SLecture4 Maxima and Minima

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 4
Maxima/Minima
S. Sivaji Ganesh
Mathematics Department
IIT Bombay
July 30, 2009
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 4 July 30, 2009 1 / 21
Maxima/Minima: Why are they important?
1
Why a water drop is always spherical?
1
2
Why a businessman, an investor do, whatever they do?
1
2
3
Why Snow akes are at?
1
2
3
4
Why Aero-dynamic buses?
1
2
3
4
5
In Engineering design problems, Optimization plays an important
role.
1
2
3
4
5
role.
6
Didos problem: Given a closed rope, which is to be used for
marking boundary so that enclosed area is the largest possible
1
2
3
4
5
role.
6
7
Brachistochrone: (nd) The shape of the curve down which a
bead will slip from rest, accelerates and moves under the gravity
witout friction, from one point to another in the shortest time.
Mathematical analysis of maxima/minima goes under the name of
calculus of variations.
1
2
3
4
5
role.
6
7
Brachistochrone: (nd) The shape of the curve down which a
bead will slip from rest, accelerates and moves under the gravity
witout friction, from one point to another in the shortest time.
Mathematical analysis of maxima/minima goes under the name of
calculus of variations. For stories on maxima/minima, read the book by
V.M. Tikhomirov on Stories About Maxima and Minima
Absolute Maximum & Absolute Minimum
Denition
1
A function f has an absoute maximum (or global maximum) at c if
Denition
1
f (c) f (x) for all x in D, where D is the domain of f .
Denition
1
f (c) f (x) for all x in D, where D is the domain of f . The number
f (c) is called the maximum value
Denition
1
f (c) is called the maximum value of f
Denition
1
f (c) is called the maximum value of f on D.
Denition
1
2
A function f has an absoute minimum (or global minimum) at c if
Denition
1
2
f (c) f (x) for all x in D.
Denition
1
2
f (c) f (x) for all x in D. The number f (c) is called the minimum
value
Denition
1
2
value of f
Denition
1
2
value of f on D.
Denition
1
2
value of f on D.
3
The maximum and minimum values of f are called extreme values
of f on D.
Denition
1
2
value of f on D.
3
The maximum and minimum values of f are called extreme values
of f on D.
Absolute Maximum and Absolute Minimum of a function on its Domain
are the Highest and Lowest points on its graph.
What is the absolute maximum and absolute minimum for the function
whose graph is below.
whose graph is below. On which domain?
Local Maximum & Local Minimum
Denition
1
A function f has an local maximum (or relative maximum) at c if
Denition
1
f (c) f (x) when x is near c
Denition
1
f (c) f (x) when x is near c (This meansf (c) f (x) for all x in
some open interval containing c).
Denition
1
2
A function f has an local minimum (or relative minimum) at c if
Denition
1
2
f (c) f (x) when x is near c.
Denition
1
2
Note The domain of the function does not play any role in the concept
of local maximum/minimum
Denition
1
2
Note The domain of the function does not play any role in the concept
of local maximum/minimum Compare with denition of absolute
maximum/minimum denition.
The Extreme Value Theorem
Note that in all the previous examples, extreme values of the function
are taken.
are taken. For continuous functions on closed intervals this can be
proved.
proved.
Theorem (Extreme Value Theorem)
If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b],
proved.
If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then f attains an absolute
maximum value f (c) and an absolute minimum value f (d) at some
numbers c and d in [a, b].
proved.
Remarks
The proof is difcult and we omit the proof.
proved.
Remarks
An extreme value can be take on more than once.
proved.
Remarks
An extreme value can be take on more than once. See sin x on
[0, 4].
proved.
Remarks
[0, 4]. Draw some more graphs!
proved.
Remarks
[0, 4]. Draw some more graphs!
The Extreme Value Theorem (contd.)
Both the hypothesis function is continuous and interval is closed
cannot be omitted.
cannot be omitted. If any one of them is dropped from the hypothesis
of Extreme Value theorem,
of Extreme Value theorem, the theorem is no longer true.
1
Revisit the previous examples,
1
Revisit the previous examples, and construct more examples to
illustrate the importance of both hypotheses.
1
2
Converse questions?
1
2
Converse questions?
3
Give an example of a discontinuous function on a closed interval
which veries the conclusion of EVT.
1
2
Converse questions?
3
4
Give an example of a continuous function on an interval which is
not closed,
1
2
Converse questions?
3
4
Give an example of a continuous function on an interval which is
not closed, and the coclusion of EVT does not hold.
Maxima/minima
Maxima/minima
Question: Look at the examples that you constructed.
Maxima/minima
Question: Look at the examples that you constructed. Point out points
of local maxima and local minima.
Maxima/minima
of local maxima and local minima. What is the slope of the tangents at
those points?
Maxima/minima
those points?
Theorem (Fermats Theorem)
If f has a local maximum or minimum at c,
Maxima/minima
those points?
If f has a local maximum or minimum at c, and if f
(c) exists,
Maxima/minima
those points?
(c) exists, then

