Standardization of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis

FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE
Volume 3, Number 1, 2006

Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
Standardization of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis
Protocols for the Subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7,
Salmonella, and Shigella for PulseNet
EFRAIN M. RIBOT,
1
M.A. FAIR,
1
R. GAUTOM,
2
D.N. CAMERON,
1
S.B. HUNTER,
1
B. SWAMINATHAN,
1
and TIMOTHY J. BARRETT
1
ABSTRACT
Standardized rapid pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) protocols for the subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7,
Salmonella serotypes, and Shigella species are described. These protocols are used by laboratories in PulseNet, a
network of state and local health departments, and other public health laboratories that perform real-time PFGE
subtyping of these bacterial foodborne pathogens for surveillance and outbreak investigations. Development and
standardization of these protocols consisted of a thorough optimization of reagents and reaction conditions to en-
sure that the protocols yielded consistent results and high-quality PFGE pattern data in all the PulseNet partici-
pating laboratories. These rapid PFGE protocols are based on the original 34-day standardized procedure devel-
oped at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that was validated in 1996 and 1997 by eight independent
laboratories. By using these rapid standardized PFGE protocols, PulseNet laboratories are able to subtype food-
borne pathogens in approximately 24 h, allowing for the early detection of foodborne disease case clusters and
often aiding in the identification of the source responsible for the infections.
59
INTRODUCTION
T
HE GLOBALIZATION of food markets and
changes in food processing and distribu-
tion practices, where a contaminated food
product could reach consumers across city,
state, or country borders, have contributed to
the increase in the number of multi-state and
multi-country outbreaks of foodborne illness
(Barrett et al., 1994; Campbell et al., 2001; CDC,
1998, 1999). The increased occurrence of multi-
locality foodborne outbreaks presents a new
and complicated challenge for epidemiologists
in the United States and abroad. Perhaps the
biggest challenge is the development of strate-
gies that would allow for the rapid identifica-
tion of clusters of illness and, in particular,
outbreak-related cases that are dispersed
throughout a larger region in order to prevent
additional infections from occurring (Tauxe,
1997). The development and application of epi-
demiologically relevant molecular subtyping
techniques and the availability of highly so-
phisticated computer software for data analy-
sis have increased the role laboratories play in
the detection of clusters of illness and investi-
gation of outbreaks of bacterial infections. De-
spite these advances, different laboratories do
not always use the same methods for subtyp-
ing, making inter-laboratory comparisons ex-
tremely difficult, if not impossible. Even when
the same method is used, minor differences in
the protocol conditions or parameters often re-
sult in data that are not comparable (Bolton et
al., 1996; van Belkum et al., 1995; van Belkum,
1998). The integration of these tools coupled
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
2
Washington State Department of Health, Public Health Laboratories, Shoreline, Washington.
with advances in the information technologies
arena has enabled us to rapidly recognize clus-
ters of illness that would have previously gone
undetected, especially those linked to a com-
mon source (Chan et al., 2002; Cummings et al.,
2001; Proctor et al., 2001).
A wide array of DNA fingerprinting meth-
ods have been used for the purpose of subtyp-
ing bacteria (Holmberg et al., 1984; Maslow et
al., 1993; Olive and Bean, 1999). Restriction
fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is one
of the most frequently used molecular subtyp-
ing tools in epidemiologic investigations.
While there are different approaches to RFLP,
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) has
been shown to be a reliable and highly dis-
criminating method for subtyping foodborne
pathogens and other bacteria (Barrett et al.,
1994; Swaminathan et al., 2001; Streulens et al.,
2001; Georing, 2004). Even though PFGE is cur-
rently considered the gold standard for the
subtyping of foodborne bacteria, its usefulness
has been limited by reproducibility problems
and the inability to compare fingerprint data
obtained in different laboratories. These intra-
and interlaboratory data compatibility issues
can be overcome by using highly standardized
laboratory protocols for generating and ana-
lyzing data. This was the original goal of
PulseNet, the molecular subtyping-based sur-
veillance system for foodborne bacterial dis-
eases, which was initiated by the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1996
(Swaminathan et al., 2001). PFGE was selected
as the molecular subtyping method for food-
borne bacteria after its utility for outbreak in-
vestigations was convincingly demonstrated in
a study of isolates from the E. coli O157:H7 out-
break in the western United States in 1993 (Bar-
rett et al., 1994). Implementation of PFGE into
PulseNet was preceded by a protocol develop-
ment program charged with the responsibility
of standardizing the PFGE methodology as
well, as the data analysis system, to ensure that
the data generated by different laboratories
was comparable and of the highest quality pos-
sible. Data reproducibility and comparability
are paramount in the successful implementa-
tion of any decentralized molecular subtyping
system, such as PulseNet, independently of the
method used.
The use of rapid standardized PFGE proto-
cols, analysis parameters and nomenclature,
and the ability to exchange information in real-
time via the internet are at the center of
PulseNets continued success (Swaminathan et
al., 2001; Gerner-Smidt et al., 2005). Here, we
describe rapid (2428 h) standardized PFGE
protocols being used by PulseNet laboratories
today along with comments on those steps that
are particularly critical for the successful im-
plementation of these protocols in laboratories
with different levels of experience and re-
sources.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Rapid standardized PulseNet PFGE protocol for
E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and
Shigella species
Bacterial strains. Bacteria were grown on
Trypticase soy agar plates with 5% sheep blood
(TSA-SB; Becton Dickinson and Company,
Sparks, MD) at 37C for 1416 h. All isolates
were identified and serotyped using standard
procedures (Ewing, 1986).
PFGE plug preparation. Cell suspensions were
prepared by removing cells from the plate sur-
face with a sterile cotton or polyester fiber ap-
plicator swab that has been moistened with
sterile Cell Suspension Buffer (CSB, 100 mM
Tris, 100 mM EDTA [pH 8.0]) and transferring
them to tubes (Falcon 2057, 12 75 mm; Bec-
ton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) containing
2 mL of CSB. The concentration of each cell sus-
pension was adjusted to a turbidity reading of
0.480.52 on the digital output of a Microscan
Turbidity Meter (Dade Behring, Inc., Deerfield,
IL). This corresponds to absorbance values of
approximately 1.31.4 measured at a wave-
length of 610 nm with a spectrophotometer
(Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) and transmit-
tance values of approximately 15% when using
a Vitek colorimeter (bioMrieux, Durham, NC).
A 400-L aliquot of each adjusted cell sus-
pension was transferred to a sterile microcen-
trifuge tube containing 20 L of proteinase K
(20 mg/mL stock; Amresco, Solon, OH; Invit-
rogen, Carlsbad, CA) and mixed gently by tap-
RIBOT ET AL. 60
ping a capped tube on the palm of the hand or
flicking it several times with fingers. Alterna-
tively, the proteinase K can be added directly
to each cell suspension after they have been
aliquoted into their respective tubes. The
agarose used to make the plugs consists of 1%
SeaKem Gold agarose (SKG, Cambrex, Rock-
land, ME) and 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate
(SDS; Roche Diagnostics Corp., Indianapolis,
IN) prepared in Tris EDTA buffer (TE; 10 mM
Tris, 1 mM EDTA [pH 8.0]). The agarose mix-
ture was thoroughly melted in a microwave
and allowed to equilibrate for 15 min in a
5456C water bath. Four hundred microliters
of the equilibrated agarose mixture were
added to each cell suspension and mixed gen-
tly by pipetting up and down two to three
times before immediately dispensing into the
wells of reusable or disposable PFGE plug
molds (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). The plugs
were allowed to solidify at room temperature
for 510 min or at 4C for 5 min. The plugs are
then removed from the molds and placed in a
50-mL polypropylene conical tube (Blue-
Max, Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ)
containing 5 mL of Cell Lysis Buffer (CLB; 50
mM Tris, 50 mM EDTA [pH 8.0]; 1% Sarcosyl
[Sigma, St. Louis, MO]; 0.1 mg/mL proteinase
K). The samples were incubated in a 54C
shaking water bath or orbital shaking incuba-
tor for 1.52 h with constant and vigorous ag-
itation (150175 rpm).
The tubes were removed from the water bath
or incubator and the lysis buffer is discarded.
The plugs can be quickly rinsed once with 10
mL of sterile reagent grade water (type 1) to re-
move the residual lysis buffer coating the plugs
and the inside walls of the tube (this is an op-
tional step). The plugs were then washed two
times with 1015 mL of sterile type 1 water
(pre-heated to 50C) in a 50C water bath or
shaker incubator for 1015 min with constant
agitation. This was followed by four washes
with 1015 mL of sterile TE buffer (TE; 10 mM
Tris, 1 mM EDTA [pH 8.0]), pre-heated to 50C
as described above. After the last wash, 5 mL
of sterile TE buffer (room temperature) were
added to each tube to serve as storage media
for the plugs. The plugs were restricted imme-
diately or stored in TE buffer at 4C until
needed.
Restriction digestion with XbaI. Slices approx-
imately 2-mm-wide were cut from each of the
plugs with a single edge razor blade or scalpel
and placed in a sterile microcentrifuge tube that
contains 200 L of a 1 dilution of the appro-
priate restriction buffer for the enzyme. Three
to four slices of the plug of the DNA size stan-
dard strain (Salmonella ser. Braenderup H9812;
Hunter et al., 2004) were cut and immersed
in the appropriate restriction buffer solution
in microcentrifuge tubes as described above.
Three plug slices of the standard strain are
needed for 10-well gels and four for 15-well
gels. The standards and test samples were in-
cubated in a 37C water bath for 510 min. The
1 restriction buffer mixture was replaced
with 200 L of XbaI restriction enzyme mixture
(4050 U/slice; Roche) and incubated for 2 h at
37C. After incubation, the restriction mixture
was replaced with 200 L of 0.5 Tris borate
EDTA (TBE; prepared from 10 TBE contain-
ing 0.89 M Tris borate, 0.02 M EDTA [pH 8.3];
Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO) and allowed
to stand for 5 min to saturate the plug slices
with electrophoresis running buffer. These
same restriction enzyme and conditions were
used for plugs containing DNA from Salmonella
and Shigella strains. Restriction of plugs slices
with the secondary enzyme BlnI (isoschizomer
of AvrII; Roche) was performed, when needed,
using 30 units of enzyme per plug slice and in-
cubating at 37C for 2 h.
Electrophoresis conditions and casting of the
agarose gel. The 1% SKG agarose gel was pre-
pared using either a 10-well comb (Bio-Rad) in
the standard casting stand or 15-well comb in
the wide/long casting stand (Bio-Rad). The
universal size standard plug slices were loaded
into wells 1, 5, and 10 of a 1% SKG agarose gel,
and the test samples were loaded in the re-
maining wells. For the larger casting stand, the
universal size standard plug slices were loaded
in wells 1, 5, 10, and 15. Alternatively, restricted
plug slices were loaded directly on the comb,
prior to casting the gel, by aligning the plug
slices in the appropriate order on the lower
edge of the comb teeth. Excess liquid was re-
moved with a tissue, and the plug slices were
allowed to air dry for approximately 35 min
before pouring the melted 1% SKG agarose
PROTOCOLS FOR SUBTYPING OF E. COLI, SALMONELLA, AND SHIGELLA 61
RIBOT ET AL. 62
(equilibrated to 5560C). The comb was placed
in the gel casting mold so that the teeth of the
comb and the plug slices are flush with the bot-
tom of the casting mold. The gels were allowed
to polymerize for approximately 30 min at
room temperature.
The E. coli O157:H7 electrophoresis condi-
tions were determined originally by using the
Auto Algorithm feature on the CHEF Mapper
XA System (Bio-Rad) set to resolve restriction
fragments in the range of 30600 kb. The re-
sulting electrophoresis conditions are as fol-
lows: initial switch time value of 2.16 sec, final
switch time of 54.17 sec at a gradient of 6 V/cm
and an included angle of 120. Depending on
the size of the gel, they are electrophoresed for
1819 h in 0.5TBE (Sigma) at 14C; however,
the electrophoresis run time may vary from
laboratory to laboratory and must be deter-
mined empirically. These same electrophore-
sis conditions and electrophoresis run time are
used for PFGE of Shigella isolates. For Salmo-
nella, which typically yields restriction frag-
ments that are larger than those observed with
E. coli O157:H7 and Shigella, the electrophore-
sis conditions are modified slightly in order to
optimize the resolution of these fragments. The
electrophoresis conditions for Salmonella are as
follows: initial switch time of 2.16 sec and a fi-
nal switch time of 63.8 sec (based on a frag-
ment range of 30700 kb) and electrophoresis
run time of 1819 h.
Size standard. In 2003, PulseNet implemented
the use of a universal size standard, DNA
from a strain of Salmonella ser. Braenderup
H9812 that is restricted with XbaI (Hunter et
al., 2005). This strain currently used with all the
bacteria tracked by PulseNet and has been de-
posited with the American Type Culture Col-
lection (ATCC) under the accession number,
ATCC BAA-664.
Image acquisition. After the electrophoresis
was completed, the gels were stained with 400
mL of ethidium bromide solution (40 g/mL)
for 20 min with gentle rocking or shaking. The
gels were then de-stained with 400 mL of
deionized water for 1520 min a total of three
times by gentle rocking or shaking. The band-
ing pattern was observed under ultraviolet
(UV) illumination and a digital image (that can
be converted to the TIFF format) of the PFGE
patterns is acquired using the Gel Doc system
(Bio-Rad) following the saturation and inte-
gration parameters recommended by the man-
ufacturer. Digital images obtained with equip-
ment from other manufacturers will also work
provided that they can provide IBM-compati-
ble uncompressed TIFF images and resolution
of 768 640 pixels.
Analysis of TIFF images. Initially, analysis of
the TIFF images was carried out using the Mo-
lecular Analyst Fingerprinting Plus (Bio-Rad)
using the Dice coefficient and UPGMA to gen-
erate dendrograms. The analysis parameters
used in the reproducibility study (validation)
were based on 1.51.2% tolerance values. In
2001, the BioNumerics software (Applied
Maths, Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium) was in-
troduced to PulseNet for analysis and genera-
tion of dendrograms.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Preparation of PFGE plugs
A cell suspension buffer (CSB) containing a
high concentration of the chelating agent EDTA
(100 mM) is used to harvest the cells from the
BAPs in order to minimize potential endonu-
clease activity that may occur before the actual
lysis step is initiated. Standard TE buffer was
not selected as a cell suspension buffer because
of its poor osmotic properties that often re-
sulted in premature lysis of cells and DNA
degradation (observed as smearing or high
background in the resulting gels). Cell suspen-
sions were adjusted to values (equivalent to 45
McFarland Standard) that consistently yielded
DNA fragments of uniform intensity within
and between PFGE patterns. To prevent cell ly-
sis prior to immobilizing the cells in agarose,
the cell suspensions were mixed gently by tap-
ping a capped tube on the palm of the hand or
flicking it several times with fingers. Vortexing
cell suspensions is not recommended because
it can cause cell lysis, resulting in shearing of
the DNA and PFGE patterns with high back-
ground and faint restriction fragments in the
upper portion of the gels where the larger frag-
ments are normally found. We observed that
the addition of 1% SDS to the plug agarose
improved the efficiency of the lysis step by
saturating the plugs with a detergent prior to
placing them in the cell lysis buffer (which con-
tains 1% sarcosyl). Similarly, proteinase K was
added to the suspension prior to casting the
plugs to expedite the process of reagent diffu-
sion during the lysis step and to inactivate any
endonucleases that might be present.
