A Study on Entrepreneurial Attitude and the Influential Factors for

Business Department Students in Technological Colleges/Universities in

Taian
Chao!ching Chen" #u!Fen Chen" $ing! Chuan %ai
Tainan University of Technology
Department of Business Education" &ational Changhua University of Education
yufen'cc(ncue(edu(t

lai)*++'ms,-(hinet(net
Abstract
This study verifies an entrepreneurship attitude model and the influential factors
for .usiness department students at technology colleges and universities( This study is
.ased on a literature analysis and theory to construct the entrepreneurship attitude
model and the influential factors for students( Student personal characteristics are
adopted as independent varia.le" environment cognition as the intervening varia.le"
and attitude toard entrepreneurship as the dependent varia.le( The survey sample is
students studying in the .usiness department at &ational or /rivate Colleges and
Universities of Technology( 0ne thousand eighty!five copies of a survey 1uestionnaire
ere distri.uted ith --2 copies returned" of hich *3+ 1uestionnaires ere valid(
The responses ere analy4ed using stepise regression and %ISE5%( The results
indicated that student attitude toard entrepreneurship as affected .y environment
cognition and personal traits" hich indirectly affected attitude toard
entrepreneurship(
Key Words Attitude toward entrepreneurshipenvironmental cognitionpersonal traits.
2
1. Introduction
The entrepreneurial revolution has ta6en hold across the glo.e and has
undenia.ly impacted the orld of .usiness( The younger generation of the +2
st
century
is .ecoming the most entrepreneurial generation since the Industrial 5evolution(
A.out 7(8 million Americans are actively trying to start their on .usinesses today(
They are younger than age ,9 and nearly -): of ould!.e entrepreneurs are .eteen
the ages 2- and ,9( These e;plosive num.ers have come ith similar increases in the
field of entrepreneurship education <Donald" +))7=( In Taian" remar6a.le groth
and development in research in curricula and programs has occurred in the field of
entrepreneurship and ne!venture creation( Colleges and universities offer courses to
students to prepare for the future( According to this trend" e ought to understand
student needs for entrepreneurship studies(
The impact of entrepreneurship education has .een recogni4ed as one of the
crucial factors that help youths to understand and foster an Attitude toard
entrepreneurship <>orman" Fanlon ? @ing" 233*@ourils6y ? Aalstad" 233-=( The
attitude and 6noledge of entrepreneurship are li6ely to shape their inclination to start
their on .usiness in the future <Aang ? Aong" +))9=( Ae need to understand ho to
develop and nurture potential entrepreneurs hile they are still students in school( Ae
are e;ploring and confirming the factors that influence student attitude toard
entrepreneurship to help colleges and universities design and develop effective
entrepreneurial programs(
This study surveyed a sample of technological college and university students in
Taian to e;amine their attitude toard entrepreneurship and the main factors
affecting their attitude( Ae revieed the past literatures to construct the research
frameor6(
2. Literature review
There are various personal characteristics" cognitions" and social conditions that
affect an individualBs choice to pursue entrepreneurial activities <Carter" >artner"
>ateood and Shaver

+)),=( This article focuses on a specific set of environmental

cognitions and personal traits" and e;amines the reasons individuals offer for student
entrepreneurial attitudes(
2.1 Attitude toward entrepreneurship
Schame pointed out that entrepreneurship is a part of the company management
processes hich focus on investment into ne ventures" creating a ne venture"
.uilding ne organi4ation departments" and supplying ne products and services

