Chng 1.

Cc khi nim c bn ca C++

CHNG 1
CC KHI NIM C BN CA C++
Cc yu t c bn
Mi trng lm vic ca C++
Cc bc t! v t"#c "in m$t c"ng tr%n"
&!'ra tr!ng C++
I. CC YU T C BN
M$t ngn ng( l)* tr%n" +,,-./ b)c ca! c"! *"0* ngi 12 34ng +,56/ biu
"in 7 t8ng ca m%n" gii 9uyt m$t v:n ;< bi t!n b=ng cc" 3i>n t g?n vi
ngn ng( t"ng t"ng t"ay v% *"i 3i>n t t"@! ngn ng( my +3Ay cc BC "iu D<E/F
Gin n"iHn< cc 7 t8ng ,56 mun tr%n" by *"i Ic vit t"@! m$t c:u trJc c"Kt c"L
t"ng Ic gMi l thut ton "!Kc gii thut v t"@! Jng cc 9ui tNc ca ngn ng(
gMi l c php "!Kc vn phmF .r!ng gi! tr%n" ny c"Jng ta bn n m$t ngn ng(
l)* tr%n" n" v)y< O l ngn ng( l)* tr%n" C++ v lm t" n! t" "in cc 7 t8ng
gii 9uyt v:n ; b=ng cc" vit t"n" c"ng tr%n" tr!ng C++F
.rc "t< tr!ng m4c ny c"Jng ta 1L tr%n" by v; cc 9ui Pn" bNt bu$c n gin
v c bn n":tF ."ng t"ng cc 9ui Pn" ny 1L Ic n" 3?n tr!ng 9u tr%n" "Mc
ngn ng(< tuy n"iHn cO m$t vi B"i nim tng i " t"ng v; ,,-. C++ c"Jng
ta tr%n" by 1 lIc cc B"i nim c bn OF ,gi Mc A tQng lm 9u@n vi cc
,,-. B"c cO t" Mc lt 9ua *"?n nyF
1. Bng k t c C++
G?u "t cc ngn ng( l)* tr%n" "in nay ;u 12 34ng cc BC t# ting Rn"< cc BC
"iu t"ng 34ng v cc c!n 1 t" "in c"ng tr%n"F Cc BC t# ca n"(ng ngn ng(
B"c B"ng Ic 12 34ng +vC 34 cc c"( ci ting &it/F 6i Sy l bng BC t# Ic
*"0* 3Tng t! nHn n"(ng cSu ln" ca ngn ng( C++F
Cc c"( ci la tin" +vit t"ng v vit "!a/U a FF V v R FF WF CTng m$t c"( ci
n"ng vit t"ng *"Sn bit vi vit "!aF &C 34 c"( ci XaX l B"c vi XRXF
6:u gc" 3iU Y
Cc c"( 1 t")* *"SnU D< E< F F< ZF
E
Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca C++
Cc B7 "iu t!n "McU +< [< \< '< ] < ^< __< `< a< b< c FFF
Cc B7 "iu Kc bit B"cU < dU e f< gh< i< 3:u cc"< FFF
!. T" k#$%
M$t tQ B"! l m$t tQ Ic 9ui Pn" trc tr!ng ,,-. vi m$t 7 ng"ja c Pn"<
t"ng 3Tng c"k cc l!i 3( liu "!Kc Bt "I* t"n" cSu ln"F ,56 cO t" t! ra
n"(ng tQ mi c"k cc i tIng ca m%n" n"ng B"ng Ic *"0* trTng vi tQ
B"!F 6i Sy c"Jng ti lit BH m$t vi tQ B"! t"ng gK*< 7 ng"ja ca cc tQ ny< 1L
Ic tr%n" by 3?n tr!ng cc ; m4c liHn 9uanF
auto, break, case, char, continue, default, do, double, else, externe, float,
for, goto, if, int, long, register, return, short, sizeof, static, struct, switch,
typedef, union, unsigned, while
M$t Kc trng ca C++ l cc tQ B"! lun lun Ic vit b=ng c"( t"ngF
&. T'n g()
l *"Sn bit cc i tIng vi n"au c"Jng c?n cO m$t tHn gMiF G?u "t m$t i
tIng Ic vit ra tr!ng c"ng tr%n" t"u$c m 3ng< m$t 3ng A cO 1nn tr!ng ngn
ng( +vC 34 cc tQ B"!< tHn cc "m c"uon FFF/< m$t 1 3! ,56 t! ra 3Tng Kt tHn
c"! "=ng< bin< Biu< "m FFF cc tHn gMi 3! ,56 t# Kt *"i tuSn t"@! m$t 1 9ui tNc
1auU
- 3Ay B7 t# liHn ti* +B"ng c"pa 3:u cc"/ v *"i bNt ?u b=ng c"( ci
"!Kc gc" 3iF
q"Sn bit BC t# in "!a v t"ngF
r"ng Ic trTng vi tQ B"OaF
5 lIng c"( ci 3Tng *"Sn bit tHn gMi cO t" Ic Kt tus 7F
C"J 7 cc tHn gMi cO 1nn ca C++ ctng tuSn t" t"@! Jng 9ui tNc trHnF
.r!ng m$t c"ng tr%n" nu ,56 Kt tHn 1ai t"% tr!ng 9u tr%n" u2 l7 1 b$ +trc
B"i c"y c"ng tr%n"/ my 1L b! lvi +gMi l lvi vwn *"m/F
V ! 1 U
Cc tHn gMi 1au Sy l Jng +Ic *"0*/U i< iE< x< tin"!c< tinY"!c< luuYlu!ng
Cc tHn gMi 1au Sy l 1ai +B"ng Ic *"0*/U Ei< tin "!c< luu[lu!ng[nu!c
Cc tHn gMi 1au Sy l B"c n"auU "aYn!i< GaYn!i< GRY,!i< GRY,yz< FFF
m
Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca C++
*. C#+ t#,c# t-$ng c#./ng t-0n#
M$t c"ng tr%n" t"ng Ic vit m$t cc" ngNn gMn< 3! v)y t"ng t"ng bHn
cn" cc cSu ln" c"Cn" t"pc ca c"ng tr%n"< ,56 c{n Ic *"0* vit v! c"ng
tr%n" cc cSu g"i c"J< gii t"Cc" lm r| ng"ja "n c"ng tr%n"F M$t c"J t"Cc" cO t"
g"i c"J v; n"im v4< m4c Cc"< cc" t"pc ca t"n" *"?n ang Ic c"J t"Cc" n"
bin< "=ng< "m "!Kc cng 34ng ca m$t !n ln" FFF Cc c"J t"Cc" 1L lm c"!