Many previously published protocols rec-
ommended the use of low-melting agarose
such as Chromosomal Grade Agarose (Bio-
Rad) or InCert agarose (Cambrex) in the plugs
preparation. It is generally believed that the
softer and looser matrix created by this type of
agarose would allow for easier and faster ex-
change of reagents between the plugs and the
surrounding lysis buffer solutions when com-
pared with agarose with higher melting tem-
perature. Unfortunately, the integrity of plugs
made with low-melting agaroses deteriorated
during the high temperature (54C) lysis and
wash steps outlined in this protocol. Even
when plugs appeared to be intact, the fragile
nature of the low-melting agaroses made plugs
extremely difficult to cut and handle without
breaking them. We incorporated SKG agarose
in the plug preparation step to prevent this
from happening and to simplify the number of
reagents associated with this protocol.
Lysis of cells
Lysing cells for 1.52 h at 54C resulted in
optimal release of DNA from all the strains
tested. No difference was observed between
intensity of the restriction fragments obtained
with the rapid protocol and plugs made with
the 34-day version of the standardized PFGE
protocol (Fig. 1). The 34-day protocol called
for overnight lysis in a water bath at 54C with
gentle agitation. This modification to the orig-
inal protocol represents the most significant
change to the original protocol, allowing a con-
siderable reduction in the time needed for
completion of the PFGE process, so the lysis,
washing and restriction steps, followed by
loading and running of the gel could be done
in 810 h, depending on the number of cultures
processed. The concentration of proteinase K
in the lysis buffer was reduced by a factor of
10 from 1 to 0.1 mg/mL in the rapid protocol.
This change did not compromise the efficiency
of the lysis step (data not shown).
Washing of agarose plugs
Washing the plugs six times at 5054C for
1015 min per wash is sufficient to remove cell
debris, residual SDS, sarcosyl, and proteinase
K from the lysed plugs. This reduced the
amount of time required to complete the wash-
ing steps by approximately 50% when com-
pared to the longer (34-day) protocol, which
called for six washes of 2030 min each. It is
important to wash the lysed agarose plugs well
because residual detergents or proteinase K
will interfere with the restriction digestion
reactions and result in PFGE results of poor
quality.
Restriction digestion
We recommend the use of 4050 units per
plug slice of XbaI for a 2-h restriction to ensure
that full restriction digestion of the DNA would
be achieved consistently. Less enzyme (30 units
per plug slice) is recommended when using the
restriction enzyme BlnI (AvrII) to achieve full
restriction of DNA within the 2-h incubation
period. Restriction digestion with a second,
and in some cases, a third enzyme (SpeI) often
increases the overall discriminatory power of
PFGE. We recommend that BlnI be used in sit-
uations where there is more than one isolate
with indistinguishable XbaI patterns. If the
PFGE patterns are different with the primary
enzyme (XbaI), restriction with the secondary
enzyme (BlnI) may not be necessary unless
there is interest in obtaining information on
pattern combinations. For instance, primary
and secondary enzyme pattern combinations,
in combination with epidemiologic informa-
tion, can help us determine discriminatory
power of new non-PFGE subtyping methods.
The use of the tertiary enzyme, SpeI at 3040
units per plug slice, is recommended in situa-
tions where the PFGE patterns obtained with
both XbaI and BlnI from two or more isolates
are indistinguishable from each other. By us-
ing a secondary and tertiary enzyme, we can
determine if isolates are likely to be from a
common source of contamination. The original
PulseNet PFGE protocol recommended pre-in-
cubating the plug slices in two volumes of re-
striction buffer for 1530 min each before the
removing and adding the enzyme mixture; the
restriction digestion was done at 37C for 416
h. Decreasing the incubation in the pre-wash to
one time for 1015 min and the restriction to
2 h helped to reduce the time required to do
the protocol by several hours. The gel could
then be set up and electrophoresis begun the
same day that the test samples were restricted.
Most problems associated with partial re-
striction of DNA are related to one or more of
the following: poor lysis, inadequate washing
of the plugs, inaccurate measurement of
reagents, poor mixing of the restriction mix-
ture, improper storage or handling of the en-
zyme and/or restriction buffer. Measuring er-
rors can be minimized by preparing a master
mix of reagents needed for the total number of
samples being analyzed in a gel. Once the
reagents are placed in the tube, it is important
to mix well to ensure the enzyme is evenly dis-
tributed in the solution. This can be done by in-
verting the tube several times, tapping on the
side of tube with palm of hand or by gently
vortexing. Restriction digestion reagents must
be kept on ice or cold tray at all times. Expos-
ing the enzymes to ambient temperature must
be avoided as it may reduce enzyme activity.
Electrophoresis conditions and casting of
the agarose gel
SeaKem Gold agarose was chosen as the run-
ning gel because of its high purity and shorter
run time compared to other products available
at the time, including the Pulsed-Field Certi-
fied Agarose (Bio-Rad) used with the original
PulseNet standardized PFGE protocol for E.
coli O157:H7. Decreasing the electrophoresis
run time from run times of 2223 h to 1819 h
or less was one of the improvements that made
the development of a rapid PFGE protocol pos-
sible. This was a significant accomplishment
because it provided PulseNet participating lab-
oratories with the capacity to generate PFGE
fingerprint data that could be reported to epi-
demiologists earlier.
Since the length of the electrophoresis run
can vary slightly from one instrument to an-
other, we recommend that each laboratory de-
termine the optimal electrophoresis running
time independently for each electrophoresis
unit. This can be done by determining the
length of the electrophoresis run time needed
for the smallest visible bands in the S. Braen-
derup H9812 size standard (20.5 kb in size)
to migrate within 11.5 cm from the bottom
edge of the gel. This will help minimize varia-
tions in the migration of the DNA fragments
that make up the PFGE pattern of the size stan-
dard. This is important because the images ob-
RIBOT ET AL. 64
FIG. 1. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) images of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains generated using the 34-
day protocol (A) and the rapid (1-day) protocol (B). The standards are in lanes 1, 4, 7, and 10 in both gels, with A
showing the E. coli G5244 size standard used from 1996 to 2002, and B showing the universal standard strain (S.
Braenderup H9812), used since 2003. Pulsed-field certified agarose (1%) was used to prepare the gel in A. The gel in
B was prepared with 1% SeaKem Gold agarose according to the directions stated above. The electrophoresis run time
was 21 and 18 h for A and B gels, respectively.
tained will be normalized using the same
global standard, an electronic image of the
standard strain, by all laboratories participat-
ing in PulseNet. Allowing the gels to run for
the appropriate amount of time also ensures
optimal fragment resolution, which is critical
for successful analysis and inter-laboratory
comparison of the resulting patterns (Figs. 1
and 2). The 1819-h run time stated in the pro-
tocol described here is based on the PFGE
equipment used in our laboratories and is only
intended as a reference point. Other factors, in-
cluding TBE buffer formulations, quality of the
water used to make this buffer, pH, tempera-
ture and flow rate of the buffer can affect the
electrophoresis run time.
CONCLUSION
The ideal molecular subtyping method
would be 100% sensitive (epidemiologically
related isolates share the same profile) and
specific (epidemiologically unrelated isolates
are different). No currently available method
meets all of these criteria. However, there are
some methods that provide high levels of
sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility.
Among these, PFGE has established itself as the
gold standard for subtyping foodborne bac-
terial pathogens. Standardization of all the
PulseNet PFGE protocols is achieved by care-
ful evaluation of the different parameters and
conditions so that high quality gels are pro-
duced consistently and reproducibly at CDC
and in the different laboratories that currently
participate in PulseNet. PulseNet protocols are
accorded standardized status only after they
have been thoroughly evaluated and validated
in several laboratories at CDC and elsewhere.
Since the PulseNet standardized PFGE proto-
col for E. coli O157:H7 was developed with the
purpose of transferring it to state health de-
partments and other public health agencies,
special attention was given to the aspects of the
protocol that could affect the quality and the
reproducibility of the data. The original 34-
day standardized PFGE protocol for E. coli
O157:H7 used from 1996 to early 1998, was
evaluated by multiple laboratories to demon-
strate its robustness and reproducibility prior
to it full implementation in the PulseNet sys-
tem (Swaminathan et al., 2001).
Soon after the implementation of the 34-day
standardized PFGE protocol in PulseNet in
1996, we recognized the need for a protocol that
could be completed in a shorter period of time.
The challenge was to develop a standardized
PFGE protocol that could be completed within
a day (2428 h) so that subtyping data would
be available to epidemiologists in a timely man-
ner. In 1997, the Washington State Department
of Health developed a rapid (1-day) PFGE pro-
tocol for subtyping of a wide variety of gram
FIG. 2. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) images of Salmonella (A) and Shigella (B) strains analyzed with the
rapid standardized protocol. Lanes 1, 5, 9, and 10 in A contain the XbaI pattern for universal size standard strain
(H9812). The remaining lanes contain Salmonella test isolates restricted with XbaI (lanes 2, 3, and 4) and BlnI (lanes 6,
7, and 8). B shows a Shigella gel containing the H9812 standard strain (lanes 1, 5, and 10). The remaining lanes show
typical Shigella sonnei PFGE patterns. Both gels were electrophoresed for 18 h.
negative bacteria (Gautom, 1997). CDC, in col-
laboration with the Washington State Depart-
ment of Health, worked towards the harmo-
nization between this 1-day protocol and the
already established 34-day standardized
PFGE protocol used by all the PulseNet labo-
ratories at that time. The quality of the PFGE
patterns produced and the discriminatory
power obtained with the 1-day standardized
PFGE protocol was the same or higher than
those obtained with the 34-day standardized
protocol. In 1998, PulseNet implemented the
rapid standardized PFGE protocol for the sub-
typing of E. coli O157:H7. Shortly thereafter, it
was determined that this rapid standardized
protocol could also be used for the subtyping
of Salmonella and Shigella species. Since then,
these protocols have been used by over 70
PulseNet laboratories to successfully analyze
thousands of isolates every year. These labora-
tories routinely generate PFGE patterns, which
are submitted and compared with patterns in
the PulseNet National Database with the goal
of identifying clusters of strains that have the
same PFGE pattern. This, in fact, is the best val-
idation of the PulseNet standardized PFGE
protocols and the strongest evidence of the
protocols robustness and reproducibility. The
standardized PFGE protocol for E. coli
O157:H7also served as the foundation to for the
development of protocols for the PulseNet pro-
tocols for Listeria monocytogenes (Graves and
Swaminathan, 2001) and Campylobacter species
(Ribot et al., 2001).
The reagents and reaction conditions listed
in each of the protocols were determined by al-
tering the parameters for each variable until a
satisfactory result was obtained. It is worth not-
ing that while the plug preparation steps are
the same for E. coli O157, Salmonella, and
Shigella, different organisms may require dif-
ferent reagents or conditions than the ones de-
scribed here in order to achieve a similar level
of pattern quality. In standardizing protocols,
we evaluate each step to identify a set of con-
ditions that would result in protocols that were
highly robust and reliable. Perhaps the most
difficult step in the standardization process is
the testing and selection of the electrophoresis
conditions to be used for the individual PFGE
protocol. Three issues must be considered
when attempting to identify the electrophore-
sis parameters: (1) number of fragments gen-
erated by the restriction enzyme being tested,
(2) size range of those fragments, and (3) the
uniformity and overall distribution of the re-
striction fragments of the universal standard.
Electrophoresis conditions that create large
gaps between fragments of the standard strain
might affect the analysis of the images. Pulse-
Net protocols require the use of a universal
PFGE standard for the normalization of images
during the computer-assisted analysis using
BioNumerics software.
The rapid standardized PFGE protocol de-
scribed above has been widely used by Pulse-
Net participants to generate thousands of PFGE
patterns since 1998, underscoring its robust-
ness and reproducibility. Timely PFGE analy-
sis of isolates has enabled PulseNet laborato-
ries to detect clusters of foodborne illness by
helping recognize outbreaks earlier than ever
before possible and has helped facilitate epi-
demiologic investigations of many of these
clusters.
DISCLAIMER
Use of trade names is for identification only
and does not imply endorsement by the Pub-
lic Health Service or by the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services.
REFERENCES
Barrett, T.J., H. Lior, J.H. Green, R. Khakhria, J.G. Wells,
B.P. Bell, K.D. Greene, J. Lewis, and P.M. Griffin. 1994.
Laboratory investigation of a multistate food-borne out-
break of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by using pulsed-field gel
electrophoresis and phage typing. J. Clin. Microbiol.
32:30133017.
Bolton, F.J., A.J. Fox, J. Gibson, R.H. Madden, J.E. Moore,
L. Moran, P. Murphy, R.J. Owen, T.H. Pennington, T.
Stanley, F. Thompson-Carter, D.R.A. Wareing, and T. Wil-
son. 1996. A multi-center study of methods for sub-typ-
ing Campylobacter jejuni. In: Campylobacters, Helicobac-
ters, and Related Organisms. Newell, D.G., J.M. Ketley,
and R.A. Feldman (ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp.
135.
Campbell, J.V., J. Mohle-Boetani, R. Reporter, S. Abbott,
J. Farrar, M. Brandl, R. Mandrell, and S.B. Werner. 2001.
RIBOT ET AL. 66
An outbreak of Salmonella serotype Thompson associated
with fresh cilantro. J. Infect. Dis. 183:984987.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 1998.
Multistate outbreak of Salmonella serotype Agona infec-
tions linked to toasted oats cerealUnited States,
AprilMay. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 47:462
424.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 1999.
Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infection associated with eat-
ing fresh parsleyUnited States and Canada, JulyAu-
gust, 1998. MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 48:285289.