Aang" 2332

( %o and $ac$illan <23--= thought that entrepreneurship means to

.uild a ne venture( Chang <+))+= defined entrepreneurial attitude according to the
folloing four statementsD
+
2( Attitude is an individualBs tendency toard a specific thing and environment( It is a
personBs inclination ith persistence and consistency( In addition" this inclination
could .e inferred .y the individualBs .ehavior( Eoever" the intention in an attitude is
not discerned only through .ehavior( Attitude encompasses general 6noledge and
comprises the cognitive" emotions and actions(
+( The attitude must have a target( The target of an attitude is a concrete person or
thing and could also .e an a.stract idea or thought(
,( Attitude is analogous to inclination( Ahen people hold a positive attitude toard a
given target" they ill hold the same positive attitude toards a similar target(
9( The personBs cultural traditions" family environment and educational environment
are the environmental factors that affect the formation of attitude( In general" an
attitude is a collection of personal traits that can .e learned(
Because e;ternal .ehavior might .e restricted .y a situation" an attitude might .e
reflected only in thought( The attitude includes the folloing three factorsD 2(
Cognitive compositionD .rief and idea +( Emotion compositionD The value and
emotion ,( Behavior compositionD Behavior and inclination toard action <Euang"
23-8=(
In summary" the attitude is a mentally prepared state for any 6non su.Fect( It is
a su.Fective consciousness and that is affected .y the environment( The attitude is a
6ind of lasting inclination( It can .e an idiosyncrasy that could .e shaped or changed
via e;perience or study( The attitude toard entrepreneurship is an individualGs
concept a.out entrepreneurship" assessment and inclination toards entrepreneurial
.ehavior or self!employment( If the individual has a strong attitude for starting a ne
venture the relationship .eteen attitude and .ehavior is strong( This individual has a
strong inclination toards entrepreneurship(
2.2 Influence factor on the attitude toward entrepreneurship
>reen.erger ? Se;ton <23--= discussed hy the entrepreneur ants to start an
enterprise( There ere four reasons( First" they ould li6e to ta6e a chance in the
mar6et( Second" they .elieve their managerial s6ills are more efficient than those of
other people( Third" they .elieve that their specialty could .e developed into an
enterprise( Fourth" they have already developed a product or service and they .elieve
that can find a niche in the mar6et( Fifth" this is the only ay to start an enterprise and
their other options are limited( >hosh ? @an <2338= focused on entrepreneurs from
Singapore and Australia( They found that there ere several reasons that these
entrepreneurs started enterprisesD 2(The individual ants personal groth( +( They
li6e the challenge( ,( There is more freedom in .eing a .usiness oner( 9( The chance
to use oneGs on 6noledge and e;perience( 7( Do not li6e or6ing for others( 8(
They are affected .y family or friends( *( Family tradition(
,
Carter" >artner" Shaver ? >ateood <+)),= e;plored and compared the reasons
that nascent entrepreneurs and non!entrepreneurs start enterprises and ma6e career
choices( The results of their research indicated that the main reasons individualGs start
enterprises are self! reali4ation" financial success" roles" innovation" recognition and
independence( Aang ? Aong <+))9= investigated the determinants of interest in
entrepreneurship among university students in Singapore( >ender" family e;perience
ith .usiness and educational level ere found to .e significant factors in
entrepreneurial interests(
The factors that influence entrepreneurs in starting an enterprise are divided into
to classes( The first class involves the entrepreneurGs on individual factors"
including personal traits and conditions( The second class involves e;ternal factors
such as family" friends and the e;ternal environment( This research focuses on the
individualBs personal traits and environmental cognition( These are important
varia.les that influence college and university student attitudes toard
entrepreneurship in Taian(
/ersonality is a personGs inherent e;ternal .ehavior( The personality dominates a
personBs ords" deeds and role in life( $oreover" individual actions" loo6s" posture
and thin6ing are derived from the personality <#u Chao" 23-3=( Costa? $cCrae
<233+= thought that the personality shos the individualBs degree of inclination
toards a certain thing or action( The personality is a model of consistency that shos
thought" emotion and action( They thought that personality is different in 6ind and
degree for all persons( In other ords" all people on every 6ind of personal trait" .ut
the degree that each trait is individually manifested is different(
In characteristics or traits!.ased research the researcher attempted to descri.e the
entrepreneurial personality as the 6ey component in creating a venture( In past
research on personal traits and entrepreneurship the researchers indicated that the
need for achievement" locus of control" ris6!ta6ing propensity" Type!A .ehavior and
tolerance for am.iguity are the 6inds of personal traits necessary to entrepreneurs( The
Big!Five personality theory is comprised of the complete entrepreneurial traits( As
outlined in Carter et al <+)),=" innovation" independence" self!reali4ation" financial
success" roles and recognition are the important reasons an entrepreneur chooses to
start an enterprise(
In 2398" 5aymond Cattell used emerging computer technology to analy4e the
Allport!0d.ert personailty list( The hypothesis that individuals descri.e themselves
and each other according to si;teen different independent factors as e;amined( Aith
these si;teen factors as a .asis Cattell ent on to construct the 28/F /ersonality
Huestionnaire" hich remains in use .y universities and .usinesses for personnel
selection( The current 28/F ta6es these findings into account and is considered to .e a
9
very good test( In 238, A(T( &orman replicated CattellBs or6 and suggested that five
factors ould .e sufficient