f
(c) = 0.
Maxima/minima
those points?
(c) exists, then

f
(c) = 0.
Proof: Suppose that f has a local maximum at c.
Maxima/minima
those points?
(c) exists, then

f
(c) = 0.
Proof: Suppose that f has a local maximum at c. Then Newton
Quotients
f (c+h)f (c)
h
are non-positive ( 0) if h > 0.
Maxima/minima
those points?
(c) exists, then

f
(c) = 0.
Quotients
f (c+h)f (c)
h
are non-positive ( 0) if h > 0. Therefore
lim
h0+
f (c+h)f (c)
h
0.
Maxima/minima
those points?
(c) exists, then

f
(c) = 0.
Quotients
f (c+h)f (c)
h
lim
h0+
f (c+h)f (c)
h
0. Similarly, if h < 0, then
f (c+h)f (c)
h
are
non-negitive ( 0) if h < 0.
Maxima/minima
those points?
(c) exists, then

f
(c) = 0.
Quotients
f (c+h)f (c)
h
lim
h0+
f (c+h)f (c)
h
f (c+h)f (c)
h
are
non-negitive ( 0) if h < 0. Therefore lim
h0
f (c+h)f (c)
h
0.
Maxima/minima
those points?
(c) exists, then

f
(c) = 0.
Quotients
f (c+h)f (c)
h
lim
h0+
f (c+h)f (c)
h
f (c+h)f (c)
h
are
h0
f (c+h)f (c)
h
0. But we
are given that f is differentiable at c.
Maxima/minima
those points?
(c) exists, then

f
(c) = 0.
Quotients
f (c+h)f (c)
h
lim
h0+
f (c+h)f (c)
h
f (c+h)f (c)
h
are
h0
f (c+h)f (c)
h
0. But we
are given that f is differentiable at c. Therefore, the left hand and right
hand limits must be equal,
Maxima/minima
those points?
(c) exists, then

f
(c) = 0.
Quotients
f (c+h)f (c)
h
lim
h0+
f (c+h)f (c)
h
f (c+h)f (c)
h
are
h0
f (c+h)f (c)
h
0. But we
hand limits must be equal, and,
Maxima/minima
those points?
(c) exists, then

f
(c) = 0.
Quotients
f (c+h)f (c)
h
lim
h0+
f (c+h)f (c)
h
f (c+h)f (c)
h
are
h0
f (c+h)f (c)
h
0. But we
hand limits must be equal, and, the only way is that both limits must be
zero.
Maxima/minima
those points?
(c) exists, then

f
(c) = 0.
Quotients
f (c+h)f (c)
h
lim
h0+
f (c+h)f (c)
h
f (c+h)f (c)
h
are
h0
f (c+h)f (c)
h
0. But we
hand limits must be equal, and, the only way is that both limits must be
zero. This nishes the proof.
Comments on Fermats theorem
1
If f
(c) = 0, then
1
If f
(c) = 0, then f (c) may not be a local extremum value.

