Made

By:-
Rakesh Kunwar
MCA
3
rd

Year Group no-4
Institute of management
Education ahi!a!ad"G#$%
E-mai&' rakeshkunwar()*gmai&+com
ONLINE RESERVATION SYSTEM

, , , , ,

-his s.stem is !asica&&. concerned with the
reser/ation and cance&&ation of rai&wa. tickets to the passengers+ -he need of this
s.stem arose !ecause as is the known fact that India has the &argest rai&wa. network
in the who&e of the wor&d and to hand&e it manua&&. is 0uite a tough 1o!+ $.
computeri2ing it3 we wi&& !e a!&e to o/ercome man. of its &imitations and wi&& !e
a!&e to make it more efficient+ -he hand&ing of data and records for such a /ast
s.stem is a /er. comp&e4 task if done manua&&. !ut it can !e made much easier if
the s.stem is computeri2ed+
-o !e more specific3 our s.stem is &imited in such a wa. that a train starting
from a particu&ar source wi&& ha/e a sing&e destination+
-he !asic functions !eing performed !. our s.stem are reser/ation and
cance&&ation+ -hese functions wi&& !e hand&ed with the he&p of fo&&owing su!
functions' -
5 It reser/es and cance&s seats for the passenger+
5 It contains information a!out the trains+
5 It contains information a!out the passenger+
5 It contains the detai&s of reser/ation fees3 an. concessions etc+
5 It makes entries for reser/ation3 waiting3 cance&&ed tickets+
5 It wi&& update for uptime and downtime trains+
Index:-
5 .stem pecification
5 ecurit.
5 6imitation of E4ecuting .stem
5 7ata 8&ow 7iagrams
5 7escription of 8&ow Chart
5 Entit. Re&ationship 7iagrams
5 8easi!i&it. tud.
5 Introduction of 8easi!i&it. stud.
5 ummar.
5 -esting
5 7e!ugging
9 9 9 9 9
5 Conc&usion
5 Reference
SYSTEM SPECIFICATION
-he rai&wa. network is a /er. /ast s.stem to !e hand&ed manua&&. and its
computeri2ation wi&& pro/e to !e of great he&p to !oth the emp&o.ees and the
passengers+
EC:RI-Y'-
8rom securit. point of /iew3 authentication wi&& !e done !. password checking+ If
correct password has !een entered !. the user3 the user wi&& get further access to the
s.stem3 otherwise he wi&& ha/e to re-enter the password+ -he faci&it. to change the
password has a&so !een pro/ided !ut for that the user wi&& ha/e to first enter the o&d
password+ -he password can !e four characters &ong+
6IMI-A-I;< ;8 E=I-I<G Y-EM' -
5 Data redundancy: It means that same data fie&ds appear in man. different fi&es
and often in different formats+ In manua& s.stem3 it poses 0uite a !ig pro!&em
!ecause the data has to !e maintained in &arge /o&umes !ut in our s.stem3 this
pro!&em can !e o/ercome !. pro/iding the condition that if the data entered is
dup&icate3 it wi&& not !e entered3 otherwise3 updating wi&& take p&ace+
5 Difficulty in accein! t"e data: In manua& s.stem3 searching information is
time consuming !ut in our s.stem3 an. information can !e accessed !. pro/iding
the primar. ke.+
5 #natifact$ry ecurity %eaure: In manua& s.stem3 no securit. measures
were pro/ided !ut in this s.stem3 password securit. has !een pro/ided+ -he person
can access the s.stem !. pro/iding the correct password otherwise he is denied the
access+
DATA FLO& DIA'(AMS
-he data f&ow diagram is a graphica& representation that depicts information
f&ow and the transforms that are app&ied as data mo/es from input to output+
3 3 3 3 3
-he 787 ma. !e used to represent a s.stem or software at an. &e/e& of
a!straction+ In fact 787 ma. !e partitioned into &e/e&s that represent
increasing information f&ow and functiona& detai&+
-he &e/e& > 787 or a conte4t mode& represents the entire software e&ement as
a sing&e !u!!&e with input and output data indicated !. incoming and
outgoing arrows3 respecti/e&.+
In &e/e& > diagram shown !e&ow3 the passenger fi&&s either the reser/ation or
cance&&ation form as input+ ?e gets the ticket as the output and the report is
sent to the administration+
(ail)ay
(eer*ati$n
:p@down train info
Fill cancellati$n f$r% Paen!er
Ad%in
Fill reer*ati$n f$r% res/a@canc&e info

Tic+et inf$ passenger info
Aaiting info
Level 0 DFD Or Context Free Diagram
4 4 4 4 4
6e/e& B , data f&ow diagram
Reser/ation storage fi&e
-icket generation process
Reser/ation
Crocess
Cassenger
Report
-o
Admin
En0uir.
:p torage
7own torage