Ai6ipedia" +))8

The Big!Five model is therefore

suita.le for measuring individual personality(
The potential for entrepreneurs today is greater than ever( The entrepreneur
perhaps possesses some personal traits that ma6e them more li6ely to start an
enterprise than others <%i" +)))=( For this reason" understanding the individualGs
personal traits could help us 6no the potential characteristics re1uired for
entrepreneurs( Ae ill e;plore different personality traits and environmental factors
that produce entrepreneurship(
In the Big Five personality theory personalities are classified into the folloing
categoriesI agreea.leness" conscientiousness" e;traversion" neuroticism and openness
to e;perience( The Big Five are five .road factors or personal trait dimensions
discovered through empirical research <>old.erg" 233,=( Although psychologists have
developed theories to account for the Big Five" the Big Five is a descriptive model of
personality and not a theory <Ai6ipedia" +))8=( Ta.le 2 is a comparative list of the
Big!Five personal traits and entrepreneurial personality( According to the comparison"
the Big Five characteristics are similar to the traits for an entrepreneur( For e;ample
agreea.leness is same as Type!A .ehavior and paying attention to human
relationships( Conscientiousness is similar to the entrepreneurial goal!directed and
responsi.ility characteristics( Third" e;traversion is similar to entrepreneur
characteristics such as li6es challenge

need for authority

aspiration

need for
achievement and confidence( &euroticism is similar to characteristics such as locus of
control and ris6!ta6ing( 0penness to e;perience is similar to innovative and
independence characteristics( Therefore" adopting the Big!Five five personal traits to
measure the entrepreneurial personality is useful in e;amining entrepreneurial
characteristics(
Ta.le 2 The list of comparison of Big!Five personality and entrepreneur traits
Big!Five Type of
personality
/ersonality characteristic<s= The entrepreneur trait
Agreea.leness friendly

generous

helpful

dec
ent

trustorthy
Type!A .ehavior

human
relationship
Conscientiousness control

regulate

acting
spontaneously
>oal!direction

responsi.ility
E;traversion EnFoy .eing ith people

full
of energy

positive
emotions

action!
oriented

enthusiastic

challenge

attempt

need for
authority

aspiration

&eed for
achievement

confidence
7
n&euroticism Tendency to e;perience
negative feeling such as
an;iety

anger or depression(
locus of control

ris6!ta6ing
0penness to
E;perience
imaginative

creative

conventi
onal

more aare of art

Innovation

independence
The environment is a comprehensive factor in influencing entrepreneurs to start
an enterprise( This includes economic" social culture and policy factors( The
environment affects individual entrepreneurial ill and a.ility( <>nyaaii ? Fogel"
2339=( According to past research" a nationBs entrepreneurial environment appeared at
the loest limitation" hich includes ta; and other incident factors( The
entrepreneurial environment includes all of the training and advisory services to any
person that creates a ne .usiness( >overnment organi4ations can offer training and
consultation services to improve the environment for starting enterprises( Therefore"
the environment affects the entrepreneurBs motivation and the entrepreneurBs
cognition of this environment ould affect the individualBs attitude toard
entrepreneurship( These factors affect the individualBs entrepreneurial .ehavior(
Entrepreneurial environmental factors are descri.ed in Ta.le +
Ta.le + The influential factors of entrepreneurial environmental
5esearcher Influential factors of entrepreneurial environmental
Scott ? Tomey
< 23--=
2( /redisposing Factors D roles of parents(
+( Triggering FactorsD see6ing Fo.s" unemployment and Fo.
alertness(
,( EnterpriseGs ideas(
Bird< 23--= 2( Society" policy and economic changes( +( changes of the mar6et(
,( rescind the control
Ju S( K < 233)= 2( $icroeconomic environment(
+( The society and political environment(
Chang K( S
< 2332=
2(Economic chance situationD Three items of economic chance
situation" such as fund supplying" supply of la.or and the mar6et
scale(
Aang H( E
< 2332=
2( >overnment policies +( The place of starting an enterprise ,(
Industrial structure( 9( $ar6et situation is 7( The fund and la.or( 8(
Attraction of human( *( Site of factory and products( -( The
or6force supply and policy sta.ility
Cai S( C < +))2= 2( The industrial structure changes( +( The economic change( ,(
The changes of the society( 9( The governmentGs sta.ility( 7( The
8
sta.ility of the political situation is 8( The changes of the la( *(
Changes of science and technology
3. ethodology
3.1 !ample
This survey included undergraduates in the .usiness management departments of
technological colleges and universities in Taian( The sample si4e consists of -2+
undergraduate students in Taian" hich represents a *,