1
If f

Therefore we cannot simply solve f
(x) = 0 and say that the

solutions give local extrema.
1
If f


solutions give local extrema. Example?
1
If f


solutions give local extrema. Example? f (x) = x
3
1
If f


3
2
Note that, at a point where a local extremum value is attained,
1
If f


3
2
Note that, at a point where a local extremum value is attained, the
function need not be differentiable.
1
If f


3
2
function need not be differentiable. Give an example.
1
If f


3
2
3
Summarizing,
1
If f


3
2
3
Summarizing, at a point where a local extremum value is attained,
1
If f


3
2
3
either function is not differentiable
1
If f


3
2
3
either function is not differentiable or the derivative is zero.
1
If f


3
2
3
Denition
A critical number of a function f is
1
If f


3
2
3
Denition
A critical number of a function f is a number c in the domain of f such
that
1
If f


3
2
3
Denition
that either f
(c) = 0 or f
(c) does not exist.

Exercise Find the critical numbers of x
3/5
(4 x).
1
If f


3
2
3
Denition
that either f
(c) = 0 or f
(c) does not exist.

Exercise Find the critical numbers of x
3/5
(4 x). Ans: 0 and
3
2
.
The Closed Interval Method to nd global extrema
Let f be a continuous function on [a, b].
Question: How to nd the absolute maximum and minimum values of
f
f on [a, b]?
1
Find the values of f at the critical numbers of f in (a, b)
f on [a, b]?
1
2
Find the values of f at the end points of the interval
f on [a, b]?
1
2
3
The largest (smallest) values from Steps 1 and 2 is
f on [a, b]?
1
2
3
The largest (smallest) values from Steps 1 and 2 is the absolute
maximum (resp. minimum) value.
f on [a, b]?
1
2
3
Find absolute maximum and absolute minimum of f (x) = x
3
3x
2
+ 1
on [1/2, 4].
0 First verify that the Closed interval method can be applied!
f on [a, b]?
1
2
3
3
3x
2
+ 1
on [1/2, 4].
1 Find critical points.
f on [a, b]?
1
2
3
3
3x
2
+ 1
on [1/2, 4].
1 Find critical points. They are 0 and 2.
f on [a, b]?
1
2
3
3
3x
2
+ 1
on [1/2, 4].
1 Find critical points. They are 0 and 2. f (0) = 1 and f (2) = 3.
f on [a, b]?
1
2
3
3
3x
2
+ 1
on [1/2, 4].
2 f (1/2) = 1/8 and f (4) = 17
f on [a, b]?
1
2
3
3
3x
2
+ 1
on [1/2, 4].
2 f (1/2) = 1/8 and f (4) = 17
3 The values from Steps 1 and 2 are {1, 3, 1/8, 17}.
f on [a, b]?
1
2
3
3
3x
2
+ 1
on [1/2, 4].
2 f (1/2) = 1/8 and f (4) = 17
3 The values from Steps 1 and 2 are {1, 3, 1/8, 17}.
Graph of f (x) = x
3
3x
2
+ 1 on [1/2, 4]
Graph of f (x) = x
3
3x
2
+ 1 on [1/2, 4]
Comments on the Closed Interval Method to nd global extrema
Let f be a continuous function on [a, b]. is a crucial assumption.
Let f be a continuous function on [a, b]. is a crucial assumption. One
can not drop the continuity assumption.
can not drop the continuity assumption. Note that the steps of the The
closed interval method can be followed for any function.
closed interval method can be followed for any function. But there is no
guarantee that
guarantee that whatever we conclude by following this procedure is
CORRECT.
Question: Find functions dened on the closed interval [0, 1] that are
not continuous
CORRECT.
not continuous (drawing its graph is enough)
CORRECT.
not continuous (drawing its graph is enough) with the property that the
conclusions we make by following the closed interval method are
WRONG.
CORRECT.
WRONG.
Caution: Even for continuous functions,
CORRECT.
WRONG.
Caution: Even for continuous functions, the closed interval method
works
CORRECT.
WRONG.
works because we have
CORRECT.
WRONG.
works because we have Extreme value theorem.
CORRECT.
WRONG.
works because we have Extreme value theorem. If function is not
continuous,
CORRECT.
WRONG.
continuous, then EVT cannot be invoked,
CORRECT.
WRONG.
continuous, then EVT cannot be invoked, as a consequence, we do
not know the existence of extreme values for the function.
CORRECT.
WRONG.
not know the existence of extreme values for the function. Therefore it
does not make sense to give a procedure for nding somethings
CORRECT.
WRONG.
not know the existence of extreme values for the function. Therefore it
does not make sense to give a procedure for nding somethings which
do not exist.
Problems
True/False
1
If f
(c) = 0, the f has a local maximum or minimum at c.