Chan, E.S., J. Aramini, B. Ciebin, D. Middleton, R. Ahmed,
M. Howes, I. Brophy, I. Mentis, F. Jamieson, F. Rodgers,
M. Nazarowec-White, S. C. Pichette, J. Farrar, M. Gutier-
rez, W. J. Weis, L. Lior, A. Ellis, and S. Isaacs. 2002. Nat-
ural or raw almonds and an outbreak of a rare phage type
of Salmonella enteritidis infection. Can. Commun. Dis.
Rep. 28:9799.
Cummings, K., E. Barrett, J.C. Mohle-Boetani, J.T. Brooks,
J. Farrar, T. Hunt, A. Fiore, K. Komatsu, S.B. Werner, and
L. Slutsker. 2001. A multistate outbreak of Salmonella en-
terica serotype Baildon associated with domestic raw
tomatoes. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7:10461048.
Ewing, W.H. 1986. Edwards and Ewings identification of
Enterobateriaceae, 4th ed. Elsevier Science, New York.
Gautom, R.K. 1997. Rapid pulsed-field gel electrophore-
sis protocol for the typing of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and
other gram-negative organisms in 1 day. J. Clin. Mircro-
biol. 35:29772980.
Goering, R.V. 2004. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In:
Persing, D.H., F.C. Tenover, J. Versalovic, Y.-W. Tang,
E.R. Unger, D.A. Relman, and T.J. White (ed.), Molecular
Microbiology, Diagnostic Principles and Practice. ASM Press,
Washington, DC, pp. 185196.
Gerner-Smidt, P., J. Kincaid, K. Kubota, K. Hise, S.B.
Hunter, M.A. Fair, D. Norton, A. Woo-Ming, T. Kurzyn-
ski, M.J. Sotir, M. Head, K. Holt, and B. Swaminathan.
2005. Molecular Surveillance of shiga toxigenic Escherichia
coli O157 by PulseNet USA. J. Food Prot. 69:19261931.
Graves, L.M., and B. Swaminathan. 2001. PulseNet stan-
dardized protocol for subtyping Listeria monocytogenes by
macrorestriction and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In-
ternational J. Food Microbiol. 65:5562.
Holmberg, S.D., K.I. Wachsmuth, F.W. Hickman-Brenner,
and M.L. Cohen. 1984. Comparison of plasmid profile
analysis, phage typing, and antimicrobial susceptibility
testing in characterizing Salmonella Typhimurium isolates
from outbreaks. J. Clin. Microbiol. 19:100104.
Hunter, S.B., P. Vauterin, M.A. Lambert-Fair, M.S. Van
Duyne, K. Kubota, L. Graves, D. Wrigley, T.J. Barrett, and
E. Ribot. 2005. Establishment of a universal size standard
strain for use with the PulseNet standardized pulsed-field
gel electrophoresis (PFGE) protocols: converting the na-
tional databases to the new size standard. J. Clin. Micro-
biol. 43:10451050.
Maslow, J.N., M.E. Mulligan, and R.D. Arbeit. 1993. Mol-
ecular epidemiology: application of contemporary tech-
niques to the typing of microorganisms. Clin. Infect. Dis.
17:153162.
Olive, D.M., and P. Bean. 1999. Principles and applica-
tions of methods for DNA-based typing of microbial or-
ganisms. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:16611669.
Proctor, M.E., M. Hamacher, M.L. Tortorello, J.R. Archer,
J.P. Davis, and M. Rudwaleit. 2001. Multistate outbreak
of Salmonella serovar Muenchen infections associated with
alfalfa sprouts grown from seeds pretreated with calcium
hypochlorite: low incidence of reactive arthritis in chil-
dren following a salmonella outbreak. J. Clin. Microbiol.
39:34613465.
Ribot, E.M., C. Fitzgerald, K. Kubota, B. Swaminathan,
and T.J. Barrett. 2001. Rapid pulsed-field gel electro-
phoresis protocol for subtyping of Campylobacter jejuni. J.
Clin. Microbiol. 39:18891894.
Streulens, M.J., R. DeRyck, and A. Deplano. 2001. Analy-
sis of microbial genomic macrorestriction patterns by
pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing. In: Dijk-
shoorn, L., K.J. Towner, and M. Strulens (ed.), New Ap-
proaches for the Generation and Analysis of Microbial Typing
Data. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, pp. 159176.
Swaminathan, B., T.J. Barrett, S.B. Hunter, R.V. Tauxe, et
al. 2001. PulseNet: the molecular subtyping network for
foodborne bacterial disease surveillance, United States.
Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7:382389.
Tauxe, R.V. 1997. Emerging foodborne diseases: an evolv-
ing public health challenge. Emerging Infect. Dis. 3:
425434.
van Belkum, A., J. Kluytmans, W. van Leeuwen, R. Bax,
W. Quint, E. Peters, J.M. Melchers, A. Elaichouni, M.
Vaneechoutte, F. Moonens, N. Maes, M. Struelens, F.
Tenover, and H. Verburg. 1995. Multicenter, evauation of
arbritrary primed PCR for typing of Staphyloccus aureus
strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:406409.
van Belkum, A. 1998. Assessment of resolution and in-
tercenter reproducibility of results of genotyping Staphy-
lococcus aureus by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of SmaI
macrorestriction fragments: a multicenter study. Br. Med.
Bull. 54:3138.
Address reprint requests to:
Dr. Efrain M. Ribot
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1600 Clifton Rd., Mailstop C03
Atlanta, GA 30333
E-mail: eyr4@cdc.gov
This article has been cited by:
1. Fbio Campioni, Alzira Maria Moratto Bergamini, Juliana P. Falco. 2012. Genetic diversity, virulence genes and
antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from food and humans over a 24-year period in Brazil. Food
Microbiology 32:2, 254-264. [CrossRef]
2. A. Forslund, J.H.J. Ensink, B. Markussen, A. Battilani, G. Psarras, S. Gola, L. Sandei, T. Fletcher, A. Dalsgaard. 2012.
Escherichia coli contamination and health aspects of soil and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) subsurface drip irrigated
with on-site treated domestic wastewater. Water Research 46:18, 5917-5934. [CrossRef]
3. Amit S. Chitnis, Pam S. Caruthers, Agam K. Rao, JoAnne Lamb, Robert Lurvey, Valery Beau De Rochars, Brandon Kitchel,
Margarita Cancio, Thomas J. Trk, Alice Y. Guh, Carolyn V. Gould, Matthew E. Wise. 2012. Outbreak of Carbapenem-
Resistant Enterobacteriaceae at a Long-Term Acute Care Hospital: Sustained Reductions in Transmission through Active
Surveillance and Targeted Interventions. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 33:10, 984-992. [CrossRef]
4. Youjiang Zhang , Jiyong Yang , Liyan Ye , Yanping Luo , Weiwei Wang , Wei Zhou , Zhigang Cui , Li Han . 2012.
Characterization of Clinical Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates, 20072009, China.
Microbial Drug Resistance 18:5, 465-470. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
5. A. Vellinga, S. Tansey, B. Hanahoe, K. Bennett, A. W. Murphy, M. Cormican. 2012. Trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin
resistance and prescribing in urinary tract infection associated with Escherichia coli: a multilevel model. Journal of
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 67:10, 2523-2530. [CrossRef]
6. M. A. Islam, P. K. Talukdar, A. Hoque, M. Huq, A. Nabi, D. Ahmed, K. A. Talukder, M. A. C. Pietroni, J. P. Hays, A.
Cravioto, H. P. Endtz. 2012. Emergence of multidrug-resistant NDM-1-producing Gram-negative bacteria in Bangladesh.
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 31:10, 2593-2600. [CrossRef]
7. Yu-Lun Liu, Daniela Schmid, Astrid Salgado Voss, Sabine Kasper, Heimo Lassnig, Oksana Ableitner, Christian Kornschober,
Ursula Karnthaler, Franz Allerberger. 2012. A 2010 Austrian Salmonella enteritidis PT4 outbreak associated with a laying
hen holding previously involved in an S. enteritidis PT4 cluster: Pitfalls of regulatory responses in risk management. Journal
of Infection and Public Health . [CrossRef]
8. Jos D. Tanaro , Luca Galli , Liliana H. Lound , Gerardo A. Leotta , Mercedes C. Piaggio , Carolina C. Carbonari , Kinue
Irino , Marta Rivas . 2012. Non-O157:H7 Shiga ToxinProducing Escherichia coli in Bovine Rectums and Surface Water
Streams on a Beef Cattle Farm in Argentina. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 9:10, 878-884. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML]
[Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
9. B. Mnif, S. Ktari, F.M. Rhimi, A. Hammami. 2012. Extensive dissemination of CTX-M-1- and CMY-2-producing Escherichia
coli in poultry farms in Tunisia. Letters in Applied Microbiology n/a-n/a. [CrossRef]
10. Dariusz Wasyl , Andrzej Hoszowski . Occurrence and Characterization of Monophasic Salmonella enterica Serovar
Typhimurium (1,4,[5],12:i:-) of Non-Human Origin in Poland. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, ahead of print. [Abstract]
[Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links] [Supplemental material]
11. J. DEJLI, R. A. NADA, A. MANSOUR, A. A. EL-MONIEM, M. O. WASFY, J. D. KLENA. 2012. Comparative analysis
of Shigella sonnei biotype g isolated from paediatric populations in Egypt, 19992005. Epidemiology and Infection 1-11.
[CrossRef]
12. Helene Andersson, Christina Lindholm, Aina Iversen, Christian G. Giske, ke rtqvist, Mats Kalin, Bjrn Fossum. 2012.
Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in residents of nursing homes in a Swedish municipality: Healthcare staff knowledge
of and adherence to principles of basic infection prevention. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 44:9, 641-649.
[CrossRef]
13. Silvina P. Brengi , Stephen B. O'Brien , Mariana Pichel , Carol Iversen , Matthew Arduino , Norma Binsztein , Bette Jensen ,
Franco Pagotto , Efrain M. Ribot , Roger Stephan , Nicole Cernela , Kara Cooper , Samus Fanning . 2012. Development and
Validation of a PulseNet Standardized Protocol for Subtyping Isolates of Cronobacter Species. Foodborne Pathogens and
Disease 9:9, 861-867. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
14. Kevin J. Cummings , Lorin D. Warnick , Yrj T. Grhn , Karin Hoelzer , Timothy P. Root , Julie D. Siler , Suzanne M.
McGuire , Emily M. Wright , Shelley M. Zansky , Martin Wiedmann . 2012. Clinical Features of Human Salmonellosis
Caused by Bovine-Associated Subtypes in New York. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 9:9, 796-802. [Abstract] [Full Text
HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
15. Nomsa P. Tau, Parastu Meidany, Anthony M. Smith, Arvinda Sooka, Karen H. Keddy. 2012. Escherichia coli O104
Associated with Human Diarrhea, South Africa, 20042011. Emerging Infectious Diseases 18:8. . [CrossRef]
16. J. M. ROUNDS, D. J. BOXRUD, S. L. JAWAHIR, K. E. SMITH. 2012. Dynamics of Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak
detection and investigation, Minnesota 20002008. Epidemiology and Infection 140:08, 1430-1438. [CrossRef]
17. A. Loharikar, E. Briere, C. Schwensohn, S. Weninger, J. Wagendorf, J. Scheftel, A. Garvey, K. Warren, E. Villamil, J. A.
Rudroff, K. Kurkjian, S. Levine, K. Colby, B. Morrison, A. May, S. Anderson, E. Daly, N. Marsden-Haug, M. M. Erdman,
T. Gomez, A. Rhorer, J. Castleman, J. K. Adams, L. Theobald, P. Lafon, E. Trees, J. Mitchell, M. J. Sotir, C. B. Behravesh.
2012. Four Multistate Outbreaks of Human Salmonella Infections Associated with Live Poultry Contact, United States, 2009.
Zoonoses and Public Health 59:5, 347-354. [CrossRef]
18. J. L. Bono, T. P. L. Smith, J. E. Keen, G. P. Harhay, T. G. McDaneld, R. E. Mandrell, W. K. Jung, T. E. Besser, P. Gerner-
Smidt, M. Bielaszewska, H. Karch, M. L. Clawson. 2012. Phylogeny of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 Isolated
from Cattle and Clinically Ill Humans. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29:8, 2047-2062. [CrossRef]
19. S. Thakur, J. Brake, S. Keelara, M. Zou, E. Susick. 2012. Farm and environmental distribution of Campylobacter and
Salmonella in broiler flocks. Research in Veterinary Science . [CrossRef]
20. S. Andrs, J. P. Vico, V. Garrido, M. J. Grill, S. Samper, P. Gavn, S. Herrera-Len, R. C. Mainar-Jaime. 2012. Epidemiology
of Subclinical Salmonellosis in Wild Birds from an Area of High Prevalence of Pig Salmonellosis: Phenotypic and Genetic
Profiles of Salmonella Isolates. Zoonoses and Public Health no-no. [CrossRef]
21. Isabelle Henry, Sophie Granier, Cline Courtillon, Franoise Lalande, Marianne Chemaly, Gilles Salvat, Eric Cardinale.
2012. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolated from chicken carcasses and environment at slaughter in Reunion Island:
prevalence, genetic characterization and antibiotic susceptibility. Tropical Animal Health and Production . [CrossRef]
22. Y. A. Kim, Z. A. Qureshi, J. M. Adams-Haduch, Y. S. Park, K. A. Shutt, Y. Doi. 2012. Features of Infections Due to Klebsiella
pneumoniae Carbapenemase-Producing Escherichia coli: Emergence of Sequence Type 131. Clinical Infectious Diseases
55:2, 224-231. [CrossRef]
23. M. B. Zaidi, F. D. Campos, T. Estrada-Garcia, F. Gutierrez, M. Leon, R. Chim, J. J. Calva. 2012. Burden and Transmission
of Zoonotic Foodborne Disease in a Rural Community in Mexico. Clinical Infectious Diseases 55:1, 51-60. [CrossRef]
24. M. O. Stokes, J. L. Cottell, L. J. V. Piddock, G. Wu, M. Wootton, D. J. Mevius, L. P. Randall, C. J. Teale, M. D. Fielder, N.
G. Coldham. 2012. Detection and characterization of pCT-like plasmid vectors for blaCTX-M-14 in Escherichia coli isolates
from humans, turkeys and cattle in England and Wales. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 67:7, 1639-1644. [CrossRef]
25. L. Burke, H. Humphreys, D. Fitzgerald-Hughes. 2012. The revolving door between hospital and community: extended-
spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Dublin. Journal of Hospital Infection 81:3, 192-198. [CrossRef]
26. J.P. Folster , G. Pecic , A. Singh , B. Duval , R. Rickert , S. Ayers , J. Abbott , B. McGlinchey , J. Bauer-Turpin , J.