D D D D D
A &e/e& , 787 is the furthur refinement of &e/e& > 787 showing greater
detai&s and functiona&ities+ In this3 the sing&e !u!!&e of &e/e& > 787 is refined
furthur + Each of the processes depicted at &e/e& , is a su!function of the
o/era&& s.stem depicted in the conte4t mode&+
As shown in the 787 a!o/e3 the passenger either en0uires a!out the trains or
goes direct&. for the reser/ation or the cance&&ation processes as a resu&t of
which he gets the ticket generated+ -he reports are then sent to the
administration+


Le*el , DFD

E E E E E
(eer*ati$n
(eer*ati$n
Confirmation
Crocess
Aaiting
Crocess
Cance&&ation
Crocess
Reser/ation
process
-icket
Generation
process
In0uir.
earching
Fuer.
Crocess
Generate report
Rai&wa. dept
(eer*ati$n
Report
Generate -icket
Aaiting -a!&e
) ) ) ) )
Cassenger
Cance& ta!&e
Reser/ation ta!&e
Aaiting ta!&e


-he &e/e& 9 787 is the further refinement of the
&e/e& , 787+ As shown in the 787 a!o/e the passenger has man. options &ike he
can direct&. go to the reser/ation counter or can first in0uire and then go to the
reser/ation counter or he can 1ust in0uire and return !ack+ If the passenger wants
reser/ation then the seats are checked for a/ai&a!i&it. and if the seats are a/ai&a!&e
the confirmation ticket is generated otherwise he is asked for waiting and waiting
ticket is generated if he wants+ If the user wants tickets to !e cance&&ed he is gi/en
the cance&&ation ticket and the reports of a&& the transactions are sent to the
administrator+

DESC(IPTION OF FLO& C-A(T
-he program f&owchart shows how the s.stem proceeds from the input form
to the output form of the s.stem+ It e4p&ains how the s.stem is actua&&.
( ( ( ( (
processed step !. step +It represents the f&ow of contro& as the s.stem is
processed+
-here are three t.pes of program f&ow chart'
,+ Input f&ow chart' -his f&owchart depicts the !asic input operations in
the s.stem+ In rai&wa. reser/ation s.stem3 first of a&& the password is checked
then if the password is /a&id then we process the input form if the data is
/a&id then the entries are updated in the data !ase otherwise the form is
refi&&ed+
9+ ;utput f&ow chart' -his f&owchart depicts the !asic output
operations in the s.stem+ -he user is re0uired to enter t
he criteria for output+ If it is for the reser/ation then the a/ai&a!i&it. if seats is
checked+ If the seats are a/ai&a!&e then the confirmed ticket is generated otherwise
the user is asked for waiting and if he wants then waiting ticket is generated+ If the
user wants the seat to !e cance&&ed it is done and the cance&&ed ticket is generated for
the user+ -he information a!out a&& the a!o/e transactions is then transferred to the
re&ated data!ases+

3+ Report f&ow chart' -his f&owchart depicts the !asic operations for the
generation of reports+ If the entries from the processed data!ase are /a&id the
concerned reports are generated otherwise the process wi&& ha/e to !e repeated+
tart
Crocess input form
Is information /a&idG

H H H H H
<o



Yes
Reser/ation data!ase is updated

End




I<C:- 86;A C?AR-
tart
Enter criteria for output
,> ,> ,> ,> ,>
Is seat a/ai&a!&eG

<o
Cance&
Aaiting
Yes
Generate ticket
end to re&ated data!ase
End

;:-C:- 86;AC?AR-
,, ,, ,, ,, ,,
<o
Is data!ase /a&idG

Entries from processed data!ase
tart
Yes
Generate report
End
REC;R- 86;AC?AR-
,9 ,9 ,9 ,9 ,9
ENTITY (ELATIONS-IP DIA'(AM
Entit. re&ationship diagram e4presses the o/era&& &ogica& structure of a
data!ase graphica&&.+ It shows the re&ationship !etween different entities+ -he
entities can ha/e composite3 mu&ti/o&ume or deri/ed attri!utes+ -he entities
and their attri!utes are' -
, Cassenger
I+ <ame
J+ 8irst name
J+ Midd&e name
J+ 6ast name
I+ Gender
I+ Address
J+ ?ouse no+
J+ treet
J+ Cit.
I+ Age
I+ Chone no+
9 8orm
I+ 8orm no+
3 -icket
I+ -icket no+
J+ Aaiting
J+ Confirmed
J+ Cance&&ed
4 Reser/ation counter
D Administrator
E -rain
I+ -rain no
I+ -rain name
I+ ource
,3 ,3 ,3 ,3 ,3
I+ 7estination
) eat
I+ eat no+
I+ Compartment no+
-he re&ationships !etween different entities are' -
,+ 8i&&' -he passenger fi&&s the form+
9+ u!mit' -he form is su!mitted to the reser/ation counter+
3+ Check' -he reser/ation counter checks the seats+
4+ Generate' Reser/ation counter generates the ticket+
D+ Issue' Reser/ation counter issues ticket to the passenger+
E+ end info' -he reser/ation counter sends information to the
administrator+
)+ A&&otted' -he seat is a&&otted in the train+
Sy%.$l Meanin!