c"ng tr%n" 1ng 1a< 3> Mc< 3> "iu v v% v)y 3> b! tr%< 12a c"(a v; 1auF
CO m cc" b! c"! c"ng tr%n" bit m$t !n c"J t"Cc"U
,u c"J t"Cc" l m$t !n BC t# b:t Bs liHn ti* n"au +tr!ng E 3{ng "!Kc trHn
n"i;u 3{ng/ ta Kt !n c"J t"Cc" O gi(a cK* 3:u Ong m8 c"J t"Cc" '\ +m8/
v \' +Ong/F
,u c"J t"Cc" bNt ?u tQ m$t vP trC n! O c"! n "t 3{ng< t"% ta Kt 3:u '' 8
vP trC OF ," v)y '' 12 34ng c"! cc c"J t"Cc" c"k trHn E 3{ngF
," A n"Nc 8 trHn< vai tr{ ca !n c"J t"Cc" l lm c"! c"ng tr%n" 3> "iu
i vi ngi Mc< v% v)y i vi my cc !n c"J t"Cc" 1L Ic b} 9uaF -Ii 34ng Kc
im ny ca c"J t"Cc" i B"i tm t"i b} 9ua m$t !n ln" n! O tr!ng c"ng
tr%n" +n"ng B"ng u! "~n B"}i *"i g| li B"i c?n 3Tng n/ ta cO t" Kt cc 3:u
c"J t"Cc" ba! 9uan" !n ln" ny +vC 34 B"i c"y t"2 c"ng tr%n"< g lvi FFF/< B"i c?n
12 34ng li ta cO t" b} cc 3:u c"J t"Cc"F
C"J 7U CK* 3:u c"J t"Cc" '\ FFF \' B"ng Ic *"0* vit lng n"au< vC 34 3{ng c"J
t"Cc" 1au l B"ng Ic *"0*
!" #$y l% &o'n ch( th)ch !" ch*a &o'n ch( th)ch n%y "! nh+ &o'n ch( th)ch con "!
c?n *"i 12a li n" 1auU
"!Kc c"k gi( li cK* 3:u c"J t"Cc" ng!i cTng
!" #$y l% &o'n ch( th)ch ch*a &o'n ch( th)ch n%y nh+ &o'n ch( th)ch con "!
"!Kc c"ia t"n" cc !n c"J t"Cc" liHn ti* n"au
!" #$y l% &o'n ch( th)ch "! !"ch*a &o'n ch( th)ch n%y"! !"nh+ &o'n ch( th)ch con "!
II. M1I T234N5 67M 8IC CA C++
1. K#9) :;ng < T#$%t k#=) C++
r"8i $ng C++ ctng n" mMi c"ng tr%n" B"c b=ng cc" n":* J* c"u$t lHn
biu tIng ca c"ng tr%n"F r"i c"ng tr%n" Ic B"8i $ng 1L "in ra gia! 3in
gm cO m@nu cng vic v m$t B"ung c2a 1 bHn 3i *"4c v4 c"! 1!n t"!F M$t c!n

Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca C++

tr} n":* n"y tr!ng B"ung c2a 1 v c"Jng ta bNt ?u n")* n$i 3ung +vwn bn/ c"ng
tr%n" v! tr!ng B"ung c2a 1 1!n t"! nyF M4c Cc" ca gi! tr%n" ny l trang bP
n"(ng Bin t"pc c bn ca l)* tr%n" t"ng 9ua ,,-. C++ c"! cc 1in" viHn mi bNt
?u nHn c"Jng ti vn c"Mn tr%n" by gia! 3in ca cc tr%n" biHn 3Pc" 9u@n t"u$c l
.urb! C "!Kc !rlan3 CF &; cc tr%n" biHn 3Pc" B"c $c gi cO t" t# t"am B"! tr!ng
cc ti liu liHn 9uanF
l Bt t"Jc lm vic vi C++ +1!n t"!< c"y c"ng tr%n" FFF/ v 9uay v; mi
trng in3!1 c"Jng ta :n Alt-XF
!. 5)$ >)?n @A cB CD C$En t#$
1. M t chung
r"i gMi c"y C++ trHn mn "%n" 1L uu:t "in m$t m@nu u uung v m$t c2a 1
1!n t"!F .rHn m@nu gm cO cc n"Om c"pc nwngU File, Edit, Search, Run, Compile,
Debug, Project, Options, indo!, "elpF l BCc" "!t cc n"Om c"pc nwng< cO t"
:n Alt#ch$ c%i biu t"P c"! m@nu ca c"pc nwng O +l c"( ci cO gc" 3i/F &C 34
m8 n"Om c"pc nwng File :n Alt#F< 1au O 3Pc" c"uyn "$* 1ng n m4c c?n c"Mn ri
:n nt@rF l t"u)n tin c"! ,56< m$t 1 cc c"pc nwng "ay 3Tng c{n Ic gNn vi
m$t t "I* cc *"Cm c"! *"0* ngi 3Tng cO t" c"Mn n"an" c"pc nwng ny m B"ng
c?n t"ng 9ua vic m8 m@nu n" A m t 8 trHnF M$t 1 t "I* *"Cm c4 t" O 1L
Ic tr%n" by v! cui *"?n nyF Cc b$ c"ng tr%n" 3Pc" "v trI ngi l)* tr%n" m$t
mi trng tCc" "I* tpc ng!i c"pc nwng 1!n t"!< nO c{n cung c:* n"i;u c"pc nwng<
tin Cc" B"c giJ* ngi l)* tr%n" vQa cO t" 1!n t"! vwn bn c"ng tr%n" vQa gMi
c"y c"ng tr%n" vQa g lvi
Cc c"pc nwng liHn 9uan n 1!n t"! *"?n ln ging vi cc b$ 1!n t"! B"c
+n" in!r3/ 3! v)y c"Jng ti c"k tr%n" by tOm tNt m B"ng tr%n" by c"i tit 8
SyF
2. Cc chc nng son tho
ing "?u "t cc b$ 1!n t"! vwn bn< b$ 1!n t"! ca .urb! C "!Kc !rlan3
C ctng 12 34ng cc *"Cm 1au c"! 9u tr%n" 1!n t"!U
6Pc" c"uyn c!n tr}U cc *"Cm mti tHn c"! *"0* 3Pc" c"uyn c!n tr} 1ang
tri< *"i m$t BC t# "!Kc lHn trHn< uung 3i E 3{ngF l 3Pc" c"uyn n"an"
cO cc *"Cm n" G!m@ +v; ?u 3{ng/< n3 +v; cui 3{ng/< qg*< qg6n +lHn<
uung m$t trang mn "%n"/F l 3Pc" c"uyn ua "n cO t" Bt "I* cc *"Cm
ny cTng *"Cm C!ntr!l +Ctrl< / n" qg*U v; ?u t*< qg6nU v; cui t*F
C"n< u!< 12aU q"Cm zn1@rt c"! *"0* c"uyn c" $ 1!n t"! gi(a c"n v
F Cc *"Cm 6@l@t@< acB1*ac@ c"! *"0* u! m$t BC t# ti vP trC c!n tr} v

Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca C++

trc vP trC c!n tr} +u! lTi/F
Cc t"a! tc vi B"i 3{ngU l n" 3:u B"i 3{ng +t"#c c":t l B"i BC t#
li;n n"au b:t Bs/ ta a c!n tr} n vP trC ?u :n Ctrl[r v Ctrl[rr ti vP trC
cuiF Ctng cO t" t"a! tc n"an" "n b=ng cc" gi( *"Cm 5"it v 3Tng cc
*"Cm 3Pc" c"uyn c!n tr} 9u0t tQ vP trC ?u n vP trC cui< B"i O B"i BC t#
uIc n" 3:u 1L c"uyn m?u n;nF M$t B"i Ic n" 3:u cO t" 3Tng
cNt< 3n v! m$t ni B"c tr!ng vwn bn "!Kc u! B"}i vwn bnF l t"#c "in
t"a! tc cNt 3n< ?u tiHn *"i a B"i A n" 3:u v! b$ n" m b=ng
n"Om *"Cm 5"it[6@l@t@ +cNt/< 1au O 3Pc" c"uyn c!n tr} n vP trC mi c?n
"in n$i 3ung vQa cNt v :n t "I* *"Cm 5"it[zn1@rtF M$t !n vwn bn Ic
g"i v! b$ n" m cO t" Ic 3n n"i;u l?n v! n"i;u vP trC B"c n"au b=ng
cc" lK* li t "I* *"Cm 5"it[zn1@rt ti cc vP trC B"c n"au tr!ng vwn bnF l
u! m$t B"i 3{ng A n" 3:u m B"ng g"i v! b$ n" m< 3Tng t "I*
*"Cm Ctrl[6@l@t@F r"i m$t n$i 3ung mi g"i v! b$ n" m t"% nO 1L u!