response rate from the

total num.er of 1uestionnaires distri.uted(
3.2 Instruments
The survey instrument as .ased on an academic revie of the entrepreneurship
study field( The ay the varia.les ere derived and measured is descri.ed .elo(
3.2.1 "ersonal traits
/ersonal traits ere the independent varia.les( In this study" the personal traits
scale as revised from the &E0!EFI

Costa

$cCrae" 23-8

and
Cai

+))2

Big!Five personality 1uestionnaires( The personal traits scale is a paper

and pencil measure .ased on a five!factor personality model( This research divides
student personal traits into five areas" includingD <2= Euman relationshipsI <+= >oal
directionI <,= &eed for achievementI <9= %ocus of controlI <7= Creative thin6ing(
3.2.2 #nvironmental cognition
In this study" environmental cognition is the independent varia.le( The strength
of the influential factors upon action is proposed in starting an enterprise involving
the society and political environment( This is .ased on Bird <23--=" ho proposed
that human .ehavior is affected .y the e;ternal environment( Environmental cognition
is divided into four factors( <2= Family environmentI <+= Educational environmentI <,=
Social environment and <9= Economic environment(
3.2.3 Attitude toward entrepreneurship
The attitude toard entrepreneurship is the dependent varia.le( The attitude as
measured according to the method of the social psychologists 5osen.er ? Eovland
<238)=" ho developed the concepts of putting forard an attitude( Attitude as
divided intoD <2= CognitionI <+= EmotionI <,= $otivationI <9= Behavioral intention(
3.2.$ easures
In this study" respondents ere as6ed to respond to each item on a 7!point
response scale ranging from 2 <strongly disagree= to 7 <strongly agree=(
3.3 %alidity and reliability
Ae folloed a toLstep procedure using S/SS softare to assess the validity
and relia.ility( An e;ploratory analysis as conducted first that assessed the
*
underlying factor structure of the scale items( To do so" e removed factor load items
.30( The remaining items ere then factor analy4ed again( The results revealed
factors ith eigenvalues greater than 2()( In the ne;t step e conducted Cron.achBs M
to assess the relia.ility of the scale items( Ta.le 2 shos the relia.ilities(
The results for the relia.ility and validity" the personality traits consisted of 23
items" divided into five dimensions( Environmental cognition consisted of 29 items
divided into four dimensions( The attitude toard entrepreneurship consisted of +2
items" divided into four dimensions(
Ta.le , 5elia.ilities of dimensions of instrument
domain Item Item no Cron.achBs M
Euman
relationship
9 *

+2

++

+, (**
>oal direction 8 2)

2+

2,

27

2-

23 (-)
&eed for
achievement
9 +7

+8

+*

+- (*,
%ocus of
control
, +)

,,

9* (7-
Creating
thin6ing
+ 92

98 (89
/ersonality traits relia.ility Cron.ach M (-,
Family
environment
, 2

, (*)
Education
environment
9 9

* (-+
Social
environment
9 -

22

2+

2, (*8
Economic
environment
, 3

2)

29 (*9
Environmental cognition relia.ility Cron.achBs M (-7
cognition 9 2

7 (-+
emotion 7 27

28

2*

2-

23 (--
motivation 7 2+

29

+)

