EFFECTS OF SELF-

MOTIVATION AND
FAMILY SUPPORT ON
ENTREPRENEURIAL
INTENTIONS
Among University Student

Subject: Methods of Business Research

Class: BBA-VI (A)

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Contributors

Instructor

Dr. Gul Afshan

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Abstract:
This study aimed to investigate the entrepreneurial intentions among the youth especially that of
university students. Students from business administration stream even tend to have low
entrepreneurial intentions despite their rigorous course of business management at higher level.
For the reason we tried to examine how self-intentions, family support and entrepreneurial skills
affect the entrepreneurial intentions among the youth. For data collection a set of questioner is
self-administered to the students from different universities of Pakistan. The respondents were
selected using simple random sampling method. The responses was measure through 5-point
Likert scale.

Introduction:
There hasn't been a specific definition of entrepreneurship which incorporates all areas of study in
the research. Various definitions of entrepreneurship have emerged in an attempt to define it.
Entrepreneurship, according to Sathiabama (2010), is a continuing phenomenon in which groups
and individuals create wealth. Entrepreneurship can be defined by Venter and Rwigema as the
activity of organizing, conceptualizing, growing and launching a business. Entrepreneurship is an
approach for increasing prosperity, financial success and growth. As a result, an entrepreneur is
somebody who manages, take risk, organizes, and grows a new program into a successful and
profitable enterprise.(Annisa, Tentama, and Bashori 2021)

The significance and purpose of entrepreneurship is not limited to the corporate world. Firstly,
entrepreneurship is a mean to utilize unutilized resources, labor and capital in an efficient way.
Entrepreneurs do it in order to turn a profit or, in the context of social entrepreneurialism, to solve
a problem in the community. Moreover, entrepreneurs are important for economies of scale as they
are the main driving factor for the growth of economic activities of the country. They promote new
job creation by producing new products and services, resulting in a speedy rate of economic
growth. Entrepreneurs can change cultures and societal traditions, reducing reliance on system,
outdated methods and technologies. Business owners are the originators in launching innovative
technology and processes, which, in turn, result in societal developments. These gains are
associated to a healthy lifestyle, more compassionate thinking, greater satisfaction, and more
financial possibilities. In this sense, social changes have a progressive effect on regional and world
developments. Therefore it is essential to employ such public policies that stimulate and support
entrepreneurship and it must be prioritized for economic development.

The measurement of entrepreneurship is possible in two ways as per Pihie: People who have
launched a business (Actual entrepreneurship) and those who aspire to start a business (latent and
entrepreneurial intentions. The focus of this research is latent entrepreneurship. Pihkala and
Vesalainen defines as a conscious state of mind, implicit entrepreneurship focuses attention on a
specific objective (goal) or path to accomplish it (means). Latent try to identify to be self-employed
in the long term, and they will be able to do so with the correct regulations.

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Study setting:

This study is carried out on the youth Population of age 20 to 26 and the geographic scope of the
study extends across Pakistan. The survey questionnaire is circulated in different public and private
sector universities for the data collection from the students currently studying in respective
universities. This is the only investigative study so far in existing literature which considers the
furlong suppressed concept of entrepreneurial intentions among the youth in Pakistan, examining
the main factors: family support, self-motivation and entrepreneurial skills and how they affect the
aforementioned variable.

Literature review:
Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) study of entrepreneurial intention is one example of a theory of
entrepreneurial intentions. Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) theory of reasoned behavior, Sokol and
Shapero’s entrepreneurial event theory(1982), Process driven theory of Bandura’s( 1991), and
theory of Ajzen planned behavior (1991) are all theories of entrepreneurial intention. Our
intentions to participate in different traits are motivated within our own mindset toward that
behavior, as per Ajzen (1975) rational action theory. This means that the aim is the most important
factor, accompanied by the action. The thoughts are influenced by external environment, which
modify attitude and establish intention which, if potent enough, leads to action, according to the
process driven hypothesis. Shapero and Sokol proposed the entrepreneurial event theory initially
(1982). The concept investigates how changes in one's life path influence individual attractiveness
and beliefs of practicality when starting a new venture. The basic premise of the entrepreneurial
event concept is that major life transformations (dislocation) manifest in a changing in
entrepreneurial purpose and action. Displacement can happen as a result of a negative event, such
as a loss of employment, or as a result of a positive event, including such financial assistance.
Individual perceptions of the attractiveness and feasibility of entrepreneurship have a significant
influence on the choice to become an entrepreneur. This paper delves at how a person's intentions
affects their actual behavior toward something. According to Ajzen's behavioral intention, the
aspiration to be an entrepreneur and the act of becoming an entrepreneur are interrelated. The
underlying assumptions of planned behavior are as:
 Usually human action involves pre-planned and so preceded by an intention to do so.
 In making a decision, living beings are rational and make deliberate use of all the available
information to them.
 Intentions are result of planned behavior.(Fatoki and Chindoga 2011)
The following are the study's hypotheses:
H1: There is a positive association between family support and entrepreneurial inclinations.
H2: Self-motivation is intimately connected to entrepreneurial aspirations.
H3: entrepreneurship skills are a mediator between entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial
skills.

