nominal stress range has gone plastic.
Command(s): FP
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Fatigue> Property Table> Sm_T Table
Elastic-plastic material parameters M and N (strain hardening exponents). These parameters are required only if you desire simplified elastic-plastic code calculations. These parameters' values can be
obtained from the ASME Code.
Command(s): FP
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Fatigue> Property Table> Elas-plas Par
The following example illustrates the use of the FP command to input material fatigue properties:
! Define the S-N table:
FP,1,10,30,100,300,1000,10000
FP,7,100000,1000000
FP,21,650,390,240,161,109,59
FP,27,37,26
! Define the Sm-T table:
FP,41,100,200,300,400,500,600
FP,47,650,700,750,800
FP,51,20,20,20,18.7,17.4,16.4
FP,57,16.1,15.9.15.5,15.1
! Allowable Cycles, N
!
"
! Alternating Stress! Intensity Range, S, ksi
! Temperature,F
!
"
! "Design Stress-Intensity
! Value", Sm (=2/3*Sy or
! 1/3 *Su), ksi
! Define the elastic-plastic material parameters:
FP,61,1.7,.3
!
M and N
3.
Note Not all fatigue analyses will require the FL command. Locations are automatically defined for
nodes when FS, FSNODE, or FSSECT are issued (see below). If your model contains sufficient grid detail,
your stresses could be accurate enough that you would not need to apply calculated SCFs. (Supplemental
SCFs for surface, size, or corrosion effects might still be required, however.) Where only one location is
being examined, you could omit a title. If explicit definition of locations, SCFs, or titles are not required,
you could forgo the FL command entirely.
Here is an example of some FL commands for a cylinder with a global Y axis, having two wall thicknesses of interest,
where SCFs are to be applied (to the axial linearized stresses) at the outside wall.
FL,1,281,,,,Line 1 at inside
FL,2,285,,1.85,,Line 1 at outside
FL,3,311,,,,Line 2 at inside
FL,4,315,,2.11,,Line 2 at outside
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13.2.3. Store Stresses and Assign Event Repetitions and Scale Factors
13.2.3.1. Storing Stresses
In order to perform a fatigue evaluation, the program must know the stresses at different events and loadings
for each location, as well as the number of repetitions of each event. You can store stresses for each combination
of location, event, and loading, using the following options:
Stresses at a cross-section
Caution: The program never assumes that a "zero" stress condition exists. If zero stress is one of the conditions
to be considered, it must be explicitly input for each event in which it may occur.
The following command sequences schematically illustrate how to store stresses. In some situations, you might
prefer to use LCASE instead of SET.
Manually stored stresses:
FS
SET, FSNODE
Stresses at a cross-section:
You can use more than one method of storing stresses in an event. Each of these methods is explained in detail
below.
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!
!
!
!
!
!
!
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Figure 13.3 Surface Nodes are Identified by PPATH Prior to Executing FSSECT
List the stored stresses per location, per event, per loading, or per stress condition:
Command(s): FSLIST
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Fatigue> Store Stresses> List Stresses
Display a stress item as a function of loading number for a particular location and event:
Command(s): FSPLOT
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Fatigue> Store Stresses> Plot Stresses
Delete a stress condition stored for a particular location, event, and loading:
Command(s): FSDELE
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Fatigue> Store Stresses> Dele Stresses
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Understand the internal logic of the ANSYS range-counting algorithm. See the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference
for more details on how the ANSYS program performs range counting.
Because it can be difficult to predict the exact load step at which a maximum (or minimum) 3-D stress
state occurs, good practice often requires that you include several clustered loadings in each event, in
order to successfully capture the extreme stress state. (See Figure 13.2: Three Loadings in One Event.)
You will obtain consistently conservative results if you include only one extreme stress condition (either
a local maximum or a local minimum) in any given event. If you group more than one extreme condition
in a single event, you will sometimes generate unconservative results, as illustrated by the following example:
loading 1: Sx = 50.0
loading 2: Sx = -50.1
500 repetitions
Event 2,
loading 1: Sx = 50.1
loading 2: Sx = -50.0
1000 repetitions
50.05 ksi
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0.05 ksi
c.
50.00 ksi
d.
50.10 ksi
e.
0.05 ksi
f.
50.05 ksi
50.10 ksi
a.
50.05 ksi
f.
50.05 ksi
c.
50.00 ksi
b.
0.05 ksi
e.
0.05 ksi
a.
- E1 is all used up
f.
c.
b.
Thus, only 1000 repetitions of about 50 ksi range would be counted, instead of the known 1500 cycles. This error
results solely from improper assembly of events.
If the loadings had each been described as separate events (such that E1,L1 E1; E1,L2 E2; E2,L1 E3; and
E2,L2 E4), then the following range counts would be obtained:
d.
500 cycles of E2 to E3
a.
0 cycles of E1 to E2
- E2 is all used up
f.
500 cycles of E3 to E4
c.
500 cycles of E1 to E4
b.
0 cycles of E1 to E3
- E3 is all used up
e.
0 cycles of E2 to E4
Cumulative fatigue damage in this case would properly be calculated for 1500 repetitions of about 50 ksi range.
Conversely, using separate events for each maximum and each minimum stress condition could sometimes
become too conservative. In such cases, carefully choose those loadings that should be counted together,
and group them into the same events. The following example illustrates how some events can appropriately
contain multiple extreme stress conditions:
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See the ANSYS Commands Reference for a discussion of the FTSIZE, FP, FL, FS, FSNODE, PPATH, FSSECT, FE, and
FTCALC commands.
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3.
4.
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Defining a p-element: The p-method solution procedure can also be activated by defining a p-element. If
you are working outside of the GUI, the definition of a p-element lets the program know that a p-method
solution is to be done; no other commands are necessary to initiate p-method. From within the GUI, you
can also issue the ET command in the "Input Window" to activate the p-method procedure. (Remember,
the ET command must be entered in the "Input Window," since, by default, only h-elements are displayed
in the GUI unless p-method is active.)
Command(s): ET
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete
2.
3.
4.
The above steps are common to most analyses. The ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide explains those steps in
detail. In this section we will explain the techniques that are unique to a p-analysis.
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See the ANSYS Elements Reference for complete descriptions of each of the above element types.
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The angles between adjacent edges should be between 10 and 170. Element shape checking will warn
that adjacent edges should be between 30 and 150, but it is usually acceptable to have angles in the
range of 10 to 170 for p-elements.
A good rule of thumb is to keep the aspect ratio (ratio of element length to width) less than 20:1.
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Subdivide complex geometries, or build them as separate geometries. As a general rule, if you were to
stand inside a volume, you should be able to see all of its vertices. If this is not possible, you might wish
to consider subdividing the volume into more manageable pieces.
The number of divisions on lines "parallel" and near to each other should be fairly equivalent. The SmartSizing method of meshing [SMRTSIZE] handles this situation well. However, if the DESIZE method of
element sizing is used, you should set local mesh controls to achieve a good mesh in these areas.
For beam-like or shell-like models, use one element through the thickness in the meshed model. SmartSizing will do this automatically. However, if you are using DESIZE for meshing, set the default element
size [MINH] to 1 [DESIZE,,1].
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14.3.3.2. Coupling
You may couple degrees of freedom (DOFs) between nodes on p-elements to control nodal solution behavior.
All coupled nodes are forced to assume the same displacement values in the specified nodal coordinate direction.
The amount of this displacement is unknown until the analysis has been completed.
Command(s): CP
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Coupling/Ceqn> Couple DOFs
The first degree of freedom defined on the coupled set is the "prime" degree of freedom. All other degrees of
freedom in the coupled set are eliminated from the solution matrices as a result of their relationship to the prime
degree of freedom.
Note For p-elements, only the corner nodes may be defined as prime degrees of freedom if midside
nodes are also part of the same coupled set.
