LATINFORBEGINNERS

BY
BENJAMINL.DOOGE, Ph.D.
PROFESSORINTHEMICHIGANSTATENORMALCOLLEGE
GINNANDCOMPANY
BOSTONNEWYORKCHICAGOLONDON
COPYRIGHT,1909,1911BYBENJAMINL.DOOGE
ENTEREDATSTATIONERSHALL
ALLRIGHTSRESERVED
013.4
TheAthenumPress
GINNANDCOMPANYPROPRIETORS
BOSTONU.S.A.
Preface
DisplayProblems
Pronunciation
LessonsILX:WordsandForms
LessonsLXILXXIX:Constructions
READINGMATTER
IntroductorySuggestions 194195
TheLaborsofHercules 196203
P.CorneliusLentulus:TheStoryofaRomanBoy 204215
APPENDIXESANDVOCABULARIES
AppendixI.TablesofDeclensions,Conjugations,Numerals,etc. 226260
AppendixII.RulesofSyntax 261264
AppendixIII.Reviews 265282
SpecialVocabularies 283298
LatinEnglishVocabulary 299331
EnglishLatinVocabulary
332343
INDEX 344348
194
READINGMATTER
INTRODUCTORYSUGGESTIONS
HowtoTranslate.YouhavealreadyhadconsiderablepracticeintranslatingsimpleLatin,and
havelearnedthattheguidetothemeaningliesintheendingsofthewords.Iftheseareneglected,
noskillcanmakesenseoftheLatin.Iftheyarecarefullynotedandaccuratelytranslated,not
manydifficultiesremain.Observethefollowingsuggestions:
1.ReadtheLatinsentencethroughtotheend,notingendingsofnouns,adjectives,verbs,etc.
2.Readitagainandseeifanyofthewordsyouknowarenominativesoraccusatives.Thiswill
oftengiveyouwhatmaybecalledthebackboneofthesentencethatis,subject,verb,andobject.
3.Lookupthewordsyoudonotknow,anddeterminetheiruseinthesentencefromtheir
endings.
4.Ifyoucannotyettranslatethesentence,putdowntheEnglishmeaningsofallthewordsinthe
sameorderastheLatinwords.Youwillthengenerallyseethroughthemeaningofthesentence.
5.Becarefulto
a.Translateadjectiveswiththenounstowhichtheybelong.
b.Translatetogetherprepositionsandthenounswhichtheygovern.
c.Translateadverbswiththewordsthattheymodify.
d.Makesense. Ifyoudonotmakesense,youhavemadeamistake.Onemistakewillspoila
wholesentence.
6.Whenthesentenceiscorrectlytranslated,readtheLatin overagain,andtrytounderstanditas
Latin,withoutthinkingoftheEnglishtranslation.
195ThePartsofaSentence.Youwillnowmeetsomewhatlongersentencesthanyouhavehad
before.Toassistintranslatingthem,remember,firstofall,thatevery sentenceconveysa
meaningandeithertellsussomething,asksaquestion,orgivesacommand.Everysentence
musthaveasubjectandaverb,andtheverbmayalwayshaveanadverb,and,iftransitive,will
haveadirectobject.
Howeverlongasentenceis,youwillusuallybeabletorecognizeitssubject,verb,andobjector
predicatecomplementwithoutanydifficulty.Thesewillgiveyoutheleadingthought,andthey
mustneverbelostsightofwhilemakingouttherestofthesentence.Thechiefdifficultyin
translatingarisesfromthefactthatinsteadofasingleadjective,adverb,ornoun,weoftenhavea
phraseoraclausetakingtheplaceofoneoftheseforLatin,likeEnglish,hasadjective,
adverbial,andsubstantiveclausesandphrases.Forexample,inthesentenceTheidleboydoes
notstudy,thewordidleisanadjective.In Theboywastinghistimedoesnotstudy,thewords
wastinghistimeformanadjectivephrasemodifyingboy.InthesentenceTheboywhowasteshis
timedoesnotstudy,thewordswhowasteshistimeformanadjectiveclausemodifyingboy,and
thesentenceiscomplex.ThesesentenceswouldshowthesamestructureinLatin.
Intranslating,itisimportanttokeepthepartsofaphraseandthepartsofaclausetogetherand
notletthembecomeconfusedwiththeprincipalsentence.Todistinguishbetweenthe
subordinateclausesandtheprincipalsentenceisofthefirstimportance,andisnotdifficultif
yourememberthataclauseregularlycontainsawordthatmarksitasaclauseandthatthisword
usuallystandsfirst.Thesewordsjoinclausestothewordstheydependon,andarecalled
subordinateconjunctions.Theyarenotverynumerous,andyouwillsoonlearntorecognize
them.InLatintheyaretheequivalentsforsuchwordsaswhen,while,since,because,if,before,
after,though,inorderthat,that,etc.FormthehabitofmemorizingtheLatinsubordinate
conjunctionsasyoumeetthem,andofnotingcarefullythemoodoftheverbintheclauseswhich
theyintroduce.
196
HERCULES
197
THELABORSOFHERCULES
Hercules,aGreekherocelebratedforhisgreatstrength,waspursuedthroughouthislifebythe
hatredofJuno.Whileyetaninfanthestrangledsomeserpentssentbythegoddesstodestroyhim.
Duringhisboyhoodandyouthheperformedvariousmarvelousfeatsofstrength,andon
reachingmanhoodhesucceededindeliveringtheThebansfromtheoppressionoftheMiny.In
afitofmadness,sentuponhimbyJuno,heslewhisownchildrenand,onconsultingthe
Delphicoracleastohowheshouldcleansehimselffromthiscrime,hewasorderedtosubmit
himselffortwelveyearstoEurystheus,kingofTiryns,andtoperformwhatevertaskswere
appointedhim.Herculesobeyedtheoracle,andduringthetwelveyearsofhisservitude
accomplishedtwelveextraordinaryfeatsknownastheLaborsofHercules.Hisdeathwascaused,
unintentionally,byhiswifeDeianira.Herculeshadshotwithhispoisonedarrowsacentaur
namedNessus,whohadinsultedDeianira.Nessus,beforehedied,gavesomeofhisbloodto
Deianira,andtoldheritwouldactasacharmtosecureherhusbandslove.Sometimeafter,
Deianira,wishingtotry thecharm,soakedoneofherhusbandsgarmentsintheblood,not
knowingthatitwaspoisoned.Herculesputontherobe,and,aftersufferingterribletorments,
died,orwascarriedoffbyhisfatherJupiter.
LIII.1THEINFANTHERCULESANDTHESERPENTS
HERCULESETSERPENTES
D2gravesuppliciumsmmitdemals,sediqulgibus3derumprent,etiampostmortem
crantur.Illavtads2eratgrtissimaquaehominibusmiserstilissimafuerat.Omniumautem
praemirumsummumeratimmortlits.IlludpraemiumHerculdatum est.
HerculispaterfuitIuppiter,mterAlcmna,etomniumhominumvalidissimusfuissedcitur.Sed
In,rgnaderum,eum,adhc198nfantem,interficerestudbatname4et5Herculset
Alcmnaerantinvs.Itaquemsitdusserpents,utramquesaevissimam,quaemedinocte
domum6Alcmnaevnrunt.IbiHerculs,cumfrtresu,nninlectulsedinsctingent
dormibat.Iamaudcsserpentsadpropinquverant,iamsctummovbant.Tumfrter,terrre
commtus,magnvcemtremvocvit,sedHerculsipse,fortiorquamfrter,statimingents
serpentsmanibussusrapuitetinterfcit.
1.Thisnumberreferstothelessonafterwhichtheselectionmayberead.
2.D anddsarefrom deus.Cf.468.
3.lgibus,501. 14.
4.e, toher,referringtoJuno.
5.et...et, both...and.
6.domum, 501. 20.
LIV.HERCULESCONQUERSTHEMINY
Herculspuer1 corpussuumgravissimsetdifficillimslabribusexercbatethcmod
vrs2suscnfirmvit.IamadulscnsThbs3habitbat.IbiCrenqudameratrx.Minyae,
gnsvalidissima,erantfnitimThbns,et,quialimThbnsvcerant,quotannslgts
mittbantetvectgalpostulbant.Herculsautemcnstituitcvssushcvectgllberreet
dixitrg,Dmihiexercitumtuumetegohssuperbshostssuperb.Hanccondicinemrx
nnrecsvit,etHerculsnntisinomnspartisdmsitetcpiscogit.4Tumtempore
opportnissimproeliumcumMinyscommsit.Dipugntumest,seddniqueillimpetum
Thbnrumsustinrennpoturuntettergavertruntfugamquecprunt.
1.puer, fromboyhood.
2.virs,from vs.Cf.468.
3.Thbs, 501.36.1.
4.cogit,from cg.
HECOMMITSACRIMEANDGOESTOTHEDELPHIANORACLETOSEEKEXPIATION
PosthocproeliumCrenrx,tantvictrilaetus,fliamsuamHerculinmtrimniumdedit.
ThbsHerculscumuxresudivvbatetabomnibusmagnopereambtursedpostmults
annssubit1infurreminciditetipsesumanlberssusinterfcit.Postbrevetempus2ad
snittemreductustantumscelusexpirecupibatetcnstituitadrculumDelphicumiter
facere.Hocautemrculumeratomniumclrissimum.IbisedbatfminaquaedamquaePthia
appellbtur.Eacnsiliumdabatisquadrculumvenibant.
1.infurremincidit,wentmad.
2.adsnittemreductus,lit.ledbacktosanity.WhatingoodEnglish?
199
HERCULESLEONEMSUPERAT
LV.HERCULESBECOMESSUBJECTTOEURYSTHEUS1HESTRANGLESTHENEMEANLION
ItaqueHerculsPthiaettamremdmonstrvitnecscelussuumabdidit.UbiiamHerculs
fnemfcit,PthiaiussiteumadurbemTryntha2discdereetibirgEurysthess
committere.Quae3ubiaudvit,HerculsadillamurbemstatimcontenditetEurysthesin
servittemtrdiditetdxit,Quidprmum,rx,mfacereiubs?Eurystheus,qu
perterrbturvetcorporeingentHerculiseteumoccid4studbat,itarespondit:Aud,
Herculs!Multamira5nrranturdlenesaevissimquhctemporeinvalleNemaeomnia
vstat.Iubet,virrumomniumfortissimum,illmnstrhominslberre.Haecverba
Herculmaximplacurunt.Properbo,inquit,200etparbimperi6tu.Tuminsilvsin
quibuslehabitbatstatimiterfcit.Moxferamvditetplrsimpetsfcitfrstrtamen,quod
nequesagittsnequellalitlmnstrumvulnerrepotuit.DniqueHerculssaevumlenem
susingentibusbracchisrapuitetfaucseiusomnibusvribuscompressit.Hcmodbrev
temporeeuminterfcit.Tumcorpuslenisadoppiduminumersreportvitetpellemposte
pr7 vestegerbat.Omnsautemqueamreginemincolbant,ubifmamdmortelenis
ingentisaccprunt,erantlaetissimetHerculemlaudbantverbsamplissims.
1.Eurystheus(pronouncedUrisths)waskingof Tryns,aGreciancity,whosefoundation
goesbacktoprehistorictimes.
2.Tryntha,theacc.caseof Tryns,aGreeknoun.
3.Quae,obj.of audvit.Itisplacedfirsttomakeacloseconnectionwiththeprecedingsentence.
Thisiscalledaconnectingrelative.
4.occd,pres.pass.infin.
5.mra,marvelousthings,theadj.beingusedasanoun.Cf.omnia,inthenextline.
6.imperi,501. 14.
7.pr, for,insteadof.
LVI.SLAYINGTHELERNEANHYDRA
DeindeHerculsabEurystheiussusestHydramoccdere.ItaquecumamcIol1contendit
adpaldemLernaeamubiHydraincolbat.Hocautemmnstrumeratserpnsingnsquae
novemcapitahabbat.Moxismnstrumrepperitetsumm2cumperculcollumeiussinistr
manrapuitettenuit.Tumdextrmancapitanovemabscdereincpit,sedfrstrlabrbat,
quodquotinshocfcerattotinsalianovacapitavidbat.Quod3ubivdit,statuitcapitaign
cremre.Hcmodoctcapitadlvit,sedextrmumcaputvulnerrnnpotuit,quoderat
immortle.ItaqueilludsubingentsaxHerculsposuitetitavictriamreportvit.
1.Iol,abl.of Iolus,theherosbestfriend.
2.Notetheemphaticpositionofthisadjective.
3.Quodubi,whenhesawthis,anotherinstanceoftheconnectingrelative.Cf.p.199,l.3.
LVII.THEARCADIANSTAGANDTHEERYMANTHIANBOAR
PostquamEurysthemorsHydraenuntiataest,summusterroranimumeiusoccupavit.Itaque
iussitHerculemcapereetadsreportrecervumquendamnamminimcupvittantumvirumin
rgnsutenre.Hieautemcervusdcbturaureacornuaetpedsmult1celerirsvent2
habre.PrmumHerculsvestgiaanimlispetvit,deinde,ubicervumipsumvdit,omnibus
vribuscurrereincpit.Perplrimsdiscontenditnecnoctcessvit.Dniquepostquamper
201ttumannumcucurreratitadciturcervumiamdfessumcpitetadEurystheumportvit.
TumvriussusestHerculsaprumquendamcaperequilltemporeagrsErymanthis
vstbatethominsilluslocmagnopereperterrbat.Herculslaetnegtiumsuscpitetin
Arcadiamceleritersrecpit.Ibimoxaprumrepperit.IlleautemsimulatqueHerculemvdit,
statimquam3celerrimfgitetmetperterritusinfossamaltamssabdidit.Herculstamen
summcumdifficultteeumextrxit,necaperllmodsslberrepotuit,etvvusad
Eurystheumporttusest.
1.mult, 501. 27.
2.vent, 501. 34.
3.quam.Whatistheforceof quam withasuperlative?
LVIII.HERCULESCLEANSTHEAUGEANSTABLESANDKILLSTHESTYMPHALIANBIRDS
DeindeEurystheusHerculhunclabremmultgraviremimpervit.Augs1qudam,quill
temporergnumlidis2obtinbat,triamliaboum3habbat.H4ingentstabulcontinbantur.
Hocstabulum,quodpertrgintannsnnprgtumerat,Herculsintrspatiumnusdi
prgreiussusest.lllenegtiumalacritersuscpit,etprmumlabregravissimmaximam
fossamfditperquamflminisaquamdmontibusadmrumstabuldxit.Tumpartemparvam
mrdlvitetaquaminstabulumimmsit.Hcmodfnmoperisfcitndifacillim.
PostpaucsdisHerculsadoppidumStymphlumiterfcitnamEurystheusiusserateumavis
Stymphlidsoccdere.Haeavsrstraferreahabbantethominsmisersdvorbant.Ille,
postquamadlocumpervnit,lacumvditinquavsincolbant.NlltamenmodHerculs
avibusadpropinqurepotuitlacusenimnnexaqusedlmcnstitit.5Dniqueautemavs
6daliqucausperterritaeinaursvolvruntetmagnaparserumsagittsHerculisoccsaest.
1.Augs,pronouncedin English Awjas.
2.lidis,gen.caseof lis,adistrictofGreece.
3.boum,gen.plur.of bs.Forconstructionsee501.11.
4.ingentstabul,abl.ofmeans,butinouridiomweshouldsay inahugestable.
5.cnstitit,from consto.
6.daliqucausperterritae, frightenedforsomereason.
202
HERCULESETTAURUS
LIX.HERCULESCAPTURESTHECRETANBULLANDCARRIESHIMLIVINGTOEURYSTHEUS
TumEurystheusiussitHerculemportrevvumexnsulCrttaurumquendamsaevissimum.
Illeigiturnvemcnscenditnamventuseratidneusatquestatimsolvit.Postquamtrduum
nvigavit,incolumisnsulaeadpropinquvit.Deinde,postquamomniapartasunt,contenditad
eamreginemquamtaurusvexbat.Moxtaurum vditacsinellmetcornuaeiuscorripuit.
Tumingentlabremnstrumadnvemtrxitatquecumhcpraedexnsuldiscessit.
THEFLESHEATINGHORSESOFDIOMEDES
PostquamexnsulCrtdomumpervnit,HerculesabEurystheinThrciammissusest. Ibi
Diomdsqudam,virsaevissimus,rgnumobtinbatetomnsfnibussusprohibbat.