Haro , K. Hise , S. Zhao , P.J. Fedorka-Cray , J. Whichard , P.F. McDermott . 2012. Characterization of Extended-Spectrum
CephalosporinResistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg Isolated from Food Animals, Retail Meat, and Humans in
the United States 2009. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 9:7, 638-645. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full
Text PDF with Links]
27. Sarah Lafuente, Juan B. Bellido, Fernando A. Moraga, Silvia Herrera, Alberto Yage, Toms Montalvo, Merc de Sim, Pere
Simn, Juan A. Cayl. 2012. Salmonella paratyphi B and Salmonella litchfield outbreaks associated with pet turtle exposure
in Spain. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologa Clnica . [CrossRef]
28. Ana Nemec, Ale Jerin, Irena Zdovc, Toma Budefeld, Frank J.M. Verstraete, Damijan Eren, Marjeta entjurc, Milan
Petelin, Tina Hitti, Zlatko Pavlica. 2012. Early systemic inflammatory response in mice after a single oral gavage with live
Escherichia coli is evidenced by increased TNF-alpha and nitric oxide production. Research in Veterinary Science 92:3,
401-407. [CrossRef]
29. Gabriela Isabel Favier, Cecilia S.M. Lucero Estrada, Valeria Lazarte Otero, Mara Esther Escudero. 2012. Prevalence,
antimicrobial susceptibility, and molecular characterization by PCR and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of Salmonella
spp isolated from foods of animal origin in San Luis, Argentina. Food Control . [CrossRef]
30. Beatriz A. D'Astek , Lourdes L. del Castillo , Elizabeth Miliwebsky , Claudia Carbonari , Pablo M. Palladino , Natalia Deza ,
Isabel Chinen , Eduardo Manfredi , Gerardo A. Leotta , Marcelo O. Masana , Marta Rivas . 2012. Subtyping of Escherichia
coli O157:H7 Strains Isolated from Human Infections and Healthy Cattle in Argentina. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease
9:5, 457-464. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
31. Mariana Pichel , Silvina P. Brengi , Kara L.F. Cooper , Efrain M. Ribot , Suleiman Al-Busaidy , Pamela Araya , Jorge
Fernndez , Tania Ibelli Vaz , Kai Man Kam , Myriam Morcos , Eva M. Nielsen , Celine Nadon , Guillermo Pimentel , Enrique
Prez-Gutirrez , Peter Gerner-Smidt , Norma Binsztein, for the Shigella flexneri PulseNet PFGE Protocol Working Group .
2012. Standardization and International Multicenter Validation of a PulseNet Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Protocol for
Subtyping Shigella flexneri Isolates. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 9:5, 418-424. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full
Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
32. Baowei Yang, Ying Shi, Xiaodong Xia, Meili Xi, Xin Wang, Baoyi Ji, Jianghong Meng. 2012. Inactivation of foodborne
pathogens in raw milk using high hydrostatic pressure. Food Control . [CrossRef]
33. M. Tajbakhsh, L. Garcia Migura, M. Rahbar, C. A. Svendsen, M. Mohammadzadeh, M. R. Zali, F. M. Aarestrup, R. S.
Hendriksen. 2012. Antimicrobial-resistant Shigella infections from Iran: an overlooked problem?. Journal of Antimicrobial
Chemotherapy 67:5, 1128-1133. [CrossRef]
34. Jo Ann S. Van Kessel , Jeffrey S. Karns , David R. Wolfgang , Ernest Hovingh , Ynte H. Schukken . 2012. Dynamics
of Salmonella Serotype Shifts in an Endemically Infected Dairy Herd. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 9:4, 319-324.
[Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
35. Xiaoling Deng , Lu Ran , Shuyu Wu , Bixia Ke , Dongmei He , Xingfen Yang , Yonghui Zhang , Changwen Ke , John
D. Klena , Meiying Yan , Zijian Feng , Biao Kan , Xin Liu , Matthew Mikoleit , Jay K. Varma . 2012. Laboratory-Based
Surveillance of Non-typhoidal Salmonella Infections in Guangdong Province, China. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 9:4,
305-312. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
36. Elisabeth Hauser , Erhard Tietze , Reiner Helmuth , Ernst Junker , Rita Prager , Andreas Schroeter , Wolfgang Rabsch ,
Angelika Fruth , Anne Toboldt , Burkhard Malorny . 2012. Clonal Dissemination of Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis in
Germany. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 9:4, 352-360. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF
with Links]
37. Recep Kalin , Hasan Ongor , Burhan Cetinkaya . 2012. Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli O157
from Broiler and Human Samples. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 9:4, 313-318. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text
PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
38. Serena Schippa, Valerio Iebba, Valentina Totino, Floriana Santangelo, Mariastefania Lepanto, Claudia Alessandri, Federica
Nuti, Franca Viola, Giovanni Di Nardo, Salvatore Cucchiara, Catia Longhi, Maria Pia Conte. 2012. A potential role of
Escherichia coli pathobionts in the pathogenesis of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Canadian Journal of Microbiology
58:4, 426-432. [CrossRef]
39. N. Ngrdy, M. Kirly, R. Davies, B. Nagy. 2012. Multidrug resistant clones of Salmonella Infantis of broiler origin in
Europe. International Journal of Food Microbiology . [CrossRef]
40. R. J. Fernandez-Brando, E. Miliwebsky, M. P. Mejias, A. Baschkier, C. A. Panek, M. J. Abrey-Recalde, G. Cabrera, M. V.
Ramos, M. Rivas, M. S. Palermo. 2012. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 show an increased pathogenicity
in mice after the passage through the gastrointestinal tract of the same host. Journal of Medical Microbiology . [CrossRef]
41. D.C. Alexander. 2012. Escherichia coli O104:H4 Infections and International Travel. Emerging Infectious Diseases 18:3. .
[CrossRef]
42. C.R. Bergeron. 2012. Chickens as Reservoir for Human Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Emerging Infectious
Diseases 18:3. . [CrossRef]
43. Ming Zou , Shivaramu Keelara , Siddhartha Thakur . 2012. Molecular Characterization of Salmonella enterica Serotype
Enteritidis Isolates from Humans by Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Genes, and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis.
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 9:3, 232-238. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
44. Joanne L. Platell, Rowland N. Cobbold, James R. Johnson, Connie R. Clabots, Darren J. Trott. 2012. Fluoroquinolone-resistant
extraintestinal Escherichia coli clinical isolates representing the O15:K52:H1 clonal group from humans and dogs in Australia.
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases . [CrossRef]
45. K. P. Neil, S. V. Sodha, L. Lukwago, S. O-tipo, M. Mikoleit, S. D. Simington, P. Mukobi, S. Balinandi, S. Majalija, J. Ayers,
A. Kagirita, E. Wefula, F. Asiimwe, V. Kweyamba, D. Talkington, W.-J. Shieh, P. Adem, B. C. Batten, S. R. Zaki, E. Mintz.
2012. A Large Outbreak of Typhoid Fever Associated With a High Rate of Intestinal Perforation in Kasese District, Uganda,
2008-2009. Clinical Infectious Diseases . [CrossRef]
46. E. Lutterloh, A. Likaka, J. Sejvar, R. Manda, J. Naiene, S. S. Monroe, T. Khaila, B. Chilima, M. Mallewa, S. D. Kampondeni,
S. A. Lowther, L. Capewell, K. Date, D. Townes, Y. Redwood, J. G. Schier, B. Nygren, B. Tippett Barr, A. Demby, A. Phiri,
R. Lungu, J. Kaphiyo, M. Humphrys, D. Talkington, K. Joyce, L. J. Stockman, G. L. Armstrong, E. Mintz. 2012. Multidrug-
Resistant Typhoid Fever With Neurologic Findings on the Malawi-Mozambique Border. Clinical Infectious Diseases .
[CrossRef]
47. Z. NAJJAR, C. FURLONG, N. STEPHENS, C. SHADBOLT, P. MAYWOOD, S. CONATY, G. HOGG. 2012. An outbreak
of Salmonella Infantis gastroenteritis in a residential aged care facility associated with thickened fluids. Epidemiology and
Infection 1-9. [CrossRef]
48. Brie Behrens-Muller, Judith Conway, Jonathan Yoder, Craig S. Conover. 2012. Investigation and Control of an Outbreak of
Achromobacter xylosoxidans Bacteremia. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 33:2, 180-184. [CrossRef]
49. Helene Guet-Revillet, Alban Le Monnier, Nelly Breton, Philippe Descamps, Herve Lecuyer, Imane Alaabouche, Constance
Bureau, Xavier Nassif, Jean-Ralph Zahar. 2012. Environmental contamination with extended-spectrum #-lactamases: Is there
any difference between Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp?. American Journal of Infection Control . [CrossRef]
50. S. Qiu, X. Xu, Y. Wang, G. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Wang, L. Zhang, N. Liu, C. Chen, W. Liu, J. Li, W. Su, L. Jia, L. Wang, H. Jin,
P. Keim, Z. Yuan, L. Huang, H. Song. 2012. Emergence of resistance to fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins
in Shigella flexneri subserotype 1c isolates from China. Clinical Microbiology and Infection no-no. [CrossRef]
51. Franz Allerberger. 2012. Molecular Typing in Public Health Laboratories: From an Academic Indulgence to an Infection
Control Imperative. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 45:1, 1. [CrossRef]
52. . Sheridan, M. Lenahan, G. Duffy, S. Fanning, C. Burgess. 2012. The potential for biocide tolerance in Escherichia coli and
its impact on the response to food processing stresses. Food Control . [CrossRef]
53. Indira T. Kudva, Margaret A. Davis, Robert W. Griffin, Jeonifer Garren, Megan Murray, Manohar John, Carolyn J. Hovde,
Stephen B. Calderwood. 2012. Polymorphic Amplified Typing Sequences and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Yield
Comparable Results in the Strain Typing of a Diverse Set of Bovine Escherichia coli O157:H7 Isolates. International Journal
of Microbiology 2012, 1-10. [CrossRef]
54. Sun Park, Ji-Hyun Byun, Su-Mi Choi, Dong-Gun Lee, Si-Hyun Kim, Jae-Cheol Kwon, Chulmin Park, Jung-Hyun Choi, Jin-
Hong Yoo. 2012. Molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum #-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in the community
and hospital in Korea: emergence of ST131 producing CTX-M-15. BMC Infectious Diseases 12:1, 149. [CrossRef]
55. I. Heller, K. Grif, D. Orth. 2011. Emergence of VIM-1-carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter cloacae in Tyrol, Austria.
Journal of Medical Microbiology . [CrossRef]
56. A. NESBITT, A. RAVEL, R. MURRAY, R. McCORMICK, C. SAVELLI, R. FINLEY, J. PARMLEY, A. AGUNOS, S. E.
MAJOWICZ, M. GILMOUR. 2011. Integrated surveillance and potential sources of Salmonella Enteritidis in human cases
in Canada from 2003 to 2009. Epidemiology and Infection 1-16. [CrossRef]
57. K. P. Neil, G. Biggerstaff, J. K. MacDonald, E. Trees, C. Medus, K. A. Musser, S. G. Stroika, D. Zink, M. J. Sotir. 2011. A
Novel Vehicle for Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to Humans: Multistate Outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 Infections
Associated With Consumption of Ready-to-Bake Commercial Prepackaged Cookie Dough--United States, 2009. Clinical
Infectious Diseases . [CrossRef]
58. Min S. Kang, Yong K. Kwon, Jae Y. Oh, Douglas R. Call, Byung K. An, Eun A. Song, Jeong Y. Kim, Eun G. Shin, Mi J. Kim,
Jun H. Kwon, Gab S. Chung. 2011. Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for subtyping Salmonella enterica
serovar Gallinarum. Avian Pathology 40:6, 559-564. [CrossRef]
59. Tiffany M. Wolf, Arno Wnschmann, Brenda Morningstar-Shaw, Gayle C. Pantlin, James M. Rasmussen, Rachel L.
Thompson. 2011. An Outbreak of Salmonella enterica Serotype Choleraesuis in Goitered Gazelle ( Gazella subgutrosa
subgutrosa ) and a Malayan Tapir ( Tapirus indicus ). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 42:4, 694-699. [CrossRef]
60. Fuangfa Utrarachkij, Srirat Pornraungwong, Kanokrat Siripanichgon, Chie Nakajima, Yasuhiko Suzuki, Orasa Suthienkul.
2011. Possible horizontal transmission of Salmonella via reusable egg trays in Thailand. International Journal of Food
Microbiology . [CrossRef]
61. A. Januszkiewicz, J. Szych, W. Rastawicki, T. Wolkowicz, A. Chrost, B. Leszczynska, E. Kuzma, M. Roszkowska-Blaim,
R. Gierczynski. 2011. Molecular epidemiology of shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli household outbreak in Poland due
to secondary transmission of STEC O104:H4 from Germany. Journal of Medical Microbiology . [CrossRef]
62. Pallavi Singh, Steven L. Foley, Rajesh Nayak, Young Min Kwon. 2011. Multilocus sequence typing of Salmonella strains by
high-throughput sequencing of selectively amplified target genes. Journal of Microbiological Methods . [CrossRef]
63. K.M. Thomas, M.S. McCann, M.M. Collery, A. Logan, P. Whyte, D.A. McDowell, G. Duffy. 2011. Tracking
verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157, O26, O111, O103 and O145 in Irish cattle. International Journal of Food
64. M. J. Lynch, E. M. Fox, L. OConnor, K. Jordan, M. Murphy. 2011. Surveillance of Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli in
Irish Bovine Dairy Herds. Zoonoses and Public Health no-no. [CrossRef]
65. L. Jakobsen, P. Garneau, G. Bruant, J. Harel, S. S. Olsen, L. J. Porsbo, A. M. Hammerum, N. Frimodt-Mller. 2011. Is
Escherichia coli urinary tract infection a zoonosis? Proof of direct link with production animals and meat. European Journal
of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases . [CrossRef]
66. T. M. Gibreel, A. R. Dodgson, J. Cheesbrough, A. J. Fox, F. J. Bolton, M. Upton. 2011. Population structure, virulence
potential and antibiotic susceptibility of uropathogenic Escherichia coli from Northwest England. Journal of Antimicrobial
Chemotherapy . [CrossRef]
67. Y.-Y. Tien, H. Ushijima, M. Mizuguchi, S.-Y. Liang, C.-S. Chiou. 2011. Use of multilocus variable-number tandem repeat
analysis in molecular subtyping of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates. Journal of Medical Microbiology . [CrossRef]
68. William A. Lanier , Julia M. Hall , Rachel K. Herlihy , Robert T. Rolfs , Jennifer M. Wagner , Lori H. Smith , Eija K. Hyytia-
Trees . 2011. Outbreak of Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections Associated with Rodeo Attendance, Utah
and Idaho, 2009. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 8:10, 1131-1133. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full
69. Tetsuya Harada , Junko Sakata , Masashi Kanki , Kazuko Seto , Masumi Taguchi , Yuko Kumeda . 2011. Molecular
Epidemiological Investigation of a Diffuse Outbreak Caused by Salmonella enterica Serotype Montevideo Isolates in Osaka
Prefecture, Japan. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 8:10, 1083-1088. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full
70. Jalusa D. Kich, Arlei Coldebella, Nelson Mors, Mariana Gomes Nogueira, Marisa Cardoso, Pina M. Fratamico, Jeffrey E.
Call, Paula Fedorka-Cray, John B. Luchansky. 2011. Prevalence, distribution, and molecular characterization of Salmonella
recovered from swine finishing herds and a slaughter facility in Santa Catarina, Brazil. International Journal of Food
71. A.-M. Salisbury, C. Bronowski, P. Wigley. 2011. Salmonella Virchow isolates from human and avian origins in England -
molecular characterization and infection of epithelial cells and poultry. Journal of Applied Microbiology no-no. [CrossRef]
72. Angela H.A.M. van Hoek, Rob de Jonge, Wendy M. van Overbeek, El Bouw, Annemarie Pielaat, Joost H. Smid, Burkhard
Malorny, Ernst Junker, Charlotta Lfstrm, Karl Pedersen, Henk J.M. Aarts, Lourens Heres. 2011. A quantitative approach
towards a better understanding of the dynamics of Salmonella spp. in a pork slaughter-line. International Journal of Food
73. J. Campos, M. Pichel, T.M.I. Vaz, A.T. Tavechio, S.A. Fernandes, N. Muoz, C. Rodriguez, M.E. Realpe, J. Moreno, P.
Araya, J. Fernndez, A. Fernndez, E. Campos, F. Duarte, N. Weiler Gustafson, N. Binsztein, E. Prez Gutierrez. 2011.