For a p-method analysis, only the nodal combinations described below are permitted when coupling, and any
deviation from these combinations will most likely result in singularities.
2.
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Both corner nodes on the element's edge or face are part of the same coupled set. Only the corner nodes
may be defined as prime degrees of freedom.
2.
All nodes in the coupled set are midside nodes. In this case, a midside node must be defined as the prime
degree of freedom, but this is only valid as long as there are no corner nodes defined as part of the same
coupled set.
Note If you have coupled faces or edges on a p-element (that is, all edges of the element's face or all
nodes of the element's edge are coupled), the p-level of that edge or face will be held to 2. In addition,
constraint equations (used to represent relatively rigid parts) are not available in a p-method analysis.
Enter SOLUTION.
Command(s): /SOLU
GUI: Main Menu> Solution
2.
Define the analysis options. Choose any of three options to solve the simultaneous equations generated
by a p-method analysis. These solvers are discussed at length in Chapter 3, Solution in the ANSYS Basic
Analysis Guide.
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The PCG solver is about 5 to 10 times faster than the frontal solver for p-elements.
Computer-time savings will be greater with the PCG solver when p-levels of 4 and higher are active.
In certain cases, such as when your model contains elements with high aspect ratios or material type
discontinuities, a greater number of iterations may be required to achieve convergence for the PCG
solver. You may increase the maximum number of iterations by using the MULT option on the EQSLV
command. This option is only valid when solving with the PCG solver. See the EQSLV command description
in the ANSYS Commands Reference for more information on this capability.
The PCG solver is not available for p-element shells.
For more information on the general use of the PCG solver, refer to Chapter 3, Solution in the ANSYS
Basic Analysis Guide.
3.
Apply the loads to the solid model (keypoints, lines, areas, etc.) or to the finite element model (nodes
and elements), except for inertia loads (gravity, rotational velocity, etc.), which are independent of the
model. For a general discussion of solid model loads versus finite element loads, see Chapter 2, Loading
in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.
Internal Degrees of Freedom and Nodal Coordinate Systems
In order to correctly apply boundary conditions, you need to understand nodal coordinate systems, and
how degrees of freedom (DOFs) which are not attached to a node are handled. DOFs are the allowed
motions or deformations of the elements. Those DOFs which are not attached to a node are referred to
as internal degrees of freedom.
Internal DOFs allow the elements to form a better approximation to the real solution. As the p-level
is increased for each loop, more DOFs are added to the elements. Some of these DOFs act on the
element boundary (edges and interior faces) resulting in deformations that vary from a polynomial
order of 2 to 8. In many cases, the higher the p-level, the more complex the deformation, and the
better the approximation to the real solution.
Nodal coordinate systems orient the degree of freedom directions at each node. Each node has its
own nodal coordinate system, which, by default, is parallel to the global Cartesian system (regardless
of the coordinate system in which the node was defined). Nodes may be rotated into a nodal coordinate system [NROTAT] (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Rotate Node CS>
To Active CS). The constraints and forces are then applied to the nodes in the nodal coordinate systems. See the ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide for more details about nodal coordinate systems.
The program aligns the internal DOFs with the nodal coordinate systems as defined by the nodes on the
element face or edge.
Displacement constraints applied to nodes with rotated nodal coordinate systems are applied to the
internal DOFs on an element edge or face only if ALL the nodes defining that edge or face are also rotated
into that same coordinate system (see Figure 14.6: Constraints on Rotated Nodes). Therefore any
symmetry/antisymmetry displacement boundary conditions applied to the nodes on adjoining surfaces
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You should avoid applying single-point loads or constraints, since they cause stress singularities. If these loads or constraints are applied, exclude the elements attached to these nodes
from the convergence computations. See the "Accounting for Stress Singularities" section
later in this chapter.
Do not apply forces and moments to the midside nodes. You may only apply these loads at
the corner nodes. In addition, out-of-plane (element ROTZ) moments may not be applied to
SHELL150.
Pressures (PRES) are surface loads, also usually applied on the model exterior. Positive values of pressure
act towards the element face (resulting in a compressive effect).
Temperatures (TEMP) are applied to study the effects of thermal expansion or contraction (that is, thermal
stresses). The coefficient of thermal expansion must be defined if thermal strains are to be calculated.
You can read in temperatures from a thermal analysis, or you can specify temperatures directly on the
nodes or the solid model keypoints.
To obtain temperatures from a thermal analysis:
Convert the p-element types to the following thermal element types: PLANE145 to PLANE77, PLANE146
to PLANE35, SOLID147 to SOLID90, and SOLID148 to SOLID87. There is no thermal equivalent for
SHELL150.
Change the element types back to the p-element types in order to perform the p-method structural
analysis.
For the remainder of the analysis, continue with the same procedure as defined for h-elements (see
the ANSYS Thermal Analysis Guide).
Gravity, spinning, etc. are inertia loads that affect the entire structure. Density must be defined if inertia
effects are to be included.
4.
Specify load step options. The following solution options are available to aid in solving a p-Method
analysis:
As mentioned earlier in this section, a p-method analysis works with a series of iterations, or loops,
checking for convergence each time. The PPRANGE command is used to specify the overall range where
the p-level may vary (somewhere between 2 and 8). For analyses beginning at p=2, each element will
have its solution checked for convergence against established criteria [PCONV]. If the solution is within
the requested tolerance [PMOPTS], that element will have its p-level held to 2. Those elements that did
not converge within the specified criteria (that is, not fixed at p=2 for the first iteration), will have their
p-level increased, and another solution (iteration) will then be performed. At each iteration the convergence criteria (strain energy, displacement, stress, etc.) is checked, and if converged, the solution stops.
Also, those elements whose individual solutions are considered to be converged will have their p-level
held at the current p-level. This process is continued until all specified convergence criteria are met, or
the maximum p-range has been reached.
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Start the p-level iterations and solution process. The output will provide a summary of each loop, indicating the current p-level, the convergence statistics, and the status of how many elements have converged.
Command(s): SOLVE
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS
Solution
Relax the convergence criteria.
The convergence criterion was specified at a singularity (infinite stress Do not monitor a singularity point.
or strain value, such as under a point load) or the elements near the
singularity were not excluded.
The mesh is too coarse, especially in the area where the stress is high. Refine the mesh.
The maximum p-level was restricted lower than that required for
convergence.
The convergence criterion is at a location where the angle made by Refine the mesh in that region.
adjacent element edges is greater than 55 on a curved boundary.
The results from a p-method analysis are written to the results file, Jobname.RST. They consist of the following
data:
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As a general rule, for a model with a very coarse mesh or any model in which the p-levels are high (p>3) you
should consider using NUM = 4 to view your field quantities. Since results are available at each subgrid location,
more information will be available at NUM = 4.
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2.
Type the text "p-Method Plate with Hole" and click on OK.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preferences. The Preferences for GUI Filtering dialog box appears.
2.
Click the Structural method on. Click the p-Method Struct. option on.
3.
Click on OK.
2.
3.
4.
Click on Options. The PLANE145 element type options dialog box appears.
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In the scroll box for Analysis type, scroll down to "Plane Stress+TK" to select it.
6.
Click on OK.
7.
2.
Click on Add. The Element Type for Real Constants dialog box appears.
3.
Click on OK. The Real Constants for PLANE145 dialog box appears.
4.
5.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models. The Define Material Model Behavior dialog box appears.
2.
In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the icons next to the following options:
Structural, Linear, Elastic, Isotropic. A dialog box appears.
3.
4.
Enter 0.29 for PRXY and click on OK. Material Model Number 1 appears in the Material Models Defined
window on the left.
5.
Choose menu path Material> Exit to remove the Define Material Model Behavior dialog box.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Rectangle> By Dimensions. The Create Rectangle by Dimensions dialog box appears.
2.