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H1: There is a positive association between family support and entrepreneurial
inclinations.
According to Omar (2019), Self-motivation is indeed the main driver that propels a person forward
into a goal. It is a character trait that encourages people to face obstacles and would never
surrender, even in tough circumstances. This is an important factor that holds people centered on
number of goals, therefore it is regarded as critical in constructing career options. It is a
distinguishing characteristic which comprises of mainly: strength, generality and magnitude
(2019). Thus these components aid in the development of entrepreneurial aspiration, and sometime
are prerequisite for beginning the entrepreneurial actions. Self-motivation strengthen self-esteem
in a person, allowing him or her to take on entrepreneurship roles, face obstacles, and complete
challenging project- oriented tasks with ease. Thus this is how, aspiring entrepreneurs poses a high
level of self-motivation and can be highly dedicated to reaching their objectives. Self-motivation
is focused on a person's perspective of themselves, as well as their strengths and talents. It denotes
whether they have gathered all of the necessary resources to complete a task successfully (2019).
So, according to (Marques et al. 2019),(Pratikto and Winarno 2019) and (Omar et al. 2019): Self-
motivation has directly link with entrepreneurial intentions.

H2: Family Support has positive relationship with entrepreneurial intentions.

According to a study of (Kolvereid 1996), entrepreneurial purpose recognizes the significance of
family in enticing youngsters to start a business. Researchers have uncovered a correlation between
family support and the desire to start a business. Support from family support has always been a
source of strength for one and helps in the development of an entrepreneurial mindset. Family
support in projects illustrates the importance of family roles and responsibilities, which form the
personal exchange system between family members and businesspeople. Entrepreneurs employ
this type of trade to mobilize assets from their network of friends and family, which can help the
program's overall quality. Family support is a kind of encouragement for potential entrepreneurs
to practice their innovative ideas for efficient and effective solutions for the business challenges
while alleviating emotional anguish is any, caused by financial problems. Entrepreneurial
endeavors also necessitate a large sum of money, which is difficult for recent graduates to get.
People can easily overcome this obstacle with financial assistance from parents, relatives, and
friends and begin their commercial activities. A previous study (Kolvereid 1996) and (Xu et al.
2020) backed up our claim that family support had a favorable impact on entrepreneurial ambition.
Entrepreneurs who are near to their family members have a better knowledge of business potential
and have a big say in whether or not to support their activities.

H3: entrepreneurship skills are a mediator between entrepreneurial intentions and

entrepreneurial skills

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 According to Shabbir (2017), Entrepreneurial abilities are critical to achieving success in the
business world. They are critical in identifying the critical function of entrepreneurs in risky or
uncertain situations. They assist in the development of new items in order for the entrepreneur to
gain economic profit. Some researchers have highlighted their relevance to entrepreneurial intent
in prior studies and discovered a favorable relationship between these characteristics.
Entrepreneurial success is based on entrepreneurial talents rather than experience or education.
Entrepreneurial talents enable the effective development of large social networks and significant
market rivalry. As a result of their expanding importance in developing and growing economies,
scholars have emphasized these characteristics. The previous studies Shabbir ( et al. 2017) and
(Michelacci 2003) confirmed our hypothesis.

Research Framework:

Self-Motivation

Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurial
Skills Intentions

Family Support

Methodology:
Population:
The population was made up of students from various universities in Pakistan.

Sample:
The study concentrated on students studying at universities throughout Pakistan. In this study,
simple random sampling Method is used to collect the responses of 115 respondents. In the data
collection process, the respondents were sent the entrepreneurial intentions questionnaire, along
with a cover letter, via social media platforms. SPSS was used to analyze the collected data.
Approach:
In this study, we used Deductive approach in which we study existing theories related to
entrepreneurial intentions and then tests our hypotheses.

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Strategy and choice:
The strategy which we used to collect data in this study was survey and our choice for the research
was mono methods as we used quantitative approach.
Time horizon:
This is a cross sectional study because we have collected one time data for the study.
Measures:

Self-interest drives entrepreneurial intention, which stimulates people to finish their initiatives
faster. To assess the concept, three items were collected from(Liñán and Chen 2009). Physiological
construct of self-motivation shows consistent behavior of an individual in making decisions and
remaining motivated toward established goals, as measured by five items from (Omar et al. 2019).
Psychological construct of family support symbolizes the financial and moral support of family
members, and it aids in the start-up of an entrepreneurial initiative. (Lingappa, Shah, and Mathew
2020) were used to assess it through three items. Individual abilities required to build, organize,
and apply concepts during entrepreneurial activities are referred to as entrepreneurial skills, and
these were assessed using five items adapted from (Liñán and Chen 2009).

In this study, entrepreneurial intention was measured through a statement of “I am very positive
for a new startup in near future”. By this way, it can be possible to see the immediate effect of
entrepreneurial intention factor. The level of Self-Motivation was measured through four
statements i-e “I am sure that I can accomplish every task successfully” and “I believe that I can
manage a company successfully”. Family support is measured through four statements i-e “My
family would support me if I wanted to start a new venture’’ and Entrepreneurial skills is assessed
by three statements i-e “I have some experience working with business problems”. In the
questionnaire, all responses were obtained on a 5‐point Likert‐type scale from strongly agree to
strongly disagree.

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References:
Annisa, Dewi Niki, Fatwa Tentama, and Khoiruddin Bashori. 2021. “The Role of Family
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Youth Entrepreneurship in South Africa.” International Business Research 4(2):161–69.
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Kolvereid, Lars. 1996. “Prediction of Employment Status Choice Intentions.” Entrepreneurship
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Liñán, Francisco, and Yi–Wen Chen. 2009. “Development and Cross–Cultural Application of a
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