HerculsiussuseratequsDiomedisrapereetadEurystheumdcere.Hautemequhomins
miserrimsdvorbantdquibusrxsuppliciumsmerecupibat.Herculsubipervnit,
prmumequsrgepostulvit,sedrxesddererecsvit.Deindeillercommtusrgem
occditetcorpuseiusequstrdidit.Itaqueisquantemultsnecverat,ipseedemsupplici
nectusest.Etequ,npersaevissimaanimlia,postquamdominsucorpusdvorvrunt,
mnsuterant.
203
LX.THEBELTOFHIPPOLYTE,QUEENOFTHEAMAZONS
GnsAmzonum1dcitur2omnnexmulieribusfuisse.Haecumvirsproeliumcommitterenn
verbantur.Hippolyt,Amzonumrgna,balteumhabuitpulcherrimum.Huncbalteum
possidrefliaEurysthevehementercupibat.ItaqueEurystheusiussitHerculemimpetumin
Amzonsfacere.IllemultscumcpisnvemcnscendtetpaucisdibusinAmzonumfns
pervnit,acbalteumpostulvit.EumtrdereipsaHipporytquidemcupvitreliqustamen
Amazonibus3persudrennpotuit.PostrdiHerculsproeliumcommsit.Multshrs
utrimquequamfortissimpugntumestDniquetamenmulierestergavertruntetfugsaltem
petirunt.Multaeautemcaptaesunt,inqunumereratipsaHippolyt.Herculspostquam
balteumaccpit,omnibuscaptvslberttemdedit.
1.AfabledtribeofwarlikewomenlivinginAsiaMinor.
2.omnn,etc.,tohaveconsistedentirelyofwomen.
3.Amzonibus,501. 14.
THEDESCENTTOHADESANDTHEDOGCERBERUS
HERCULESETCERBERUS
Iamquenusmododuodecimlabribusrelinqubtursedinteromnshiceratdifficillimus.
IussusestenimcanemCerberum4exOrcinlcemtrahere.ExOrcautemnmante
reverterat.PraetereCerberuseratmnstrummaximhorribileettriacapitahabbat.Herculs
postquamimperiaEurystheaccpit,statimprofectusestetinOrcumdscendit.Ibivrnnsine
summpericulCerberummanibusrapuitetingentcumlabreexOrcinlcemetadurbem
Eurysthetrxit.
Sicduodecimlaborsill5intrduodecimannscnfectsunt.Dmumpostlongamvtam
HerculsdesreceptusestetIuppiterflisudeditimmortlittem.
4.ThedogCerberusguardedthegateofOrcus,theabodeofthedead.
5.ill,thosefamous.
204
P.CORNELIUSLENTULUS:THESTORYOFAROMANBOY1
LXI.PUBLIUSISBORNNEARPOMPEII
P.CornliusLentulus,2adulscnsRmnus,amplissimfamili3ntusestnampatereius,
Mrcus,eratduxpertissimus,cuiusvirtte4 etcnsilimultaevictriaereporttaeerantatque
matereius,llia,clrissimsmairibusortaest.Nnvrinurbesedrr5Pbliusntusest,et
cummtrehabitbatinvllquaeinmarisltoreetsubradcibusmagnmontissitaerat.Mns
autemeratVesuviusetparvaurbsPompioctmlia6passuum7aberat.InItaliantquerant
plrimaequidemvillaeetpulchrae,sedinterhsomnsnllaeratpulchriorquamvillaMrc
Iliaeque.Frnsvllaemramarisfluctibusmnibtur.Hincmareetltoraetnsulaelong
ltquecnspic8acsaepenvslongaeetonerriaepoterant.tergetabutrquelatereagr
fercissimpatbant.Undiqueeratmagnavarirumflrumcpiaetmultaingentiumarborum
generaquaeaestte9umbram 205dfesssagricolsgrtissimamadferbant.Praetereerant1in
agrsstabulsquemultaanimliumgenera,nnslumequetbovssedetiamrraeavs.Etiam
erat10 magnapiscnaplnapisciumnamRmnpiscsdligentercolbant.
PUERIROMANI
1.ThisstoryisfictionwithcertainhistoricalfactsinCsarscareerasasetting.However,the
eventschronicledmighthavehappened,andnodoubtdidhappentomanyaRomanyouth.
2.ARomanhadthreenames,as,Pblius(givenname),Cornlius(nameofthegnsorclan),
Lentulus(familyname).
3.Abl.ofsource,whichisakintotheabl.ofseparation(501.32).
4.virtte, 501.24.
5.rr,501.36.1.
6.mlia,501.21.
7.passuum, 501. 11.
8.cnspic,infin.withpoterant, 215.ConsultthemapofItalyfortheapproximatelocationof
thevilla.
9.aestte, 501.35.
10.Howaretheformsof sum translatedwhentheyprecedethesubject?
LXII.HISLIFEONTHEFARM
HuiusvllaeDvus,servusMrc,estvlicus1etcumLesbiuxreomniacrat.Vlicusetuxor
incashumil,medisinagrssit,habitant.prmlcesqueadvesperums2gravibus
labribusexercentutomnrsbenegerant.3 PlrimaenimsuntofficiaDvetLesbiae.Vlicus
servsregitntardsint4mittitalisquagrsarent,4alisquhortsinrigent,4etoperain5
ttumdiemimpnit.Lesbiaautemomnibusvestmentaparat,cibumcoquit,pnemfacit.
CASAROMANA
Nnlongabhrumcasetinsummcollesitumsurgbatdomiciliumipsusdomin
dominaequeamplissimum.Ibiplrsanns6Pbliuscummtrevtamflcemagbatnampater
eius,Mrcus,interrslonginqusgraviarepblicaebellagerbatnecdomum7revertpoterat.
Nequepuerquidemmolestumestrr8vvere.Eummultaersdlectant.Magnopereamat
silvs,agrs,equs,bovs,gallns,avs,reliquaqueanimlia.Saepeplrshrs9admaresedet
qu9 meliusfluctsetnvsspectet.Necomnnsinecomitibuserat, quodLdia,Dvflia,
quaeerateiusdemaettis,cumeadhcinfanteldbat,interquscumannsamcitiacrscbat.
LdianllumaliumducemdligbatetPbliusabpuellaelatererr206discdbat.Itaquesub
clrItaliaeslePbliusetLdia,amcfidlissim,percampscollsquecotdivagbantur.
ModoinsilvfnitimldebantubiPbliussagitts10celeribusavisdicibatetLdiacorns
varirumflrumcomssusrnbatmodoaquametcibumportbantadDvumservsque
dfesssquagrscolbant:modoincasparvauthrslactsinldcnsmbantaut
auxiliumdabantLesbiae,quaecibumviretservsparbatvelalisrsdomesticsagbat.
1.Thevlicuswasaslavewhoactedasoverseerofafarm.Hedirectedthefarmingoperations
andthesaleoftheproduce.
2.se,reflexivepron.,objectof exercent.
3.Fortheconstruction,see501. 40.
4.in, for.
5.anns, 501.21.
6.domum, 501. 20.
7.rr,501.36.1.
8.hrs,cf.anns,line17.
9.qu...spectet, 349,350.
10.sagittis, 501. 24.
LXIII.MARCUSLENTULUS,THEFATHEROFPUBLIUS,ISSHIPWRECKEDJULIARECEIVESALETTERFROMHIM
IamPblius1decemannshabbatcumM.CornliusLentulus,patereius,ququnqueanns2
gravebelluminAsigerbat,nonsineglridomum3revertbtur.Namquemultasecunda
proeliafcerat,maximshostiumcpisdlverat,multsurbspopulo4Rmninimcs
cperat.PrimumnntiuspervnitquLentul5missuserat6utprofectinemsuamnntiret.
Deindeplrsdis7reditumviroptimmterfliusqueexspectbantetanims8sollicitisdes
immortlsfrstrcolbant.Tumdmumhslitterssummocumgaudiaccprunt:
9MrcusIliaesuacsaltemdcit.Svals,beneestegovale.ExGraeci,qu10praeter
spemetopninemhodipervn,hslittersadtscrib.Namquenvisnostrafrctaestns
autem11dsestgratiaincolumessumus.Ex Asiae12portnvemlnventsolvimus.
Postquam13altummaretenuimus14neciamllaeterraeapprurunt,caelumundiqueet
undiqueflucts,subitmagnatempestscoortaestetnvemvehementissimadflxit.Vents
fluctibusque207adflctt15necslemdiscernereneccursumtenrepotermusetomnia
praesentemmortemintentbant.Trsdis16ettrsnocts16sinermsvlsqueagimur.Qurt
di17prmumterravsaestetviolenterinsaxa,quaennlongltoreaberant,diectsumus.
Tumvrmairaperculatimbmussednautaqudam,virfortissimus,exnveinfluctsrts
dsiluit18utfnemadltusportretquamremsummlabrevixeffcit.Itaomnsservt
sumus.GrtisigiturethonremNeptndbmus,qudeusnsperculripuit.Nunc
Athns19sum,qucnfgutmihipaucshrsadquitemdarem.20Quamprmumautem
aliamnvemcondcamutiteradItaliamreliquumcnficiametdomum21admescrs
revertar.SaltnostrumPbliumamcissimetvaltdinemtuamcrdligenter.22Kalends
Mrtis.
1.wastenyearsold.
2.anns, 501.21.
3.domum, 501. 20.
4.popul,dat.withinimcs,cf.501. 16.
5.Lentul, 501. 33.
6.ut...nntiret, 501. 40.
7.dis,cf.anns,1.9.
8.anims,abl.ofmanner.Doyouseeoneinline15?
9.ThisistheusualformforthebeginningofaLatinletter.Firstwehavethegreeting,andthen
theexpressionSvals,etc.Thedateoftheletterisusuallygivenattheend,andalsotheplace
ofwriting,ifnotpreviouslymentionedintheletter.
10.qu,where.
11.dsestgrtia,thankGod,inouridiom.
12.AsiareferstotheRomanprovinceofthatnameinAsiaMinor.
13.altummaretenuimus,wewerewellouttosea.
14.neciam, andnolonger.
16.adflctt,perf.passivepart. tossedabout.
16.Whatconstruction?
17.di, 501. 35.
18.ut...portret,501. 40.
19.Athns, 501.36. 1.
20.darem,cf.portret,l.6.
21.Whynotaddomum?
22. KalendsMrtis,theCalendsor firstofMarchabl.oftime,givingthedateoftheletter.
LXIV.LENTULUSREACHESHOMEPUBLIUSVISITSPOMPEIIWITHHISFATHER
PostpaucsdisnvisM.CornlLentulportumMsn1petiit,quportusnnlong
PompissitusestquinportclassisRmnpnbturetadpugnsnvlsrnbtur.Ibi
nvsomniumgenerumcnspicpoterant.IamqueincrdibilcelerittenvislongaquLentulus
vehbturltoradpropinquvitnamnnslumventsedetiamrmsimpellbtur.Inalt
puppestbatguberntoretnnproculaliqumlitsRmncumarmssplendids,interqus
clrissimuseratLentulus.Deindeservrmscontenderecessvrunt2nautaevlum
contrxruntetancorsicrunt.Lentulusstatimnvgressusestet3 advillamsuam
propervit.EumIlia,Pblius,ttaquefamiliaexcprunt.4Qucomplexs,quantagaudia
furunt!
PostrdieiusdiLentulusflisudxit,Ven,mPbl,mcum.208Pompisiterhodi
faciam.Mtertuasudet5utfrctsetcibriaemam.Namqueplrsamcsadcnam
vocvimusetmultsrbus6egmus.Eahortturutquamprmumproficscmur.Libenter,m
pater,inquitPblius.TcumessemihisemperestgrtumnecPompisumquamvd.Sine
morproficscpartussum.Tumceleritercurrumcnscendruntetadurbismrsvectsunt.
Stabinport7urbemingresssunt.Pbliusstrtsvismrturetsaxaaltiraquaeinmedi
dispositaerantetaltsorbitsqusrotaeinterhaecsaxafcerant.Etiamstrepitummrtur,
multitdinem,carrs,fonts,doms,taberns,forum8cumstatus,templs,reliqusqueaedificis
pblics.
1.Misenumhadanexcellentharbor,andundertheemperorAugustusbecamethechiefnaval
station oftheRomanfleet.SeemapofItaly.
2.Whyistheinfinitiveusedwith cessvrunt?
3.SeePlateI,Frontispiece.
4.Observethatthesewordsareexclamatory.
5.Whatconstructionfollowssude? 501.41.
6.rbus,501.32.
7.Thisistheabl.ofthewaybywhichmotiontakesplace,sometimescalledtheabl.ofroute.The
constructioncomesunderthegeneralheadoftheabl.ofmeans.Forthesceneheredescribed,see
PlateII,p.53,andnoticeespeciallythesteppingstonesforcrossingthestreet(saxaquaein
medidispositaerant).
8.TheforumofPompeiiwassurroundedbytemples,publichalls,andmarketsofvarioussorts.
LocatePompeiionthemap.
LXV.ADAYATPOMPEII
ApudforumcurrdscendruntetLentulusdxit,Hcsuntmultatabernrumgenera,mPbl.
Ecce,trnsviamestpopna! 1Hocgenustabernrumcibriavndit.Frctsquoqueanteinuam
stant.Ibicibriameaemam.Optim,responditPblius.Atubi,mpater,crstulaemere
possumus?Namquemternbsimpervit2uthaecquoqueparrmus.Timeut3istapopna
vndatcrstula.Benedcis,inquitLentulus.Atnnnevidsillumfontemdextrubiaqua
perleniscaputfluit?Inillipslocesttabernapstrisqusinedubivnditcrstula.
Brevtempore4 omniaerantparta,iamque5quntahraerat.DeindeLentulusetfliusad
caupnampropervrunt,quodfam6et209 sit7urgbantur.Ibisubarborisumbrsdruntet
puerimpervruntutsibi8cibumetvnumdaret.Huicimperi9puerceleriterpruit.Tumlaet
s10exlabrerefcrunt.
Postprandiumprefectsuntutaliaurbisspectculavidrent.IlltemporefuruntPompis11
multatempla,duothetra,thermaemagnumqueamphithetrum,quaeomniapostpaucsanns
flammsatqueincendisVesuvetterraemtdltasunt.Antehanccalamittemautem
homins1nihildmonteveritsunt.InamphithetrquidemPbliusmorrcupvitutspectcula
gladitriavidret,quaein13illumipsumdiemprscrptaerantetiam 15rvrincperant.Sed
Lentulusdxit,Morr,Pbl,16vereorutpossmus.Iamdecimahraestetviaestlonga.
Tempussudetutquamprmumdomumrevertmur.Itaqueservimpervitutequsiungeret,
etslisoccs16advllampervnrunt.
1.Wesay,thiskindofshopLatin,thiskindofshops.
2.ut...parrmus,501.41.
3.Howisut translatedafteraverboffearing?Hown?Cf.501.42.
4.tempore,501. 35.
5.quntahra.TheRomansnumberedthehoursofthedayconsecutivelyfromsunrisetosunset,
dividingtheday,whetherlongorshort,intotwelveequalparts.
6.famshowsaslightirregularityinthattheabl.endingeislong.
7.sitis, thirst,hasimintheacc.sing., intheabl.sing.,andnoplural.
8.Observethatthereflexivepronoun sibidoesnothererefertothesubjectofthesubordinate
clauseinwhichitstands,buttothesubjectofthemainclause.Thissocalledindirectuseofthe
reflexiveisoftenfoundinobjectclausesofpurpose.
9.Whatcase?Cf.501.14.
10.s,cf.p.205,l.7,andnote.
11.Pompis,501.36.1.
12.nihil...veritsunt,hadnofearsofthemountain.
13.in, for.
14.rvr,infact.
15.vereorut, 501. 42.
16.occs, 501. 35.
LXVI.LENTULUSENGAGESATUTORFORHISSON
prmsannsquidemIliaipsafliumsuumdocuerat,etPbliusnnslum 1pretLatn
loqupoteratsedetiamcommodlegbatetscrbbat.IamEnnium2alisquepotslgerat.
NuncvrPblius3duodecimannshabbatitaqueepaterbonummagistrum,4virumomn
doctrnetvirtterntissimum,parvit,5quGraeca,msicam,alisqueartsdocret. 6Namque
illstemporibusomnsfergentsGraecloqubantur.CumPblialipuer,Lentulamcrum
210fli,7discbant.NamsaepeapudRmnsmserat8nninldumflismittereseddom
permagistrumdocre.Cotdidiscipulcummagistrinperistl9Mrcdomssedbant.
Omnspuerbullamauream,orginishonestaesignum,incollgerbant,etomnstog
praetextamicterant,10quodnndumsdecimanns11ntsunt.