Enter 0,20 for the X-coordinates and 0,10 for the Y-coordinates. Use the TAB key to move between fields.
3.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Circle> By Dimensions.
The Circular Area by Dimensions dialog box appears.
5.
6.
Click on OK. The circle appears on the ANSYS Graphics window, on the lower left corner of the rectangle.
7.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Subtract> Areas.
The Subtract Areas picking menu appears.
8.
9.
Click on OK in the picking menu. Another Subtract Areas picking menu appears.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> MeshTool. The MeshTool appears.
2.
Click the SmartSize check box on. Set the SmartSize slider to 5.
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In the Mesh section of the MeshTool, choose Areas and Free. Then click the MESH button. The Mesh
Areas picking menu appears.
4.
5.
6.
2.
3.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement>
Symmetry B.C.> On Nodes. The Apply SYMM on Nodes dialog box appears.
5.
Click on OK to accept the default of symmetric surface normal to X-axis. The displacement symbols appear
down the left edge of the drawing.
6.
7.
8.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement>
Symmetry B.C.> On Nodes. The Apply SYMM on Nodes dialog box appears.
9.
In the drop down menu for Symm surface is normal to, select "Y-axis."
10. Click OK. The displacement symbols appear along the bottom of the drawing.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears.
2.
3.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Pressure> On Nodes.
The Apply PRES on Nodes picking menu appears.
5.
Click on Pick All. The Apply PRES on Nodes dialog box appears.
6.
7.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Parameters> Scalar Parameters. The Scalar Parameters dialog box
appears.
2.
3.
Click on Close.
4.
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Carefully review the information in the status window, and then close it.
3.
Click on OK in the Solve Current Load Step dialog box to begin the solution.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> First Set.
2.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape. The Plot Deformed
Shape dialog box appears.
3.
Click the "Def + undeformed" option on. Click on OK. The deformed and undeformed shapes appear in
the ANSYS Graphics window.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu. The
Contour Nodal Solution Data dialog box appears.
5.
In the scroll box on the left, click once on "Stress" to select it. In the scroll box on the right, click once on
"X-direction SX" to select it.
6.
Click on OK. Review the graphic using the legend in the graphics window. Expected results are: Max
displacement = .97x10-4 in, and Max stress in X direction = 437 psi.
7.
8.
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Cross sections and user section meshes may be saved and stored in cross section library files. You may assign
beam cross sections as attributes of a line using the LATT command. These section definitions will be incorporated
into the generated beam elements when the line is meshed with BEAM44, BEAM188, or BEAM189.
Define the section and associate a section ID number with the section subtype.
2.
ANSYS supplies the following commands for creating, viewing, and listing cross sections, and for managing cross
section libraries:
Purpose
PRSSOL
SECTYPE
SECDATA
SECOFFSET
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Purpose
SECNUM
SECPLOT
SECWRITE
/SECLIB
SECREAD
SLIST
SDELETE
For complete documentation of the cross section commands, see the ANSYS Commands Reference.
15.3.2. Defining Cross Section Geometry and Setting the Section Attribute
Pointer
Use the SECDATA command to define the geometry of a cross section. Continuing with the example SECTYPE
command shown above, note that the CSOLID subtype has two dimensions: the radius and the number of cells
along its circumference. Thus, the SECDATA command shown below specifies 5 as the radius of the circular
solid beam, and 8 as the number of cells along its circumference. The SECNUM command sets the element section
attribute pointer to 2.
Command(s): SECDATA, 5, 8 and SECNUM, 2
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Common Sectns
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Attributes> Default Attribs
invoking SECTYPE,,,,,REFINEKEY to set the level of mesh refinement for thin-walled sections (CTUBE,
CHAN, I, Z, L, T, HATS, and HREC)
specifying the number of divisions using SECDATA for solid sections (RECT, QUAD, and CSOLID)
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The material set attribute pointer to be associated with the generated beam elements.
The orientation of the cross section with respect to the beam element axis. For detailed information about
orientation nodes and beams, see Section 7.5.2: Generating a Beam Mesh With Orientation Nodes in the
ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide.
Issue the LATT command to associate these attributes with the selected, unmeshed line:
Command(s):
LATT, MAT, , TYPE, , KB, KE, SECNUM
GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> Picked Lines
See the LATT command description for the meaning of MAT and TYPE.
The following arguments are described here in terms of their applicability to beams.
KB
Corresponds to any keypoint number in the model. All beam elements generated will have their beam section
oriented such that the beam z-axis will lie in the plane defined by two line end keypoints and this keypoint
number.
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Corresponds to any keypoint number in the model (optional). This keypoint determines the beam orientation
at the end of the line as described above. If KE is given, KB determines the beam orientation at the beginning
of the line. This is useful for creating twisted beams.
SECNUM
Corresponds to the beam section defined by the SECTYPE command with the section ID number as given
by the SECNUM.
common sections
custom sections
Common sections are described by a standard geometry and a single material. Custom sections are defined by
an arbitrary geometry and may consist of several isotropic materials.
In addition, you can use defined sections to create tapered beams (for BEAM188 and BEAM189 only). See Section 15.4.5: Defining a Tapered Beam for more information.
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The top part of the BeamTool relates a section ID number to a subtype (and, optionally, a section name) [SECTYPE].
The middle of the BeamTool defines the section offset information, if needed [SECOFFSET]. The bottom contains
the fields for section geometry information [SECDATA]. The dimensions defined by the SECDATA command
are determined by the subtype selected. For documentation about a particular variant of the BeamTool, select
the subtype that you want information about, and then click on the Help button on the BeamTool. The subtype
dimensions are also documented in the SECDATA command description.
2.
Overlap the areas (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Overlap> Areas) or
glue them (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Glue> Areas) where appropriate.
3.
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Set the number of line divisions for all lines (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls>
ManualSize> Lines> Picked Lines or use the MeshTool).
5.
Select Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Custom Sectns> Write From Areas. A picker
appears. Pick the area(s) of the cells.
6.
ANSYS creates cells on the areas. ANSYS may display bad shape messages during the mesh - these
messages can be ignored. However, you may see an "Unable to mesh area ...." message. If you do, clear
the elements from all areas (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Clear> Areas) and repeat steps 4
and 5.
7.
Write the .SECT file out to a unique name in the Write Section Library File dialog box and click on OK.
8.
Read in the user mesh file (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Custom Sectns> Read Sect
Mesh) to calculate the section properties. Material properties must be defined to calculate the cross
section shear correction factors, material-weighted centroids and the shear centers.
Note Even if you have already set LESIZE, you will see the following message:
Line element sizes may need to be specified for desired cross-section mesh. Please refer to the
LESIZE command.
If you have already set the line element size, click on the Close button to continue. If you have not already
set it, issue LESIZE with the appropriate information.
When creating cells on the area using the GUI, you do not need to define a plane element type. On the
other hand, a plane element type must be defined if the user issues the SECWRITE command explicitly.
MESH200 with KEYOPT(1) = 7 and PLANE82 are the only valid plane element types.
15.4.3. Creating Custom Cross Sections with Mesh Refinement and Multiple
Materials
When doing a plasticity analysis, you may need to refine the cross section mesh. A cross section consisting of
more than one material may be defined to represent layers, reinforcements or sensors. When defining a multiplematerial cross section, you will need to specify the material that each cross section cell is made of. You may take
a previously-created cross section and modify it.
To create a custom cross section with a refined mesh and/or multiple materials, perform the following tasks:
1.
Either read a common section (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Custom Sectns>
Edit/Built-up> Edit Common) from the ANSYS database or read a custom section from a .SECT file.
(Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Custom Sectns> Edit/Built-up> Edit Custom)
2.
3.
Refine the section mesh. (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Custom Sectns> Edit/Builtup> Refine Mesh)
4.