+2

++ (-*
Behavior
intendance
* 2,

+,

+9

+7

+8

+*

+- (-3
Attitude toard entrepreneurship relia.ility Cron.achBs M (39
$. &ata analysis and results
-
$.1 'esearch and data analysis
Ae conducted regression and structural e1uation models <SE$= in this research(
0Ur research model included to independent varia.les and one dependent( The
dependent varia.le as the attitude toard entrepreneurship( Environmental cognition
and personal traits ere the independent varia.les( Ae conducted regression analysis
to test the efficiency among the varia.les(
Ae conducted structural e1uation models <SE$= to test our research model( This
is a general method for determining if the theoretical models fit the empirical data(
The general SE$ model can .e divided in to su.modelsD a measurement model and
a structural model( The measurement model defines relations .eteen the o.served
and the uno.served varia.les" and it specifies the manner .y hich each measure
loads on a particular factor( In contrast" the structural model defines the relations
among the uno.served varia.les( It specifies the manner .y hich particular latent
varia.les directly or indirectly influence( Ae used the SE$ to identify the relations
and influence among attitude toard entrepreneurship" environmental cognition and
personal traits(
$.2 'egression analysis
Ae applied regression analysis to estimate if the environmental cognition and
personal traits ere predictors of attitude toard entrepreneurship or not( As Ta.le 9
shos" the dependent varia.le is the attitude toard entrepreneurship and the
independent varia.les ere environmental cognition and personality traits( The results
supported that environmental cognition and personal traits ere significant predictors
of attitude toard entrepreneurship( Furthermore" environmental cognition is an
important predictor of attitude toard entrepreneurship( This could e;plain the
attitude toard entrepreneurship .etter than personality traits <.ased on AdFusted 5
+
=(
The parameter estimates <.ased on the N = shoed that environmental cognition and
personal traits ere positively and significantly related to attitude toard
entrepreneurship(
Ta.le 9 5esults of regression on Attitude toard entrepreneurship
Dependent Oaria.le
Independent varia.le
Attitude toard entrepreneurship
N SE 5
+
AdFusted 5
+
Environmental cognition (77+

()9* (,)7

(,)9

Environmental cognition
/ersonality traits
(987

()93 (,7+

(,7)

(+,9

()9+
p
()7<one!tailed test=
p
()2<one!tailed test=
3
p
())2<one!tailed test=
$.3 !tructural #(uation odel
$.3.1 )he model data fit
The structural e1uation model as descri.ed in Fig( 2 and Ta.le 7( The figure
descri.es the model and the ta.le shos its parameters( The SE$ analysis as
conducted using the %ISE5% program" .ased on the covariance matri; generated from
this sample( All of the relationships entered into the model ere significant" according
to a ma;imum li6elihood discrepancy function( This model as found to fit the data
chi!s1uare <nP,))=P ++7(,," >FIP )(-3" 5$SEAP ()--" &FIP )(3+" 5FIP )(-3" CFIP
)(39" and all parameters ere found to .e significant <p

()7=( In contrast to the

critical inde; value that the grater part of indices are fit for critical standard( The
means of the result" the empirical data as a fit for our research model(
Ta.le 7 The results of Structural E1uation $odel Analysis
Fit Indicators
indices Critical inde;
&P ,)) dfP 8+ +))