Building PulseNet Latin America and Caribbean Salmonella regional database: First conclusions of genetic subtypes of S.
Typhi, S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis circulating in six countries of the region. Food Research International . [CrossRef]
74. N. P. Tau, A. M. Smith, A. Sooka, K. H. Keddy, f. t. GERMS-SA. 2011. Molecular characterization of extended-spectrum
-lactamase-producing Shigella isolates from humans in South Africa, 2003-2009. Journal of Medical Microbiology .
[CrossRef]
75. Caterina Graziani , Luca Busani , Anna Maria Dionisi , Alfredo Caprioli , Sofie Ivarsson , Ingela Hedenstrm , Ida Luzzi .
2011. Virulotyping of Salmonella enterica Serovar Napoli Strains Isolated in Italy from Human and Nonhuman Sources.
76. W. Zhang, Y. Luo, J. Li, L. Lin, Y. Ma, C. Hu, S. Jin, L. Ran, S. Cui. 2011. Wide dissemination of multidrug-resistant Shigella
isolates in China. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy . [CrossRef]
77. Elizabeth Cavallaro, Kashmira Date, Carlota Medus, Stephanie Meyer, Benjamin Miller, Clara Kim, Scott Nowicki, Shaun
Cosgrove, David Sweat, Quyen Phan, James Flint, Elizabeth R. Daly, Jennifer Adams, Eija Hyytia-Trees, Peter Gerner-Smidt,
Robert M. Hoekstra, Colin Schwensohn, Adam Langer, Samir V. Sodha, Michael C. Rogers, Frederick J. Angulo, Robert
V. Tauxe, Ian T. Williams, Casey Barton Behravesh. 2011. Salmonella Typhimurium Infections Associated with Peanut
Products. New England Journal of Medicine 365:7, 601-610. [CrossRef]
78. A. N. Sheth, M. Hoekstra, N. Patel, G. Ewald, C. Lord, C. Clarke, E. Villamil, K. Niksich, C. Bopp, T.-A. Nguyen, D. Zink,
M. Lynch. 2011. A National Outbreak of Salmonella Serotype Tennessee Infections From Contaminated Peanut Butter: A
New Food Vehicle for Salmonellosis in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases 53:4, 356-362. [CrossRef]
79. E. Bielak, R. D. Bergenholtz, M. S. Jorgensen, S. J. Sorensen, L. H. Hansen, H. Hasman. 2011. Investigation of diversity of
plasmids carrying the blaTEM-52 gene. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy . [CrossRef]
80. S. Le Hello, R. S. Hendriksen, B. Doublet, I. Fisher, E. M. Nielsen, J. M. Whichard, B. Bouchrif, K. Fashae, S. A. Granier,
N. Jourdan-Da Silva, A. Cloeckaert, E. J. Threlfall, F. J. Angulo, F. M. Aarestrup, J. Wain, F.-X. Weill. 2011. International
Spread of an Epidemic Population of Salmonella enterica Serotype Kentucky ST198 Resistant to Ciprofloxacin. Journal of
Infectious Diseases . [CrossRef]
81. A. BACKHANS, C. FELLSTRM, S. THISTED LAMBERTZ. 2011. Occurrence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica and
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in small wild rodents. Epidemiology and Infection 139:08, 1230-1238. [CrossRef]
82. K. H. KEDDY, A. SOOKA, H. ISMAIL, A. M. SMITH, I. WEBER, M. E. LETSOALO, B. N. HARRIS. 2011. Molecular
epidemiological investigation of a typhoid fever outbreak in South Africa, 2005: the relationship to a previous epidemic in
1993. Epidemiology and Infection 139:08, 1239-1245. [CrossRef]
83. Nina Christiansen , Lene Nielsen , Lotte Jakobsen , Marc Stegger , Lars Hestbjerg Hansen , Niels Frimodt-Mller . 2011.
Fluoroquinolone Resistance Mechanisms in Urinary Tract Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated During Rapidly Increasing
Fluoroquinolone Consumption in a Low-Use Country. Microbial Drug Resistance 17:3, 395-406. [Abstract] [Full Text
84. Jiyong Yang , Yanping Luo , Shenghui Cui , Weiwei Wang , Li Han . 2011. Diverse Phenotypic and Genotypic
Characterization Among Clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli Isolates Carrying Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone
Resistance Determinants. Microbial Drug Resistance 17:3, 363-367. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text
PDF with Links]
85. Vandan Nagar, Ravindranath Shashidhar, Jayant R. Bandekar. 2011. Prevalence, Characterization, and Antimicrobial
Resistance of Aeromonas Strains from Various Retail Food Products in Mumbai, India. Journal of Food Science no-no.
[CrossRef]
86. Anna Maria Dionisi, Claudia Lucarelli, Ildo Benedetti, Slawomir Owczarek, Ida Luzzi. 2011. Molecular characterisation of
multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Infantis from humans, animals and the environment in Italy. International
Journal of Antimicrobial Agents . [CrossRef]
87. Elisabeth Hauser, Franka Hebner, Erhard Tietze, Reiner Helmuth, Ernst Junker, Rita Prager, Andreas Schroeter, Wolfgang
Rabsch, Angelika Fruth, Burkhard Malorny. 2011. Diversity of Salmonella enterica serovar Derby isolated from pig, pork
and humans in Germany. International Journal of Food Microbiology . [CrossRef]
88. S. Boisrame-Gastrin, D. Tande, M.-R. Munck, S. Gouriou, P. Nordmann, T. Naas. 2011. Salmonella carriage in adopted
children from Mali: 2001-08. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy . [CrossRef]
89. Annette Hartzell , Chun Chen , Carrie Lewis , Kuanqing Liu , Stanley Reynolds , Edward G. Dudley . 2011. Escherichia coli
O157:H7 of Genotype Lineage-Specific Polymorphism Assay 211111 and Clade 8 Are Common Clinical Isolates Within
Pennsylvania. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 8:7, 763-768. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text
PDF with Links]
90. Charles C. Dodd , David G. Renter , Xiaorong Shi , M. Jahangir Alam , T.G. Nagaraja , Michael W. Sanderson . 2011.
Prevalence and Persistence of Salmonella in Cohorts of Feedlot Cattle. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 8:7, 781-789.
[Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
91. M. P. SAUNDERS, G. WU, M. ABUOUN, Z. PAN, M. ANJUM, M. J. WOODWARD. 2011. Optical genetic mapping
defines regions of chromosomal variation in serovars of S. enterica subsp. enterica of concern for human and animal health.
Epidemiology and Infection 139:07, 1065-1074. [CrossRef]
92. Bing-Mu Hsu, Kuan-Hao Huang, Shih-Wei Huang, Kuo-Chih Tseng, Ming-Jen Su, Wei-Chen Lin, Dar-Der Ji, Feng-Cheng
Shih, Jyh-Larng Chen, Po-Min Kao. 2011. Evaluation of different analysis and identification methods for Salmonella detection
in surface drinking water sources. Science of The Total Environment . [CrossRef]
93. D. Wasyl, A. Hoszowski. 2011. First isolation of ESBL-producing Salmonella and emergence of multiresistant Salmonella
Kentucky in turkey in Poland. Food Research International . [CrossRef]
94. Christina Frank, Dirk Werber, Jakob P. Cramer, Mona Askar, Mirko Faber, Matthias an der Heiden, Helen Bernard, Angelika
Fruth, Rita Prager, Anke Spode, Maria Wadl, Alexander Zoufaly, Sabine Jordan, Markus J. Kemper, Per Follin, Luise Mller,
Lisa A. King, Bettina Rosner, Udo Buchholz, Klaus Stark, Grard Krause. 2011. Epidemic Profile of Shiga-ToxinProducing
Escherichia coli O104:H4 Outbreak in Germany. New England Journal of Medicine 111026144204001. [CrossRef]
95. N. Bouzidi, L. Aoun, M. Dekhil, S. A. Granier, L. Poirel, A. Brisabois, P. Nordmann, Y. Millemann. 2011. Co-occurrence
of aminoglycoside resistance gene armA in non-Typhi Salmonella isolates producing CTX-M-15 in Algeria. Journal of
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy . [CrossRef]
96. S. Ghosh, G. P. Pazhani, G. Chowdhury, S. Guin, S. Dutta, K. Rajendran, M. K. Bhattacharya, Y. Takeda, S. K. Niyogi, G.
B. Nair, T. Ramamurthy. 2011. Genetic Characteristics and Changing Antimicrobial Resistance among Shigella spp Isolated
from Hospitalized Diarrhoeal Patients in Kolkata, India. Journal of Medical Microbiology . [CrossRef]
97. Rebecca L. Lindsey , Jonathan G. Frye , Sutawee N. Thitaram , Richard J. Meinersmann , Paula J. Fedorka-Cray , Mark
D. Englen . 2011. Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli by Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, Plasmid
Replicon Typing, and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. Microbial Drug Resistance 17:2, 157-163. [Abstract] [Full Text
98. Abraham J. Niehaus , Teke Apalata , Yacoob M. Coovadia , Anthony M. Smith , Prashini Moodley . 2011. An Outbreak of
Foodborne Salmonellosis in Rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 8:6, 693-697. [Abstract]
[Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
99. Randi Fns Petersen , Eva Litrup , Jonas T. Larsson , Mia Torpdahl , Gitte Srensen , Luise Mller , Eva M. Nielsen .
2011. Molecular Characterization of Salmonella Typhimurium Highly Successful Outbreak Strains. Foodborne Pathogens
and Disease 8:6, 655-661. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
100. J. B. Nielsen, M. N. Skov, R. L. Jrgensen, O. Heltberg, D. S. Hansen, K. Schnning. 2011. Identification of CTX-M15-,
SHV-28-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST15 as an epidemic clone in the Copenhagen area using a semi-automated Rep-
PCR typing assay. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 30:6, 773-778. [CrossRef]
101. Louise Blanger, Amlie Garenaux, Jose Harel, Martine Boulianne, Eric Nadeau, Charles M. Dozois. 2011. Escherichia coli
from animal reservoirs as a potential source of human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. FEMS Immunology & Medical
102. L. Crmet, N. Caroff, S. Dauvergne, A. Reynaud, D. Lepelletier, S. Corvec. 2011. Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone
resistance determinants in ESBL Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates over a 1-year period in a French hospital. Pathologie
Biologie 59:3, 151-156. [CrossRef]
103. Kwai Lin Thong, Wai Ling Lai, Amreeta Dhanoa. 2011. Antimicrobial susceptibility and pulsed Field Gel Electrophoretic
analysis of Salmonella in a tertiary hospital in northern Malaysia. Journal of Infection and Public Health 4:2, 65-72.
[CrossRef]
104. N.H. Martin, S.C. Murphy, R.D. Ralyea, M. Wiedmann, K.J. Boor. 2011. When cheese gets the blues: Pseudomonas
fluorescens as the causative agent of cheese spoilage. Journal of Dairy Science 94:6, 3176-3183. [CrossRef]
105. B. Verbist, V. Piessens, A. Van Nuffel, L. De Vuyst, M. Heyndrickx, L. Herman, E. Van Coillie, S. De Vliegher. 2011.
Sources other than unused sawdust can introduce Klebsiella pneumoniae into dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science 94:6,
2832-2839. [CrossRef]
106. K. Hoelzer, K.J. Cummings, E.M. Wright, L.D. Rodriguez-Rivera, S.E. Roof, A.I. Moreno Switt, N. Dumas, T. Root, D.J.
Schoonmaker-Bopp, Y.T. Grohn, J.D. Siler, L.D. Warnick, D.D. Hancock, M.A. Davis, M. Wiedmann. 2011. Salmonella
Cerro isolated over the past twenty years from various sources in the US represent a single predominant pulsed-field gel
electrophoresis type. Veterinary Microbiology 150:3-4, 389-393. [CrossRef]
107. Felicita Medalla, Maria Sjlund-Karlsson, Sanghyuk Shin, Emily Harvey, Kevin Joyce, Lisa Theobald, Benjamin L. Nygren,
Gary Pecic, Kathryn Gay, Jana Austin, Andrew Stuart, Elizabeth Blanton, Eric D. Mintz, Jean M. Whichard, Ezra J. Barzilay.
2011. Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi, United States, 19992008. Emerging Infectious Diseases
17:6, 1095-1098. [CrossRef]
108. J. K. SCHAFFZIN, F. CORONADO, N. B. DUMAS, T. P. ROOT, T. A. HALSE, D. J. SCHOONMAKER-BOPP, M. M.
LURIE, D. NICHOLAS, B. GERZONICH, G. S. JOHNSON, B. J. WALLACE, K. A. MUSSER. 2011. Public health approach
to detection of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: summary of two outbreaks and laboratory procedures.