Modify the cell materials. (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Custom Sectns> Edit/Builtup> Modify Material) If you want to create a multiple-material section, define the materials. This is necessary to calculate the shear correction factors and material-weighted centroids.
5.
Save the section to a .SECT file using SECWRITE (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Custom
Sectns> Edit/Built-up> Save).
6.
To calculate the section properties and use a custom section in the analysis, read in the user mesh file
(Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Custom Sectns> Read Sect Mesh).
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Continuing with this example, you can then use 3 as the taper section ID when assigning mesh attributes with
the SECNUM or LATT command. The resulting beam cross section is (0.0001*0.5) at end 1, and linearly tapers
to (3*0.5) at end 2.
The following assumptions apply to tapered beams defined with this method:
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The arbitrary beam section type (ASEC on the SECTYPE command) is not supported for tapered beams.
The program performs a number of checks (although not completely comprehensive) to ensure topological
equality. The following items are compared:
section type
If both end stations refer to custom cross sections with multiple materials, you must ensure that material IDs for
the cells are the same for both ends.
At a Gauss point of integration, the BEAM188 and BEAM189 elements will find the closest point on the line
defined by station-1 and station-2. Using this information, a linear interpolation is performed for the cross section
mesh. Therefore, it is very important that the Gauss point be located within the end points. ANSYS will produce
error messages when this is not the case.
The tapered section treatment is significantly more expensive than a constant cross section (since recomputation
is necessary). If this is a concern, use KEYOPT(12) of the beam element to specify the tapered section treatment.
KEYOPT(12) = 1 - Average cross section analysis (an approximation of the order of the mesh size, but faster)
A (,T )
E
N
E
0
I1 ( 1,T )
1
M1
I2 ( 2 ,T )
M2
2
=
JG (,T )
S1
1
G
0
A1 ( 1,T )
S2
2
G
A2 ( 2 ,T )
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= Torque
S1 = Transverse shear force in plane XZ
S2 = Transverse shear force in plane XY
= Axial strain
1 = Curvature in plane XZ
2 = Curvature in plane XY
= Twist of the cross section
1 = Transverse shear strain in plane XZ
2 = Transverse shear strain in plane XY
AE(,T) = Axial stiffness as a function of axial strain and temperature
E
A1 (1,T) = Transverse shear stiffness as a function of shear strain and temperature in plane XZ
G
A2 (2,T) = Transverse shear stiffness as a function of shear strain and temperature in plane XY
T is the current temperature
Thermal expansion coefficients and mass density for the section as a function of temperature complete the
definition of a generalized cross section.
Table 15.2 ANSYS Commands for Specifying Nonlinear General Beam Section Data
Command
BSAX [1]
BSM1 [1]
BSM2 [1]
BSTQ [1]
BSS1 [1]
BSS2 [1]
BSMD [2]
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1.
2.
Temperature dependencies (T) You can define each of the generalized section data components as temperature-dependent. It is possible to specify up to six temperatures (T) by reissuing any command as necessary. If
you issue a command for a temperature specified earlier, the most recent data supersedes the previous value.
!
!
!
!
Elasto-plastic response
Axial strain 0.0008, Force of 200
Axial strain 0.001 , Force of 240
Axial Strain 0.0014, Force of 300
ANSYS conventions for defining a uniaxial elasto-plastic response apply. The range of strain values must cover
the anticipated maximum deformation of the structure. For all nonlinear beam section specifications, the stiffness
disappears if the structural response is beyond the maximum strain value of the section data. You can define a
maximum of 20 generalized stress-strain points at each temperature value.
For a plastic nonlinear beam section subtype (SECTYPE,,GENB,PLASTIC), you must define all section components
with two or more stress-strain points. However, you can define a linear behavior for any section component by
specifying a larger maximum strain value. Following is an example where axial behavior is nonlinear, but bending
response is linear:
sectype,1,genb,plastic
bsax,0.0008,200
bsax,0.001 ,240
bsax,0.0014,300
! bending
bsm1,0.1,10000
bsm1,1,100000
! Elasto-plastic response
For an elastic nonlinear beam section subtype (SECTYPE,,GENB,ELASTIC), a single stress-strain point is adequate
for defining linear behavior.
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The section data defined by each command listed in Table 15.2: ANSYS Commands for Specifying Nonlinear General Beam Section Data is associated with the section most recently defined via the SECTYPE
command.
Beam stresses are not available for output; however, the stress resultants are available as ETABLE quantities.
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2.
Enter the text "Lateral Torsional Buckling Analysis" and click on OK.
3.
Start the model creation preprocessor and define the keypoints for the beam. Choose menu path
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Keypoints> In Active CS, and enter these keypoint
numbers and the coordinates in the dialog box as indicated:
Keypoint
Number
X Location
Y Location
Z Location
Apply
100.0
Apply
50
OK
4.
Create a straight line through keypoints 1 and 2. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Modeling> Create> Lines> Lines> Straight Line. The Create Straight Line picker appears. Select keypoints 1 and 2 in the Graphics window and click on OK in the Create Straight Line picker.
5.
Save the model. Choose menu path Utility Menu> File> Save As. Enter buckle.db in the Save Database
to box and click on OK.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preferences and select the "Structural" check box. Click on OK to
continue.
2.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete. The Element Types
dialog box appears.
3.
Click on Add ... The Library of Element Types dialog box appears.
4.
In the scroll box on the left, click on "Structural Beam" to select it.
5.
In the scroll box on the right, click on "3D finite strain, 3 node 189" to select BEAM189.
6.
Click on OK, and then click on Close in the Element Types dialog box.
7.
Define a rectangular cross section for the beam. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Common Sectns. The BeamTool is displayed. ANSYS sets the section ID to 1, and the
subtype to RECT (signified by a rectangle on the subtype button) by default. Since you will be creating
a rectangular cross section, there is no need to change the subtype.
8.
In the lower half of the BeamTool, you will see a diagram of the cross section shape with dimension
variables labeled. Enter the width of the cross section, 0.2, in the box labeled B. Enter the height of the
cross section, 5.0, in the box labeled H. Click on Apply to set the cross section dimensions.
9.
Use the BeamTool to display information about the cross section. Click on the Preview button on the
BeamTool. A diagram and data summary of the cross section appear in the Graphics window. You can
also preview the mesh of the cross section by selecting the Meshview button. Click on the Close button
in the BeamTool to continue.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models. The Define Material Model Behavior dialog box appears.
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In the Material Models Available window on the right, double-click on the following: Structural, Linear,
Elastic, Isotropic. A dialog box appears.
3.
4.
Enter 0.0 for PRXY (Poisson's ratio), and click on OK. Material Model Number 1 appears in the Material
Models Defined window on the left.
5.
Choose menu path Material> Exit to close the Define Material Model Behavior dialog box.
6.
Replot the line by choosing menu path Utility Menu> Plot> Lines.
7.
Select the line and define the orientation node of the line as an attribute. Choose menu path Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> Picked Lines. The Line Attributes picker appears. Select
the line in the Graphics window and click on Apply in the Line Attributes picker.
8.
The Line Attributes dialog box appears. ANSYS includes the material attribute pointer to the material
set 1, the element type attribute pointer to the local element type 1, and the section attribute pointer
to the section ID 1 by default. Click on the radio button beside the Pick Orientation Keypoint(s) label to
change it to Yes and click on OK.
9.
The Line Attributes picker reappears. Type 3 in the picker, press the Enter key, and click on OK.
10. Save the model. Choose menu path Utility Menu> File> Save As. If the buckle.db file is not already
selected, select it. Select OK, and when ANSYS prompts you if you want to overwrite the existing file,
click on OK.
Define the mesh size and number of divisions. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing>
Size Cntrls> ManualSize> Lines> All Lines. Enter 10 in the No. of Element Divisions box and click on
OK.
2.