1.pr...poterat,freely,couldspeakLatinwell.Whatistheliteraltranslation?
2.Ennium,thefatherofLatinpoetry.
3.duodecim...habbat,cf.p.206,l.8,andnote.
4.virum,etc., averywelleducatedandworthyman.ObservetheLatinequivalent.
5.qu...docret,arelativeclauseofpurpose.Cf.349, 350.
6.InCsarstimeGreekwasspokenmorewidelyintheRomanworldthananyotherlanguage.
7.fli,inappositionwith puer.
8.nn...mittere.Thisinfinitiveclauseisthesubjectof erat.Cf.216.Thesameconstruction
isrepeatedinthenextclause,dom...docre.Theobjectof docreisflisunderstood.
9.Theperistylewasanopencourtsurroundedbyacolonnade.
10.Attheageofsixteenaboylaidasidethebulla andthetogapraetextaandassumedtoga
virlisormanlygown.
11.anns, 501.21.Theexpression nndumsdecimannsntsunt meansliterally,they
werebornnotyetsixteenyears.Thisistheusualexpressionforage.WhatistheEnglish
equivalent?
SCENEINSCHOOLANEXERCISEINCOMPOSITION
TABULAETSTILUS
Discipul.Salv,magister.
Magister.Vsquoqueomns,salvte.1Tabulsneportvistisetstils?
D.Portvimus.
M.IamfbulamAesp2discmus.Egolegam,vsintabulsscrbite.Ett,Pbl,dmihi
caps3Aespvolmen.4Iamaudteomns:Vulpsetva.
Vulpslimfamcoctavamdpendentemvdit.Advamsalibat,smerecnns.Frstrdi
cnta,tandemrtaeratetsalrecessnsdxit:Illavaestacerbaacerbamvam 5nihil
moror.
Omnianescrpsistis,puer?
D.Omnia,magister.
1.Tabletswerethinboardsofwoodsmearedwithwax.Thewritingwasdonewithastylus,a
pointedinstrumentlikeapencil,madeofboneormetal,withaknobattheotherend.Theknob
wasusedtosmoothoverthewaxinmakingerasuresandcorrections.
2.Aesp,thefamousGreektowhomareascribedmostofthefablescurrentintheancient
world.
3.Acylindricalboxforholdingbooksandpapers,shapedlikeahatbox.
4.Ancientbookswerewrittenonrollsmadeofpapyrus.
5.nihilmoror,Icarenothingfor.
211
LXVII.PUBLIUSGOESTOROMETOFINISHHISEDUCATION
IamquePblius,1qundecimannsntus,2prmslitterrumelementscnfects,Rmampetere
voluitutscholsgrammaticrumetphilosophrumfrequentret.Etfacillimpatr3su,quiipse
philosophiaestuditenbtur,persusit.Itaque4omnibusrbusadprofectinemcomparts,
paterfliusqueequsanimssvect5admagnamurbemprofectsunt.EsproficscentsIlia
ttaquefamiliavtsprecibusqueprsectaesunt.Tumperloca6plnaetcollissilvsvestts
viamingresssuntadNlam,quodoppidumeshospitimodicexcpit.Nlae7dushrs
mortsunt,quodslmerdinusrdbat.Tumrctvi8circitervgintmlia9passuum9
Capuam,9adnsignemCampniaeurbem,contendrunt.E10multnoctedfesspervnrunt.
11Postrdieiusdi,somnetcibrecret,Capudiscessruntet13viamAppiamingress,
quaeCapuamtangitetsqueadurbemRmamdcit,antemerdiemSinuessampervnrunt,
quodoppidumtangitmare.IndeprmlceproficscentsFormis13propervrunt,ubiCicer,
rtorclarissimus,quforteapudvllamsuamerat,esbenignexcpit.Hinc14itinerevgint
qunquemliumpassuumfact,Tarracnam,oppiduminsaxsaltissimssitum,vdrunt.Iamque
nnlongaberantpaldsmagnae,quaemultamliapassuumundiquepatent.Perespedestris
viaestgravisetinnvevitrsvehuntur.Itaque15equsrelictsLentulusetPbliusnvem
cnscendrunt,et,nnocteintrnsitcnsmpt,ForumAppvnrunt.Tumbrevtempore
Arciaesexcpit.Hocoppidum,incolle212situm,aburbeRomsdecimmliapassuumabest.
IndedclivisviasqueadlatumcampumdcitubiRmastat.QuemadlocumubiPbliusvnit
etRmamadhcremtam,maximamttusorbisterrrumurbem,cnspxit,summ
admrtineetgaudiadfectusest.Sinemordscendrunt,et,mediintervllquamcelerrim
supert,urbemportCapningresssunt.
1.qundecim,etc.,cf.p.210,l.5,andnote.
2.prms...cnfects,abl.abs.Cf.501.28.
3.patr,dat.with persusit.
4.omnibus...comparts,cf.note2.
5.vect,perf.pass.part.of veh.
6.Whatistherepeculiaraboutthegenderofthisword?
7.Nlae,locativecase,501. 36.2.
8.vi,cf.port,p.208,l.7,andnote.
9.Whatconstruction?
10.E,adv.there.
11.Postrdieiusdi,onthenextday.
12.viamAppiam,themostfamousofallRomanroads,thegreathighwayfromRometo
TarentumandBrundisium,withnumerousbranches.Locateonthemapthevarioustownsthat
arementionedinthelinesthatfollow.
13.Formis,Formi,oneofthemostbeautifulspotsonthiscoast,andafavoritesiteforthe
villasofrichRomans.
14.itinere...fact,abl.abs.Thegen.mliummodifiesitinere.
15.equsrelicts.Whatconstruction?Pointoutasimilaroneinthenextline.
LXVIII.PUBLIUSPUTSONTHETOGAVIRILIS
BULLA
PbliusiamttumannumRmaemorbtur1multaqueurbisspectculavderatetmultssibi2
amcsparverat.E3omnsfavbant 4deomnsbenesprrepoterant.CotdiPblius
scholasphilosophrumetgrammaticrumtantstudifrequentbat5utalisclrumexemplum
praebret.Saepeeratcumpatreincri6quaerseffcit7utsummsrepblicaevirset
audretetvidret.Ubi 8sdecimannsnatusest,bullam9aureamettogampraetextammre
Rmndposuitatquevirlemtogamsmpsit.Virlisautemtogaeratomnnalba,sed
praetextaclvumpurpureuminmarginehabbat.10Dpneretogampraetextametsmere
togamvirlemeratrsgrtissimapuerRmn,quodposteviretcvisRmnushabbtur.
11HsrbusgestsLentulusaduxremsuamhslittersscrpsit:
12MrcusIliaesuaesaltemdcit.Svals,beneestegovale.Accptuslitters.Hsnunc
RmperservumfidlissimummittutdPblinostrquamcelerrimscis.Namhodie
togamvirlemded.Antelucemsurrx13etprmumbullamaureamdcolleius213remv.
HcLaribus14cnsecrtetsacrsfacts,eumtogvirlvestv.Interimplrsamccum
multitdineoptimrumcviumethonestrumclientiumpervnerant15quPbliumdomin
forumddcerent.Ibiincvittemreceptusestetnmen,PbliusCornliusLentulus,apudcvs
Rmnsascrptumest.Omnseamcissimfuruntetmagna16deepraedcunt.Sapientior
enimaequlibus17estetmagnumingeniumhabet.18Crutvales.
1.morbtur,translateasifpluperfect.
2.sibi, forhimself.
3.E,whydat.?
4.d...poterant,inEnglish,allregardedhimasaverypromisingyouthbutwhatdoesthe
Latin say?
5.ut...praebret,501.43.
6.cri,afamousbuildingneartheRomanForum.
7.ut...audretetvidret,501.44.
8.sdecim,etc.,cf.p.210,l.5,andnote.
9.bullam,cf.p.210,l.3,andnote4.
10.Theseinfinitiveclausesarethesubjectof erat.Cf.216.
11.Hsrbusgests,i.e.theassumptionofthetogavirilisandattendantceremonies.
12.Comparethebeginningofthisletterwiththeoneonpage206.
13.surrx,from surg.
14.TheLareswerethespiritsoftheancestors,andwereworshipedashouseholdgods.Allthat
thehousecontainedwasconfidedtotheircare,andsacrificesweremadetothemdaily.
15.qu...ddcerent, 350.
16.magna, greatthings,aneuteradj.usedasanoun.
17.aequlibus, 501. 34.
18.Crutvales,takegoodcareofyourhealth.HowdoestheLatinexpressthisidea?
LXIX.PUBLIUSJOINSCSARSARMYINGAUL
Pbliusiamadulscnspostquamtogamvirlemsmpsit,alisrbusstudreincpitetpraesertim
s1armrums2dligenterexercuit.Magismagisqueamvitillsartsquaemlitremanimum
dlectant.Iamqueerant3quecursummlitrempraedcerent.Necsinecaus,quodcertpatris
signeexemplum 4itamultumtrahbat.5PaucsanteannsC.IliusCaesar,ducumRmnrum
maximus,cnsulcretuseratethctemporeinGallibellumgravegerbat.Atqueinexercit
eiusplrsadulscentsmlitbant,apudquseratamcusqudamPbl.IllePbliumcrbrs
littersvehementerhortbtur6utiterinGalliamfaceret.NequePbliusrecsvit,et,mults
amcsadportamurbisprsequentibus,adCaesariscastraprofectusest.Qurtdipostquamiter
ingressusest,adAlps,montsaltissims,pervnit.Hssummdifficulttesuperts,tandem
Gallruminfnibuserat.Prmautem veritusestut7 castrsRmnsadpropinqureposset,
quodGall,maximscpiscocts,Rmnsobsidbantetvisomnsiamclauserant.Hsrbus
commtusPbliusvestemGallicaminduitnGallscapertur,etitaperhostiumcpis
incolumisadcastra214pervenrepotuit.Intrmntinesacceptus,Caesarebenignexceptus
est.Impertorfortemadulscentemamplissimsverbslaudviteteum 8tribnummltum
crevit.
1.Abl.ofmeans.
2.s,reflexiveobjectof exercuit.
3.qu...praedcerent,501.45.
4.itamultumtrahbat,hadagreatinfluenceinthatdirection.
5.Paucsanteanns, afewyearsbeforeinLatin,beforebyafewyears,antebeinganadverb
andannsabl.ofdegreeofdifference.
6.ut...faceret,501. 41.
7.ut,howtranslatedhere?See501.42.
8.Themilitarytribunewasacommissionedofficernearlycorrespondingtoourrankofcolonel.
Thetribuneswereofteninexperiencedmen,soCsardidnotallowthemmuchresponsibility.
IMPEDIMENTA
HOWTHEROMANSMARCHEDANDCAMPED
Exercitusquinhostiumfnibusbellumgenitmultspercuscircumdatusest. 1Quaeperculaut
vtret,Rmnisummamcramadhbresolbant.Adpropinquantescpishostiumagmenita
dispnbant2utimpertoripsecumplribusleginibusexpedts3prmumagmendceret.Post
escpisimpedmenta4ttusexercits215conlocbant. 5Tumleginsquaeproxim
cnscrptaeerantttumagmenclaudbant.Equitsquoqueinomnspartsdmittbanturquloca
explrrentetcenturinspraemittbanturutlocumcastrsidneumdligerent.Locushabbatur
idneuscastrs6qufaciledfendpossetetpropeaquamesset.Qudcauscastra7incolleab
utrqueparteardu,frontelniterdclvsaepepnbanturvellocuspaldibuscnctusvelin
flminisrpssitusdligbtur.Adlocumpostquamexercituspervnit,alimlitum 8inarms
erant,alicastramnreincipibant.Nam 9quttirsabhostibusmlitsessent,nveincautet
impartopprimerentur,castrafossltetvllaltmnibant.Incastrsportaequattuorerant
utruptimlitumomnsinpartsfierposset.Inangulscastrrumerantturrsdquibustlain
hostsconicibantur. 10TlibusincastrsquliadscrpsimusPbliusCaesareexceptusest.
1.Quaepercula,objectof vtrent.Itisplacedfirsttomakeaproperconnectionwiththe
precedingsentence.
2.ut...dceret, 501. 43.
3.expedts,i.e.withoutbaggageandreadyforaction.
4.impedmenta.Muchofthebaggagewascarriedincartsandonbeastsofburden,asisshown
abovebut,besidesthis,eachsoldier(unlessexpedtus)carriedaheavypack.Seealsopicture,p.
159.
5.Thenewestlegionswereplacedintherear,becausetheyweretheleastreliable.
6.qu...posset...esset, 501. 45.
7.castra,subjectof pnbantur.
8.inarmserant,stoodunderarms.
9.qu...essent.Whenisquusedtointroduceapurposeclause?See350. I.
10.Tlibusincastrsqulia,insuchacampas.Itisimportanttorememberthecorrelatives
tlis...qulis,such...as.
LXX.THERIVALCENTURIONS
CENTURIO
Illsincastrserantduocenturins,1fortissimvir,T.PulletL.Vornus,qurumneuteralter
virtte2cderevolbat.Interesiammultsannsnfnsumcertmengerbtur.Tumdmum
fniscontrversiaehcmod3 factusest.DitertipostquamPbliuspervnit,hosts,mairibus
cpiscocts,cerrimumimpetumincastrafcrunt.TumPull,4cumRmntardirs5
vidrentur,Crdubits,inquit,Vorne?Quamcommodiremoccsinemexspects?Hic
disdvirttenostridicbit.Haec6cumdxisset, 216extrmntinsprcessitetineam
hostiumpartemquaecfertissima7vidbturinrpit.NequeVornusquidemtumvll8ss
continet,sedPullnemsubsequitur.TumPullpluminhostsimmittitatquenumex
multitdineprcurrentemtricit.Huncpercussumetexanimtumhostssctsprteguntetin
Pullnemomnstlaconiciunt.Eiussctumtrnsfgiturettluminbaltedfgitur.Hiccsus
vgnamvertitetdextrammanumeiusgladiumdcerecnantis9mortur.Eumitaimpedtum
hostscircumsistunt.
Tumvro10elabrantVornus,cumsitinimcus,tamenauxiliumdat.Adhunccnfestim 11
Pullneomnismultitdsconvertit.GladicomminuspugnatVornus,atque,ninterfect,
reliquspaulumprpellit.Sednstnscupidius12nflx,13pedesfallente,concidit.
HuicrrsuscircumventauxiliumdatPull,atqueambincolums,plribusinterfects,summ
cumlaudeintrmntinssrecipiunt.Sicinimcrumalteralterauxiliumdeditnecdeerum
virttequisquamidicrepotuit.
1.Acenturioncommandedacompanyofaboutsixtymen.Hewasacommonsoldierwhohad
beenpromotedfromtheranksforhiscourageandfightingqualities.Thecenturionswerethereal
leadersofthemeninbattle.Thereweresixtyoftheminalegion.Thecenturioninthepicture(p.
216)hasinhishandastaffwithacrookatoneend,thesymbolofhisauthority.
2.virtte, 501.30.
3.Abl.ofmanner.
4.cum...vidrentur,501. 46.
5.tardirs,tooslow,anotinfrequenttranslationofthecomparativedegree.
6.Haec,obj.of dxisset.Itisplacedbeforecum tomakeacloseconnectionwiththepreceding
sentence.Whatistheconstructionof dxisset?
7.vidbatur,inrpit.Whyistheimperfectusedinonecaseandtheperfectintheother?Cf.
190.
8.vll,abl.ofmeans,butinEnglishweshouldsaywithintherampart.Cf.ingentstabul,p.
201,l.13,andnote.
9.cnantis,pres.part.agreeingwith eius.
10.elabrant,indir.obj.ofdat.
11.Pullne, fromPullo,abl.ofseparation.
12.cupidius,tooeagerly.
13.pedesfallente,lit.thefootdeceivingitselfinouridiom,hisfootslipping.
LXXI.THEENEMYBESIEGINGTHECAMPAREREPULSED
Cumiamsexhrspugnatumesset1acnnslumvrssedetiamtlaRmnsdficerent1,
atquehostscriusinstrent,1etvllumscinderefossamquecomplreincpissent,1Caesar,vir
remlitrispertissimus,217susimpervitutproeliumpaulisperintermitterent,2 et,signdat,
excastrsrumperent.23Quodiusssuntfaciunt,etsubitexomnibusportsrumpunt.Atque
tamceleritermlitsconcurrruntettampropinqueranthosts4utspatiumplaconiciend5nn
dartur.Itaquereiectspls6comminusgladispugntumest.Dietaudcterhostsrestitrunt
etinextrmspsaltistantamvirttempraestitruntutdextrcornvehementer7multitdine
surumaciemRmanampremerent.8Idimpertorcumanimadvertisset,Pbliumadulscentem
cumequittmsitqulabrantibus9auxiliumdaret.Eiusimpetumsustinrennpoturunt
hosts10etomnstergavertrunt.EsinfugamdatsPbliussubsectusestsqueadflmen
Rhnum,quodabelocqunquemliapassuumaberat.Ibipaucsaltemsibirepperrunt.