+g"i / n$i 3ung ct A cO< 3! v)y c?n cSn n"Nc 12 34ng *"Cm Ctrl[6@l@t@
+u! v B"ng lu li n$i 3ung vQa u! v! b$ m/ v 5"it[6@l@t@ +u! v
lu li n$i 3ung vQa u!/ m$t cc" *"T "I*F
. "I* *"Cm Ctrl[R r:t t"u)n lIi B"i c?n n" 3:u n"an" t!n b$ vwn bnF
3. Chc nng tm kim v thay th
C"pc nwng ny 3Tng 3Pc" c"uyn n"an" c!n tr} vwn bn n tQ c?n t%mF l
t"#c "in t%m Bim b:m Ctrl[< t%m Bim v t"ay t" b:m Ctrl[RF &! tQ "!Kc
n"Om tQ c?n t%m v! c2a 1 in3< n"Om t"ay t" +nu 3Tng Ctrl[R/ v! c2a 1
@*lac@ v n" 3:u v! cc tus c"Mn tr!ng c2a 1 bHn 3i 1au O :n nt@rF Cc tus
c"Mn gmU B"ng *"Sn bit c"( "!a't"ng< t%m tQ $c l)* "ay png tr!ng tQ B"c< t%m
tr!ng t!n vwn bn "ay c"k tr!ng *"?n Ic n" 3:u< c"i;u t%m i n cui "ay ngIc
v; ?u vwn bn< t"ay t" cO "}i li "ay B"ng "}i li l 3Pc" c"uyn c!n tr} n cc
vTng B"c n"au tr!ng m$t m@nu "ay c2a 1 c"pa cc tus c"Mn ta 12 34ng *"Cm .abF
4. Cc chc nng i!n "uan #n t$%
"i t* lHn jaU C"Mn m@nu il@5av@ "!Kc *"Cm mF ,u tHn t* c"a cO +c{n
mang tHn ,!nam@Fc**/ my 1L yHu c?u c"! tHn t*F q"?n m8 r$ng ca tHn t*
Ic mKc Pn" l CqqF
5!n t"! t* miU C"Mn m@nu il@,@F Gin ra c2a 1 1!n t"! trNng v
tHn il@ tm t"i l:y l ,!nam@Fc**F
5!n t"! t* ctU C"Mn m@nu il@y*@n "!Kc :n *"Cm < n")* tHn t* "!Kc
3Pc" c"uyn c!n tr} tr!ng vTng 3an" 1c" t* bHn 3i n tHn t* c?n 1!n
ri :n nt@rF Ctng cO t" * 34ng cc" ny 1!n t* mi B"i B"ng n")*

Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca C++

v! tHn t* c4 t"F
"i t* ang 1!n t"! lHn ja vi tHn miU C"Mn m@nu il@5av@ R1 v n")*
tHn t* mi v! ri :n nt@rF
&. Chc nng '(ch v chy ch)*ng t+nh
Ctrl[ZU r"8i $ng c"pc nwng 3Pc" v c"y t!n b$ c"ng tr%n"F
U C"y c"ng tr%n" tQ ?u n 3{ng ln" "in ti +ang c"pa c!n tr}/
U C"y tQng ln" m$t ca "m main+/< B c cc ln" c!n tr!ng "mF
U C"y tQng ln" m$t ca "m main+/F r"i O mvi li gMi "m Ic u@m l
m$t ln" +B"ng c"y tQng ln" tr!ng cc "m Ic gMi/F
Cc c"pc nwng liHn 9uan n 3Pc" c"ng tr%n" cO t" Ic c"Mn t"ng 9ua m@nu
C!m*il@ +Rlt[C/F
,. -.m t/t m0t s1 %h2m n.ng hay '3ng
Cc *"Cm BCc" "!t m@nuU Rlt+c"( ci i 3in c"! n"Om m@nu OF &C 34
Rlt[ m8 m@nu il@ c"Mn cc c"pc nwng c4 t" tr!ng nO n" y*@n +m8
il@/< 5av@ +g"i il@ lHn ja/< qrint +in n$i 3ung vwn bn c"ng tr%n" ra my
in/< Rlt[C m8 m@nu C!m*il@ c"Mn cc c"pc nwng 3Pc" c"ng tr%n"F
Cc *"Cm 3Pc" c"uyn c!n tr} B"i 1!n t"!F
EU m8 c2a 1 trI giJ*F lSy l c"pc nwng 9uan trMng giJ* ngi l)* tr%n" n"
tHn ln"< cJ *"* v cc" 12 34ngF
mU g"i t* lHn jaF
U m8 t* ct ra 12a c"(a "!Kc 1!n t"! t* miF
U c"y c"ng tr%n" n vP trC c!n tr}F
U ."u "*'m8 r$ng c2a 1 1!n t"!F
U C"uyn i gi(a cc c2a 1 1!n t"!F
U C"y c"ng tr%n" t"@! tQng ln"< B c cc ln" tr!ng "m c!nF
U C"y c"ng tr%n" t"@! tQng ln" tr!ng "m c"Cn"F
ZU 6Pc" v liHn Bt c"ng tr%n"F ."ng 3Tng c"pc nwng ny t%m lvi cJ
*"* ca c"ng tr%n" ngun trc B"i c"yF
Rlt[U C"uyn c!n tr} v; ni gSy lvi trc OF

Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca C++

Rlt[U C"uyn c!n tr} n lvi ti* t"@!F
Ctrl[ZU C"y c"ng tr%n"F
Ctrl[zn1@rtU -u B"i vwn bn Ic n" 3:u v! b$ n" mF
5"it[zn1@rtU 6n B"i vwn bn tr!ng b$ n" m v! vwn bn ti vP trC c!n tr}F
5"it[6@l@t@U ! B"i vwn bn Ic n" 3:u< lu nO v! b$ n" mF
Ctrl[6@l@t@U ! B"i vwn bn Ic n" 3:u +B"ng lu v! b$ n" m/F
Rlt[U C"uyn 1ang c2a 1 u@m Bt 9u ca c"ng tr%n" vQa c"y u!ngF
Rlt[U t"!t C++ v; li in3!1F
&. CFG t-+c H;t c#./ng t-0n# t-$ng C++
M$t c"ng tr%n" C++ cO t" Ic Kt tr!ng m$t "!Kc n"i;u il@ vwn bn B"c
n"auF Mvi il@ vwn bn c"pa m$t 1 *"?n n! O ca c"ng tr%n"F &i n"(ng c"ng
tr%n" n gin v ngNn t"ng c"k c?n Kt c"Jng trHn m$t il@F
M$t c"ng tr%n" gm n"i;u "m< mvi "m *"4 trc" m$t cng vic B"c n"au
ca c"ng tr%n"F lKc bit tr!ng cc "m ny cO m$t "m 3uy n":t cO tHn "m l
main+/F r"i c"y c"ng tr%n"< cc cSu ln" tr!ng "m main+/ 1L Ic t"#c "in ?u