Mesh the line. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> MeshTool. Click on MESH
on the MeshTool and the Mesh Lines picker appears. Pick the line in the Graphics window, and then click
on OK in the Mesh Lines picker. Click on Close in the MeshTool to close it.
3.
Rotate the meshed line. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Pan, Zoom, Rotate. The Pan,
Zoom, Rotate tool appears. Select ISO and click on Close. The beam is rotated in the Graphics window.
4.
Verify the beam orientation. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Size and Shape. Select
the radio button next to the /ESHAPE label to turn /ESHAPE on and click on OK.
Define a boundary condition to the fixed end. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads>
Apply> Structural> Displacement> On Keypoints. The Apply U,ROT on KPs picker appears.
2.
Define keypoint 1 as the fixed end. In the picker, type 1, press the Enter key, then click on OK. The Apply
U,ROT on KPs dialog box appears.
3.
Click on "All DOF" to select it, and click on OK. The boundary condition information appears in the ANSYS
Graphics window at keypoint 1.
4.
Apply a force to the free end. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply>
Structural> Force/Moment> On Keypoints. The Apply F/M on KPs picker appears.
5.
Identify keypoint 2 as the free end. Type 2 in the picker, press the Enter key, and then click on OK. The
Apply F/M on KPs dialog box appears.
6.
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Enter 1 for the Force/moment value in the Apply F/M on KPs dialog box, and click on OK. The force
symbol appears in the ANSYS Graphics window at keypoint 2.
8.
Save the model. Choose menu path Utility Menu> File> Save As. If the buckle.db file is not already
selected, select it. Click on OK and when ANSYS prompts you if you want to overwrite the existing file,
click on OK again.
Set analysis options. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Unabridged Menu> Analysis Type>
Analysis Options. The Static or Steady-State Analysis dialog box appears.
2.
Use the sparse solver for the solution. In the Static or Steady-State Analysis dialog box, make sure that
Sparse solver is selected in the drop down box beside the Equation solver label.
3.
Include prestress effect, which will be stored for later use in the eigenvalue buckling calculation. In the
drop down list labeled Stress stiffness or prestress, select "Prestress ON." Click on OK to close the Static
or Steady-State Analysis dialog box.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS. Review the summary information in
the /STAT command window, then select Close from its menu bar. Click on OK in the Solve Current Load
Step window to begin the solution.
5.
When the Solution is Done! window appears, click on Close to close it.
6.
7.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis.
8.
9.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options. The Eigenvalue Buckling
Options dialog box appears. Select the Block Lanczos option. Enter 4 in the No. of modes to extract box,
then click on OK.
10. Set the element calculation key for the MXPAND command. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution>
Load Step Opts> ExpansionPass> Single Expand> Expand Modes.
11. In the Expand Modes dialog box, enter 4 in the No. of modes to expand box, change the No to Yes beside
the Calculate elem results label, and click on OK.
12. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS. Review the summary information in
the /STAT command window, then select Close from its menu bar. Click on OK in the Solve Current Load
Step window to begin the solution.
13. When the Solution is Done! window appears, click on Close to close it.
14. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Size and Shape. Be sure the radio button beside
the label Display of element shapes ... (/ESHAPE) is set to On and click on OK.
15. Display the results summary. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Results Summary.
After you have reviewed the results, click on Close to close the window.
16. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> First Set.
17. Plot the first mode shape of the beam. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results>
Deformed Shape. The Plot Deformed Shape dialog box appears. Select Def + undef edge and click on
OK.
18. Choose menu path Main Menu> Finish.
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Introduce model imperfections calculated by the previous analysis. Choose menu path Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Modeling> Update Geom. In the Update nodes using results file displacements dialog
box, enter 0.002 in the Scaling factor box, 1 in the Load step box, 1 in the Substep box, and file.rst in the
Selection box. Click on OK.
2.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis.
3.
4.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> DB/Results File and be
sure the drop down lists display All Items and All entities respectively. Choose the Every substep for the
File write frequency radio button and click on OK.
5.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options. Select the radio button
beside Large deform effects, then click on OK.
6.
Set the arc-length method, and set parameters for the termination of the solution. Choose menu path
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Nonlinear> Arc-Length Opts. Select the Arc-length method
on/off radio button and set it to On. Choose the pull down menu next to the Lab label and select Displacement lim. Enter 1.0 in the Max desired U box. Enter 2 in the Node number for VAL box. Choose the
pull down menu next to the Degree of freedom label and select UZ. Click on OK.
7.
Define the number of substeps to be run during this load step. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution>
Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time and Substps. Enter 10000 in the Number of substeps box and
click on OK.
8.
Solve the current model. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS. Review the
summary information in the /STAT command window, then select Close from its menu bar. Click on OK
in the Solve Current Load Step window to begin the solution. A Nonlinear Solution window with a Stop
button appears. A convergence graph is built, and can take several minutes to complete.
9.
You may receive a warning message. You should review the information in the message but you do not
need to close it. Continue waiting for the solution to complete. When the Solution is Done! window appears, click on Close to close it.
Replot the beam. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Plot> Elements.
2.
Define the load point deflection to be read from the results file. Choose menu path Main Menu> TimeHist
PostPro> Define Variables. When the Defined Time-History Variables dialog box appears, select Add.
3.
When the Add Time-History Variable dialog box appears, be sure the Nodal DOF result option is selected.
Click on OK.
4.
The Define Nodal Data picker appears. In the Graphics window, pick node 2 (the end node on the right
side of the beam) and click on OK.
5.
The Define Nodal Data dialog box appears. Be sure the Ref number of variable and Node number are
both set to 2. Enter TIPLATDI in the User-specified label box. Select Translation UZ from the menu and
click on OK.
6.
Define the total reaction force to be read from the results file. Choose Add from the Defined Time-History
Variables dialog box.
7.
When the Add Time-History Variable dialog box appears, choose the Reaction forces radio button and
then click on OK.
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The Define Reaction Force picker appears. Pick the end node on the left side of the beam and click on
OK.
9.
The Define Reaction Force Variable dialog box appears. Be sure the Ref number of variable is set to 3 and
Node number is set to 1. Select Struct Force FY from the menu and click on OK. Click on Close to close
the Defined Time-History Variables dialog box.
10. Choose menu path Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Math Operations> Multiply. In the Multiply TimeHistory Variables dialog box, enter 4 in the Reference number for result box, -1.0 in the 1st Factor box,
and 3 in the 1st Variable box. Click on OK.
11. Display the X variable. Choose menu path Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Settings> Graph. Choose
the single variable button, enter 2 in the Single variable no. box, and click on OK.
12. Plot the load versus deflection curve to confirm the critical load calculated by the eigenvalue method.
Choose menu path Main Menu> TimeHist PostPro> Graph Variables. Enter 4 in the 1st variable to
graph box. Click on OK.
13. List the variables versus time. Choose menu path Main Menu> TimeHist PostPro> List Variables. Enter
2 in the 1st variable to list box and 4 in the 2nd variable box and click on OK.
14. Check the values in the PRVAR Command window to see how they compare against the values generated
by the eigenvalue buckling analysis. Expected results are: Critical buckling load, Pcr = 0.01892. Close the
PRVAR Command window.
15. Choose menu path Main Menu> Finish.
16. In the ANSYS Toolbar, click on Quit.
17. Choose a save option and click on OK.
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Define the section and associate a section ID number with the section.
2.
ANSYS supplies the following commands for creating, viewing, and listing cross sections, and for managing cross
section libraries:
Purpose
SECTYPE
SECDATA
SECOFFSET
SECPLOT
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Purpose
SLIST
SDELETE
For complete documentation of the cross section commands, see the ANSYS Commands Reference.