Epidemiology and Infection 1-7. [CrossRef]
109. A. M. Smith, N. P. Tau, A. Sooka, K. H. Keddy. 2011. Surveillance for enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli associated with
human diarrhoea in South Africa, 2006-2009. Journal of Medical Microbiology 60:5, 681-683. [CrossRef]
110. Irene V. Wesley, Wayne T. Muraoka. 2011. Time of Entry of Salmonella and Campylobacter into the Turkey Brooder House.
Food and Bioprocess Technology 4:4, 616-623. [CrossRef]
111. C. Chu, B. Doublet, Y.-L. Lee, A. Cloeckaert, C.-S. Chiou, S.-W. Chen, C.-W. Lin, C.-H. Chiu. 2011. Salmonella genomic
island 1-J variants associated with change in the antibiotic resistance gene cluster in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica
serovar Virchow isolated from humans, Taiwan, 2004-2006. Clinical Microbiology and Infection no-no. [CrossRef]
112. Cedric N. Berger, Derek J. Brown, Robert K. Shaw, Florencia Minuzzi, Bart Feys, Gad Frankel. 2011. Salmonella
enterica strains belonging to O serogroup 1,3,19 induce chlorosis and wilting of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Environmental
113. Li-Kou Zou, Hong-Ning Wang, Bo Zeng, An-Yun Zhang, Jin-Niang Li, Xu-Ting Li, Guo-Bao Tian, Kun Wei, Ying-Shun
Zhou, Chang-Wen Xu. 2011. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of #-lactam resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolated from swine. Veterinary Microbiology 149:1-2, 139-146. [CrossRef]
114. A. M. Smith, K. H. Keddy, H. Ismail, J. Thomas, R. van der Gryp, M. J. Manamela, M. Huma, A. Sooka, L. K. Theobald,
M. A. Mennen, L. C. O'Reilly. 2011. International collaboration tracks typhoid fever cases over two continents from South
Africa to Australia. Journal of Medical Microbiology . [CrossRef]
115. A. M. EL-GENDY, A. MANSOUR, M. A. WEINER, G. PIMENTEL, A. W. ARMSTRONG, S. Y. N. YOUNG, N.
ELSAYED, J. D. KLENA. 2011. Genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance in Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella boydii strains
isolated from children aged <5 years in Egypt. Epidemiology and Infection 1-12. [CrossRef]
116. Reza Ranjbar , Giovanni M. Giammanco , Shohreh Farshad , Parviz Owlia , Aurora Aleo , Caterina Mammina . 2011.
Serotypes, Antibiotic Resistance, and Class 1 Integrons in Salmonella Isolates from Pediatric Cases of Enteritis in Tehran,
Iran. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 8:4, 547-553. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with
Links]
117. A. M. Hammerum, C. H. Lester, L. Jakobsen, L. J. Porsbo. 2011. Faecal carriage of extended-spectrum #-lactamase-producing
and AmpC #-lactamase-producing bacteria among Danish army recruits. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 17:4, 566-568.
[CrossRef]
118. Malin Christiansson, Sara Melin, Andreas Matussek, Sture Lfgren, Jan Sderman. 2011. MLVA is a valuable tool in
epidemiological investigations of Escherichia coli and for disclosing multiple carriage. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious
Diseases 1-8. [CrossRef]
119. S. A. Lowther, C. Medus, J. Scheftel, F. Leano, S. Jawahir, K. Smith. 2011. Foodborne Outbreak of Salmonella Subspecies
IV Infections Associated with Contamination from Bearded Dragons. Zoonoses and Public Health no-no. [CrossRef]
120. Eleni Galanis, Jane Parmley, Nancy De With. 2011. Integrated surveillance of Salmonella along the food chain using existing
data and resources in British Columbia, Canada. Food Research International . [CrossRef]
121. Roberto Marrero-Ortiz, Jing Han, Aaron M. Lynne, Donna E. David, Mary E. Stemper, Doris Farmer, William Burkhardt,
Rajesh Nayak, Steven L. Foley. 2011. Genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovars
isolated from dairy cattle in Wisconsin. Food Research International . [CrossRef]
122. Casey Barton Behravesh, Rajal K. Mody, Jessica Jungk, Linda Gaul, John T. Redd, Sanny Chen, Shaun Cosgrove, Erin
Hedican, David Sweat, Lina Chvez-Hauser, Sandra L. Snow, Heather Hanson, Thai-An Nguyen, Samir V. Sodha, Amy L.
Boore, Elizabeth Russo, Matthew Mikoleit, Lisa Theobald, Peter Gerner-Smidt, Robert M. Hoekstra, Frederick J. Angulo,
David L. Swerdlow, Robert V. Tauxe, Patricia M. Griffin, Ian T. Williams. 2011. 2008 Outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul
Infections Associated with Raw Produce. New England Journal of Medicine 364:10, 918-927. [CrossRef]
123. Ginger M. Shipp , James S. Dickson . 2011. The Establishment of Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella London in a New Dairy
Farm Environment. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 8:3, 411-420. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full
124. Koo-Youn Kim, Jong-Hyun Park, Hyo-Sun Kwak, Gun-Jo Woo. 2011. Characterization of the quinolone resistance
mechanism in foodborne Salmonella isolates with high nalidixic acid resistance. International Journal of Food Microbiology
146:1, 52-56. [CrossRef]
125. K. H. DYET, I. ROBERTSON, E. TURBITT, P. E. CARTER. 2011. Characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in
New Zealand using multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis. Epidemiology and Infection 139:03, 464-471.
[CrossRef]
126. M. Aurora Echeita Sarrionandia, Silvia Herrera Len, Cristina Simn Baamonde. 2011. Gastroenteritis invasivas, algo
nuevo?. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologa Clnica 29, 55-60. [CrossRef]
127. Srirat Pornruangwong , Rene S. Hendriksen , Chaiwat Pulsrikarn , Aroon Bangstrakulnonth , Matthew Mikoleit , Rob H.
Davies , Frank M. Aarestrup , Lourdes Garcia-Migura . 2011. Epidemiological Investigation of Salmonella enterica Serovar
Kedougou in Thailand. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 8:2, 203-211. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full
128. S. V. SODHA, M. LYNCH, K. WANNEMUEHLER, M. LEEPER, M. MALAVET, J. SCHAFFZIN, T. CHEN, A. LANGER,
M. GLENSHAW, D. HOEFER, N. DUMAS, L. LIND, M. IWAMOTO, T. AYERS, T. NGUYEN, M. BIGGERSTAFF,
C. OLSON, A. SHETH, C. BRADEN. 2011. Multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with a
national fast-food chain, 2006: a study incorporating epidemiological and food source traceback results. Epidemiology and
Infection 139:02, 309-316. [CrossRef]
129. J.A. Davis, C.R. Jackson, P.J. Fedorka-Cray, J.B. Barrett, J.H. Brousse, J. Gustafson, M. Kucher. 2011. Anatomical
distribution and genetic relatedness of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli from healthy companion animals. Journal of
Applied Microbiology 110:2, 597-604. [CrossRef]
130. Celine Mannion, June Fanning, Joanne McLernon, Lynsey Lendrum, Montserrat Gutierrez, Sharon Duggan, John Egan. 2011.
The role of transport, lairage and slaughter processes in the dissemination of Salmonella spp. in pigs in Ireland. Food Research
International . [CrossRef]
131. Mrcia Vargas Kober , Marina Bystronski Abreu , Maurcio Reis Bogo , Carlos Alexandre Sanchez Ferreira , Slvia Dias
Oliveira . 2011. Differentiation of Salmonella Enteritidis Isolates by Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism.
132. Ryan M Stepan, Julie S Sherwood, Shana R Petermann, Catherine M Logue. 2011. Molecular and Comparative Analysis
of Salmonella enterica Senftenberg from Humans and Animals using PFGE, MLST and NARMS. BMC Microbiology 11:1,
153. [CrossRef]
133. Leila M Sihvonen, Susanna Toivonen, Kaisa Haukka, Markku Kuusi, Mikael Skurnik, Anja Siitonen. 2011. Multilocus
Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis, Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns in
Discrimination of Sporadic and Outbreak-Related Strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. BMC Microbiology 11:1, 42. [CrossRef]
134. L. P. Randall, C. Clouting, R. A. Horton, N. G. Coldham, G. Wu, F. A. Clifton-Hadley, R. H. Davies, C. J. Teale. 2011.
Prevalence of Escherichia coli carrying extended-spectrum -lactamases (CTX-M and TEM-52) from broiler chickens and
turkeys in Great Britain between 2006 and 2009. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 66:1, 86-95. [CrossRef]
135. Hesham Dahshan, Mahdy A. Abd-El-Kader, Takehisa Chuma, Hiraku Moriki, Karoku Okamoto. 2011. Re-emergence of
multi-drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Stanley from cattle. Veterinary Research Communications 35:1, 55-60.
[CrossRef]
136. Cristi L. Galindo, Jason A. Rosenzweig, Michelle L. Kirtley, Ashok K. Chopra. 2011. Pathogenesis of Y. enterocolitica and
Y. pseudotuberculosis in Human Yersiniosis. Journal of Pathogens 2011, 1-16. [CrossRef]
137. Yung-Yen Tien, You-Wun Wang, Sheng Kai Tung, Shiu-Yun Liang, Chien-Shun Chiou. 2011. Comparison of multilocus
variable-number tandem repeat analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in molecular subtyping of Salmonella enterica
serovars Paratyphi A. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 69:1, 1-6. [CrossRef]
138. Henk C den Bakker, Andrea I Moreno Switt, Gregory Govoni, Craig A Cummings, Matthew L Ranieri, Lovorka Degoricija,
Karin Hoelzer, Lorraine D Rodriguez-Rivera, Stephanie Brown, Elena Bolchacova, Manohar R Furtado, Martin Wiedmann.
2011. Genome sequencing reveals diversification of virulence factor content and possible host adaptation in distinct
subpopulations of Salmonella enterica. BMC Genomics 12:1, 425. [CrossRef]
139. Jean Guard, Cesar A Morales, Paula Fedorka-Cray, Richard K Gast. 2011. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms that Differentiate
Two Subpopulations of Salmonella Enteritidis Within Phage Type. BMC Research Notes 4:1, 369. [CrossRef]
140. Baowei Yang, Meili Xi, Shenghui Cui, Xiuli Zhang, Jinling Shen, Min Sheng, Dong Qu, Xin Wang, Jianghong Meng. 2011.
Mutations in gyrase and topoisomerase genes associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella serovars from retail
meats. Food Research International . [CrossRef]
141. Ming-Hui Chen, Chien-Shun Chiou, Yu-Cheng Chiang, Pin-Hsin Chen, Shuo-Wen Tsai, Hau-Yang Tsen. 2011. Comparison
of the pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns and virulence profiles of the multidrug resistant strains of Salmonella enterica
serovar Schwarzengrund isolated from chicken meat and humans in Taiwan. Food Research International . [CrossRef]
142. K. L. F. CooperPulsed-field gel electrophoresis and other commonly used molecular methods for subtyping of foodborne
bacteria 157-180. [CrossRef]
143. E. K. Hyytia-TreesDevelopment, validation and quality assurance of methods for subtyping of foodborne pathogens 214-234.
[CrossRef]
144. Maria Sjlund-Karlsson , Regan Rickert , Caline Matar , Gary Pecic , Rebecca L. Howie , Kevin Joyce , Felicita Medalla ,
Ezra J. Barzilay , Jean M. Whichard . 2010. Salmonella Isolates with Decreased Susceptibility to Extended-Spectrum
Cephalosporins in the United States. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 7:12, 1503-1509. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full
Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
145. Thomas E. Wittum , Dixie F. Mollenkopf , Joshua B. Daniels , Anne E. Parkinson , Jennifer L. Mathews , Pamela R. Fry ,
Melanie J. Abley , Wondwossen A. Gebreyes . 2010. CTX-M-Type Extended-Spectrum #-Lactamases Present in Escherichia
coli from the Feces of Cattle in Ohio, United States. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 7:12, 1575-1579. [Abstract] [Full
Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
146. S.N. Melendez, I. Hanning, J. Han, R. Nayak, A.R. Clement, A. Wooming, P. Hererra, F.T. Jones, S.L. Foley, S.C. Ricke.
2010. Salmonella enterica isolates from pasture-raised poultry exhibit antimicrobial resistance and class I integrons. Journal
of Applied Microbiology 109:6, 1957-1966. [CrossRef]
147. M. Karama, C. L. Gyles. 2010. Methods for Genotyping Verotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Zoonoses and Public Health
57:7-8, 447-462. [CrossRef]
148. Mohammad A. Islam , Abdus S. Mondol , Ishrat J. Azmi , Enne de Boer , Rijkelt R. Beumer , Marcel H. Zwietering , Annet E.
Heuvelink , Kaisar A. Talukder . 2010. Occurrence and Characterization of Shiga ToxinProducing Escherichia coli in Raw
Meat, Raw Milk, and Street Vended Juices in Bangladesh. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 7:11, 1381-1385. [Abstract]
149. Walid Q. Alali , Siddhartha Thakur , Roy D. Berghaus , Michael P. Martin , Wondwossen A. Gebreyes . 2010. Prevalence
and Distribution of Salmonella in Organic and Conventional Broiler Poultry Farms. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 7:11,
150. Florian Mertes, Katja Biens, Hans Lehrach, Martin Wagner, Andreas Dahl. 2010. High-throughput Universal Probe
Salmonella Serotyping (UPSS) by nanoPCR. Journal of Microbiological Methods 83:2, 217-223. [CrossRef]
151. Joshua M. Rounds, Craig W. Hedberg, Stephanie Meyer, David J. Boxrud, Kirk E. Smith. 2010. Salmonella enterica
Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Clusters, Minnesota, USA, 20012007. Emerging Infectious Diseases 16:11, 1678-1685.
[CrossRef]
152. Cindy Dierikx, Alieda van Essen-Zandbergen, Kees Veldman, Hilde Smith, Dik Mevius. 2010. Increased detection of
extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli isolates from poultry. Veterinary
Microbiology 145:3-4, 273-278. [CrossRef]
153. Maria Strm-Bestor, Noora Mustamki, Sirpa Heinikainen, Varpu Hirvel-Koski, David Verner-Jeffreys, Tom Wiklund.
2010. Introduction of Yersinia ruckeri biotype 2 into Finnish fish farms. Aquaculture 308:1-2, 1-5. [CrossRef]
154. John B. Kaneene , RoseAnn Miller , Katherine May , Joseph A. Hattey . 2010. An Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella
enterica Serotype Oranienburg in Michigan Dairy Calves. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 7:10, 1193-1201. [Abstract]
155. Richard V. Goering. 2010. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis: A review of application and interpretation in the molecular
epidemiology of infectious disease. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 10:7, 866-875. [CrossRef]
156. Soumik Barman, Sohini Chatterjee, Goutam Chowdhury, Thandavarayan Ramamurthy, Swapan Kumar Niyogi, Ranajit
Kumar, Hemanta Koley. 2010. Plasmid-mediated streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole resistance in Shigella flexneri 3a.