Omnibusreliqusinterfects,Pbliusetequitsincastrassrecprunt.Dhccalamitte
fnitimaegentscumcertirsfactaeessent,adCaesaremlgtsmsruntetssuaqueomnia
ddidrunt.
1.pugntumesset,dficerent,nstrent,incpissent.Theseareallsubjunctiveswith cum.Cf.
501. 46.
2.intermitterent,rumperent.Whatuseofthesubjunctive?
3.Quod,etc., theydoasordered.Theantecedentof quodisidunderstood,whichwouldbethe
objectof faciunt.
4.ut...dartur.Isthisaclauseofpurposeorofresult?
5.coniciend, 402.
6.comminusgladispugntumest,ahandtohandconflictwaswagedwithswords.
7.multitdinesurum,bytheirnumbers.surumisusedasanoun.Whatistheliteral
translationofthisexpression?
8.Idimpertor.Idistheobj.andimpertor thesubj.of animadvertisset.
9.labrantibus.Thisparticipleagreeswith isunderstood,theindir.obj.of daretqui...daret
isapurposeclause,501.40.
10.hosts,subj.of poturunt.
LXXII.PUBLIUSGOESTOGERMANYITSGREATFORESTSANDSTRANGEANIMALS
InitaestteCaesarlitterscertiorfbatetperexplrtrscognscbatplrscvittsGalliae
novsrbusstudre,1etcontrpopulumRmnumconirre1obsidsque2intersdare,1atque
cumhsGermnsqusdamquoquessconinctrsesse.1Hslittersnntisquecommtus
CaesarcnstituitquamcelerriminGallsproficsc,3utesinopnantsopprimeret,et
Labinumlgtumcum dubusleginibuspeditumetdubusmlibusequituminGermns
mittere.3218 4Itaquerfrmentricompartcastramvit.Abutrque5 rsbenegestaest
namCaesartamceleriterinhostiumfnspervnitutspatium 6cpiscgendnndartur7et
LabinusdGermnstamgravesuppliciumsmpsitutnmexegenteinreliquumtempus
Gallsauxiliumdareaudret.7
HociterinGermniamPbliusquoquefcitet, 8cumibimorrtur,multamrbiliavdit.
Praesertimvringentemsilvammrbtur,quaetantaemagnitdinisessedcbtur9utnm
eamtrnsreposset,necquisquamscretautinitiumautfnem.Qudrplracognverat
mlitequdamqulimcaptusGermnsmultsannsibiincoluit.Ille10dsilvdcns,
nfntaemagnitdinisesthaecsilva,inquitneequisquamest11huiusGermniae12qu
initiumeiussciatautadfnemadierit.Nscunturillcmultatliaanimliumgeneraqulia
reliqusinlocsnninveniuntur.Suntbovsqunum13cornhabentsuntetiamanimliaquae
appellanturalcs.Haenllscrrum14articulshabent.Itaque,sforteconcidrunt,ssrigere
nllmodpossunt.Arborshabentpr15cublibusadessapplicantatqueitareclntae
quitemcapiunt.Tertiumestgenuserumqurappellantur.Hsuntpaulminrs
elephants.16Magnaviserumestetmagnavlcits.Nequehominnequeferaeparcunt.17
1.Observethatalltheseinfinitivesareinindirectstatementsaftercertiorfbat,hewas
informed,andcognscbat, helearned.Cf.501.48,49.
2.inters,toeachother.
3.proficsc,mittere.Theseinfinitivesdependupon cnstituit.
4.Beforebeginningacampaign,foodhadtobeprovided.Everyfifteendaysgrainwas
distributed.Eachsoldierreceivedabouttwopecks.Thishecarriedinhispack,andthis
constitutedhisfood,variedoccasionallybywhathecouldfindbyforaging.
5.Abl.ofpersonalagent,501.33.
6.cpiscgend, 501.37. 1.
7.dartur,audret,501. 43. audretisnotfrom audi.
8.cum...morrtur,501. 46.
9.ut...posset,...scret,501. 43.
10.Ille,subj.of inquit.
11.huiusGermniae,ofthispartofGermany.
12.qu...scat...adierit,501.45.
13.num,onlyone.
14.crrum,from crs.
15.pr, for,inplaceof.
16.elephants, 501. 34.
17.parcunt.Whatcaseisusedwiththisverb?
LXXIII.THESTORMINGOFACITY
PbliusplrsdisinGermnimortus1inGalliamrediit,etadCaesariscastrascontulit.Ille
quiamolestferbatGalls2eiusreginisobsidsdarerecsvisseetexercitufrmentum
praebre219nluisse,cnstituites3bellumnferre.Agrsvstts,vcsincnss,pervnitad
oppidumvalidissimumquodetntretartemntumerat.Cingbturmrvgintqunque
peds4alt.lateribusdusitum,praeruptfastgiadplnitiemverggatqurttantum5
latereadituseratfacilis.Hocoppidumoppugnre,6cumopusessetdifficillimum,tamen
cnstituitCaesar.EtcastrsmntsPblinegtiumdeditutrs7adoppugnandumnecessris
parret.
VINEA
Rmnrumautemoppugntiesthaec.8Prmumturrsaedificanturquibusmlitsinsummum
mrumvderepossint9vneae10funtquibustctmlitsadmrumsuccdantplute11
paranturpostqusmlitstormenta12administrentsuntquoquearietsqumrumetports
discutiant.Hsomnibusrbuscomparts,deinde13aggerabeparteubiaditusestfacillimus
exstruituretcum 220vnesadipsumoppidumagitur.Tumturrisinaggereprmovtur
arietibusqusubvnesconlocterantmrusetportaediscutiunturballists,catapults,
reliqusquetormentslapidsettlainoppidumconiciuntur.Postrmcum iamturrisetagger
altitdinemmradaequantetarietsmoeniaperfrgrunt,14signdatmlitsinruuntet
oppidumexpugnant.
1.mortus.Isthispart.activeorpassiveinmeaning?
2.Galls,subj.acc.oftheinfins.recsvisseandnluisse.Theindirectstatementdependsupon
molestferbat.
3.es, 501. 15.
4.peds, 501.21.
5.tantum,adv.only.
6.cum...esset,aclauseofconcession,501. 46.
7.adoppugnandum,agerundexpressingpurpose.
8.haec, asfollows.
9.possint,subjv.ofpurpose.Threesimilarconstructionsfollow.
10.vneae.Thesevneaewerewoodensheds,openinfrontandrear,usedtoprotectmenwho
wereworkingtotakeafortification.Theywereabouteightfeethigh,oflikewidth,anddouble
thatlength,coveredwithrawhidestoprotectthemfrombeingsetonfire,andmovedonwheels
orrollers.
11.plute,largescreensorshieldswithsmallwheelsattachedtothem.Thesewereusedto
protectbesiegerswhilemovinguptoacityorwhileservingtheenginesofwar.
12.tormenta.Theenginesofwarwerechiefly thecatapultforshootinggreatarrows,andthe
ballista,forhurlinglargestones.Theyhadarangeofabouttwothousandfeetandwerevery
effective.
13.Theagger,ormound,wasofchiefimportanceinasiege.Itwasbegunjustoutofreachof
themissilesoftheenemy,andthengraduallyextendedtowardsthepointtobeattacked.Atthe
sametimeitsheightgraduallyincreaseduntilonalevelwiththetopofthewall,orevenhigher.
Itwasmadeofearthandtimber,andhadcoveredgalleriesrunningthroughitfortheuseofthe
besiegers.Overorbesidetheaggeratowerwasmoveduptothewall,oftenwithabatteringram
(aries)intheloweststory.(Seepicture,p.221.)
14.perfrgrunt,from perfring.
LXXIV.THECITYISTAKENTHECAPTIVESAREQUESTIONED
BALLISTA
OmnibusrbusnecessrisadoppugnandumPblicomparts,dlberturinconciliquod
cnsilium 1oppidexpugnandineant.2Tumnus3excenturinibus,virremlitrispertissimus,
Egosude,inquit,utabeparte,ubiaditussit4facillimus,aggeremexstrumus5etturrim
prmovemus5atquearieteadmtsimulmrumdiscuterecnmur.56Hoccnsiliumcum
omnibusplacret,Caesarconciliumdmsit.Deindemlitshorttusutprirsvictris
memori7tenrent,iussitaggeremexstru,turrimetarietemadmovr.Nequeoppidns8
cnsiliumdfuit.Aliignemetomnegenustlrumdmrinturrimconicrunt,aliingentia
saxainvnesetarietemdvolvrunt.Diutrimquecerrim221pugntumest. Nvulnert
quidempedemrettulrunt.Tandem,9dtertivigili,Pblius,quemCaesarilloper10
praefcerat,nntivitpartem11mrictibusarietislabefactamconcidisse.QuraudtCaesar
signumdatmlitsinruuntetmagncumcaedehostiumoppidumcapiunt.
1.oppidexpugnand.Isthisagerundoragerundiveconstruction?Cf.501.37.
2.ineant. 501.50.
3.nus.subj.of inquit.
4.sit.Thisisasocalledsubjunctivebyattraction,whichmeansthattheclausebeginningwith
ubistandsinsuchcloseconnectionwiththesubjv.clausebeginningwith ut,thatitsverbis
attractedintothesamemood.
5.Alltheseverbsareinthesameconstruction.
6.Hoccnsilium,subj.of placret.Fortheordercf.Haeccum,etc.,p.215,l.22,andnote Id
impertorcum,p.217,l.8.
7.memori,abl.ofmeans.
8.oppidns, 501.15.
9.Betweentwelveandthreeoclockinthemorning.Thenightwasdividedintofourwatches.
10.oper,501.15.
11.partem,subj.acc.of concidisse.
TURRES,ARIETES,VINEA
Postrdieiusdi,hcoppidexpugnt,12captvrumqunbilissimsuntadimpertrem
antepraetrium13addcuntur.Ipse,lrcaurtetpaludmentpurpurensignis,captvsper
interpreteminhuncmoduminterrogat:14Vsquestis15?
Interpres.Rogatimpertorqustis.
Captv.Flirgissumus.
Interpres.Dcuntsflisessergis.
Impertor. Crmihitantsinirisintulistis?
Interpres.Rogatcrsibitantsinirisintuleritis.
Captv.Inirisennintulimussedprpatribellumgessimus.SempervoluimusRmns
esseamc,sedRmnsinecausnsdompatriqueexpellerecntsunt.
Interpres.16Negantsiniristibiintulisse,sedprpatribellumgessisse.17Sempers
voluisseamcsRmnsesse,sedRmnssinecaussdompatriqueexpellerecntsesse.
222Impertor.18Manbitisneinreliquumtempusinfid,hcrebellinecondnt?
Tumvrcaptvmultscumlacrimsirvruntsinfidmnsrsesse,etCaesares
incolumsdomumdmsit.
12.captvrum...sunt, thenoblestofthecaptives.
13.Thegeneralsheadquarters.
14.Studycarefullythesedirectquestions,indirectquestions,andindirectstatements.
15.SeePlateIII, p.148.
16.Negant,etc., theysaythattheyhavenot,etc. Negantisequivalenttodcuntnn,andthe
negativemodifiesintulisse,butnottheremainderoftheindirectstatement.
17.Semper,etc., thattheyhavealways,etc.
18. Manbitisneinfid, willyouremainloyal?
LXXV.CIVILWARBREAKSOUTBETWEENCSARANDPOMPEYTHEBATTLEOFPHARSALIA
Ncnfect1 quidembellGallic,2bellumcvleinterCaesaremetPompiumexortumest.
NamPompius,qusummumimperiumpetbat,sentu persuseratutCaesaremrepblicae
hostem3idicretetexercitumeiusdmittiubret.QuibuscognitsrbusCaesarexercitum
suumdmittererecsvit,atque,horttusmlitsutducemtotinsvictremabinimcrum
inirisdfenderent,impervitutsRmamsequerentur.Summcumalacrittemlits
prurunt,ettrnsitRubicne4initiumbellcvlisfactum est.
Italiaeurbsquidemomnsfer5rbusCaesarisfavbanteteumbenignexcprunt.Qur
commtusPompiusanteCaesarisadventumRmexcessitetBrundisium6pervnit,inde
7paucspostdibuscumomnibuscpisadprummaretrnsiit.EumCaesarcumseptem
leginibusetqungentsequitibussectusest,etnsignisinterCaesariscomittumeratPblius.
Plribusleviribusproelisfacts,tandemcpiaeadversaeadPharslum8inThessalisitam
castraposurunt.CumPompeexercitus223essetbistantusquantusCaesaris,tamenerantmult
quveternsleginsquaeGallsetGermnssuperverantvehementertimbant.Qus9
10anteproelium commissumLabinus11lgtus,quabCaesarenperdfcerat,itaadloctus
est:12Nlteexstimrehuncesseexercitumveternrummlitum.Omnibusinterfuproelis13
nequetemerincognitamremprnnti.PerexiguaparsillusexercitsquGallssupervit
adhcsuperest.Magnaparsoccsaest,multdomumdiscessrunt,multsuntrelictinItali.Hae
cpiaequsvidtisin 14citerireGallinpercnscrptaesunt.Haec15cumdxisset,irvits
nisivictremincastrannreversrumesse.16HocidemPompiusetomnsreliquirvrunt,
etmagnspetlaetiti,scutcertamadvictriam,cpiaecastrsexirunt.
ItemCaesar,anim17addmicandumpartus,exercitumsuumdxitetseptemcohortibus
18praesidicastrsrelictscpistriplic acinstrxit.Tum,mlitibusstudipugnaerdentibus,
tubsignumdedit.Mlitsprcurrruntetplsmisssgladisstrnxrunt.Nequevrvirts
hostibusdfuit.Namettlamissasustinuruntetimpetumgladirumexcpruntetrdins
cnservvrunt.Utrimquedietcriterpugntumestnecquisquampedemrettulit.Tumequits
PompaciemCaesariscircumrecntsunt.Quod19ubiCaesaranimadvertit,tertiamaciem,20
quaeadidtempusquitafuerat,prcurrereiussit.Tumvrintegrrumimpetum21dfess
hostssustinrennpoturuntetomnstergavertrunt.SedPompiusdfortnssusdsprns
sincastraequcontulit,indemoxcumpaucsequitibuseffgit.
1.With n...quidem theemphaticwordstandsbetweenthetwo.
2.TheCivilWarwascausedbythejealousyandrivalrybetweenCsarandPompey.Itresulted
inthedefeatandsubsequentdeathofPompeyandtheelevationofCsartothelordshipofthe
Romanworld.
3.hostem,predicateaccusative,501. 22.
4.TheRubiconwasasmallstreaminnorthernItalythatmarkedtheboundaryofCsars
province.BycrossingitwithanarmedforceCsardeclaredwaruponPompeyandtheexisting
government.CsarcrossedtheRubiconearlyintheyear49B.C.
5.rbusCaesarisfavbant, favoredCsarsside.Inwhatcaseisrbus?
6. Brundisium,afamousportinsouthernItalywhenceshipssailedforGreeceandtheEast.See
map.
7.paucspostdibus,afewdayslaterliterally,afterguardsbyafewdays.Cf.paucsante
anns,p.213,l.12,andnote.
7.ThebattleofPharsaliawasfoughtonAugust9,48B.C.Inimportanceitranksasoneofthe
greatbattlesoftheworld.
8.Qus,obj.of adloctusest.
10.anteproeliumcommissum,beforethebeginningofthebattle.
11.Labinus,CsarsmostfaithfulandskillfullieutenantintheGallicWar.Ontheoutbreakof
theCivilWar,in49B.C.,hedesertedCsarandjoinedPompey.Hisdefectioncausedthe
greatestjoyamongthePompeianpartybuthedisappointedtheexpectationsofhisnewfriends,
andneveraccomplishedanythingofimportance.Hefoughtagainsthisoldcommanderinseveral
battlesandwasslainatthebattleofMundainSpain,45B.C.
12.Nlteexstimre,dontthink.
13.proelis,501.15.
14.citerireGalli.ThisnameisappliedtoCisalpineGaul,orGaulsouthoftheAlps.
15.Haec,obj.of dxisset.
16.Hocidem,obj.of irvrunt.