Figure 16.1: Plot of a Shell Section shows the layer stacking of a shell section. The layer order, along with material and orientation of each layer, is represented here:
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The top part of the Layup page of the ShellTool relates a section ID number to a Shell section type (and, optionally,
a section name) [SECTYPE]. The middle part of the page of the ShellTool defines each layer in the positive Z
direction of the element [SECDATA]. Note that the order of the rows in the spreadsheet ascends up the page,
resembling that stacking of the layers. (Integration point data for each layer is ignored by thermal shell elements.)
The bottom contains the fields for section offset information, if needed [SECOFFSET]. You can define tapered
shells by specifying a section function relating thickness to global coordinates [SECFUNCTION].
The transverse shear stiffness, hourglass coefficients and drill stiffness of the sections are calculated from the
section geometry and material properties. The default added mass per unit area of the section is always zero.
On the Section Controls page, you can override the program calculated quantities [SECCONTROLS]. (The Section
Controls page does not apply to thermal shell elements.)
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M B
T
B
I M
(T - T )
D
BT
[S] = [E]{ }
{
where:
{N} = {N11, N22, N12} are membrane stress resultants per unit length
{M} ={M11, M22, M12} are bending stress resultants per unit length
{} = {11 , 22, 12} are membrane strains
{} = {11,22,12} are curvatures
{S} = {S1, S2} are transverse shear forces per unit length
{}={1,2 } are transverse shear strains
[A], [B], [D], and [E] are the section-stiffness matrices for membrane, coupling, bending, and shear behavior,
respectively
{MT} are stress resultants caused by a unit rise in temperature on a fully constrained model
{BT} are bending-related stress resultants caused by a unit rise in temperature on a fully constrained model
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(Subscripts 1 and 2 denote shell surface coordinates as employed by the shell element.)
The preintegrated form of input allows you to import homogenous section-stiffness constants evaluated in
other analyses or by third-party, special-purpose software tools. For example, defining preintegrated section
stiffnesses [A], [B], and [D] is common in analyses of layered composites, corrugated shells, or other complex
section construction.
Table 16.2 ANSYS Commands for Specifying Preintegrated Shell Section Data
Command
SSPA
SSPB [1]
SSPD [1]
SSPE [1]
SSMT
SSBT [1]
SSPM
1.
If you are using the SHELL181 element's Membrane option (KEYOPT(1) = 1), it is not necessary to issue
the SSPB, SSPD, SSPE, and SSBT commands. In this case, the only relevant quantities are membrane
stiffness (SSPA), membrane thermal effects (SSMT), and density (SSPM).
Temperature dependencies (T) You can define each of the preintegrated shell section data as temperaturedependent. It is possible to specify up to six temperatures (T) by reissuing any command as necessary. If you issue
a command for a temperature specified earlier, the most recent data supersedes the previous value.
The section data defined by each command listed in Table 16.2: ANSYS Commands for Specifying Preintegrated Shell Section Data is associated with the section most recently defined via the SECTYPE command.
166
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
Shell stresses are not available for output; however, the stress resultants are available as ETABLE quantities.
The thickness of the shell is assumed to remain constant even in a large-strain analysis.
The preintegrated stiffness components must yield a positive definite section stiffness at analysis time.
If using preintegrated shell sections in a contact analysis, ANSYS recommends the pure Lagrange multiplier
method.
For standard layered-shell sections, you can obtain submatrices [A], [B], [D], and [E] via the SLIST command's
FULL option.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
167
168
creep, 831
hyperelasticity, 821
large strain, 86
plasticity, 89
Index
Symbols
2-D fracture models, 113
3-D fracture models, 114
A
adaptive descent, 853
adequate mesh density, 864
alpha (mass) damping, 410, 536, 618
alternating stress intensity, 131
amplitude
of harmonic loads, 45
analysis
modal analysis options, 34
reduced transient dynamic, 519
analysis options
harmonic response analysis, 425
mode superposition method, 425
modal analysis, 32, 44, 420
nonlinear static structural analysis, 850
single-point spectrum analysis, 63
transient dynamic analysis, 514, 520
mode superposition method, 514
reduced method, 520
analysis type
buckling, 71
full transient, 57
harmonic response, 41
modal, 31
nonlinear structural, 81
p-method, 141
spectrum, 61
static structural, 21, 22
structural, 11
definition of, 11
transient dynamic, 51
animation
gasket results, 1019
anisotropic, 810
applying loads, 32, 44, 420, 857, 860
harmonic response analysis, 45
increments for buckling analysis, 72
modal analysis, 35
nonlinear analysis, 857
p-method, 147
structural static analysis, 28, 28
transient dynamic analysis, 59
using TABLE array parameters, 28
arc-length method, 25, 72, 73, 82, 868
automatic time stepping, 535, 72, 867
C
calculating
covariance in POST26, 623
fracture parameters, 115
cast iron plasticity, 810
causes of nonlinear behavior, 81
changing status, 82
geometric nonlinearities, 82
material nonlinearities, 82
cells
defining for a section, 153
Chaboche model, 810
changing
status, 82
combinations
material model, 835
composite cross section, 158
composites, 121
element types for, 121
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
Index
guidelines, 126
how to model, 121
layer properties, 123
concrete, 810, 829, 863
constant damping ratio, 410, 536, 63, 618
constitutive matrices, 124
constraint equations, 147
with QR Damped method, 319
contact, 82
node-to-node, 863
contour displays, 211, 311, 68, 77, 857, 1019
control elements, 870
controlling cutbacks, 24
controlling p-levels, 147
controlling restarts, 24
convergence
checking, 851
enhancements, 865
failure, 865
convergence criteria, 851
default value, 851
disjointed structures, 851
displacement checking, 851
force checking, 851
p-method, 147
vector norms, 851
convergence tolerances, 24
coupling, 126, 146
covariance
calculating, 623
crack faces, 111
crack front, 111
crack region
modeling, 111
crack tip, 111
creating
sections, 152, 155, 161
beam tool, 155
creep, 88, 829
automatic time stepping, 831
explicit, 829, 855
explicit creep procedure, 831
implicit, 829, 855
implicit creep procedure, 830
material curve fitting, 98
ratio, 855
creep criteria, 27, 855
creep strain rate, 829
cross sections (see sections) (see Sections)
composite, 158
custom convergence criteria, 851
cutback criteria, 24
Index2
CUTCONTROL command
changes through SOLCONTROL, 853
cyclic hardening/softening, 810
D
damped method
modal analysis, 33, 318
damping, 59, 536, 860
harmonic response analysis, 410
spectrum analysis, 618
PSD, 618
table of options, 536
transient dynamic analysis, 57, 59, 514, 522
database output, 22, 38, 410, 421, 57, 514,
524, 76, 850
DDAM (see dynamic design analysis method)
deep drawing, 833
deformed shape
display, 211, 68, 77, 857
displaying, 1019
deleting
sections, 152, 161
deterministic analysis, 62
disjointed structures, 851
display deformed shape, 311, 412
displaying
deformed shapes, 857
DOFs
master, 35
Drucker-Prager, 810
dynamic analyses
harmonic response, 41
spectrum, 61
transient, 51
dynamic design analysis method (DDAM), 62, 625
E
eigenvalue analysis, 31
eigenvalue buckling, 71
eigenvalue buckling solution
buckling analysis, 75
eigenvalue calculation
shift point, 75
eigenvalue extraction methods, 75
eigenvalues, 31
number to be extracted, 75
eigenvectors, 31