&

7))
chi!s1uareP ++7(,, p

()7
>FIP )(-3

)(3
5$SEAP ()--

)(2
&FIP )(3+

)(3
5FIP )(-3

)(3
CFIP )(39

)(3
$.3.2 )he influence effects among the variables
According to theory of this research" the relations and the influence effects
among the Attitude toard entrepreneurship" environmental cognition and personal
traits are supposed .y the statistical result( The result in the Ta.le 8 shos that the
personality traits did not directly affect the attitude toard entrepreneurship
significantly <QP)(2," tP2(-*" pR ()7=" .ut the personality traits could directly affect
environmental cognition significantly <QP)(9*" tP9(33" pS ()7=( In addition"
environmental cognition could directly affect the attitude toard entrepreneurship"
and the coefficient as )(8) <QP(8)" t P7(*" pS ()7=(
The results sho that only the personal traits have indirect effects in this research
model( They could affect the attitude toard entrepreneurship through environmental
cognition( The indirect influence value is )(+-<)(9*T)(8)=(
2)
According to the a.ove research results personal traits ere directly influential
factors into the attitude toard entrepreneurship and environmental cognition(
Environmental cognition is a direct influential factor into the attitude toard
entrepreneurship( $oreover" personal traits are indirect influential factor on the
attitude toard entrepreneurship <)(+-U)(2,P)(92=(
Ta.le 8 The results of influence among the varia.les
varia.les Direct/indirect effect /ersonality traits Attitude toard
entrepreneurship
Attitude toard
entrepreneurship
Efficient value
Standard error
t!value
)(2,/)(+-
)()*/)()8
2(-*/9(*,
Total effect
Efficient value
Standard error
t!value
)(92V
)()*
7(9*
Environmental
cognition
Efficient value
Standard error
t!value
)(9*V
)()3
9(33
)(8)
)(2)
7(*)
22
/ersonal
traits
)(9-
)(77
FamilyBs
environment
)(8)
Fig 1 The structural e1uation model
)(*-
)(9*
Environment
!al cognition
Attitude toard
entrepreneurship
)(2,
Education
environment
)(*7
)(*,
)(8)
Education
environment
Education
environment
)(*)
)(-,
)(8-
Education
environment
Education
environment
Education
environment
Education
environment
)(
)(78
)(*9
)(**
)(9-
)(89
Creating
thin6ing
%ocus of
control
&eed of
Achievement
demand
>oal direction
Euman
relationship
2+
*. +onclusion and suggestions
This study tested an influential model on the attitude toard entrepreneurship(
The model as found to fit the data( $oreover" it as found that personal traits and
environmental cognition ere the important factors in entrepreneurship( /revious
research" such as carter et al( <+)),= and Aang ? Aong <+))9=" called for studies on
entrepreneurs and students ith similar factors that affected their entrepreneurial
interest and actions( Although there are some differences from previous research on
personal traits" the result of this research as confirmed .y the research of >nyaaii
? >ogel <2339=" and could .e e;plain .y BanduraBs Social %earning Theory( The
Social learning theory e;plains human .ehavior in terms of a continuous reciprocal
interaction .eteen cognitive" .ehavioral and environmental determinants(
Accordingly" the environmental cognition could affect the individual attitude toard
entrepreneurship( The personal traits could affect the attitude toard entrepreneurship
through environmental cognition(
According to the analysis result" the need for achievement" locus of control and
creative thin6ing are the most important characteristics for entrepreneurship( The
family" society" education and economic environment are also important factors( Ae
could enhance the attitude toard entrepreneurship in students at technological
colleges and universities through entrepreneurship education( Ae could supply
entrepreneurial 6noledge to students( Ae could also promote more entrepreneurial
actions and foster entrepreneurial personalities( Finally" e could provide some
suggestion as .elo(
We should encourage students to attend entrepreneurial competitions and
,oin wor-shops on entrepreneurship. )hey could get more information and
resources and add to their cognition of the environment. )here are two ways to
help students.
2( Ae could offer students more information via the school educational system( Ae
could promote students in the pursuit of achievement and innovation( The government
departments" enterprises" communities and social organi4ations are the suita.le
organi4ations for this assignment(
+( Eold relevant lectures and classes to help students understand policies" resources
and the entrepreneurial environment( Ae should teach them to analy4e the direction
and chances for entrepreneurship( This could increase student confidence a.out
entrepreneurship
We should foster student.s positive employment attitude to improve their
cognition of the environment and establish a foundation for entrepreneurship in
the future.
In accordance ith result of this research" the attitude toard entrepreneurship in
2,
undergraduates is affected .y the environment( If students have a more positive
employment attitude they ould to 6no a.out the environment for critical
occupations( The school should re1uest that students .e responsi.le" conscientious"
and pay attention to learning achievement and attend entrepreneurial directed
activities( Ahen students possess a good employment attitude" this ould increase
their attitude toard entrepreneurship(
29
'eferences
Big!Five personality traits( 0cto.er 9" +))8" form
httpD//e n(i6ipedia(org/i6i/BigWfiveWpersonalityWtraits
Bird" B(" <23--=( Implementing entrepreneurial ideas

The case for intentions(

Academy of management Review, 13<,=" 99+!979(
Boyd" &( >("

Oo4i6is" >(( S(" <2339=( The influence of self!efficacy on the

development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions( Entrepreneurship theory
and practice" 18<9=" 8,!**(
Carter" &( $(" >artner" A( B(" Shaver @( >("