17.anim, 501.30.
18.praesidicastrs,501.17.
19.Quod,obj.of animadvertit.
20.aciem,subj.of prcurrere.
21.impetum,obj.of sustinre.
224
LXXVI.THETRIUMPHOFCAESAR
SIGNIFER
Pompiamcsqueeiussupertsatqueomnibushostibusubquevicts,Caesarimpertor
Rmamrediitet1extrmoeniaurbisincampMrticastraposuit.Tumvramplissims
honribusadfectusest.Dicttorcretusest,etetriumphussentestdcrtus. 2Qudide
Gallstriumphumgit,tantamultitdhominuminurbemundiquecnflxit3utomnialoca
essentcnferta.Templapatbant,raefmbant,columnaesertsrntaeerant. 4Cumvr
pompaurbemintrret,quantushominumfremitusortusest!Prmumperportamingresssunt
sentusetmagistrts.Sectsunttbcins,signifer,peditslaurecorntcanents:Ecce
Caesarnunctriumphat,qusubgitGalliam,etMlle,mlle,mlle,mlleGallstrucdvimus.
Multpraedamcaptrumurbiumportbant,arma,omniabellnstrmenta.Sectsuntequits,
animssatquesplendidissimrntsequsvect,interqusPbliusadulscnsfortissimus
habbtur.Addcbanturtaur,ariets,5qudsimmortlibusimmolrentur.Italongagmine
prgredinsexercitus6sacrviperforuminCapitliumperrxit.
LICTORESCUMFASCIBUS
Impertoripsecumurbemintrret,undiquelaetclmremultitdinissalttusest.Stbatin
curraurequemquattuoralbequvehbant.Indtus7togpict,altermanhabnset
lauream 225tenbat,altereburneumscptrum.Posteumservusincurrstnsaureamcornam
supercaputeiustenbat.Antecurrummiserrimcaptv,rgsprncipsquesupertrumgentium,
catnsvnct,prgredibanturetvgintquattuorlctrs8laureatsfascsferentsetsignifer
currumCaesariscomitbantur.Conclditagmenmultitdcaptvrum,qu,inservittem
redct,9dmissvult,vncts10bracchis,sequunturquibuscumveniuntlongissimrdine
mlits,etiamhpraedamvelinsigniamlitriaferents.
CaesarcumCapitliumascendisset,intemplIovCapitlnsacrafcit.Simul11captivrum
qunbilissimerant,abductincarcerem,12interfectsunt.SacrsfactsCaesardCapitli
dscenditetinformitibussushonrsmlitrsdeditesquepecniamexbellpraed
distribuit.
Hsomnibusrbuscnfects,PbliusCaesaremvalre13iussitetquamcelerrimadvllam
contenditutpatremmtremquesaltret.
15DrbusgestsP.CornlLentulhctenus.
1.Avictoriousgeneral withhisarmywasnotallowedtoenterthecityuntilthedayofhis
triumph.Atriumphwasthegreatestofallmilitaryhonors.
2.Qudi, onthedaythat,abl.oftime.
3.ut...essent, 501. 43.
4.Cum...intrret,501. 46.
5.qu...immolrentur,501. 40.
6.TheSacredWaywasanotedstreetrunningalongonesideoftheForumtothebaseofthe
CapitolineHill,onwhosesummitstoodthemagnificenttempleofJupiterCapitolinus.Thisroute
wasalwaysfollowedbytriumphalprocessions.
7.Thetogapicta wornbyageneralinhistriumphwasasplendidrobeofTyrianpurplecovered
withgoldenstars.SeePlateIV, p.213.
8.Thelictorswereaguardofhonorthatattendedthehighermagistratesandmadeawayfor
themthroughthestreets.Ontheirshoulderstheycarriedthefasces,abundleofrodswithanax
inthemiddle,symbolizingthepowerofthelaw.
9.dmissvult,withdowncastcountenance.
10.vncts,from vinci.
12.Simul,etc., Atthesametimethoseofthecaptiveswhowerethenoblest.
12.TheprisonwasagloomydungeononthelowerslopesoftheCapitolineHill.
13.valreiussit,badefarewellto.
14.Thissentencemarkstheendofthestory.
226
APPENDIXI
DECLENSIONS,CONJUGATIONS,NUMERALS,ETC.
NOUNS
460.Nounsareinflectedinfivedeclensions,distinguishedbythefinalletterofthestemandby
theterminationofthegenitivesingular.
FirstDeclensionstems,Gen.Sing.ae
SecondDeclensionOstems,Gen.Sing.
ThirdDeclensionConsonantstemsandIstems,Gen.Sing.is
FourthDeclensionUstems,Gen.Sing.s
FifthDeclensionstems,Gen.Sing.
461.FIRSTDECLENSION. STEMS
domina,lady Stem domin Basedomin
Singular Plural
TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS
Nom.domina a dominae ae
Gen. dominae ae dominrumrum
Dat. dominae ae domins s
Acc. dominamam domins s
Abl. domin domins s
a.Deaandfliahavethetermination businthedativeandablativeplural.
227462. SECONDDECLENSION.OSTEMS
a.Masculinesin us
dominus,master Stem domino Basedomin
Singular Plural
TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS
Nom.dominus us domin
Gen. domin dominrumrum
Dat. domin domins s
Acc. dominum um domins s
Abl. domin domins s
1.Nounsin usoftheseconddeclensionhavethetermination einthevocativesingular,as
domine.
2.Propernamesin ius,andfilius,endin inthevocativesingular,andtheaccentrestsonthe
penult,asVergil,fl.
b.Neutersin um
plum,spear Stem ploBasepl
Singular Plural
TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS
Nom.plum um pla a
Gen. pl plrumrum
Dat. pl pls s
Acc. plum um pla a
Abl. pl pls s
1.Masculinesin iusandneutersin ium endin inthegenitivesingular,notin i,andthe
accentrestsonthepenult.
c.Masculinesin er ANDir
puer,boyager,field vir,man
Stemspuero agro viro
Bases puer agr vir
Singular TERMINATIONS
Nom. puer ager vir
Gen. puer agr vir
Dat. puer agr vir
Acc. puerum agrum virum um
Abl. puer agr vir
228 Plural
Nom. puer agr vir
Gen. puerrumagrrum virrum rum
Dat. puers agrs virs s
Acc. puers agrs virs s
Abl. puers agrs virs s
463.THIRDDECLENSION.
I.Consonant
Stems
1.Stemsthatadds tothebasetoformthenominative
singular:masculinesandfemininesonly.
2.Stemsthataddnoterminationinthenominitivesingular:
a.masculinesandfeminines b.neuters.
CLASSIFICATION
II.IStems. Masculines,feminines,andneuters.
464.I.CONSONANTSTEMS
1.Nounsthatadd stothebasetoformthenominativesingular:masculinesandfemininesonly
prnceps,m.,chiefmles,m.,soldierlapis,m.,stone
Basesor
Stems
prncip mlit lapid
Singular TERMINATIONS
Nom. prnceps mles lapis s
Gen. prncipis mlitis lapidis is
Dat. prncip mlit lapid
Acc. prncipem mlitem lapidem em
Abl. prncipe mlite lapide e
Plural
Nom. prncips mlits lapids s
Gen. prncipum mlitum lapidum um
Dat. prncipibus mlitibus lapidibus ibus
Acc. prncips mlits lapids s
Abl. prncipibus mlitibus lapidibus ibus
rx,m.,king idex,m.,judge virts,f.,manliness
Basesor
Stems
rg idic virtt
Nom. rx idex virts s
Gen. rgis idicis virttis is
Dat. rg idic virtt
Acc. rgem idicem virttem em
Abl. rge idice virtte e
Plural
Nom. rgs idics virtts s
Gen. rgum idicum virttum um
Dat. rgibus idicibus virttibus ibus
Acc. rgs idics virtts s
Abl. rgibus idicibus virttibus ibus
Note. Forconsonantchangesinthenominativesingular,cf.233. 3.
2.Nounsthathavenoterminationinthenominativesingular
a.MasculinesandFeminines
cnsul,m.,consullegi,f.,legion rd,m.,row pater,m., father
Basesor
Stems
cnsul legin rdin patr
Singular TERMINATIONS
Nom. cnsul legi rd pater
Gen. cnsulis leginis rdinis patris is
Dat. cnsul legin rdin patr
Acc. cnsulem leginem rdinem patrem em
Abl. cnsule legine rdine patre e
Plural
Nom. cnsuls legins rdins patrs s
Gen. cnsulum leginum rdinum patrum um
Dat. cnsulibus leginibus rdinibus patribus ibus
Acc. cnsuls legins rdins patrs s
Abl. cnsulibus leginibus rdinibus patribus ibus
Note. Forvowelandconsonantchangesinthenominativesingular,cf.236.13.
230b. Neuters
flmen,n.,rivertempus,n.,time opus,n.,workcaput,n.,head
Basesor
Stems
flmin tempor oper capit
Singular TERMINATIONS
Nom. flmen tempus opus caput
Gen. flminis temporis operis capitisis is
Dat. flmin temper oper capit
Acc. flmen tempus opus caput
Abl. flmine tempore opere capite e
Plural
Nom. flmina tempora opera capita a
Gen. flminum temporum operum capitum um
Dat. flminibus temporibus operibus capitibus ibus
Acc. flmina tempora opera capita a
Abl. flminibus temporibus operibus capitibus ibus
Note. Forvowelandconsonantchangesinthenominativesingular,cf.238.2,3.
465.II. ISTEMS
a.MasculinesandFeminines
caeds,f.,
slaughter
hostis,m.,
enemy
urbs,f.,
city
clins,m.,
retainer
Stemscaedi hosti urbi clienti
Bases caed host urb client
Singular TERMINATIONS
Nom. caeds hostis urbs clins s,is, ors
Gen. caedis hostis urbis clientis is
Dat. caed host urb client
Acc. caedem hostem urbem clientem em (im)
Abl. caede hoste urbe cliente e()
Plural
Nom. caeds hosts urbs clients s
Gen. caedium hostium urbium clientium ium
Dat. caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus ibus
Acc. caeds,s hosts, s urbs,s clients,s s,s
Abl. caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus ibus
1.Avis, cvis,fnis, ignis, nvis,havetheabl.sing.in or e.
2.Turrishasaccusativeturrim andablativeturror turre.
231b. Neuters
nsigne,n.,decoration animal,n.,animalcalcar,n.,spur
Stemsnsigni animli calcri
Bases nsign animl calcr
Singular TERMINATIONS
Nom. nsigne animal calcar eor
Gen. nsignis animlis calcris is
Dat. nsign animl calcr
Acc. nsigne animal calcar eor
Abl. nsign animl calcr
Plural
Nom. nsignia animlia calcria ia
Gen. nsignium animlium calcrium ium
Dat. nsignibus animlibus calcribus ibus
Acc. nsignia animlia calcria ia
Abl. nsignibus animlibus calcribus ibus
466.THEFOURTHDECLENSION.USTEMS
adventus,m.,arrivalcorn,n.,horn
Stemsadventu cornu
Bases advent corn
TERMINATIONS
Singular
MASC. NEUT.
Nom. adventus corn us
Gen. advents corns s s
Dat. adventu() corn u ()
Acc. adventum corn um
Abl. advent corn
Plural
Nom. advents cornua s ua
Gen. adventuum cornuum uum uum
Dat. adventibus cornibus ibus ibus
Acc. advents cornua s ua
Abl. adventibus cornibus ibus ibus
232467. THEFIFTHDECLENSION. STEMS
dis,m.,dayrs,f.thing
Stemsdi r
Bases di r
Singular
TERMINATION
S
Nom. dis rs s
Gen. di re
Dat. di re
Acc. diem rem em
Abl. di r
Plural
Nom. dis rs s
Gen. dirum rrum rum
Dat. dibus rbus bus
Acc. dis rs s
Abl. dibus rbus bus
468.SPECIALPARADIGMS
deus,m.,god domus,f.,house vs,f.,strengthiter,n.,way
Stemsdeo domu vandvri iteranditiner
Bases de dom vandvr iteranditiner
Singular
Nom. deus domus vs iter
Gen. de doms vs(rare) itineris
Dat. de domu, v(rare) itiner
Acc. deum domum vim iter
Abl. de dom, v itinere
Plural
Nom. de,d doms vrs itinera
Gen. derum,deumdomuum,rumvrium itinerum
Dat. des,ds domibus vribus itineribus
Acc. des doms,s vrs,s itinera
Abl. des,ds domibus vribus itineribus
a.Thevocativesingularof deusislikethenominative.
b.Thelocativeof domusisdom.
233
ADJECTIVES
469.FIRSTANDSECONDDECLENSIONS.O ANDSTEMS
a.Adjectivesin us
bonus,good Stemsbonom.andn.,bonaf. Basebon
Singular
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. bonus bona bonum
Gen. bon bonae bon
Dat. bon bonae bon
Acc. bonum bonam bonum
Abl. bon bon bon
Plural
Nom. bon bonae bona
Gen. bonrum bonrum bonrum
Dat. bons bons bons
Acc. bons bons bona
Abl. bons bons bons
b.Adjectivesin er
lber,free Stemslberom.andn.,lberf. Baselber
Singular
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. lber lbera lberum
Gen. lber lberae lber
Dat. lber lberae lber
Acc. lberum lberam lberum
Abl. lber lber lber
Plural
Nom. lber lberae lbera
Gen. lberrum lberrum lberrum
Dat. lbers lbers lbers
Acc. lbers lbers lbera
Abl. lbers lbers lbers
234
pulcher,pretty Stemspulchrom.andn.,pulchrf. Basepulchr
Singular
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. pulcher pulchra pulchrum
Gen. pulchr pulchrae pulchr
Dat. pulchr pulchrae pulchr
Acc. pulchrum pulchram pulchrum
Abl. pulchr pulchr pulchr
Plural
Nom. pulchr pulchrae pulchra
Gen. pulchrrum pulchrrum pulchrrum
Dat. pulchrs pulchrs pulchrs
Acc. pulchrs pulchrs pulchra
Abl. pulchrs pulchrs pulchrs
470.THENINEIRREGULARADJECTIVES
alius,another Stemsaliom.andn.,alif. Baseali
Singular Plural
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. alius alia aliud ali aliae alia
Gen. alus alus alus alirum alirum alirum
Dat. ali ali ali alis alis alis
Acc. alium aliam aliud alis alis alia
Abl. ali ali ali alis alis alis
nus,one,only Stemsnom.andn.,nf. Basen
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. nus na num n nae na
Gen. nus nus nus nrum nrum nrum
Dat. n n n ns ns ns
Acc. num nam num ns ns na
Abl. n n n ns ns ns
a.Forthecompletelistsee108.
235471. ADJECTIVESOFTHETHIRDDECLENSION. ISTEMS
I.THREEENDINGS
cer,cris,cre,keen,eagerStem cri Basecr
Singular Plural
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom.cer cris cre crs crs cria
Gen. cris cris cris crium crium crium
Dat. cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus
Acc. crem crem cre crs,s crs,s cria
Abl. cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus
II.TWOENDINGS
omnis,omne,every,all Stem omni Baseomn
Singular Plural
MASC.ANDFEM.NEUT. MASC.ANDFEM.NEUT.
Nom.omnis omne omns omnia
Gen. omnis omnis omnium omnium
Dat. omn omn omnibus omnibus
Acc. omnem omne omns,s omnia
Abl. omn omn omnibus omnibus
III.ONEENDING
pr,equal Stem pari Basepar
Singular Plural
MASC.ANDFEM.NEUT. MASC.ANDFEM.NEUT.
Nom.pr pr pars paria
Gen. paris paris parium parium
Dat. par par paribus paribus
Acc. parem pr pars,s paria
Abl. par par paribus paribus
1.Observethatallistemadjectiveshaveintheablativesingular.
Thissentenceappearstobeafootnote,butthereisnofootnotetagonthepage.
236472. PRESENTACTIVEPARTICIPLES
amns,loving Stem amanti Baseamant
Singular Plural
MASC.ANDFEM.NEUT. MASC.ANDFEM.NEUT.