7ata f&ow


Crocess


7ata store


Entit.
,4 ,4 ,4 ,4 ,4
Ch <o+
ENTITY (ELATIONS-IP DIA'(AM
8irst <ame
Cit.
treet
?+<o
Address
6ast <ame
Midd&e
-icket <o+
Compartment <o+
7estination
- <o+
ource
eat <o+
Aait
tatus
Cance&
,D ,D ,D ,D ,D
8orm <o+
Age
Gender
<ame
Gene-rate
end
Info+
8i&&s
u!-mit
Check
A&&otted
Issue
8orm
R+C+
eat
-rain
-icket
Cassenger
Administrator
Res+
- <ame
,E ,E ,E ,E ,E

FEASIBILITY ST#DY
An initia& in/estigation in a proposa& that determines whether an a&ternati/e
s.stem is feasi!&e+ A proposa& summari2ing the thinking of the ana&.st is
presented to the user for re/iew+ Ahen appro/ed3 the proposa& initiates
feasi!i&it. stud. that descri!es and e/a&uates candidate s.stems and pro/ides
for the se&ection of !est s.stem that meets s.stem performance re0uirements+
-o do a feasi!i&it. stud.3 we need to consider the economic3 technica&
factors in s.stem de/e&opment+ 8irst a pro1ect team is formed+ -he team
de/e&ops s.stem f&owcharts that identif. the characteristics of candidate
s.stems3 e/a&uate the performance of each s.stem3 weigh s.stem
performance and cost data and se&ect the !est candidate s.stem for the 1o!+
-he stud. cu&minates in a fina& report to the management+
$. the end of this chapter .ou shou&d know'
,+ -he steps in defining s.stem performance+
,) ,) ,) ,) ,)
9+ Ahat ke. considerations are in/o&/ed in feasi!i&it.
ana&.sisG
3+ ?ow to conduct a feasi!i&it. stud.G
INT(OD#CTION
,+ 7escri!e and identif. characteristics of candidate s.stems+
9+ 7etermine and e/a&uate performance and cost effecti/eness of each
candidate s.stem+
4+ Aeigh s.stem performance and cost data+
D+ e&ect the !est candidate s.stem+
S#MMA(Y
,+ A feasi!i&it. stud. is conducted to se&ect the !est s.stem that meets
performance re0uirements+ -his entai&s an identification description3 an
e/a&uation of candidate s.stems3 and the se&ection of the !est s.stem for the
1o!+
9+ A statement of constraints3 the identification of specific s.stem o!1ecti/es
and a description of outputs define a s.stemKs re0uired performance+ -he
,( ,( ,( ,( ,(
ana&.st is then read. to e/a&uate the feasi!i&it. of candidate s.stems to
produce these outputs+
3+ -hree ke. considerations are in/o&/ed in feasi!i&it. ana&.sis' economic3
technica& and !eha/iora&+
4+ -here are eight steps in feasi!i&it. stud.'