tiHnF .r!ng "m main+/ cO t" cO cc cSu ln" gMi n cc "m B"c B"i c?n t"it< v
cc "m ny B"i c"y li cO t" gMi n cc "m B"c n(a A Ic vit tr!ng c"ng
tr%n" +trQ vic gMi 9uay li "m main+//F 5au B"i c"y n ln" cui cTng ca "m
main+/ c"ng tr%n" 1L Bt t"JcF
C4 t"< t"ng t"ng m$t c"ng tr%n" gm cO cc n$i 3ung 1auU
q"?n B"ai b! cc t* nguyHn muU B"ai b! tHn cc t* c"pa n"(ng t"n"
*"?n cO 1nn +n" cc "=ng c"uon< Biu c"uon v cc "m c"uon/ m ,56 1L
3Tng tr!ng c"ng tr%n"F
q"?n B"ai b! cc Biu 3( liu< cc bin< "=ng FFF 3! ,56 Pn" ng"ja v Ic
3Tng c"ung tr!ng t!n b$ c"ng tr%n"F
6an" 1c" cc "m ca c"ng tr%n" +3! ,56 vit< ba! gm c "m main+//F
C:u trJc c"i tit ca mvi "m 1L Ic ; c)* n tr!ng c"ng F
6i Sy l m$t !n c"ng tr%n" n gin c"k gm E "m c"Cn" l "m main+/F
,$i 3ung ca c"ng tr%n" 3Tng in ra mn "%n" 3{ng c"(U Ch"o cc bn# b$% gi& '" (
gi&F
,include -iostrea.h/ !! khai b0o t1p nguy2n .3u &4

Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca C++

5oid .ain67 !! &+8c s9 d:ng to0n t9 in cout --
;
int h < =, !! >hai b0o 5% kh?i t'o bi@n h < =
cout -- ACh%o c0c b'n, b$y giB l% C -- h -- D giBD E !! in ra .%n hFnh
G
6{ng ?u tiHn ca c"ng tr%n" l B"ai b! t* nguyHn mu iostrea.hF lSy l
B"ai b! bNt bu$c v% tr!ng c"ng tr%n" cO 12 34ng *"ng t"pc c"uon cout -- +in ra
mn "%n"/< *"ng t"pc ny Ic B"ai b! v Pn" ng"ja 1nn tr!ng iostrea.hF
r"ng riHng "m main+/< mMi "m B"c ;u *"i bNt ?u t)* "I* cc cSu ln"
ca m%n" b8i 3:u g v Bt t"Jc b8i 3:u hF .)* cc ln" b:t Bs bHn tr!ng cK* 3:u ny
Ic gMi l B"i ln"F r"i ln" l m$t cJ *"* c?n t"it tr!ng cc cSu ln" cO c:u trJc
n" ta 1L t":y tr!ng cc c"ng ti* t"@!F
III. CC B3IC JK TLM 87 THNC HIN MOT CH3N5 T2PNH
1. QG) t-0n# @)Rt @A t#c #)?n c#./ng t-0n#
.rc B"i vit v c"y m$t c"ng tr%n" t"ng t"ng c"Jng ta c?nU
EF c Pn" yHu c?u ca c"ng tr%n"F ,g"ja l uc Pn" 3( liu ?u v! +in*ut/
cung c:* c"! c"ng tr%n" v t)* cc 3( liu c?n t Ic tpc ?u ra +!ut*ut/F
Cc t)* "I* 3( liu ny ng!i cc tHn gMi c{n c?n uc Pn" Biu ca nOF&C 34
gii m$t *"ng tr%n" b)c m 3ngU au
m
+ bu + c c D< c?n b! c"! c"ng
tr%n" bit 3( liu ?u v! l a< b< c v ?u ra l ng"im uE v um ca *"ng
tr%n"F riu ca a< b< c< uE< um l cc 1 t"#cF
mF c Pn" t"u)t t!n giiF
F C4 t" "! cc B"ai b! Biu v t"u)t t!n t"n" 3Ay cc ln"< tpc vit t"n"
c"ng tr%n" t"ng t"ng l trHn gi:y< 1au O bNt ?u 1!n t"! v! tr!ng
myF u tr%n" ny Ic gMi l 1!n t"! c"ng tr%n" ngunF
F 6Pc" c"ng tr%n" ngun t%m v 12a cc lvi gMi l lvi cJ *"*F
F C"y c"ng tr%n"< Bim tra Bt 9u in ra trHn mn "%n"F ,u 1ai< 12a li
c"ng tr%n"< 3Pc" v c"y li Bim traF u tr%n" ny Ic t"#c "in lK* i
lK* li c"! n B"i c"ng tr%n" c"y tt t"@! yHu c?u ; ra ca ,56F
!. S$En t#$ t?T c#./ng t-0n# ngGUn
5!n t"! c"ng tr%n" ngun l m$t cng vic n ginU g| n$i 3ung ca
c"ng tr%n" +A vit ra gi:y/ v! tr!ng my v lu li nO lHn jaF ."ng t"ng B"i A

Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca C++

lu li c"ng tr%n" lHn ja l?n 1au 1L B"ng c?n *"i g| liF CO t" 1!n c"ng tr%n"
ngun trHn cc b$ 1!n t"! +@3it!r/ B"c n"ng *"i c"y tr!ng mi trng tCc" "I*
C++ +!rlan3 C< .urb! C/F M4c Cc" ca 1!n t"! l t! ra m$t vwn bn c"ng tr%n"
v a v! b$ n" ca myF &wn bn c"ng tr%n" c?n Ic tr%n" by 1ng 1a< r|
rngF Cc cSu ln" c?n giOng t"~ng c$t t"@! c:u trJc ca ln" +cc ln" c"pa tr!ng m$t
ln" c:u trJc Ic tr%n" by t"4t v! tr!ng 1! vi im bNt ?u ca ln"/F Cc c"J
t"Cc" nHn g"i ngNn gMn< r| ng"ja v *"T "I*F
&. VWc# c#./ng t-0n#
5au B"i A 1!n t"! u!ng c"ng tr%n" ngun< bc ti* t"@! t"ng l 3Pc" +:n
t "I* *"Cm Rlt[Z/ t%m v 12a cc lvi gMi l lvi cJ *"*F .r!ng B"i 3Pc" C++ 1L Kt
c!n tr} v! ni gSy lvi +vit 1ai cJ *"*/ tr!ng vwn bnF 5au B"i 12a u!ng m$t lvi ,56
cO t" 3Tng Rlt[ c"uyn c!n tr} n lvi ti* t"@! "!Kc 3Pc" liF l c"uyn c!n tr}
v; ngIc li lvi trc O cO t" 3Tng Rlt[F u tr%n" 12a lvi 3Pc" Ic lK* li c"!