Nom.amns amns amants amantia
Gen. amantis amantis amantium amantium
Dat. amant amant amantibus
amantibu
s
Acc. amantem amns amants,s amantia
Abl. amante, amante, amantibus
amantibu
s
ins,going Stem ienti,eunti Baseient,eunt
Nom.ins ins eunts euntia
Gen. euntis euntis euntium euntium
Dat. eunt eunt euntibus euntibus
Acc. euntem ins eunts,s euntia
Abl. eunte, eunte, euntibus euntibus
473.REGULARCOMPARISONOFADJECTIVES
Positive Comparative Superlative
MASC. MASC.ANDFEM.NEUT. MASC. FEM.NEUT.
altus(alto) altior altius altissimus a um
lber(lbero) lberior lberius lberrimus a um
pulcher(pulchro) pulchrior pulchriuspulcherrimusa um
audx(audci) audcior audcius audcissimusa um
brevis(brevi) brevior brevius brevissimus a um
cer(cri) crior crius cerrimus a um
474.DECLENSIONOFCOMPARATIVES
altior,higher
Singular Plural
MASC.ANDFEM.NEUT. MASC.ANDFEM.NEUT.
Nom.altior altius altirs altira
Gen. altiris altiris altirum altirum
Dat. altir altir altiribus altiribus
Acc. altirem altius altirs altira
Abl. altire altire altiribus altiribus
237
pls,more
Nom. pls plrs plra
Gen. plris plrium plrium
Dat. plribus plribus
Acc. pls plrs(s) plra
Abl. plre plribus plribus
475.IRREGULARCOMPARISONOFADJECTIVES
Positive Comparative Superlative
bonus,a,um,good melior,melius,better optimus, a, um, best
malus,a,um,bad peior,peius,worse pessimus,a, um,worst
magnus,a,um,great maior,maius,greater maximus,a, um,greatest
multus,a, um,much ,pls,more plrimus,a,um,most
parvus,a, um,small minor,minus,smaller minimus,a, um, smallest
senex,senis,old senior maximusnt
iuvenis,e,young inior minimusnt
vetus,veteris,old vetustior,ius veterrimus,a, um
facilis,e,easy facilior,ius facillimus,a,um
difficilis,e,difficult difficilior,ius difficillimus,a, um
similis,e,similar similior,ius simillimus,a, um
dissimilis,e,dissimilardissimilior,ius dissimillimus,a, um
humilis,e,low humilior,ius humillimus,a,um
gracilis,e,slender gracilior,ius gracillimus,a,um
exterus,outward exterior,outer,exterior
extrmus
extimus
outermost,last
nferus,below nferior,lower
nfimus
mus
lowest
posterus, following posterior,later
postrmus
postumus
last
superus,above superior,higher
suprmus
summus
highest
[cis,citr,onthisside] citerior,hither citimus,hithermost
[in,intr,in,within] interior,inner intimus,inmost
[prae,pr, before] prior,former prmus,first
[prope, near] propior,nearer proximus,next
[ultr, beyond] ulterior,further ultimus, furthest
238
476.REGULARCOMPARISONOFADVERBS
Positive ComparativeSuperlative
cr(crus),dearly crius crissim
miser(miser),wretchedlymiserius miserrim
criter (cer),sharply crius cerrim
facile(facilis),easily facilius facillim
477.IRREGULARCOMPARISONOFADVERBS
Positive Comparative Superlative
di,long,alongtime ditius ditissim
bene(bonus),well melius,betteroptim,best
male(malus),ill peius,worse pessim,worst
magnopere,greatly magis,more maxim,most
multum (multus),much pls,more plrimum,most
parum,little minus,less minim,least
saepe,often saepus saepissim
478.NUMERALS
Thecardinalnumeralsareindeclinableexceptingnus,duo,trs,thehundredsaboveone
hundred,andmlleusedasanoun.Theordinalsaredeclinedlikebonus,a, um.
Cardinals Ordinals
(Howmany) (Inwhatorder)
1, nus,a,um, one prmus,a, um first
2, duo,duae,duo two secundus(oralter) second
3, trs,tria three, tertius third,
4, quattuor etc. qurtus etc.
5, qunque quntus
6, sex sextus
7, septem septimus
8, oct octvus
9, novem nnus
10, decem decimus
11, ndecim ndecimus
12, duodecim duodecimus
13, tredecim(decem(et)trs) tertiusdecimus
14, quattuordecim qurtusdecimus
15,239 qundecim quntusdecimus
16, sdecim sextusdecimus
17, septendecim septimusdecimus
18, duodvgint(octdecim) duodvcnsimus
19, ndvgint(novendecim) ndvcnsimus
20, vgint vcnsimus
21,
vgintnusor
nusetvgint,etc.
vcnsimusprmusor
nusetvcnsimus,etc.
30, trgint trcnsimus
40, quadrgint quadrgnsimus
50, qunqugint qunqugnsimus
60, sexgint sexgnsimus
70, septugint septugnsimus
80, octgint octgnsimus
90, nngint nngnsimus
100, centum centum
101, centum(et)nus,etc. centum(et)nus,etc.
120, centum(et)vgint centum(et)vgint
121, centum(et)vgintnus,etc. centum(et)vgintnus,etc.
200, ducent,ae,a ducent,ae,a
300, trecent trecent
400, quadringent quadringent
500, qungent qungent
600, sescent sescent
700, septingent septingent
800, octingent octingent
900, nngent nngent
1000, mlle mlle
479.Declensionof duo,two,trs,three,andmlle,athousand.
Masc. Fem. Neut. M.andF.Neut.Sing. Plur.
N.duo duae duo trs tra mlle mlia
G. durum durum durum trium trium mlle mlium
D. dubus dubus dubus tribus tribus mlle mlibus
A. dusorduodus duo trsor trstria mlle mlia
A. dubus dubus dubus tribus tribus mlle mlibus
Note. Mlleisusedinthepluralasanounwithamodifyinggenitive,andisoccasionallysoused
inthenominativeandaccusativesingular.Forthedeclensionof nuscf.470.
240
PRONOUNS
480.PERSONAL
ego,I t, you su,ofhimself,etc.
Sing. Plur. Sing.Plur. Sing. Plur.
Nom.ego ns t vs
Gen. me nostrum,tr tu vestrum,tr su su
Dat. mihi nbs tibi vbs sibi sibi
Acc. m ns t vs s,ss s,ss
Abl. m nbs t vbs s,ss s,ss
Notethatsuisalwaysreflexive.
481.DEMONSTRATIVE
Demonstrativesbelongtothefirstandseconddeclensions,buthavethepronominalendingsus
andinthegen.anddat.sing.
ipse,self
Singular Plural
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom.ipse ipsa ipsum ips ipsae ipsa
Gen. ipsus ipsus ipsus ipsrum ipsrum ipsrum
Dat. ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss
Acc. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipss ipss ipsa
Abl. ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss
hic,this (here),he
Nom.hic haec hoc h hae haec
Gen. huius huius huius hrum hrum hrum
Dat. huic huic huic hs hs hs
Acc. hunc hanc hoc hs hs haec
Abl. hc hc hc hs hs hs
iste,this,that (ofyours),he
Nom.iste ista istud ist istae ista
Gen. istus istus istus istrum istrum istrum
Dat. ist ist ist ists ists ists
Acc. istum istam istud ists ists ista
Abl. ist ist ist ists ists ists
241
ille,that(yonder),he
Nom.ille illa illud ill illae illa
Gen. illus illus illus illrum illrum illrum
Dat. ill ill ill ills ills ills
Acc. illum illam illud ills ills illa
Abl. ill ill ill ills ills ills
is,this,that,he
Nom.is ea id i,e eae ea
Gen. eius eius eius erum erum erum
Dat. e e e is,es is,es is,es
Acc. eum eam id es es ea
Abl. e e e is,es is,es is,es
dem,thesame
Nom.dem eadem idem
idem
edem
eaedem eadem
Gen. eiusdem eiusdemeiusdemerundem erundemerundem
Dat. edem edem edem
isdem
esdem
isdem
esdem
isdem
esdem
Acc. eundem eandem idem esdem esdem eadem
Abl. edem edem edem
isdem
esdem
isdem
esdem
isdem
esdem
Note. Inthepluralof isanddem theformswithtwoisarepreferred,thetwoisbeing
pronouncedasone.
482.RELATIVE
qu,who,which,that
Singular Plural
MASC. FEM.NEUT. MASC.FEM. NEUT.
Nom.qu quae quod qu quae quae
Gen. cuius cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum
Dat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
Acc. quem quamquod qus qus quae
Abl. qu qu qu quibus quibus quibus
242483. INTERROGATIVE
quis,substantive,who,what
Singular Plural
MASC.ANDFEM.NEUT. MASC.FEM. NEUT.
Nom.quis quid qui quae quae
Gen. cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum
Dat. cui cui quibus quibus quibus
Acc. quem quid qus qus quae
Abl. qu qu quibus quibus quibus
Theinterrogativeadjectivequ,quae,quod,isdeclinedliketherelative.
484.INDEFINITES
quisandqu,asdeclinedabove,1areusedalsoasindefinites(some,any).Theotherindefinites
arecompoundsof quisandqu.
quisque,each
Substantive Adjective
MASC.ANDFEM.NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom.quisque quidque quisque quaeque quodque
Gen. cuiusque cuiusquecuiusquecuiusquecuiusque
Dat. cuique cuique cuique cuique cuique
Acc. quemque quidque quemque quamque quodque
Abl. quque quque quque quque quque
1.qua isgenerallyusedinsteadof quaeinthefemininenominativesingularandintheneuter
nominativeandaccusativeplural.
485.qudam,acertainone,acertain
Observethatintheneutersingulartheadjectivehasquoddam andthesubstantivequiddam.
Singular
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom.qudam quaedam
quoddam
quiddam(subst.)
Gen. cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam
Dat. cuidam cuidam cuidam
Acc. quendam quandam
quoddam
quiddam(subst.)
Abl. qudam qudam qudam
243Plural
Nom.qudam quaedam quaedam
Gen. qurundamqurundam qurundam
Dat. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam
Acc. qusdam qusdam quaedam
Abl. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam
486.quisquam,substantive,anyone(atall)
MASC.ANDFEM.NEUT.
Nom.quisquam quicquam(quidquam)
Gen. cuiusquam cuiusquam
Dat. cuiquam cuiquam
Acc. quemquam quicquam(quidquam)
Abl. ququam ququam
487.aliquis,substantive,someone. aliqu,adjective,some
Singular
Substantive Adjective
MASC.ANDFEM.NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom.aliquis aliquid aliqu aliqua aliquod
Gen. alicuius alicuiusalicuiusalicuiusalicuius
Dat. alicui alicui alicui alicui alicui
Acc. aliquem aliquid aliquem aliquam aliquod
Abl. aliqu aliqu aliqu aliqu aliqu
PluralforbothSubstantiveandAdjective
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. aliqu aliquae aliqua
Gen. aliqurum aliqurum aliqurum
Dat. aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus
Acc. aliqus aliqus aliqua
Abl. aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus
a.quis(qu), anyone,any,istheleastdefinite(297.b).aliquis (aliqu), someone,some,is
moredefinitethan quis.quisquam,anyone (atall),anditsadjectivellus,any,occurmostly
withanegative,expressedorimplied,andinclausesofcomparison.
244
REGULARVERBS
488.FIRSTCONJUGATION.VERBS. AM
PrincipalPartsam,amre,amv,amtus
Pres.Stem am Perf.Stem amv Part.Stem amt
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
Ilove,amloving,dolove,etc. Iamloved,etc.
am ammus amor ammur
ams amtis amris,re ammin
amat amant amtur amantur
IMPERFECT
Iloved,wasloving,didlove,etc. Iwasloved,etc.
ambam ambmus ambar ambmur
ambs ambtis ambris,re ambmin
ambat ambant ambtur ambantur
FUTURE
Ishalllove,etc. Ishallbeloved,etc.
amb ambimus ambor ambimur
ambis ambitis amberis,re ambimin
ambit ambunt ambitur ambuntur
PERFECT
Ihaveloved,loved,didlove,etc. Ihavebeen(was)loved,etc.
amvi amvimus sum sumus
amvist amvistis es estis
amvit amvrunt,re
amtus,a, um
est
amt,ae, a
sunt
PLUPERFECT
Ihadloved,etc. Ihadbeenloved,etc.
amveram amvermus amtus,a, um eram amt,ae, a ermus
amvers amvertis ers ertis
amverat amverant erat erant
FUTUREPERFECT
Ishallhaveloved,etc. Ishallhavebeenloved,etc.
amver amverimus er erimus
amveris amveritis eris eritis
amverit amverint
amtus,a, um
erit
amt,ae, a
erunt
245SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
amem ammus amer ammur
ams amtis amris,re ammin
amet ament amtur amentur
IMPERFECT
amrem amremus amrer amrmur
amrs amrtis amrris,re amrmin
amret amrent amrtur amrentur
PERFECT
amverim amverimus sim smus
amveris amveritis ss stis
amverit amverint
amtus,a, um
sit
amt,ae,a
sint
PLUPERFECT
amvissem amvissmus essem essmus
amvisss amvisstis esss esstis
amvisset amvissent
amtus,a, um
esset
amt,ae,a
essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
am,lovethou amre,bethouloved
amte,loveye ammin,beyeloved
FUTURE
amt,thoushaltlove amtor,thoushaltbeloved
amt,heshalllove amtor,heshallbeloved
amtte,youshalllove
amant,theyshalllove amantor,theyshallbeloved
INFINITIVE
Pres.amre,tolove amr,tobeloved
Perf.amvisse,tohaveloved amtus,a, umesse,tohavebeenloved
Fut.amtrus,a, umesse,tobeabouttolove [amtumr],tobeabouttobeloved
PARTICIPLES
Pres.amns,antis, loving Pres.
Fut.amtrus,a, um,abouttolove Gerundive1amandus,a, um, tobeloved
Perf. Perf.amtus,a, um, havingbeenloved,loved
GERUND
Nom. SUPINE(ActiveVoice)
Gen.amand,ofloving Acc.[amtum],tolove
Dat.amand,forloving Abl. [amt],tolove,intheloving
Acc.amandum,loving
Abl. amand,byloving
1.Sometimescalledthefuturepassiveparticiple.
246489. SECONDCONJUGATION.VERBS. MONE
PrincipalPartsmone,monre,monu,monitus
Pres.Stem mon Perf.Stem monu Part.Stem monit
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
Iadvise,etc., Iamadvised, etc.
mone monmus moneor monmur
mons montis monris,re monmin
monet monent montur monentur
IMPERFECT
Iwasadvising,etc., Iwasadvised,etc.
monbam monbmus monbar monbmur
monbs monbtis monbris,re monbmin
monbat monbant monbtur monbntur
FUTURE
Ishalladvise,etc., Ishallbeadvised,etc.
monb monbimus monbor monbimur
monbis monbitis monberis,re monbimin
monbit monbunt monbitur monbuntur
PERFECT
Ihaveadvised,Iadvised,etc. Ihavebeen(was)advised,etc.
monu monuimus sum sumus
monuist monuistis es estis
monuit monurunt,re
monitus,a, um
est
monit,ae, a
sunt
PLUPERFECT
Ihadadvised,etc., Ihadbeenadvised,etc.
monueram monuermus eram ermus
monuers monuertis eras eratis
monuerat monuerant
monitus,a, um
erat
monit,ae, a
erant
FUTUREPERFECT
Ishallhaveadvised,etc. Ishallhavebeenadvised,etc.
monuer monuerimus er erimus
monueris monuertis eris eritis
monuerit monuernt
monitus,a, um
erit
monit,ae, a
erunt
247SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
moneam monemus monear monemur
mones monetis moneris,re monemin
moneat moneant monetur moneantur
IMPERFECT
monrem monrmus monrer monrmur
monrs monrtis monrris,re monrmin
monret monrent monrtur monrentur
PERFECT
monuerim monuerimus sim smus
monueris monueritis ss stis
monuerit monuerint
monitus,a, um
sit
monit,ae, a
sint
PLUPERFECT
monuissem monuissmus essem essmus
monuisss monuisstis esss esstis
monuisset monuissent
monitus,a, um
esset
monit,ae, a
essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
mon,advisethou monre,bethouadvised
monte,adviseye monmin,beyeadvised
FUTURE
mont,thoushalladvise montor,thoushaltbeadvised
mont,heshalladvise montor,heshallbeadvised
montte,youshalladvise
monent,theyshalladvise monentor,theyshallbeadvised
INFINITIVE
Pres.monre,toadvise monr,tobeadvised
Perf.monuisse,tohaveadvised monitus,a, umesse,tohavebeenadvised
Fut.monitrus,a,umesse,tobeaboutto [monitumr],tobeabouttobeadvised
advise
PARTICIPLES
Pres.monns,entis,advising Pres.
Fut.monitrus,a,um,abouttoadvise Ger.monendus,a, um, tobeadvised
Perf.