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 36:4, 348-351. [CrossRef]
157. Hesham Dahshan, Francis Shahada, Takehisa Chuma, Hiraku Moriki, Karoku Okamoto. 2010. Genetic analysis of multidrug-
resistant Salmonella enterica serovars Stanley and Typhimurium from cattle. Veterinary Microbiology 145:1-2, 76-83.
[CrossRef]
158. Elizabeth R. Daly , Colleen M. Smith , Peter Wikoff , John Seiferth , Jayne Finnigan , Alisha M. Nadeau , Joyce J. Welch .
2010. Salmonella Enteritidis Infections Associated with a Contaminated Immersion Blender at a Camp. Foodborne Pathogens
159. Prapas Patchanee , Bayleyegn Molla , Nancy White , Daniel E. Line , Wondwossen A. Gebreyes . 2010. Tracking Salmonella
Contamination in Various Watersheds and Phenotypic and Genotypic Diversity. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 7:9,
160. Yadira Lugo-Melchor , Beatriz Quiones , Bianca A. Amzquita-Lpez , Josefina Len-Flix , Raymundo Garca-Estrada ,
Cristbal Chaidez . 2010. Characterization of Tetracycline Resistance in Salmonella enterica Strains Recovered from
Irrigation Water in the Culiacan Valley, Mexico. Microbial Drug Resistance 16:3, 185-190. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML]
[Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
161. Liana J. Borges, Maria Raquel H. Campos, Juliana L. Cardoso, Maria Cludia D.P.B. Andr, lvaro B. Serafini. 2010.
Molecular Epidemiology of Microorganisms Isolated from Food Workers and Enteral Feeding of Public Hospitals. Journal
of Food Science 75:7, M449-M454. [CrossRef]
162. M. Pablos, M.-A. Remacha, J.-M. Rodrguez-Calleja, J. A. Santos, A. Otero, M.-L. Garca-Lpez. 2010. Identity, virulence
genes, and clonal relatedness of Aeromonas isolates from patients with diarrhea and drinking water. European Journal of
Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 29:9, 1163-1172. [CrossRef]
163. Lisa A. King, Ingrid Filliol-Toutain, Patricia Mariani-Kurkidjian, Vronique Vaillant, Christine Vernozy-Rozand, Sarah
Ganet, Nathalie Pihier, Patrick Niaudet, Henriette de Valk. 2010. Family Outbreak of Shiga Toxinproducing Escherichia
coli O123:H, France, 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases 16:9, 1491-1493. [CrossRef]
164. Aliya Naheed, Pavani K. Ram, W. Abdullah Brooks, M. Anowar Hossain, Michele B. Parsons, Kaisar Ali Talukder, Eric
Mintz, Stephen Luby, Robert F. Breiman. 2010. Burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in a densely populated urban
community, Dhaka, Bangladesh. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14, e93-e99. [CrossRef]
165. Erin Hedican , Ben Miller , Brian Ziemer , Pam LeMaster , Selina Jawahir , Fe Leano , Kirk Smith . 2010. Salmonellosis
Outbreak Due to Chicken Contact Leading to a Foodborne Outbreak Associated with Infected Delicatessen Workers.
166. Peter C.H. Feng, Christine Keys, David Lacher, Steven R. Monday, Dan Shelton, Christine Rozand, Marta Rivas, Thomas
Whittam. 2010. Prevalence, characterization and clonal analysis of Escherichia coli O157: non-H7 serotypes that carry eae
alleles. FEMS Microbiology Letters 308:1, 62-67. [CrossRef]
167. Ekaterina Protozanova, Meng Zhang, Eric J. White, Emilia T. Mollova, Dirk Ten Broeck, Sergey V. Fridrikh, Douglas B.
Cameron, Rudolf Gilmanshin. 2010. Fast high-resolution mapping of long fragments of genomic DNA based on single-
molecule detection. Analytical Biochemistry 402:1, 83-90. [CrossRef]
168. Kevin J. Cummings , Thomas J. Divers , Patrick L. McDonough , Andrea Moreno Switt , Martin Wiedmann , Lorin D.
Warnick . 2010. Temporal Clusters of Bovine Salmonella Cases at a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, 19962007.
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 10:5, 471-479. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
169. Ye#im Soyer , Samuel D. Alcaine , Dainna J. Schoonmaker-Bopp , Timothy P. Root , Lorin D. Warnick , Patrick L.
McDonough , Nellie B. Dumas , Yrjo T. Grhn , Martin Wiedmann . 2010. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Diversity of
Human and Bovine Clinical Salmonella Isolates. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 7:6, 707-717. [Abstract] [Full Text
HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links] [Supplemental material]
170. Kevin J. Cummings , Lorin D. Warnick , Mara Elton , Lorraine D. Rodriguez-Rivera , Julie D. Siler , Emily M. Wright , Yrjo
T. Grhn , Martin Wiedmann . 2010. Salmonella enterica Serotype Cerro Among Dairy Cattle in New York: An Emerging
Pathogen?. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 7:6, 659-665. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF
with Links]
171. Chien-Shun Chiou, Hsin-Yi Li, Sheng-Kai Tung, Chien-Yen Chen, Ching-Hao Teng, Jwu-Ching Shu, Joseph T. Tseng, Chi-
Yu Hsu, Chien-Cheng Chen. 2010. Identification of prophage gene z2389 in Escherichia coli EDL933 encoding a DNA
cytosine methyltransferase for full protection of NotI sites. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 300:5, 296-303.
[CrossRef]
172. J. STELLING, W. K. YIH, M. GALAS, M. KULLDORFF, M. PICHEL, R. TERRAGNO, E. TUDURI, S. ESPETXE, N.
BINSZTEIN, T. F. O'BRIEN, R. PLATT. 2010. Automated use of WHONET and SaTScan to detect outbreaks of Shigella
spp. using antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. Epidemiology and Infection 138:06, 873. [CrossRef]
173. Nomi Ngrdy , Ariel Imre , gnes Kostyk , kos Tth , Bla Nagy . 2010. Molecular and Pathogenic Characterization
of Salmonella enterica Serovar Bovismorbificans Strains of Animal, Environmental, Food, and Human Origin in Hungary.
174. D. Tande, S. Boisrame-Gastrin, M. R. Munck, G. Hery-Arnaud, S. Gouriou, N. Jallot, P. Nordmann, T. Naas. 2010.
Intrafamilial transmission of extended-spectrum- -lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica Babelsberg
among the families of internationally adopted children. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 65:5, 859-865. [CrossRef]
175. T. R. Thorsteinsdottir, G. Haraldsson, V. Fridriksdottir, K. G. Kristinsson, E. Gunnarsson. 2010. Prevalence and Genetic
Relatedness of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated From Animals, Foods and Humans in Iceland. Zoonoses and
Public Health 57:3, 189-196. [CrossRef]
176. Karen H. Keddy, Anthony M. Smith, Arvinda Sooka, Husna Ismail, Stephen Oliver. 2010. Fluoroquinolone-Resistant
Typhoid, South Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases 16:5, 879-880. [CrossRef]
177. Cristina Lanzas , Lorin D. Warnick , Karen L. James , Emily M. Wright , Martin Wiedmann , Yrjo T. Grhn . 2010.
Transmission Dynamics of a Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Typhimurium Outbreak in a Dairy Farm. Foodborne Pathogens
178. Charles C. Dodd , David G. Renter , J. Trent Fox , Xiaorong Shi , Michael W. Sanderson , T.G. Nagaraja . 2010. Genetic
Relatedness of Escherichia coli O157 Isolates from Cattle Feces and Preintervention Beef Carcasses. Foodborne Pathogens
179. J. Lindsay Oaks, Thomas E. Besser, Seth T. Walk, David M. Gordon, Kimberlee B. Beckmen, Kathy A. Burek, Gary J.
Haldorson, Dan S. Bradway, Lindsey Ouellette, Fred R. Rurangirwa, Margaret A. Davis, Greg Dobbin, Thomas S. Whittam.
2010. Escherichia albertii in Wild and Domestic Birds. Emerging Infectious Diseases 16:4, 638-646. [CrossRef]
180. Jessica L. Halpin , Nancy M. Garrett , Efrain M. Ribot , Lewis M. Graves , Kara L. Cooper . 2010. Re-evaluation,
Optimization, and Multilaboratory Validation of the PulseNet-Standardized Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Protocol for
Listeria monocytogenes. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 7:3, 293-298. [Abstract] [Full Text HTML] [Full Text PDF]
[Full Text PDF with Links]
181. J. Yang, Y. Luo, J. Li, Y. Ma, C. Hu, S. Jin, L. Ye, S. Cui. 2010. Characterization of clinical Escherichia coli isolates from
China containing transferable quinolone resistance determinants. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 65:3, 453-459.
[CrossRef]
182. Jason P. Folster , Gary Pecic , Shanna Bolcen , Lisa Theobald , Kelley Hise , Alessandra Carattoli , Shaohua Zhao , Patrick F.
McDermott , Jean M. Whichard . 2010. Characterization of Extended-Spectrum CephalosporinResistant Salmonella enterica
Serovar Heidelberg Isolated from Humans in the United States. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 7:2, 181-187. [Abstract]
183. Brandon Kinley, James Rieck, Paul Dawson, Xiuping Jiang. 2010. Analysis of Salmonella and enterococci isolated from
rendered animal products. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 56:1, 65-73. [CrossRef]
184. Hesham DAHSHAN, Takehisa CHUMA, Francis SHAHADA, Masato AKIBA, Hideki FUJIMOTO, Keishirou AKASAKA,
Yuji KAMIMURA, Karoku OKAMOTO. 2010. Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance and the Emergence of AmpC-
Producing Salmonella Infantis from Pigs. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 72:11, 1437-1442. [CrossRef]
185. Clifford G. Clark, Christopher C. R. Grant, Keri M. Trout-Yakel, Helen Tabor, Lai-King Ng, Kris Rahn, Kristyn Franklin,
Andrew M. Kropinski. 2010. The O28 Antigen Gene Clusters of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Dakar and
Serovar Pomona Are Different. International Journal of Microbiology 2010, 1-8. [CrossRef]
186. Thorunn R. Thorsteinsdottir, Gunnsteinn Haraldsson, Vala Fridriksdottir, Karl G. Kristinsson, Eggert Gunnarsson. 2010.
Broiler Chickens as Source of Human Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli , Iceland. Emerging Infectious Diseases
16:1, 133-135. [CrossRef]
187. R. Terragno, A. Salve, M. Pichel, S. Epszteyn, S. Brengi, N. Binsztein. 2009. Characterization and subtyping of Cronobacter
spp. from imported powdered infant formulae in Argentina. International Journal of Food Microbiology 136:2, 193-197.
[CrossRef]
188. Toni L. Poole , Tom S. Edrington , Dayna M. Brichta-Harhay , Alessandra Carattoli , Robin Carl Anderson , David J. Nisbet .
2009. Conjugative Transferability of the A/C Plasmids from Salmonella enterica Isolates That Possess or Lack blaCMY in
the A/C Plasmid Backbone. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 6:10, 1185-1194. [Abstract] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF
with Links]
189. Mark J. Sotir, Gwen Ewald, Akiko C. Kimura, Jeffrey I. Higa, Anandi Sheth, Scott Troppy, Stephanie Meyer, R Michael
Hoekstra, Jana Austin, John Archer, Mary Spayne, Elizabeth R. Daly, Patricia M. Griffin. 2009. Outbreak of Salmonella
Wandsworth and Typhimurium Infections in Infants and Toddlers Traced to a Commercial Vegetable-Coated Snack Food.
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 28:12, 1041-1046. [CrossRef]
190. Andreja Rajkovic, Nada Smigic, Mieke Uyttendaele, Helga Medic, Lieven de Zutter, Frank Devlieghere. 2009. Resistance
of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni after exposure to repetitive cycles of mild
bactericidal treatments. Food Microbiology 26:8, 889-895. [CrossRef]
191. H. Izumiya, Y. Tada, K. Ito, T. Morita-Ishihara, M. Ohnishi, J. Terajima, H. Watanabe. 2009. Characterization of Shigella
sonnei isolates from travel-associated cases in Japan. Journal of Medical Microbiology 58:11, 1486-1491. [CrossRef]
192. A. Endimiani, J. M. DePasquale, S. Forero, F. Perez, A. M. Hujer, D. Roberts-Pollack, P. D. Fiorella, N. Pickens, B. Kitchel,
A. E. Casiano-Colon, F. C. Tenover, R. A. Bonomo. 2009. Emergence of blaKPC-containing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a long-
term acute care hospital: a new challenge to our healthcare system. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 64:5, 1102-1110.
[CrossRef]
193. German B. Vigo , Javier A. Cappuccio , Pablo E. Pieyro , Angela Salve , Mariana A. Machuca , Maria A. Quiroga , Fabiana
Moredo , Gabriel Giacoboni , Jose L. Cancer , Ines G. Caffer , Norma Binsztein , Mariana Pichel , Carlos J. Perfumo . 2009.
Salmonella enterica Subclinical Infection: Bacteriological, Serological, Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis, and Antimicrobial
Resistance ProfilesLongitudinal Study in a Three-Site Farrow-to-Finish Farm. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 6:8,
965-972. [Abstract] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
194. Luc Belloy, Loane Decrausaz, Patrick Boujon, Herbert Hchler, Andreas S. Waldvogel. 2009. Diagnosis by culture and PCR
of Salmonella Abortusovis infection under clinical conditions in aborting sheep in Switzerland. Veterinary Microbiology
138:3-4, 373-377. [CrossRef]
195. Insook Son , Jo Ann S. Van Kessel , Jeffrey S. Karns . 2009. Genotypic Diversity of Escherichia coli in a Dairy Farm.