a/ STATEMENT OF CONST(AINTS
Constraints are factors that &imit the so&ution of a pro!&em+ ome
constraints are identified during the initia& in/estigation
!+ IDENTIFIC
ATION OF SPECIFIC SYSTEM OB0ECTI1ES
;nce the constraints are spe&&ed out3 the ana&.st proceeds to identif.
the s.stemKs specific performance o!1ecti/es+ -he. are deri/ed from the
genera& o!1ecti/es specified in the pro1ect directi/e at the end of the initia&
in/estigation+ -he steps are to state the s.stemKs !enefits and then trans&ate
them into measura!&e o!1ecti/es+
c+ DESC(IPTION OF O#TP#TS
A fina& step in s.stem performance definition is descri!ing the output
re0uired !. the user+ An actua& sketch of the format and contents of
the reports as we&& as a specification of the media used3 their
fre0uenc.3 si2e and num!ers of copies re0uired are prepared at this
point+
d+ FEASIBILITY CONSIDE(ATIONS
-hree ke. considerations are in/o&/ed in the feasi!i&it. ana&.sis'
,+ Economic feasi!i&it.
9+ -echnica& feasi!i&it.
3+ $eha/iora& feasi!i&it.
,H ,H ,H ,H ,H
Testing and Debugging
Testing:
-esting is the process of e4ercising software with the intent of finding errors
and u&timate&. correcting them+ -he fo&&owing testing techni0ues ha/e !een
used to make this pro1ect free of errors+
Content Review
-he who&e content of the pro1ect has !een re/iewed thorough&. to unco/er
t.pographica& errors3 grammatica& error and am!iguous sentences+
Navigation Errors
7ifferent users were a&&owed to na/igate through the pro1ect to unco/er the
na/igation errors+ -he /iews of the user regarding the na/igation f&e4i!i&it.
and user friend&iness were taken into account and imp&emented in the pro1ect+
Unit Testing
8ocuses on indi/idua& software units3 groups of re&ated units+
5 Unit smallest testable piece of software.
5 A unit can be compiled /assembled / linked/loaded; and put under a test
harness.
9> 9> 9> 9> 9>
5 Unit testing done to show that the unit does not satisfy the application and
/or its implemented software does not match the intended designed
structure.
Integration Testing
8ocuses on com!ining units to e/a&uate the interaction among them
5 Integration is the process of aggregating components to create larger
components.
5 Integration testing done to show that even though components were
individually satisfactory, the combination is incorrect and inconsistent.
9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
System Testing
8ocuses on a comp&ete integrated s.stem to e/a&uate comp&iance with
specified re0uirements "test characteristics that are on&. present when entire
s.stem is run%
5 A system is a big component.
5 ystem testing is aimed at revealing bugs that cannot be attributed to a
component as such, to inconsistencies between components or planned
interactions between components.
5 !oncern" issues, behaviors that can only be e#posed by testing the entire
integrated system $e.g., performance, security, recovery%
Each form encapsu&ates "&a!e&s3 te4ts3 grid etc+%+ ?ence in case of pro1ect in
L+$+ form are the !asic units+ Each form is tested thorough&. in term of
ca&cu&ation3 disp&a. etc+
99 99 99 99 99
Regression Testing
Each time a new form is added to the pro1ect the who&e pro1ect is tested
thorough&. to rectif. an. side effects+ -hat might ha/e occurred due to the
addition of the new form+ -hus regression testing has !een performed+
Debugging:
7e!ugging is a conse0uence of successfu& testing+ -hat is when a test care
unco/ers an error3 de!ugging is the process that resu&ts in the remo/a& of
errors+ -here are main&. two t.pes of de!ugging+
Backtracking
$acktracking is a fair&. common de!ugging approach that can !e used
successfu&&. in sma&& programs+ $eginning at the site where a s.mptom has
!een unco/ered3 the source code is traced !ackward unti& the site of the cause
is found+
Brute Forcing
-his is the most common categor. of de!ugging which in/o&/es &oading the
source code with write statements and tracking &ine !. &ine e4ecution to
iso&ate possi!&e errors+
Concusion
93 93 93 93 93
Cractica& -raining is a /er. important part of the curricu&um as it strengthens
the concepts and enhances know&edge a!out the practica& imp&ementation of
a&& the theor. concepts3 we ha/e &earnt so far in different su!1ects+
-his summer training he&ped us &earn a &ot+ In this training we did the pro1ect
on rai&wa. reser/ation s.stem+ -his pro1ect is used to keep a track on
reser/ing the seat to the passenger+ It he&ps managing the s.stem /er.
efficient&. and con/enient&.+
8ina&&.3 this gi/es us a &ot of menta& satisfaction that the pro1ect we ha/e
worked upon is a rea& time pro1ect3 which wi&& !e insta&&ed at the customer
site after some more session of regress testing+
A&though the pro1ect work has !een done in a comp&ete and detai&ed manner
!ut due to the constraint of time3 we cou&d not inc&ude some more features we
wanted to+ Ae &eft these features as a part of the future de/e&opment+ As soon
as weK&& get time weK&& tr. to add them to m. pro1ect+
(eference:-
?enr. 8 Korth3 A!raham i&!erschat23 MK7ata!ase s.stem
conceptsKK3 McGrsw-?i&& Internation editions3 Computer
cience eries ",HH,%+ econd Ed+
oftware Engineering 3McGrsw-?i&& Internation editions
94 94 94 94 94
Made By:-
Rakesh Kunwar
MCA 3
rd
Year Group no-4
Institute of management Education ahi!a!ad"G#$%
E-mai&' rakeshkunwar()*gmai&+com
9D 9D 9D 9D 9D