Perf.monitus,a, um,havingbeenadvised,
advised
GERUND
Nom. SUPINE(ActiveVoice)
Gen.monend,ofadvising Acc.[monitum],toadvise
Dat.monend,foradvising Abl. [monit],toadvise,intheadvising
Acc.monendum,advising
Abl. monend,byadvising
248490. THIRDCONJUGATION.VERBS. REG
PrincipalPartsreg,regere,rex,rctus
Pres.Stem rege Perf.Stem rx Part.Stem rct
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
Irule,etc. Iamruled,etc.
reg regimus regor regimur
regis regitis regeris,re regimin
regit regunt regitur reguntur
IMPERFECT
Iwasruling,etc. Iwasruled,etc.
regbam regbmus regbar regbmur
regbs regbtis regbris,re regbmin
regbat regbant regbtur regbantur
FUTURE
Ishallrule,etc. Ishallberuled,etc.
regam regmus regar regmur
regs regtis regris,re regmin
reget regent regtur regentur
PERFECT
Ihaveruled,etc. Ihavebeenruled,etc.
rx rximus sum sumus
rxist rxistis es estis
rxit rxrunt,re
rctus, a, um
est
rct, ae, a
sunt
PLUPERFECT
Ihadruled,etc. Ihadbeenruled,etc.
rxeram rxermus eram ermus
rxers rxertis ers ertis
rxerat rxerant
rctus, a, um
erat
rct, ae, a
erant
FUTUREPERFECT
Ishallhaveruled,etc. Ishallhavebeenruled,etc.
rxer rxerimus er erimus
rxeris rxeritis eris eritis
rxerit rxerint
rctus, a, um
erit
rct, ae, a
erunt
249SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
regam regmus regar regmur
regs regtis regris,re regmin
regat regant regtur regantur
IMPERFECT
regerem regermus regerer regermur
regers regertis regerris,re regermin
regeret regerent regertur regerentur
PERFECT
rxerim rxerimus sim smus
rxeris rxeritis ss stis
rxerit rxerint
rctus, a, um
sit
rct, ae, a
sint
PLUPERFECT
rxissem rxissmus essem essmus
rxisss rxisstis esss esstis
rxisset rxissent
rctus, a, um
esset
rct, ae, a
essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
rege,rulethou regere,bethouruled
regite,ruleye regimin,beyeruled
FUTURE
regit, thoushaltrule regitor,thoushaltberuled
regitheshallrule regitor,heshallberuled
regitte, yeshallrule
regunt, theyshallrule reguntor,theyshallberuled
INFINITIVE
Pres.regere,torule reg,toberuled
Perf.rxisse,tohaveruled rctus, a, umesse,tohavebeenruled
Fut.rctrus,a, umesse,tobeabouttorule[rctum r],tobeabouttoberuled
PARTICIPLES
Pres.regns,entis,ruling Pres.
Fut.rctrus,a, um, abouttorule Ger.regendus, a, um, toberuled
Perf. Perf.rctus, a,um,havingbeenruled,ruled
GERUND
Nom. SUPINE(ActiveVoice)
Gen.regend,ofruling Acc[rctum], torule
Dat.regend, forruling Abl. [rct], torule,inthe ruling
Acc.regendum,ruling
Abl. regend, byruling
250491. FOURTHCONJUGATION.VERBS. AUDI
PrincipalPartsaudi,audre,audv,audtus
Pres.Stem aud Perf.Stem audv Part.Stem audt
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
Ihear,etc. Iamheard,etc.
audi audmus audior audmur
auds audtis audris,re audmin
audit audiunt audtur audiuntur
IMPERFECT
Iwashearing,etc. Iwasheard,etc.
audibam audibmus audibar audibmur
audibs audibtis audibris,re audibmin
audibat audibant audibtur audibantur
FUTURE
Ishallhear,etc. Ishallbeheard,etc.
audiam audimus audiar audimur
audis auditis audiris,re audimin
audiet audient auditur audientur
PERFECT
Ihaveheard,etc. Ihavebeenheard,etc.
audv audvimus sum sumus
audvist audvistis
audtus,a,um
es
audt, ae, a
estis
audvit audvrunt,re est sunt
PLUPERFECT
Ihadheard,etc. Ihadbeenheard,etc.
audveram audvermus eram ermus
audvers audvertis ers ertis
audverat audverant
audtus,a,um
erat
audt, ae, a
erant
FUTUREPERFECT
Ishallhaveheard,etc. Ishallhavebeenheard,etc.
audver audverimus er erimus
audveris audveritis eris eritis
audverit audverint
audtus,a,um
erit
audt, ae, a
erunt
251SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
audiam audimus audiar audimur
audis auditis audiris,re audimin
audiat audiant auditur audiantur
IMPERFECT
audrem audrmus audrer audrmur
audrs audrtis audrris,re audrmin
audret audrent audrtur audrentur
PERFECT
audverim audiverimus sim smus
audveris audiveritis ss stis
audverit audverint
audtus,a, um
sit
audt,ae, a
sint
PLUPERFECT
audvissem audvissmus essem essmus
audvisss audvisstis esss esstis
audvisset audvissent
audtus,a, um
esset
audt,ae, a
essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
aud,hearthou audre,bethouheard
audte,hearye audmin,beyeheard
FUTURE
audt,thoushalthear audtor,thoushaltbeheard
audt,heshallhear audtor,heshallbeheard
audtte,yeshallhear
audiunt,theyshallhear audiuntor,theyshallbeheard
INFINITIVE
Pres.audre,tohear audr,tobeheard
audvisse,tohaveheard audtus,a, umesse,tohavebeenheard
audtrus,a, umesse,tobeabouttohear[audtumr,tobeabouttobeheard
PARTICIPLES
Pres.audins,entis,hearing Pres.
Fut.audtrus,a,um,abouttohear Ger.audiendus,a, um tobeheard
Perf. Perf.audtus,a,um,havingbeenheard,heard
GERUND
Nom. SUPINE(ActiveVoice)
Gen.audiend,ofhearing Acc.[audtum],tohear
Dat.audiend,forhearing Abl. [audtu],tohear,inthehearing
Acc.audiendum,hearing
Abl. audiend,byhearing
252492. THIRDCONJUGATION.VERBSIN I.CAPI
PrincipalPartscapi,capere,cp,captus
Pres.Stem cape Perf.Stem cp Part.Stem capt
ACTIVE PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
PRESENT
capi capimus capior capimur
capis capitis caperis,re capimin
capit capiunt capitur capiuntur
IMPERFECT
capibam capiebamus capibar capibmur
capibas capibtis capibaris,re capibmin
capibat capibant capibtur capiebantur
FUTURE
capiam capimus capiar capimur
capis capitis capiris,re capimin
capiet capient capitur capientur
PERFECT
cp,cpist,cpit,etc. captus, a, um sum,es,est,etc.
PLUPERFECT
cperam,cpers,cperat,etc. captus, a, um eram,ers,erat,etc.
FUTUREPERFECT
cper,cperis,cperit,etc. captus, a, um er,eris,erit,etc.
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
capiam,capis,capiat,etc. capiar,iris,re,itur,etc.
IMPERFECT
caperem,capers,caperet,etc. caperer,erris,re,ertur,etc.
PERFECT
cperim,cperis,cperit,etc. captus, a, um sim,ss,sit,etc.
PLUPERFECT
cpissem,cpisss,cpisset,etc. captus,a, um essem,esss,esset,etc.
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
2dPers.cape capite capere capimin
253FUTURE
2dPers.capit capitte capitor
3rdPers.capit capiunt capitor capiuntor
INFINITIVE
Pres.capere cap
Perf.cpisse captus, a, umesse
Fut.captrus,a, umesse [captum r]
PARTICIPLES
Pres.capins,ientis Pres.
Fut.captrus,a, um Ger.capiendus,a, um
Perf. Perf.captus, a, um
GERUND SUPINE(ActiveVoice)
Gen.capiend Acc.[captum]
etc. Abl. [capt]
493.DEPONENTVERBS
I. hortor,hortr,horttussum,urge
II. vereor,verr,veritussum,fear
III.sequor,sequ,sectussum, follow
PrincipalParts
IV. partior,partr,parttussum,share,divide
Note. Inadditiontothepassiveconjugation,deponentverbsusecertainformsfromtheactive.
Thesearemarkedwithastar.Deponentiverbsofthethirdconjugationareinflectedlikethe
passiveofcapi.
Indicative
Pres.hortor vereor sequor partior
hortris,re verris,re sequeris,re partris,re
horttur vertur sequitur parttur
hortmur vermur sequimur partmur
hortmin vermin sequimin partmin
hortantur verentur sequuntur partiuntur
Impf.hortbar verbar sequbar partibar
Fut. hortbor verbor sequar partiar
Perf. horttussum veritussum sectussum parttussum
Plup.horttuseram verituseram sectuseram parttuseram
F.P. horttuser verituser sectuser parttuser
254Subjunctive
Pres.horter verear sequar partiar
Impf.hortrer verrer sequerer partrer
Perf. horttussim veritussim sectussim parttussim
Plup.horttusessem veritusessem sectusessem parttusessem
Imperative
Pres.hortre verre sequere partre
Fut. horttor vertor sequitor parttor
Infinitive
Pres.hortr verr sequ partr
Perf. horttusesse veritusesse sectusesse parttusesse
Fut. *horttrusesse*veritrusesse*sectrusesse*parttrusesse
Participles
Pres.*hortns *verns *sequns *partins
Fut. *hortturus *veritrus *sectrus *parttrus
Perf. horttus veritus sectus parttus
Ger. hortandus verendus sequendus partiendus
Gerund
*hortand,etc. *verend,etc. *sequend,etc. *partiend,etc.
Supine
*[horttus,t] *[veritum,t]*[sectum,t]*[parttum,t]
IRREGULARVERBS
494.sum,am,be
PrincipalPartssum,esse,fu,futrus
Pres.Stem es Perf.Stem fu Part.Stem fut
Indicative
Present
SINGULAR PLURAL
sum,Iam sumus,weare
es,thouart estis,youare
est,he(she,it)is sunt,theyare
Imperfect
eram,Iwas ermus,wewere
ers,thouwast ertis,youwere
erat, hewas erant, theywere
255Future
er, Ishallbe erimus,weshallbe
eris,thouwiltbe eritis,youwillbe
erit, hewillbe erunt, theywillbe
Perfect
fu,Ihavebeen,was fuimus,wehavebeen,were
fuist,thouhastbeen,wast fuistis,youhavebeen,were
fuit,hehasbeen,was furunt,fure,theyhavebeen,were
Pluperfect
fueram,Ihadbeen fuermus,wehadbeen
fuers,thouhadstbeen fuertis,youhadbeen
fuerat,hehadbeen fuerant,theyhadbeen
FuturePerfect
fuer,Ishallhavebeen fuerimus,weshallhavebeen
fueris,thouwilthavebeen fueritis,youwillhavebeen
fuerit,hewillhavebeen fuerint,theywillhavebeen
Subjunctive
Present Imperfect
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
sim smus essem essmus
ss stis esss esstis
sit sint esset essent
Perfect Pluperfect
fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissmus
fueris fueritis fuisss fuisstis
fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent
Imperative
PRESENT FUTURE
2dPers.Sing.es,bethou 2dPers.Sing.est, thoushaltbe
2dPers.Plur.este,beye 3dPers.Sing.est, heshallbe
2dPers.Plur.estte,yeshallbe
3dPers.Plur.sunt,theyshallbe
Infinitive Participle
Pres.esse,tobe
Perf.fuisse,tohavebeen
Fut.futrus,a, umesseorfore,
tobeabouttobe
futrus,a,um,abouttobe
256495. possum,beable,can
PrincipalPartspossum,posse,potu,
Indicative Subjunctive
SINGULARPLURAL SINGULARPLURAL
Pres.possum possumus possim possmus
potes potestis posss posstis
potest possunt possit possint
Impf.poteram potermus possem possmus
Fut. poter poterimus
Perf. potu potuimus potuerim potuerimus
Plup.potueram potuermuspotuissem potuissmus
F.P. potuer potuerimus
Infinitive
Pres.posse Perf.potuisse
Participle
Pres.potens,gen. entis,(adjective)powerful
496.prsum,benefit
PrincipalPartsprsum,prdesse,prfu,prfutrus
Pres.Stem prdes Perf.Stem prfu Part.Stem prfut
Indicative Subjunctive
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
Pres.prsum prsumus prsim prsmus
prdes prdestis prss prstis
prdest prsunt prsit prsint
Impf.prderam prdermus prdessem prodessmus
Fut. prder prderimus
Perf. prfu prfuimus prfuerim prfuerimus
Plup.prfueram prfuermus prfuissem prfuissmus
F.P. prfuer prfuerimus
Imperative
Pres.2dPers.prdes,prdeste Fut.2dPers.prdest,prdestte
Infinitive
Pres.prdesse Perf.prfuisse Fut.prfutrus, a, umesse
FutureParticipleprfutrus, a, um
257497.
Principal
Parts
vol,velle,volu,,bewilling,will,wish
nl,nlle,nlu,,beunwilling,willnot
ml,mlle,mlu,, bemorewilling,prefer
Nlandmlarecompoundsof vol.Nlisfor ne(not)+ vol,andmlform(from
magis,more)+vol.Thesecondperson vsisfromadifferentroot.
Indicative
SINGULAR
Pres.vol nl ml
vs nnvis mvs
vult nnvult mvult
PLURAL
volumus nlumus mlumus
vultis nnvultis mvultis
volunt nlunt mlunt
Impf.volbam nlbam mlbam
Fut. volam,vols,etc. nlam,nls,etc. mlam,mls,etc.
Perf. volu nlu mlu
Plup.volueram nlueram mlueram
F.P. voluer nluer mluer
Subjunctive
SINGULAR
Pres.velim nlim mlim
vels nls mls
velit nlit mlit
PLURAL
velmus nlmus mlmus
veltis nltis mltis
velint nlint mlint
Impf.vellem nllem mllem
Perf. voluerim nluerim mluerim
Plup.voluissem nluissem mluissem
Imperative
Pres.
nl
nlte

Fut. nlt,etc.
258Infinitive
Pres.velle nlle mlle
Perf. voluisse nluisse mluisse
Participle
Pres.volns,entis nlns,entis
498.fer,bear,carry,endure
PrincipalPartsfer,ferre,tul,ltus
Pres.Stem fer Perf.Stem tul Part.Stem lt
Indicative
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Pres. fer ferimus feror ferimur
fers ferts ferris,re ferimim
fert ferunt fertur feruntur
Impf. ferbam ferbar
Fut. feram,fers,etc. ferar,ferris,etc.
Perf. tul ltus,a, umsum
Plup. tuleram ltus,a, umeram
F.P. tuler ltus,a, umer
Subjunctive
Pres. feram,fers,etc. ferar,ferris,etc.
Impf. ferrem ferrer
Perf. tulerim ltus,a, umsim
Plup. tulissem ltus,a, umessem
Imperative
Pres.2dPers.fer ferte ferre ferimin
Fut.2dPers.fertfertte fertor
3dPers.fert ferunto fertor feruntor
Infinitive
Pres. ferre ferr
Perf. tulisse ltus,a, umesse
Fut. ltrus,a,umesse
Participles
Pres. ferns,entis Pres.
Fut. ltrus,a,um Ger.ferendus,a, um
Perf. Perf.ltus,a, um
259Gerund Supine(ActiveVoice)
Gen.ferendAcc.ferendum Acc.[ltum]
Dat.ferendAbl. ferend Abl. [lt]
499.e, go
PrincipalPartse,re,i (v), tum (n.perf.part.)
Pres.Stem Perf.Stem or v Part.Stem it
Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive
SING. PLUR.
Pres.
e
s
it
mus
tis
eunt
eam 2dPers. te
Impf.bam rem
Fut. b
2dPers.t
3dPers.t
tte
eunt
Perf. i(v) ierim(verim)
Plup.ieram(veram) ssem(vissem)
F.P. ier(ver)
Infinitive Participles
Pres.re Pres.ins,gen.euntis(472)
Perf. sse(visse) Fut.itrus,a, um
Fut. itrus,a, umesseGer.eundum
Gerund Supine
Gen.eund Acc.[itum]
Dat.eund Abl. [it]
Acc.eundum
Abl. eund
a.Theverb eisusedimpersonallyinthethirdpersonsingularofthepassive,astur,itumest,
etc.
b.Intheperfectsystemtheformswith vareveryrare.