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 6:7, 837-847. [Abstract] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
196. Kek Heng Chua, Kah Heng See, S.D. Puthucheary. 2009. Use of Plastic Primer Container Covers as Effective Plug Molds
for Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. Journal of Applied Sciences 9:9, 1798-1800. [CrossRef]
197. Rene S. Hendriksen, Matthew Mikoleit, Christian Kornschober, Regan L. Rickert, Susan Van Duyne, Charlotte Kjels,
Henrik Hasman, Martin Cormican, Dik Mevius, John Threlfall, Frederic J. Angulo, Frank M. Aarestrup. 2009. Emergence
of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Concord Infections in Europe and the United States in Children Adopted From Ethiopia,
20032007. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 28:9, 814-818. [CrossRef]
198. Aaron M. Lynne, Lindsay L. Dorsey, Donna E. David, Steven L. Foley. 2009. Characterisation of antibiotic resistance in
host-adapted Salmonella enterica. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 34:2, 169-172. [CrossRef]
199. Emilia T. Mollova, Vishal A. Patil, Ekaterina Protozanova, Meng Zhang, Rudolf Gilmanshin. 2009. An automated sample
preparation system with mini-reactor to isolate and process submegabase fragments of bacterial DNA. Analytical Biochemistry
391:2, 135-143. [CrossRef]
200. Anna Maria Dionisi , Caterina Graziani , Claudia Lucarelli , Emma Filetici , Laura Villa , Slawomir Owczarek , Alfredo
Caprioli , Ida Luzzi . 2009. Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Strains of Salmonella enterica Serotype
Typhimurium and Monophasic Variant (S. 4,[5],12:i:) Isolated from Human Infections in Italy. Foodborne Pathogens and
Disease 6:6, 711-717. [Abstract] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
201. Shukho Kim , Sung-Hun Kim , Jeong-Hyun Park , Kyung-Shin Lee , Mi-Sun Park , Bok Kwon Lee . 2009. Clustering Analysis
of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Isolates in Korea by PFGE, Ribotyping, and Phage Typing. Foodborne Pathogens and
Disease 6:6, 733-738. [Abstract] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
202. C. G. Clark, A. M. Kropinski, H. Parolis, C. C. R. Grant, K. M. Trout-Yakel, K. Franklin, L.-K. Ng, N. A. Paramonov, L. A.
S. Parolis, K. Rahn, H. Tabor. 2009. Escherichia coli O123 O antigen genes and polysaccharide structure are conserved in
some Salmonella enterica serogroups. Journal of Medical Microbiology 58:7, 884-894. [CrossRef]
203. Ian S.T. Fisher , Nathalie Jourdan-Da Silva , Herbert Hchler , Franois-Xavier Weill , Hans Schmid , Corinne Danan ,
Annaelle Krouanton , Christopher R. Lane , Annamaria M. Dionisi , Ida Luzzi . 2009. Human Infections Due to Salmonella
Napoli: A Multicountry, Emerging Enigma Recognized by the Enter-net International Surveillance Network. Foodborne
Pathogens and Disease 6:5, 613-619. [Abstract] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
204. Lilia Lopez-Canovas, Ana Maria Riveron, Yainelis Garrido, Fidel Corrales, Adalberto Aguila, Yamilet Crdenas. 2009.
Adapting to contour-clamped homogeneous electric field minichamber technology the PulseNet protocols to resolve XbaI
DNA fragments of Salmonella serotype Braenderup. Analytical Biochemistry 388:2, 339-341. [CrossRef]
205. Stephan Huehn , Reiner Helmuth , Cornelia Bunge , Beatriz Guerra , Ernst Junker , Rob H. Davies , Pierre Wattiau , Wilfrid
van Pelt , Burkhard Malorny . 2009. Characterization of Pathogenic and Resistant Genome Repertoire Reveals Two Clonal
Lines in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Paratyphi B (+)-Tartrate Positive. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease
6:4, 431-443. [Abstract] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
206. Elizabeth Lyon Hannah , James R. Johnson , Frederick Angulo , Bassam Haddadin , Jacquelyn Williamson , Matthew H.
Samore . 2009. Molecular Analysis of Antimicrobial-Susceptible and -Resistant Escherichia coli from Retail Meats and
Human Stool and Clinical Specimens in a Rural Community Setting. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 6:3, 285-295.
[Abstract] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
207. Helene L Andrews-Polymenis, Carlos A Santiviago, Michael McClelland. 2009. Novel genetic tools for studying food-borne
Salmonella. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 20:2, 149-157. [CrossRef]
208. Aaron M. Lynne , Pravin Kaldhone , Donna David , David G. White , Steven L. Foley . 2009. Characterization of Antimicrobial
Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serotype Heidelberg Isolated from Food Animals. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 6:2,
209. K. GAYNOR, S. Y. PARK, R. KANENAKA, R. COLINDRES, E. MINTZ, P. K. RAM, P. KITSUTANI, M. NAKATA,
S. WEDEL, D. BOXRUD, D. JENNINGS, H. YOSHIDA, N. TOSAKA, H. HE, M. CHING-LEE, P. V. EFFLER. 2009.
International foodborne outbreak of Shigella sonnei infection in airline passengers. Epidemiology and Infection 137:03, 335.
[CrossRef]
210. H. C. LEWIS, S. ETHELBERG, K. E. P. OLSEN, E. M. NIELSEN, M. LISBY, S. B. MADSEN, J. BOEL, R. STAFFORD, M.
KIRK, H. V. SMITH, S. TIKUMRUM, A. WISETROJANA, A. BANGTRAKULNONTH, J. VITHAYARUNGRUANGSRI,
P. SIRIARAYAPORN, K. UNGCHUSAK, J. BISHOP, K. MLBAK. 2009. Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infections in
Denmark and Australia linked to consumption of imported raw baby corn. Epidemiology and Infection 137:03, 326. [CrossRef]
211. THOMAS G. KINSCHERF, MEE-NGAN YAP, AMY O. CHARKOWSKI, DAVID K. WILLIS. 2009. CHEF
PROCEDURES: A RAPID HIGH-TEMPERATURE METHOD FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION, A HIGH VOLTAGE
HEPES BUFFER SYSTEM AND THE USE OF NUSIEVE AGAROSE. Journal of Rapid Methods & Automation in
212. Morgane Dominguez , Nathalie Jourdan-Da Silva , Vronique Vaillant , Nathalie Pihier , Ccile Kermin , Franois-Xavier
Weill , Gilles Delmas , Annalle Kerouanton , Anne Brisabois , Henriette de Valk . 2009. Outbreak of Salmonella enterica
Serotype Montevideo Infections in France Linked to Consumption of Cheese Made from Raw Milk. Foodborne Pathogens
and Disease 6:1, 121-128. [Abstract] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
213. N. De Lappe, G. Doran, J. O'Connor, C. O'Hare, M. Cormican. 2009. Characterization of bacteriophages used in the
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis phage-typing scheme. Journal of Medical Microbiology 58:1, 86-93. [CrossRef]
214. Eva Mller Nielsen, Mia Torpdahl, Steen Ethelberg, Anette M. Hammerum. 2009. Variation in Antimicrobial Resistance
in Sporadic and Outbreak-related Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15:1, 101-103.
[CrossRef]
215. Kara L. F. Cooper, Duncan R. MacCannell, Efrain M. RibotPulsenet: A Program to Detect and Track Food Contamination
Events . [CrossRef]
216. M. L. Kotewicz, M. K. Mammel, J. E. LeClerc, T. A. Cebula. 2008. Optical mapping and 454 sequencing of Escherichia coli
O157 : H7 isolates linked to the US 2006 spinach-associated outbreak. Microbiology 154:11, 3518-3528. [CrossRef]
217. Douglas R. Call , Lisa Orfe , Margaret A. Davis , Stacey Lafrentz , Min-Su Kang . 2008. Impact of Compounding Error on
Strategies for Subtyping Pathogenic Bacteria. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 5:4, 505-516. [Abstract] [Full Text PDF]
[Full Text PDF with Links] [Supplemental material]
218. S. Schjorring, C. Struve, K. A. Krogfelt. 2008. Transfer of antimicrobial resistance plasmids from Klebsiella pneumoniae to
Escherichia coli in the mouse intestine. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 62:5, 1086-1093. [CrossRef]
219. You-Wun Wang, Lih-Ling Chern, Phung Dac Cam, Chien-Shun Chiou. 2008. Evaluation of restriction enzymes for
standardizing pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for rapid subtyping of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Diagnostic
Microbiology and Infectious Disease 61:3, 251-255. [CrossRef]
220. Moon J. Kim, Elizabeth Bancroft, Eleanor Lehnkering, Rodney M. Donlan, Laurene Mascola. 2008. Alcaligenes xylosoxidans
Bloodstream Infections in Outpatient Oncology Office. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14:7, 1046-1052. [CrossRef]
221. Sundeep K. Gupta, Felicita Medalla, Michael W. Omondi, Jean M. Whichard, Patricia I. Fields, Peter Gerner#Smidt, Nehal J.
Patel, Kara L. F. Cooper, Tom M. Chiller, Eric D. Mintz. 2008. Laboratory#Based Surveillance of Paratyphoid Fever in the
United States: Travel and Antimicrobial Resistance. Clinical Infectious Diseases 46:11, 1656-1663. [CrossRef]
222. Antoine Stevens, Annaelle Kerouanton, Muriel Marault, Yves Millemann, Anne Brisabois, Jean-Franois Cavin, Barbara
Dufour. 2008. Epidemiological analysis of Salmonella enterica from beef sampled in the slaughterhouse and retailers in
Dakar (Senegal) using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antibiotic susceptibility testing. International Journal of Food
223. Rajesh Nayak , Tabitha Stewart-King . 2008. Molecular Epidemiological Analysis and Microbial Source Tracking of
Salmonella enterica Serovars in a Preharvest Turkey Production Environment. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 5:2,
224. Michele T. Jay, Michael Cooley, Diana Carychao, Gerald W. Wiscomb, Richard A. Sweitzer, Leta Crawford-Miksza, Jeff A.
Farrar, David K. Lau, Janice OConnell, Anne Millington, Roderick V. Asmundson, Edward R. Atwill, Robert E. Mandrell.
2007. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Feral Swine near Spinach Fields and Cattle, Central California Coast1. Emerging Infectious
Diseases 13:12, 1908-1911. [CrossRef]
225. Jie Zheng, Christine E. Keys, Shaohua Zhao, Jianghong Meng, Eric W. Brown. 2007. Enhanced Subtyping Scheme for
Salmonella Enteritidis. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13:12, 1932-1935. [CrossRef]
226. Jean M. Whichard, Kathryn Gay, Jennifer E. Stevenson, Kevin J. Joyce, Kara L. Cooper, Michael Omondi, Felicita Medalla,
George A. Jacoby, Timothy J. Barrett. 2007. Human Salmonella and Concurrent Decreased Susceptibility to Quinolones and
Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13:11, 1681-1688. [CrossRef]
227. Efrain Ribot, Eija Hyytia-Trees, Kara CooperPulseNet and Emerging Foodborne Diseases . [CrossRef]
228. Maiko Sasaki, Shanti V Sitaraman, Brian A Babbin, Peter Gerner-Smidt, Efrain M Ribot, Nancy Garrett, Joel A Alpern, Adil
Akyildiz, Arianne L Theiss, Asma Nusrat, Jan-Michael A Klapproth. 2007. Invasive Escherichia coli are a feature of Crohn's
disease. Laboratory Investigation 87:10, 1042-1054. [CrossRef]
229. D. Tapalski, R. S. Hendriksen, H. Hasman, P. Ahrens, F. M. Aarestrup. 2007. Molecular characterisation of multidrug-resistant
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates from Gomel region, Belarus. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 13:10,
1030-1033. [CrossRef]
230. Annalle Krouanton , Muriel Marault , Renaud Lailler , Franois-Xavier Weill , Carole Feurer , Emmanuelle Espi ,
Anne Brisabois . 2007. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Subtyping Database for Foodborne Salmonella enterica Serotype
Discrimination. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 4:3, 293-303. [Abstract] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
231. Virginia Vincent , H. Morgan Scott , Roger B. Harvey , Walid Q. Alali , Michael E. Hume . 2007. Novel Surveillance
of Salmonella enterica Serotype Heidelberg Epidemics in a Closed Community. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 4:3,
232. M.B. Parsons , K.L.F. Cooper , K.A. Kubota , N. Puhr , S. Simington , P.S. Calimlim , D. Schoonmaker-Bopp , C. Bopp , B.
Swaminathan , P. Gerner-Smidt , E.M. Ribot . 2007. PulseNet USA Standardized Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Protocol
for Subtyping of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 4:3, 285-292. [Abstract] [Full Text PDF] [Full
233. Steven L. Foley , Shaohua Zhao , Robert D. Walker . 2007. Comparison of Molecular Typing Methods for the Differentiation
of Salmonella Foodborne Pathogens. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 4:3, 253-276. [Abstract] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text
PDF with Links]
234. Hsiao-Lun Wei, You-Wen Wang, Chun-Chin Li, Sheng Kai Tung, Chien-Shun Chiou. 2007. Epidemiology and evolution
of genotype and antimicrobial resistance of an imported Shigella sonnei clone circulating in central Taiwan. Diagnostic
Microbiology and Infectious Disease 58:4, 469-475. [CrossRef]
235. Charlene R. Jackson , Paula J. Fedorka-Cray , Nora Wineland , Jeanetta D. Tankson , John B. Barrett , Aphrodite Douris ,
Cheryl P. Gresham , Carolina Jackson-Hall , Beth M. McGlinchey , Maria Victoria Price . 2007. Introduction to United States
Department of Agriculture VetNet: Status of Salmonella and Campylobacter Databases from 2004 Through 2005. Foodborne
Pathogens and Disease 4:2, 241-248. [Abstract] [Full Text PDF] [Full Text PDF with Links]
236. Frank M. Aarestrup, Rene S. Hendriksen, Jana Lockett, Katie Gay, Kathryn Teates, Patrick F. McDermott, David G.
White, Henrik Hasman, Gitte Srensen, Aroon Bangtrakulnonth, Srirat Pornreongwong, Chaiwat Pulsrikarn, Frederick J.
Angulo, Peter Gerner-Smidt. 2007. International Spread of Multidrug-resistant Salmonella Schwarzengrund in Food Products.
Emerging Infectious Diseases 13:5, 726-731. [CrossRef]
237. Carina Brehony, Keith A. Jolley, Martin C.J. Maiden. 2007. Multilocus sequence typing for global surveillance of
meningococcal disease. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 31:1, 15-26. [CrossRef]
238. J. Erin Staples, Kristy A. Kubota, Linda G. Chalcraft, Paul S. Mead, Jeannine M. Petersen. 2006. Epidemiologic and Molecular
Analysis of Human Tularemia, United States, 19642004. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12:7, 1113-1121. [CrossRef]

Standardization of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Standardization of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND DISEASE

Volume 3, Number 1, 2006

You might also like