elastomers, 817
element birth and death, 863
element damping, 536
element loads, 425
element types
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
Index
structural, 12
elements
associating sec IDs with, 152, 161
energy release rate, 111, 118
engineering strain, 87
engineering stress, 87
epoxy, 121
equation solvers, 24, 44, 850, 147
equilibrium iterations, 82, 853
number of, 24, 853
error estimation, 211
example problems
beam analysis, 1520
buckling analysis, 712
harmonic response analysis, 419
modal analysis, 314
nonlinear analysis, 882
reduced transient dynamic analysis, 540
single-point response spectrum analysis, 617
static analysis, 226
excitation direction, 63
expand
single solution, 524
expand the modes
single-point response spectrum analysis, 66
expand the solution
buckling analysis, 76
reduced harmonic response analysis, 421
expanded modes
number to use, 63
expanded solution
review results, 525
expanding modes, 38
expansion frequency range, 38
expansion pass, 421
activating, 38, 421, 524
buckling analysis, 76
harmonic response analysis, 421, 427
mode superposition method, 427
reduced method, 421
transient dynamic analysis, 518, 524
mode superposition method, 518
reduced method, 524
expansion pass options
harmonic response analysis (reduced), 421
modal analysis, 38
transient dynamic analysis (reduced), 524
explicit creep, 829
explicit creep procedure, 831
extra element shapes, 870
extracting modes, 31
extrapolation of results, 27, 410, 421, 524, 856
F
failure criteria, 125
maximum strain, 125
maximum stress, 125
Tsai-Wu, 125
failures
convergence, 865
fatigue
alternating stress intensity, 131
design stress-intensity value (Sm), 132
evaluation procedure, 132
event, 131
event repetitions, 136
fatigue data file (Jobname.FATG), 139
guidelines for assembling events, 137
loading, 131
location, 131
manually stored stresses, 134
material properties, 132
overview, 131
S-N curve, 132
sample input, 139
scale factors, 136
Sm-T curve, 132
strain hardening exponents, 132
stress concentration factors, 132
stress locations, 132
stresses at a cross-section, 135
stresses from results file, 135
with p-elements, 144
fatigue assessments, 144
fatigue calculations
activating, 139
fiberglass, 121
files
Jobname.FATG, 139
.SECT, 156
forced vibrations, 41
forcing frequency range, 410
fracture assessments, 144
fracture mechanics, 111, 111
solving problems, 111
fracture models
2-D, 113
3-D, 114
fracture parameters
calculating, 115
free meshing, 144
free-body analysis (see inertia relief)
frequency range for expansion, 38, 421
frequency vector, 623
frequency-dependent damping ratio, 618
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
Index3
Index
full harmonic response analysis
procedure, 43
full transient dynamic analysis
procedure, 53
G
gap conditions, 514, 520
and QR Damped method, 514
gasket joints simulation, 101
applications, 103
element topologies, 102
elements, 103
formulation, 102
materials, 104
meshing, 1012
output listing, 1017
overview, 101
plotting data, 1011
procedure, 101
results, 1019
sample problem, 1020
solution, 1016
thickness, 102
gasket results
animation, 1019
POST1, 1019
POST26, 1020
reviewing, 1019
tabular listing, 1019
geometric nonlinearities, 82, 86
geometry data for sections, 152, 161
geometry data of a section, 153, 162
glass, 833
guyan reduction, 320
H
harmonic forcing frequency, 45
harmonic response, 41
harmonic response analysis, 41
full method, 43, 43
procedure, 43
methods of solution, 42
mode superposition method, 424, 427
procedure, 424
sample input, 427
prestressed, 428
reduced method, 419, 423
sample input, 423
uses for, 41
harmonic solutions
number of, 49
Hill anisotropy, 810
Index4
I
implicit creep, 829
implicit creep procedure, 830
inertia relief, 29
calculating, 29
output, 29
partial, 29
initial accelerations, 54
initial conditions
transient dynamic analysis, 54, 514, 521
full method, 54
mode superposition method, 514
reduced method, 521
initial displacement, 54
initial velocity, 54
integration point, 856
integration time step, 51, 57, 514, 522
guidelines for, 533
interface
material model, 12
J
J-integral, 111, 116
K
kinematic analysis, 860, 867
KSPIN [OMEGA], 88
L
large deflection and load direction, 86
large deformation effects, 22, 57, 72, 86, 88,
860
large strain
analyses, 86, 810
automatic time stepping, 86
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
Index
hyperelasticity, 817
logarithmic strain, 87
true stress, 87
viscoplasticity, 833
layer orientation angle, 123
layer thickness, 123
layered elements, 121
libraries
sections, 1512, 165
library paths
for cross sections, 152
line element results, 211, 311
line search option, 24, 853, 868
list master DOF, 311
listing
section properties, 152, 161
section results, 152
load step options, 38, 421, 524
buckling analysis, 76
eigenvalue buckling, 75
harmonic response analysis, 49, 420, 425
full method, 49
mode superposition method, 425
reduced method, 420
modal analysis, 36
mode superposition transient dynamic analysis, 514
Newton-Raphson, 854
p-method, 147
reduced transient dynamic analysis, 521
spectrum analysis, 63, 618
PSD, 618
single-point, 63
time, 514
transient dynamic analysis, 510, 510, 514, 521
full method, 510
mode superposition method, 514
reduced method, 521
load steps, 82
applying for transient loading, 510
load types, 27, 35
harmonic response analysis, 45
p-method, 147
load vector, 425, 514, 514
load-versus-time curve, 54
loads
applying, 28, 32, 35, 48, 420, 514, 72,
857, 860, 147
p-method, 147
applying for transient loading, 59
direction in a large-deflection analysis, 86
harmonic response analysis, 45, 420, 425
mode superposition method, 425
M
macros, 210
mass damping, 536
mass matrix formulation, 26, 34, 44, 59
master degrees of freedom
selection of, 320
master DOF (MDOF), 320, 520
master DOFs
definition of, 35
material curve fitting, 91
creep, 98
viscoelastic, 915
material model
combinations, 835
material model interface, 12
material models
shape memory alloy, 831
material nonlinearities, 82, 88
material properties, 143
fatigue, 132
material curve fitting, 91
nonlinear, 88
material-dependent damping, 536
matrix reduction, 319
theory of, 320
maximum strain failure criterion, 125
maximum stress failure criterion, 125
MDOF, 35
memory saving
when generating stiffness matrix, 850
meshing
a line for a section, 154
p-element, 144
metal forming, 833
midside nodes
p-element, 144
MINREF [CNVTOL], 851
modal analysis, 31
applying loads, 35
mode-extraction methods, 33, 316
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
Index5
Index
options for, 34
prestressed, 315
prestressed, large deflection, 315
procedure, 31
modal damping, 536, 63
modal solution
obtaining, 513
single-point response spectrum analysis, 63
mode combination methods, 66
mode extraction methods
QR Damped, 63
mode numbers, 27
mode superposition
harmonic response analysis, 424
mode-extraction methods, 425
transient dynamic analysis, 513
mode superposition method, 43, 52
mode superposition transient dynamic analysis
obtain the modal solution, 513
obtain the mode superposition transient solution,
514
mode-extraction methods, 33, 316
Block Lanczos, 33, 317, 425
damped, 33, 318
power dynamics, 33, 318
QR Damped, 33, 319, 425, 425, 513, 514
reduced, 33, 318
subspace, 33, 318
unsymmetric, 33, 318
mode-frequency analysis, 31
model geometry
defining, 144
modeling the crack region, 111
modes
expanding, 38
number of, 38
number to expand, 34
number to extract, 34
Mohr-Coulomb, 810
MONITOR command
changes from SOLCONTROL, 856
Mooney-Rivlin constants, 821
MPRS analysis, 625
multi-point response spectrum, 61
multilinear elastic, 88
multilinear elasticity, 816
multilinear isotropic hardening, 810
multilinear kinematic hardening, 810
N
natural frequencies, 310
Newton-Raphson, 82
Index6
Newton-Raphson option, 26
Newton-Raphson options, 854
nodal coordinate systems