>ateood E( K(" <+)),=( The career

reasons of &ascent entrepreneurs( Journal of Business Venturing" 18<2=" 2,!,3(
Ciavarella" $( A(" Buchholt4" A( @(" 5iordan" C( $(" >ateood" 5( D("

Stoc6es" >(
S( <+))9=( The .ig five and venture survivalD Is there a lin6ageX Journal of
Business Venturing" 1<9=" 987!9-,(
Costa" /( T( Kr("

$cCrae" 5( 5(" <233+a=( Four ays five factors are .asic(

!ersonality and "ndividual #ifferences" 13" 87,!887(
David 0( S(" Konathan %(" Freedman" %(" Anne /(

23-8

( $ocial
psychology

Eang( A(B(" trans

Taipei

Aunan /u.lishing Co(" %td( <In

Chinese=
Donald F( @(" <+))7=( The emergence of entrepreneurship educationD development"
trends" and challenges( Entrepreneurship theory and practice, ,7"7**!73*(
>hosh" B( C("

@an" A(" <2338=( An analysis of 6ey success factors of S$EsD A

comparative study of Shingapore/$alaysia and Australia/&e Cealand"
Unpu.lished(
>nyaaii" D( 5("

Fogel" D(" <2339=( Environments for entrepreneurship

developmentD 6ey dimension and research implications( Entrepreneurship%
&heory

practice" 18<9=" 9,!8+(

>old.erg" %( 5(" <233)=( An alternative description of personalityThe .ig five factor
structure( Journal of !ersonality and $ocial !sychology"'" 87,!887(
>orman" >(" Eanlon" D("

@ing" A(" <233*=( Some research perspectives on

entrepreneurship education and education for small .usiness managementD a ten!
year literature revie( "nternational $mall Business Journal, 1'<,=" 78!**(
>reen.erg" D(B("

Se;ton( D( %( <23--=( An Interactive model of ne venture

initiation( Journal of $mall Business (anagement" )*<,=" 2!*(
@ourils6y" $( %("

Aalstad" A( B(" <233-=( Entrepreneurship and Female youthD

6noledge" attitude" gender differences" and educational practices( Journal of
+usiness venturing, 13<2=" **!--(
27
%i" @ ( C("

+)))

&he relationship +etween entrepreneurship orientation,

mar,eting strategies and mar,et performance( Unpu.lished masterBs thesis"
University of Chung Cheng" Chiayi" Taian(
/aul Shu (" <233,=( Entrepreneurial .ehavior" entrepreneurial research and
entrepreneurship education( In %iu" C( #( <Eds(=" &he analysis of management
education pro+lems in &aiwan and -hina. @aohsFungD Fuen /u.lishing Co("
%td( <In Chinese=
Scott" $("

Tomey" D(" <23--=( The long!term supply of entrepreneurs

StudentsB
career aspirations in relation to entrepreneurship( Journal of $mall Business
(anagement" )*<9=" 7!2,(
Tsai" E ( %(" <+))2=( &he relationship +etween /o+ characteristics, personality and /o+
satisfaction- $emi0conductor as E1ample( Unpu.lished masterBs thesis"
University of Central" Taoyuan" Taian((
Tsai" S( K(" <+))2=( A $tudy of Entrepreneur -ognition and Behavior "ntentionAn
Application of &heory of !lanned Behavior and $ocial -ognitive &heory(
Unpu.lished masterBs thesis" University of @aohsFung First of science and
technology" @aohsFung" Taian(
Aang" C( @("

Aong" /(@(" <+))9=( Entrepreneurial interest of university students in

Singapore(&echnovation, )2<+=" 28,!2*+(
A ang" H( E(" <2332=( &he relationship +etween entrepreneur3s +ehavior, environment
and personal characteristics. Unpu.lished masterBs thesis" University of
Taian" Taipei" Taian(
#u" C(" <23-3=" !ersonality( TaipeiSanmin /u.lishing Co(" %td( <In Chinese=
Chang" C( J(" <233+/+))+

( 4hang3s !sychological dictionary( TaipeiD Donghua

/u.lishing Co(" %td( <In Chinese=
C hang" K( S(" <2332=( &he relationship +etween Entrepreneurial +ehavior, Achievement
(otivation and family +ac,ground. Unpu.lished masterBs thesis" University of
Taian" Taipei" Taian(
28