n B"i vwn bn A Ic 12a "t lvi cJ *"*F
5n *"om 1au B"i 3Pc" l m$t t* mi gMi l c"ng tr%n" Cc" cO ui tpc
l t* mA my t"#c "inF.* ny cO t" lu tm t"i tr!ng b$ n" *"4c v4 c"! 9u
tr%n" c"y c"ng tr%n" "!Kc lu li trHn ja tus t"@! tus c"Mn B"i 3Pc" ca ,56F
.r!ng v 1au B"i 3Pc"< C++ 1L "in m$t c2a 1 c"pa t"ng b! v; cc lvi +nu cO/<
"!Kc t"ng b! c"ng tr%n" A Ic 3Pc" t"n" cng +B"ng c{n lvi/F Cc lvi ny
Ic gMi l lvi cJ *"*F
l 3Pc" c"ng tr%n" ta c"Mn m@nu C!m*il@C!m*il@ "!Kc C!m*il@MaB@ "!Kc
n"an" c"Ong "n b=ng cc" :n t "I* *"Cm Rlt[ZF
*. C#EX c#./ng t-0n#
n Ctrl[Z c"y c"ng tr%n"< nu c"ng tr%n" c"a 3Pc" 1ang mA my< my
1L t# $ng 3Pc" li trc B"i c"yF rt 9u ca c"ng tr%n" 1L "in ra tr!ng m$t c2a
1 Bt 9u ,56 Bim traF ,u Bt 9u c"a Ic n" m!ng mun< 9uay li vwn bn
12a v li c"y li c"ng tr%n"F u tr%n" ny Ic lK* li c"! n B"i c"ng
tr%n" c"y Jng n" yHu c?u A ; raF r"i c"ng tr%n" c"y< c2a 1 Bt 9u 1L "in ra
tm t"i c"@ B"u:t c2a 1 1!n t"!F 5au B"i Bt t"Jc c"y c"ng tr%n" c2a 1 1!n
t"! 1L t# $ng "in ra tr8 li v c"@ B"u:t c2a 1 Bt 9uF l u@m li Bt 9u A "in
:n Rlt[F 5au B"i u@m u!ng 9uay li c2a 1 1!n t"! :n *"Cm b:t BsF
I8. 87MY2A T2MN5 C++
.r!ng *"?n ny c"Jng ta lm 9u@n m$t 1 ln" n gin c"! *"0* ,56 n")* 3(
Z
Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca C++
liu v! tQ bn *"Cm "!Kc in Bt 9u ra mn "%n"F .r!ng *"?n 1au ca gi! tr%n" c"Jng
ta 1L B"! 1t cc cSu ln" v!'ra *"pc t* "n
1. 8A$ >Z [)?G t" \An T#,H
l n")* 3( liu v! c"! cc bin cO tHn bi&n'(< bi&n')< bi&n'* c"Jng ta 12 34ng
cSu ln"U
cin // bi@nH1 E
cin // bi@nH= E
cin // bi@nHI E
"!KcU
cin // bi@nH1 // bi@nH= // bi@nHI E
bi@nH1, bi@nH=, bi@nHI l cc bi&n Ic 12 34ng lu tr( cc gi trP ,56 n")*
v! tQ bn *"CmF r"i nim bin 1L Ic m t c4 t" "n tr!ng c"ng m< 8 Sy
bi@nH1, bi@nH=, bi@nHI Ic "iu l cc tHn gMi c"k gi trP B"c n"auF Gin n"iHn
cO t" n")* 3( liu n"i;u "n bin b=ng cc" ti* t4c vit tHn bin v! bHn *"i 1au
3:u aa ca cSu ln"F
r"i c"y c"ng tr%n" nu gK* cc cSu ln" trHn c"ng tr%n" 1L tm 3Qng
c" ,56 n")* 3( liu v! c"! cc binF 5au B"i ,56 n")* u!ng 3( liu< c"ng tr%n"
1L ti* t4c c"y tQ cSu ln" ti* t"@! 1au ca cc cSu ln" trHnF
Cc" t"pc n")* 3( liu ca ,56 *"4 t"u$c v! l!i gi trP ca bin c?n n")* m
ta gMi l +i,u, vC 34 n")* m$t 1 cO cc" t"pc B"c vi n")* m$t c"uvi BC t#F i 12
c?n n")* $ 3i "ai cn" ca m$t "%n" c"( n")t< tr!ng O cn" 3i Ic 9ui c b=ng
tHn bin cd v c"i;u r$ng Ic 9ui c b8i tHn bin crF CSu ln" n")* 1L n" 1auU
cin // cd // cr E
r"i my 3Qng c" n")* 3( liu ,56 1L g| gi trP c4 t" ca cc c"i;u 3i< r$ng
t"@! Jng t"p t# tr!ng cSu ln"F Cc gi trP ny c?n cc" n"au b8i Ct n":t m$t 3:u trNng
+ta 9ui c gMi 3:u trNng l m$t tr!ng l!i 3:u Ic n")* b8i cc *"Cm 1auU *"Cm
1*ac@bar +3:u cc"/< *"Cm tab +3:u tab/ "!Kc *"Cm nt@r +3:u uung 3{ng//F Cc gi trP
,56 n")* v! ctng Ic "in t"P trHn mn "%n" ,56 3> t"@! 3|iF
&C 34 nu ,56 n")* v! m EE t"% c"ng tr%n" 1L gn gi trP m c"! bin cd v
EE c"! bin crF
C"J 7U gi 12 ,56 n")* mEE +B"ng cO 3:u cc" gi(a m v EE/ t"% c"ng
tr%n" 1L u@m mEE l m$t gi trP v gn c"! cdF My 1L tm 3Qng c" ,56 n")* ti*
gi trP c"! bin cr
ED
Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca C++
!. In >Z [)?G - HAn #0n#
l in gi trP ca cc bi,u th-c ra mn "%n" ta 3Tng cSu ln" 1auU
cout -- btH1 E
cout -- btH= E
cout -- btHI E
"!KcU
cout -- btH1 -- btH= -- btHI E
ctng ging cSu ln" n")* 8 Sy c"Jng ta ctng cO t" m8 r$ng ln" in vi n"i;u
"n biu t"pcF CSu ln" trHn c"! *"0* in gi trP ca cc biu t"pc btH1, btH=, btHIF
Cc gi trP ny cO t" l tHn ca bin "!Kc cc Bt "I* tCn" t!n trHn binF
&C 34 in cSu C"i;u 3i l v 1 m v ti* t"@! l c"( m0t< ta cO t" 12
34ng ln" 1au SyU
cout -- DChiJu d%i l%D E
cout -- =I E
cout -- D.KtDE
"!Kc cO t" c"k b=ng E ln"U
cout -- DChiJu d%i l% =I .KtD E
.rng "I* c"a bit gi trP c4 t" ca c"i;u 3i< c"k bit "in ti gi trP ny A
Ic lu tr!ng bin cd +vC 34 A Ic n")* v! l m tQ bn *"Cm b8i cSu ln" cin //