Problems
True/False
1
If f

2
If f is continuous on (a, b), then f attains an absolute maximum
value f (c) and an absolute minimum value f (d) at some numbers
c, d in (a, b).
Problems
True/False
1
If f

2
c, d in (a, b).
1
Sketch the graph of a function that has a local maximum at 2 and
is differentiable at 2.
Problems
True/False
1
If f

2
c, d in (a, b).
1
2
Sketch the graph of a function that has three local minima, two
local maxima, and seven critical numbers.
Problems
True/False
1
If f

2
c, d in (a, b).
1
2
3
Sketch the graphs of a function on [1, 2] that is discontinuous but
has both an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum.
Problems
True/False
1
If f

2
c, d in (a, b).
1
2
3
4
Does f (x) = e
x
has a local minimum?
Problems
True/False
1
If f

2
c, d in (a, b).
1
2
3
4
Does f (x) = e
x
has a local minimum? local maximum?
Problems
True/False
1
If f

2
c, d in (a, b).
1
2
3
4
Does f (x) = e
x
has a local minimum? local maximum? Can you
generalise this?
Problems
True/False
1
If f

2
c, d in (a, b).
1
2
3
4
Does f (x) = e
x
has a local minimum? local maximum? Can you
generalise this?

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MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 4

(c) exists, then

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(c) exists, then

(c) exists, then

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(c) = 0, then f (c) may not be a local extremum value.

(c) = 0, then f (c) may not be a local extremum value.

(x) = 0 and say that the

(c) = 0, then f (c) may not be a local extremum value.

(x) = 0 and say that the

(c) = 0, then f (c) may not be a local extremum value.

(x) = 0 and say that the

(c) = 0, then f (c) may not be a local extremum value.

(x) = 0 and say that the

(c) = 0, then f (c) may not be a local extremum value.

(x) = 0 and say that the

(c) = 0, then f (c) may not be a local extremum value.

(x) = 0 and say that the

(c) = 0, then f (c) may not be a local extremum value.

(x) = 0 and say that the

(c) = 0, then f (c) may not be a local extremum value.

(x) = 0 and say that the

(c) = 0, then f (c) may not be a local extremum value.

(x) = 0 and say that the

(c) = 0, then f (c) may not be a local extremum value.

(x) = 0 and say that the

(c) = 0, then f (c) may not be a local extremum value.

(x) = 0 and say that the

(c) = 0, then f (c) may not be a local extremum value.

(x) = 0 and say that the

(c) = 0, then f (c) may not be a local extremum value.

(x) = 0 and say that the

(c) does not exist.

(c) = 0, then f (c) may not be a local extremum value.

(x) = 0 and say that the

(c) does not exist.

(c) = 0, the f has a local maximum or minimum at c.

(c) = 0, the f has a local maximum or minimum at c.

(c) = 0, the f has a local maximum or minimum at c.

(c) = 0, the f has a local maximum or minimum at c.

(c) = 0, the f has a local maximum or minimum at c.

(c) = 0, the f has a local maximum or minimum at c.

(c) = 0, the f has a local maximum or minimum at c.

(c) = 0, the f has a local maximum or minimum at c.

(c) = 0, the f has a local maximum or minimum at c.

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