p-method, 147
nodal forces and moments, 211
nodal solution listing format, 421
nonlinear analysis
tips and guidelines, 864
nonlinear behavior
causes, 81
nonlinear diagnostics, 865
nonlinear general beam sections, 159
nonlinear isotropic hardening, 810
nonlinear kinematic hardening, 810
nonlinear material properties
material curve fitting, 91
nonlinear structural analysis
automatic time stepping, 867
buckling, 72
conservative vs. nonconservative, 85
creep, 829
geometric nonlinearities, 86
hyperelasticity, 817
interpolation of results, 857
levels of operation, 82
load directions, 86
material nonlinearities, 88
nonlinear elements, 863
overview, 81
plasticity, 89
sample transient input, 862
swelling, 834
termination, 860
verifying results, 870
viscoelasticity, 833
viscoplasticity, 833
nonlinear transient analysis
procedure, 860
number of eigenvalues to be extracted, 75
number of harmonic solutions, 49
number of integration points per layer, 123
number of solutions to expand, 421
O
obtain the modal solution, 425
offsets
for sections, 152, 161
OPNCONTROL command
changes through SOLCONTROL, 855
output, 870
database and results file, 22, 38, 410, 421,
57, 514, 524, 76, 850
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
Index
printed, 27, 38, 410, 421, 514, 514, 523,
524, 76, 856
output control, 410, 514, 523, 76
output controls, 37, 38, 524, 75
P
p-elements
meshing, 144
real constants, 143
p-level
error-estimation range, 142
error-estimation techniques, 142
p-method, 141
benefits of, 141
guidelines for meshing, 145
internal DOFs, 147
load step options, 147
loads, 147
meshing the model, 144
p-element subgrid, 1412
printing and plotting results, 1414
querying subgrid results, 1412, 1413
reviewing results, 1412
solving common problems, 1412
specialized displays and listings, 1414
status of elements, 147
use of solvers, 147
using, 141
viewing the element model, 145
participation factor calculations, 37, 618
Peirce model, 833
Perzyna model, 833
phase angle for expansion, 421
phase angle of harmonic loads, 45
plastic, 88
plasticity, 89, 868
anisotropic, 810
automatic time stepping, 89
bilinear isotropic hardening, 810
bilinear kinematic hardening, 810
cast iron, 810
Drucker-Prager, 810
Hill anisotropic, 810
multilinear isotropic hardening, 810
multilinear kinematic hardening, 810
nonlinear isotropic hardening, 810
nonlinear kinematic hardening, 810
rate-dependent, 833
plastics, 833
PLNSOL command
with p-elements, 1414
plotting
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
Index7
Index
Q
QR Damped extraction method
harmonic analysis, 425
QR Damped method
gap conditions, 514
harmonic analysis, 425
modal analysis, 33, 319
spectrum analysis, 63
transient analysis, 513, 514
R
ramped loads, 49, 57, 514, 523, 860
random vibrations, 618
and power spectral density, 62
range counting, 139
ratcheting effect, 810
rate-dependent plasticity , 833
ratio
creep, 855
Rayleigh damping constants, 536
reaction forces and moments, 211
reading
user-defined mesh, 152
real constants
for layered elements, 123
reduced (Householder) method, 33
reduced analysis (see matrix reduction)
reduced harmonic response analysis
expand the solution, 421
reduced method, 318, 42, 53
reduced transient dynamic analysis
expansion pass, 524
load step options, 521
obtain the reduced solution, 519
review results of expanded solution, 525
reference temperature, 27
relative stress distributions
buckling analysis, 77
response PSD
calculating, 623
response spectrum
multi-point, 61
single-point, 61
type, 63
restart control, 24
restarts, 863
results
data from a PSD analysis, 622
extrapolation of, 27, 410, 421, 524, 856
results file output, 22, 38, 410, 421, 57, 514,
524, 76, 850
reviewing results
Index8
eigenvalue buckling, 77
fatigue, 139
harmonic response analysis, 411, 421, 427
full method, 411
mode superposition method, 427
reduced method, 421
modal analysis, 310
nonlinear static structural, 857
nonlinear transient structural, 862
reduced harmonic analysis, 423
spectrum analysis, 68, 622
PSD, 622
single-point, 68
static structural analysis, 210
transient dynamic analysis, 511, 518, 523
full method, 511
mode superposition method, 518
reduced method, 523
Rice's model, 810
rock, 810
rolling, 833
rubber, 817
S
sample buckling analysis
command method, 712
GUI method, 78
sample harmonic response analysis
command method, 418
GUI method, 413
sample input
fatigue, 139
full transient dynamic analysis, 512
harmonic response analysis, 423, 427
mode superposition method, 427
reduced method, 423
mode superposition transient analysis, 518
nonlinear structural, 862
transient, 862
spectrum analysis, 624
PSD, 624
transient dynamic analysis, 518
mode superposition method, 518
sample modal analysis
command method, 313
GUI method, 312
sample nonlinear analysis
command method, 879
GUI method, 872
sample p-method analysis
command method, 1418
GUI method, 1414
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
Index
sample spectrum analysis
command method, 616
GUI method, 610
sample static analysis
command method, 224
GUI method, 213
sample transient dynamic analysis
command method, 531
GUI method, 526
sandwich structures, 124
scaling the load vector, 425
.SECT file, 156
sections, 151, 161
associating subtypes with IDs, 152, 161
creating, 152, 155, 161
beam tool, 155
defining dimensions, 152, 161
geometry data of, 153, 162
libraries of, 1512, 165
meshing a line for, 154
solid, 153
thin wall, 153
shakedown effect, 810
shape memory alloy, 831
SHELL command
with p-elements, 1414
shells, 161
preintegrated general sections, 165
shift point for eigenvalue calculation, 75
significant modes
expanding, 66
single solution to expand, 524
single-point response spectrum, 61
acceleration response, 66
CQC mode combination method, 66
displacement response, 66
DSUM mode combination method, 66
expanding significant modes, 66
GRP mode combination method, 66
mode combination methods, 66
NRLSUM mode combination method, 66
procedure, 62
SRSS mode combination method, 66
velocity response, 66
single-point spectrum analysis
load step option for, 63
singular elements, 111
slave DOF, 320
small deflection, 86
small strain analyses, 86
S-N curve, 132
soil, 810
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.
Index9
Index
loading, 28
procedure, 21
stepped loads, 49, 57, 514, 523, 860
stiffness matrix
memory saving option, 850
strain
creep, 829
strain energy, 116
strain rate
creep, 829
strain rate effect, 24
stress calculations, 38, 421
stress concentration factors, 132
stress intensity factors, 111, 115
stress pass (see expansion pass)
stress relaxation, 829
stress singularities
accounting for in p-method, 147
PEXCLUDE command, 147
PINCLUDE command, 147
stress stiffening, 87
stress stiffening effects, 25, 532, 854
structural analyses
buckling, 71
fatigue, 131
harmonic response, 41
modal, 31
nonlinear, 81
spectrum, 61
static, 21
transient dynamic, 51
structural analysis, 11
element types, 12
nonlinear, 81
structural energy error estimation, 211
STURM number, 37
subgrid results, 1413
subspace method, 33, 318
substeps, 82, 85, 850
swelling, 88, 834
swelling subroutine, 834
T
TABLE array parameters, 28
tabular listings, 211, 312, 412, 68, 857
tapered beams, 158
termination
solution, 25
thin wall sections, 153
time, 523, 532
arc-length, 868
time integration effects, 57, 532, 860, 860
Index10
U
unsymmetric method, 33, 318
user defined material, 816
user mesh files, 1512
USERSW, 834
V
vector displays, 211, 68
vector norms, 851
vector plots, 412
vibration analysis, 31
virtual crack extension method, 118
viscoelastic
material curve fitting, 915
viscoelasticity, 88, 833
element types, 833
viscoplasticity, 88, 833, 833
element types, 833
large strain, 833
Voce hardening law, 810
W
wave propagation effects, 533
writing
user mesh, 152
Y
yield point, 89
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . SAS IP, Inc.