cd trc O/ v ta c?n bit gi trP ny l ba! n"iHu t"% cO t" 12 34ng cSu ln" in ra mn
"%n"F
cout -- DChiJu d%i l%D -- cd -- D.KtD E
r"i O trHn mn "%n" 1L "in ra 3{ng c"(U DChiJu d%i l% =I .KtDF ," v)y tr!ng
trng "I* ny ta *"i 3Tng n ba l?n 3:u *"0* t!n bb c"p B"ng *"i m$t n" cSu
ln" trHnF ,g!i ra *"4 t"u$c v! gi trP "in Ic lu tr!ng bin cd< c"ng tr%n" 1L
in ra 1 c"i;u 3i t"Cc" "I* c"p B"ng c"k in c Pn" t"n" c"i;u 3i l m m0tF &C 34
nu cd Ic n")* l E t"% ln" trHn 1L in cSu c"i;u 3i l E m0tF
M$t gi trP c?n in B"ng c"k l m$t bin n" cd, cr< FFF m c{n cO t" l m$t biu
t"pc< i;u ny c"! *"0* ta 3> 3ng yHu c?u my in ra 3in tCc" v c"u vi ca "%n" c"(
n")t B"i A bit cd v cr b=ng cc cSu ln" 1auU
cout -- DLi1n t)ch < D -- cd " cr E
cout -- DChu 5i < D -- = " 6cd M cr7 E
"!Kc g$* t:t c t"n" E cSu ln"U
EE
Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca C++
cout -- Li1n t)ch < D -- cd " cr -- NOnP -- D Chu 5i < D -- = " 6cd M cr7 E
8 Sy cO m$t BC t# Kc bitU O l BC t# XnX BC "iu c"! BC t# uung 3{ng< B"i gK*
BC t# ny c"ng tr%n" 1L in cc *"?n ti* t"@! 8 ?u 3{ng B ti*F 6! O Bt 9u ca
cSu ln" trHn l m 3{ng 1au Sy trHn mn "%n"U
Li1n t)ch < =QI
Chu 5i < RS
8 Sy m v l?n lIt l cc gi trP m my tCn" Ic tQ cc biu t"pc cd " cr,
v = " 6cd M cr7 tr!ng cSu ln" in 8 trHnF
C"J 7U 12 34ng cc cSu ln" n")* v in tr!ng *"?n ny< ?u c"ng tr%n" *"i
cO 3{ng B"ai b! ,include -iostrea.h/
."ng t"ng ta "ay 12 34ng ln" in in cSu t"ng b! n"Nc ,56 n")* 3( liu
trc B"i cO cSu ln" n")*F r"i O trHn mn "%n" 1L "in 3{ng t"ng b! ny ri mi
tm 3Qng c" 3( liu n")* v! tQ bn *"CmF ," v! t"ng b! ny ,56 1L bit *"i
n")* 3( liu< n")* n$i 3ung g% v n" t" n! FFF vC 34U
cout -- DHTy nhUp chiJu d%iV DE cin // cdE
cout -- DW% nhUp chiJu rXngV DE cin // crE
B"i O my 1L in 3{ng t"ng b! HTy nhUp chiJu d%iV v c" 1au B"i ,56
n")* u!ng m < my 1L t"#c "in cSu ln" ti* t"@! tpc in 3{ng t"ng b! W% nhUp
chiJu rXngV v c" n B"i ,56 n")* u!ng EE c"ng tr%n" 1L ti* t4c t"#c "in
cc cSu ln" ti* t"@!F
V ! ( U .Q cc t"! lu)n trHn ta cO t" vit m$t cc" ?y c"ng tr%n" tCn"
3in tCc" v c"u vi ca m$t "%n" c"( n")tF l c"ng tr%n" cO t" tCn" vi cc b$ gi
trP B"c n"au ca c"i;u 3i v r$ng ta c?n lu gi trP ny v! tr!ng cc bin +vC 34 cd,
cr/F
,include -iostrea.h/ !! khai b0o t1p nguy2n .3u &4 dYng &+8c cin, cout
5oid .ain67 !! &$y l% h%. ch)nh cZa ch+[ng trFnh
;
float cd, cr E !! khai b0o c0c bi@n c\ t2n cd, cr &4 ch*a &X d%i c0c c'nh
cout -- DHTy nhUp chiJu d%iV D E cin // cd E !! nhUp d] li1u
cout -- DHTy nhUp chiJu rXngV D E cin // cr E
cout -- DLi1n t)ch < D -- cd " cr -- ^On^ E !! in k@t _u`
cout -- DChu 5i < D -- = " 6cd M cr7 -- ^On^E
return E
Em
Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca C++
G
C"ng tr%n" ny cO t" g| v! my v c"yF r"i c"y n cSu ln" n")*<
c"ng tr%n" 3Qng c" n")n c"i;u 3i v c"i;u r$ng< ,56 n")* cc gi trP c4 t"<
c"ng tr%n" 1L ti* t4c t"#c "in v in ra Bt 9uF ."ng 9ua cSu ln" n")* 3( liu v
m bin cd, cr ,56 cO t" yHu c?u c"ng tr%n" c"! Bt 9u ca m$t "%n" c"( n")t b:t
Bs c"p B"ng c"k tr!ng trng "I* "%n" cO c"i;u 3i m v c"i;u r$ng EE n" tr!ng vC
34 c4 t" trHnF
&. JWn# >Eng t#]ng t)n c^n )n - HAn #0n#
M$t 1 Pn" 3ng n gin Ic c"Jng ti tr%n" by trc 8 SyF Cc Pn" 3ng
c"i tit v *"pc t* "n 1L Ic tr%n" by tr!ng cc *"?n 1au ca gi! tr%n"F l 12
34ng cc Pn" 3ng ny c?n B"ai b! il@ nguyHn mu -io.aniph/ 8 ?u c"ng tr%n"
b=ng c"k t"P ,include -io.aniph/F
endlU .ng ng vi BC t# uung 3{ng XnXF
setw6n7U %n" t"ng cc gi trP Ic in ra b8i ln" cout -- 1L t"~ng t"@! l;
tri vi $ r$ng *"4 t"u$c v! $ r$ng ca gi trP OF q"ng t"pc ny 9ui
Pn" $ r$ng 3n" in ra cc gi trP l n c$t mn "%n"F ,u n ln "n $ 3i
t"#c ca gi trP< gi trP 1L in ra t"@! l; *"i< trng *"?n t"Qa +3:u cc"/ 8
trcF
setprecision6n7U C"k Pn" 1 c"( 1 ca *"?n t")* *"Sn in ra l nF 5 1L Ic
lm tr{n trc B"i in raF
setiosflags6iosVVshowpoint7V q"ng t"pc setprecision c"k cO tc 34ng trHn
m$t 3{ng inF l c Pn" cc gi trP A Kt c"! mMi 3{ng in +c"! n B"i Kt li
gi trP mi/ ta 12 34ng *"ng t"pc setiosflags6iosVVshowpoint7F
&C 34 1au min" "! cc" 12 34ng cc *"ng t"pc trHnF
V ! ) U
,include -iostrea.h/ !! &4 s9 d:ng cout --
,include -io.aniph/ !! &4 s9 d:ng c0c &anh d'ng
,include -conioh/ !! &4 s9 d:ng c0c h%. clrscr67 5% getch67
5oid .ain67
;
clrscr67E !! xo0 .%n hFnh
cout -- DCHb cbdeD -- endl -- D<<<<<<<D -- endl E
E
Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca C++
cout -- setiosflags6iosVVshowpoint7 -- setprecision6=7 E
cout -- Df0ch 5?D -- setw6=g7 -- 1=IhQR -- endlE
cout -- Dch*c inD -- setw6=g7 -- =hQIR -- endlE
cout -- Djukn 0o l'nhD -- setw61Q7 -- I=ggg -- endlE
getch67E !! t'. dlng 6&4 xe. k@t _u`7
return E !! k@t th(c thmc hi1n h%. .ain67
G
C"ng tr%n" ny B"i c"y 1L in ra bng 1auU
CGz .z
cccccccc
5c" v8 EmF
."pc wn mFD
u?n ! ln" mDDFDD
C"J 7U t!n t2 n")* aa c" yu lm vic vi 3( liu Biu 1F l n")* BC t# "!Kc
uSu BC t#< C++ cung c:* cc *"ng t"pc +"m/ 1auU
c)n.g_t`caU c"! *"0* n")* m$t BC t# v! bin BC t# c<
c)n.g_t[)n_`CbnaU c"! *"0* n")* ti a nn1 BC t# v! uSu sF
cc "m trHn B"i t"#c "in 1L l:y cc BC t# c{n li tr!ng b$ n" m +ca l?n n")*
trc/ gn c"! c "!Kc sF 6! t!n t2 cin // x 1L li BC t# uung 3{ng tr!ng b$ m
nHn BC t# ny 1L lm tri cc ln" 1au O n" cinget6c7, cingetline6s,n7 +my B"ng
3Qng n")* c"! c "!Kc s/F &% v)y trc B"i 12 34ng cc *"ng t"pc cinget6c7 "!Kc
cingetline6s,n7 nHn 12 34ng *"ng t"pc cinignore617 l:y ra BC t# uung 3{ng c{n
1Ot li tr!ng b$ mF &C 34 !n ln" 1au c"! *"0* n")* m$t 1 nguyHn x +b=ng t!n t2
aa/ v m$t BC t# c +b=ng *"ng t"pc cinget6c7/U
int xE
char cE
cin // xE cinignore617E
cinget6c7E
*. 8A$Y- t-$ng C
E
Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca C++
.r!ng *"?n trHn c"Jng ti A tr%n" by m t!n t2 v!'ra v m$t 1 *"ng t"pc<
"m n")* v Pn" 3ng tr!ng C++F q"?n ny c"Jng ti tr%n" by cc cSu lHn" n")*
uu:t t"@! B"un 3ng ct tr!ng CF Gin n"iHn cc cSu ln" ny vn 3Tng Ic tr!ng
c"ng tr%n" vit b=ng C++< tuy n"iHn c"k nHn 12 34ng "!Kc cc cSu ln" ca C++
"!Kc ca C< B"ng nHn 3Tng ln l$n c "ai v% 3> gSy n"?m lnF 6! O m4c ny c"k cO
gi trP t"am B"! bn Mc cO t" "iu Ic cc cSu ln" v!'ra tr!ng cc c"ng
tr%n" vit t"@! ,,-. C ctF
a. 4n kt "u +a mn hnh
l in cc gi trP btH1, btH=, o, btHn ra mn "%n" t"@! m$t B"un 3ng m!ng
mun ta cO t" 12 34ng cSu ln" 1au SyU
T-)ntc`>dng :Wn# >Engb \te1b \te!b ...b \tena f
tr!ng O 3{ng Pn" 3ng l m$t 3Ay BC t# Kt tr!ng cK* 3:u n"y B0* +/ 9ui Pn"
B"un 3ng c?n in ca cc gi trP btH1, btH=, o, btHnF Cc btHi cO t" l cc "=ng< bin
"ay cc biu t"pc tCn" t!nF CSu ln" trHn 1L in gi trP ca cc btHi ny t"@! t"p t# uu:t
"in ca c"Jng v t"@! 9ui Pn" Ic c"! tr!ng 3{ng Pn" 3ngF
&C 34< gi 12 x < h< cSu ln"U
printf6Apd pg=fC, I, x M 17 E
1L in cc 1 v FDD ra mn "%n"< tr!ng O Ic in 3i 3ng 1 nguyHn +Ic
9ui Pn" b8i ApdC/ v x M 1 +cO gi trP l / Ic in 3i 3ng 1 t"#c vi m 1 l t")*
*"Sn +Ic 9ui Pn" b8i Apg=fC/F C4 t"< cc BC t# i 1au BC "iu ] 3Tng Pn" 3ng
vic in gm cOU
3 in 1 nguyHn 3i 3ng " t")* *"Sn
! in 1 nguyHn 3ng "
u< in 1 nguyHn 3ng " E
u in 1 nguyHn 3ng B"ng 3:u
c in BC t#
1 in uSu BC t#
@< in 1 t"#c 3ng 3:u *"oy $ng
in 1 t"#c 3ng 3:u *"oy tjn"
Cc BC t# trHn *"i i 1au 3:u ]F Cc BC t# n=m tr!ng 3{ng Pn" 3ng nu
B"ng i 1au ] t"% 1L Ic in ra mn "%n"F Mun in ] *"i vit m l?n +tpc ]
]/F
&C 34 cSu ln"U printf6Acq l1 hrc sinh gisiV pg=f ppC, I=hSR7 E
1L in cSu Acq l1 hrc sinh gisiV A< ti* t"@! 1L in 1 mF Ic lm tr{n n m 1 l
E
Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca C++
t")* *"Sn l:* v! vP trC ca Apg=fC< v cui cTng 1L in 3:u ApC +3! cO ]] tr!ng 3{ng
Pn" 3ng/F CSu Ic in ra mn "%n" 1L lU
cq l1 hrc sinh gisiV I=htp
C"J 7U Mvi btHi c?n in *"i cO m$t Pn" 3ng tng png tr!ng 3{ng Pn" 3ngF
&C 34 cSu ln" trHn ctng cO t" vitU
printf6Aps pg=fC , Acq l1 hrc sinh gisiV A, I=hSR7E
tr!ng cSu ln" ny cO m biu t"pc c?n inF iu t"pc t"p n":t l uSu BC t# Acq l1 hrc
sinh gisiVC Ic in vi B"un 3ng ps +in uSu BC t#/ v biu t"pc t"p "ai l I=hSR
Ic in vi B"un 3ng pg=f +in 1 t"#c vi m 1 l *"?n t")* *"Sn/F
,u gi(a BC t# ] v BC t# Pn" 3ng cO 1 biu t"P $ r$ng c?n in t"% gi trP in
ra 1L Ic giOng c$t 1ang l; *"i< trng cc 3:u cc" *"Ca trcF ,u $
r$ng Sm +t"Hm 3:u trQ *"Ca trc/ 1L giOng c$t 1ang l; triF ,u B"ng cO
$ r$ng "!Kc $ r$ng b=ng D +vC 34 pg=f/ t"% $ r$ng Ic t# i;u c"kn"
Jng b=ng $ r$ng ca gi trP c?n inF
6:u + trc $ r$ng in gi trP 1 Bm t"@! 3:u +3ng "!Kc Sm/
.rc cc Pn" 3ng 1 c?n t"Hm BC t# l +vC 34 ld, lf/ B"i in 1 nguyHn 3i long
"!Kc 1 t"#c vi $ c"Cn" uc g:* i doubleF
V ! * U
.ain67
;
int i < =, u < I E
printf6ACh+[ng trFnh t)nh tvng = sw nguy2nVOni M u < pdC, iMu7E
G
1L in raU
Ch+[ng trFnh t)nh tvng = sw nguy2nV
i M u < Q
2. 5h6% '7 i$u t8 9n %h2m
Ccnc`>dng :Wn# >Engb \)Rne1b \)Rne!b ...b \)Rnena f
-n" ny c"! *"0* n")* 3( liu v! c"! cc bin bi@nH1, o, bi@nHnF .r!ng O
3{ng Pn" 3ng c"pa cc Pn" 3ng v; Biu bin +nguyHn< t"#c< BC t# / Ic vit n"
tr!ng m t cSu ln" printfF Cc bin Ic vit 3i 3ng Pa c"k ca c"Jng tpc cO 3:u
E
Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca C++
^ trc mvi tHn binF &C 34 cSu ln"U
scanf6Apd pf pldC, xx, xy, xz7 E
c"! *"0* n")* gi trP c"! cc bin x, y, z tr!ng O x l bin nguyHn< y l bin t"#c
v z l bin nguyHn 3i +long/F CSu ln"U
scanf6Ap=d pf plf pIsC, xi, xx, xd, s7E
c"! *"0* n")* gi trP c"! cc bin i, x, d, s< tr!ng O i l bin nguyHn cO m c"( 1<
f l bin t"#c +$ 3i tTy 7/< d l bin nguyHn 3i v s l uSu BC t# cO BC t#F i 12
,56 n")* v! 3Ay 3( liuU 1=IhQ Ryabcd t"% cc bin trHn 1L Ic gn cc gi trP
n" 1auU i < 1=, x < IhQ, d < Ry v s < AabcCF rC t# d v 3:u @nt@r +/ 1L Ic lu li
tr!ng b$ n" v t# $ng gn c"! cc bin ca l?n n")* 1auF
Cui cTng< c"ng tr%n" tr!ng vC 34 Ic vit li vi printf67 v scanf67 n" 1auU
V ! + U
,include -stdioh/ !! &4 s9 d:ng c0c h%. printf67 5% scanf67
,include -conioh/ !! &4 s9 d:ng c0c h%. clrscr67 5% getch67
5oid .ain67
;
clrscr67E !! xo0 .%n hFnh
printf6DCHb cbdeOn<<<<<<<OnD7 E
printf6Df0ch 5? p=g=fOnD , 1=IhQR7 E
printf6Dch*c in p=g=fOnD , =hQIR7 E
printf6Ajukn 0o l'nh p1Q=fOnD , I=ggg7 E
getch67E !! t'. dlng 6&4 xe. k@t _u`7
return E !! k@t th(c thmc hi1n h%. .ain67
G
B7I Tgh
(. ,"(ng tHn gMi n! 1au Sy l "I* lU
E
Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca C++
x 1=I5ariabe tinHhoc toan tin sonde.
z{Lbef oneg nu.ber, zadius na.=ggg
). n "Ay t"2 vit m$t c"ng tr%n" ngNn n":t cO t" IcF
*. .%m cc lvi cJ *"* tr!ng c"ng tr%n" 1auU
,include 6iostrea.h7
5oid .ain67E ! Gi`i ph+[ng trFnh bUc 1
;
cout -- ^Lay la ch+[ng trFnhV Gptb1On|in chao cac ban^E
getch67E
G
/. &it c"ng tr%n" in n$i 3ung m$t bi t" n! OF
0. &it c"ng tr%n" in ra 3{ng< m c$t gm cc 1 1au v giOng c$tU
t"~ng t"@! l; tri DF FE
t"~ng t"@! l; *"i EmF [EEF
t"~ng t"@! 3:u c":m t")* *"Sn [EmF ZFDDm
F [EmDDF
1. GAy vit v c"y cc c"ng tr%n" tr!ng cc vC 34 < F
2. C"ng tr%n" 1au B"ai b! bin BC t# a, b, c, d, e v m$t bin 1 na.F GAy i;n
t"Hm cc cSu ln" v! cc 3{ng c"ng tr%n" t"#c "in n"im v4 1auU
,")* gi trP c"! bin na.
,")* gi trP c"! cc bin BC t# a, b, c, d, eF
zn ra mn "%n" 3{ng c"( Ic g"0* b8i BC t# A n")* v c"( nwm 1au O
in 1 A n")* +na.7F &C 34 nu c"( ci A n")* l ^H^, ^{^, ^N^, ^}^, ^b^ v na.
Ic n"a* l mDDD< t"% mn "%n" in ra 3{ng c"(U H{N}b ni. =gggF
,")* c"ng tr%n" A 12a v! my v c"y Bim tra Bt 9uF
,include -iostrea.h/
,include -conioh/
.ain67
;
int na.E
E
Chng 1. Cc khi nim c bn ca C++
char a, b, c, d, eE
clrscr67E
cin // na. E
i f
cinget6a7E cinget6b7E cinget6c7E i f i f
!! in k@t _u`
cout -- a -- i -- i -- i -- i -- D na. D -- i E
getch67E
G
EZ