500.f,passiveof faci bemade,become,happen
PrincipalPartsf,fier,factussum
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Pres.
f
fs
fit

funt
fam 2dPers.f fte
Impf. fbam fierem
Fut. fam
260Perf. factus,a, umsum factus,a, umsim
Plup. factus,a, umeram factus,a, umessem
F.P. factus,a, umer
Infinitive Participles
Pres. fier Perf.factus,a, um
Perf. factus,a, umesse Ger.faciendus,a,um
Fut. [factumr]
CASTRAMUROFOSSAQUEMUNIUNTUR
261
APPENDIXII
501.RULESOFSYNTAX
Note. Therulesofsyntaxarehereclassifiedandnumberedconsecutively.Thenumberofthetext
sectioninwhichtheruleappearsisgivenattheendofeach.
NominativeCase
1.ThesubjectofafiniteverbisinthenominativeandanswersthequestionWho?orWhat? 36.
Agreement
2.Afiniteverbmustalwaysbein thesamepersonandnumberasitssubject. 28.
3.Apredicatenounagreesincasewiththesubjectoftheverb.76.
4.Anappositiveagreesincasewiththenounwhichitexplains.81.
5.Adjectivesagreewiththeirnounsingender,number,andcase.65.
6.Apredicateadjectivecompletingacomplementaryinfinitiveagreesingender,number,and
casewiththesubjectofthemainverb.215. a.
7.Arelativepronounmustagreewithitsantecedentingenderandnumberbutitscaseis
determinedbythewayitisusedinitsownclause.224.
Prepositions
8.Anoungovernedbyaprepositionmustbeintheaccusativeorablativecase.52.
GenitiveCase
9.Theworddenotingtheownerorpossessorofsomethingisinthegenitiveandanswersthe
questionWhose? 38.
10.Thepossessivegenitiveoftenstandsinthepredicate,especiallyaftertheformsof sum,and
isthencalledthepredicategenitive.409.
11.Wordsdenotingapartareoftenusedwiththegenitiveofthewhole,knownasthepartitive
genitive.331.
12.Numericaldescriptionsofmeasureareexpressedbythegenitivewithamodifyingadjective.
443.
262DativeCase
13.Theindirectobjectofaverbisinthedative.45.
14.Thedativeoftheindirectobjectisusedwiththeintransitiveverbscrd,fave,noce,
pre,persude,resist,stude,andothersoflikemeaning.154.
15.Someverbscompoundedwith ad,ante,con, d,in,inter,ob, post, prae,pr,sub, super,
admitthedativeoftheindirectobject.Transitivecompoundsmaytakebothanaccusativeanda
dative.426.
16.Thedativeisusedwithadjectivestodenotetheobjecttowardwhichthegivenqualityis
directed.Suchare,especially,thosemeaningnear,alsofit,friendly,pleasing,like,andtheir
opposites.143.
17.Thedativeisusedtodenotethepurposeor endforwhichoftenwithanotherdativedenoting
thepersonorthingaffected. 437.
AccusativeCase
18.ThedirectobjectofatransitiveverbisintheaccusativeandanswersthequestionWhom?or
What? 37.
19.Thesubjectoftheinfinitiveisintheaccusative. 214.
20.Theplacetowhichisexpressedby adorinwiththeaccusative.Beforenamesoftowns,
smallislands,domus,andrstheprepositionisomitted. 263, 266.
21.Durationoftimeandextentofspaceareexpressedbytheaccusative.336.
22.Verbsof making,choosing,calling,showing,andthelike,maytakeapredicateaccusative
alongwiththedirectobject.Withthepassivevoicethetwoaccusativesbecomenominatives.
392.
AblativeCase
23.Causeisdenotedbytheablativewithoutapreposition.ThisanswersthequestionBecauseof
what? 102.
24.Meansisdenotedbytheablativewithoutapreposition.ThisanswersthequestionBymeans
ofwhat?orWithwhat? 103.
25.Accompanimentisdenotedbytheablativewithcum.ThisanswersthequestionWithwhom?
104.
26.Theablativewith cumisusedtodenotethemannerofanaction.Cummaybeomitted,ifan
adjectiveisusedwiththeablative.ThisanswersthequestionHow?orInwhatmanner? 105.
27.Withcomparativesandwordsimplyingcomparisontheablativeisusedtodenotethe
measureofdifference.317.
26328. Theablativeofanounorpronounwithapresentorperfectparticipleinagreementis
usedtoexpressattendantcircumstance.Thisiscalledtheablativeabsolute. 381.
29.1.Descriptionsofphysicalcharacteristicsareexpressedbytheablativewithamodifying
adjective.444.
2.Descriptionsinvolvingneithernumericalstatementsnorphysicalcharacteristicsmaybe
expressedbyeitherthegenitiveortheablativewithamodifyingadjective.445.
30.Theablativeisusedtodenoteinwhatrespectsomethingistrue. 398.
31.Theplacefromwhichisexpressedby or ab, d, orex withtheseparativeablative.This
answersthequestionWhence?Beforenamesoftowns,smallislands,domus,andrsthe
prepositionisomitted. 264, 266.
32.Wordsexpressingseparationordeprivationrequireanablativetocompletetheirmeaning.
Thisiscalledtheablativeofseparation. 180.
33.Thewordexpressingthepersonfromwhomanactionstarts,whennotthesubject,isputin
theablativewiththepreposition or ab.Thisiscalledtheablativeofthepersonalagent. 181.
34.Thecomparativedegree,if quamisomitted,isfollowedbytheseparativeablative.309.
35.Thetimewhenorwithinwhichanythinghappensisexpressedbytheablativewithouta
preposition.275.
36.1.Theplaceatorinwhichisexpressedbytheablativewith in.Thisanswersthequestion
Where?Beforenamesoftowns,smallislands,andrstheprepositionisomitted.265, 266.
2.Namesoftownsandsmallislands,ifsingularandofthefirstorseconddeclension,andthe
word domusexpresstheplaceinwhichbythelocative.268.
GerundandGerundive
37.1.Thegerundisaverbalnounandisusedonlyinthegenitive,dative,accusative,and
ablativesingular.Theconstructionsofthesecasesareingeneralthesameasthoseofothernouns.
406. 1.
2.Thegerundiveisaverbaladjectiveandmustbeusedinsteadofgerund+object,exceptingin
thegenitiveandintheablativewithoutapreposition.Evenintheseinstancesthegerundive
constructionismoreusual.406.2.
38.Theaccusativeofthegerundorgerundivewithad,orthegenitivewith caus,isusedto
expresspurpose. 407.
264MoodsandTensesofVerbs
39.Primarytensesarefollowedbyprimarytenses,andsecondarybysecondary.358.
40.Thesubjunctiveisusedinadependentclausetoexpressthepurposeoftheactioninthe
principalclause.349.
41.Asubstantiveclauseofpurposewiththesubjunctiveisusedasobjectwithverbsof
commanding,urging,asking,persuading,or advising,whereinEnglishweshouldusuallyhave
theinfinitive.366.
42.Verbsof fearingarefollowedbyasubstantiveclauseofpurposeintroducedby ut(thatnot)
or n (that orlest). 372.
43.Consecutiveclausesofresultareintroducedby ut or utnn,andhavetheverbinthe
subjunctive.385.
44.Objectclausesofresultwith utor utnnarefoundafterverbsofeffectingorbringingabout.
386.
45.Arelativeclausewiththesubjunctiveisoftenusedtodescribeanantecedent.Thisiscalled
thesubjunctiveofcharacteristicordescription. 390.
46.Theconjunction cummeanswhen,since,or although.Itisfollowedbythesubjunctive
unlessitmeanswhenanditsclausefixesthetimeatwhichthemainactiontookplace.396.
47.Whenadirectstatementbecomesindirect,theprincipalverbischangedtotheinfinitive,and
itssubjectnominativebecomessubjectaccusativeoftheinfinitive.416.
48.Theaccusativewithinfinitiveconstructioninindirectstatementsisfoundafterverbsof
saying,telling,knowing,thinking,andperceiving.419.
49.Apresentindicativeofadirectstatementbecomespresentinfinitiveoftheindirect,apast
indicativebecomesperfectinfinitive,andafutureindicativebecomesfutureinfinitive.418.
50.Inan indirectquestiontheverbisinthesubjunctiveanditstenseisdeterminedbythelawfor
tensesequence.432.
DOMINA
265
APPENDIXIII
REVIEWS1
1.Itissuggestedthateachofthesereviewsbeassignedforawrittentest.
I.REVIEWOFVOCABULARYANDGRAMMARTHROUGHLESSONVIII
LessonIX
502.GivetheEnglishofthefollowingwords:1
Nouns
agricola
ancilla
aqua
casa
causa
cna
corna
dea
domina
fbula
fera
flia
fortna
fuga
gallna
iniria
nsula
lna
nauta
pecnia
puella
pugna
sagitta
silva
terra
tuba
via
victria
Adjectives
alta
bona
clra
grta
lta
longa
magna
mala
nova
parva
pulchra
sla
Verbs
amat
dat
est
habitat
labrat
laudat
nrrat
necat
nntiat
parat
portat
pugnat
sunt
vocat
PrepositionsPronounsAdverbsConjunctions
Interrogative
Particle
orab mea cr et ne
ad
cum
d
orex
in
tua
quis
cuius
cui
quem
quid
deinde
nn
ubi
quia
quod
1.Propernounsandproperadjectivesarenotrepeatedinthereviews.WordsusedinCassars
GallicWarareinheavytype.
266503. GivetheLatinofthefollowingwords:1
Underlinethewordsyoudonotremember.Donotlookupasinglewordtillyouhavegone
throughtheentirelist.Thendrillonthewordsyouhaveunderlined.
flight
story
new
lives(verb)
awayfrom
who
why
forest
wreath
deep,high
dinner
famous
cottage
battle(noun)
trumpet
lady,mistress
whom
island
wide
tells
money
calls
with
your
then,inthe
nextplace
daughter
towhom
fortune
outfrom
labors(verb)
gives
small
in
and
sailor
farmer
goddess
wildbeast
praises(verb)
alone
pleasing
prepares
are
to
because
arrow
my
kills
girl
fights (verb)
carries
chicken
victory
land
what
way
bad
loves
pretty
water
great
is
announces
injury,wrong
where
not
good
maid
downfrom
long
cause
whose
1.ThetranslationsofwordsusedinCsarareinitalics.
504.ReviewQuestions. HowmanysyllableshasaLatinword?Howarewordsdividedinto
syllables?Whatistheultima?thepenult?theantepenult?Whenisasyllableshort?Whenisa
syllablelong?WhatisthelawofLatinaccent?Definethesubjectofasentencethepredicate
theobjectthecopula.Whatisinflection?declension?conjugation?Whatistheendingofthe
verbinthethirdpersonsingular,andwhatintheplural?Whatdoestheformofanounshow?
NametheLatincases.Whatcaseisusedforthesubject?thedirectobject?thepossessor?What
relationisexpressedby thedativecase?Givetherulefortheindirectobject.Howarequestions
answeredinLatin?Whatisapredicateadjective?anattributiveadjective?Whatismeantby
agreement?Givetherulefortheagreementoftheadjective.Whatarethethreerelations
expressedbytheablative?Whatcanyousayofthepositionofthepossessivepronoun?the
modifyinggenitive?theadjective?Whatisthebase?Whatisgrammaticalgender?Whatisthe
ruleforgenderinthefirstdeclension?WhatarethegeneralprinciplesofLatinwordorder?
267
505.Filloutthefollowingsummaryofthefirstdeclension:
1.Endinginthenominativesingular
2.Ruleforgender
3.Caseterminations
a.Singular
b.Plural
TheFirstorDeclension
4.Irregularnouns
GoontoLessonIX
II.REVIEWOFLESSONSIXXVII
LessonXVIII
506.Give theEnglishofthefollowingwords:
NounsoftheFirstDeclension
agrcultra
cnstantia
cpia
dligentia
fma
fmina
galea
inopia
lacrima
lrca
patria
praeda
NounsoftheSecondDeclension
ager
amcus
arma(plural)
auxilium
bellum
carrus
castrum
cibus
cnsilium
domicilium
dominus
equus
flius
fluvius
frmentum
gladius
lgtus
lber
magister
mrus
numerus
oppidnus
oppidum
plum
populus
praemium
proelium
puer
sctum
servus
studium
tlum
vcus
vir
AdjectivesoftheFirstandSecondDeclensons
aeger,aegra,aegrum
alius,alia,aliud
alter,altera,alterum
armtus,a, um
crber,crbra,crbrum
drus,a, um
fnitimus,a, um
nfrmus,a,um
leginrius,a, um
neuter,neutra,neutrum
noster,nostra,nostrum
alter,altera,alterum
pulcher,pulchra,pulchrum
slus,a, um
suus,a, um
fnitimus,a, um
tuus, a, um
llus,a, um
lber,lbera,lberum
mtrus,a, um
meus,a, um
miser,misera,miserum
multus,a,um
nus,a, um
uter,utra,utrum
validus,a,um
vester,vestra,vestrum
268Verbs
Demonstrative
Pronoun
Adverbs
arat
crat
dsderat
mtrat
properat
is,ea,id
Conjunctions
an
que
sed
iam
qu
saepe
Preposition
apud
507.GivetheLatinofthefollowingwords:
sword
corselet
man
your(plural)
hasten
but
among
tear(noun)
village
strong
longfor
and(enclitic)
often
want(noun)
which(oftwo)
carefor
or(inaquestion)
whither
wagon
townsman
wretched
ripe
war
number
my
free(adj.)
children
wall
grain
weapon
one
plow(verb)
thisorthat
already
helmet
river
zeal
any
he
son
slave
your(singular)
she
woman
horse
shield(noun)
whole
it
aid(noun)
legionary
weak
arms
master
(ofschool)
friend
neighboring
sick
lieutenant
field
report,rumor
abode
boy
hisown
alone
prize(noun)
master(owner)
carefulness
plenty
troops
plan(noun)
people
beautiful
no(adj.)
our
battle
spear
food
steadiness
fatherland
town
fort
camp
neither(oftwo)
much
agriculture
other
theother(oftwo)
hard
booty
frequent
armed
508.ReviewQuestions. Howmanydeclensionsarethere?Whatthreethingsmustbeknown
aboutanounbeforeitcanbedeclined?Whatthreecasesofneuternounsarealwaysalike,andin
whatdotheyendintheplural?Whattwopluralcasesarealwaysalike?Whenisthevocative
singularnotlikethenominative?Whatisapredicatenoun?Withwhatdoesitagree?Whatisan
appositive?Givetherulefortheagreementofanappositive.Howcanwetellwhetheranounin
erisdeclinedlikepuer orlikeager? 269Declinebonus, lber,pulcher.Howcanwetell
whetheranadjectivein erisdeclinedlikelber orlikepulcher?Whymustwesay nauta
bonusandnotnautabona?NametheLatinpossessivepronouns.Howaretheydeclined?With
whatdoesthepossessivepronounagree?Whendoweusetuusandwhen vester?Whyissuus
calledareflexivepossessive?Whatisthenonreflexivepossessiveofthethirdperson?Whenare
possessivesomitted?Whatfourusesoftheablativecasearecoveredbytherelationsexpressed
inEnglishby with?GiveanillustrationinLatinoftheablativeofmanneroftheablativeof
causeoftheablativeofmeansoftheablativeofaccompaniment.Whatablativeregularlyhas
cum?Whatablativesometimeshascum?Whatusesoftheablativeneverhavecum?Namethe
ninepronominaladjectives,withtheirmeanings.Declinealius,nllus.Declineis.Whatdoesis
meanasademonstrativeadjectiveorpronoun?Whatotherimportantusehasit?
509.Filloutthefollowingsummaryoftheseconddeclension:
1.Endingsinthenominative
2.Ruleforgender
3.Caseterminationsofnounsin us
a.Singular
b.Plural
a.Thevocativesingularofnounsin us
4.Caseterminationsofnounsin um
a.Singular
b.Plural
5.Peculiaritiesofnounsin er andir
TheSecondor
ODeclension
6.Peculiaritiesofnounsin iusandium
GoontoLessonXVIII
III.REVIEWOFLESSONSXVIIIXXVI
LessonXXVII
510.GivetheEnglishofthefollowingwords:
NounsoftheFirst
Declension
disciplna
frma
poena
potentia
rgna
superbia
trstitia
NounsoftheSecondDeclension
ldusrnmentum sacrumsociusverbum
AdjectivesoftheFirstandSecondDeclensions
amcus
antquus
fnitimus
grtus
idneus
inimcus
interfectus
rtus
laetus
molestus
perpetuus
proximus
septem
superbus
270Adverbs Conjunctions PersonalPronoun
hodi
ibi
maxim
mox
nunc
nper
etiam
nnslum...sedetiam
ego
Verbs
CONJ.I CONJ.II CONJ.III CONJ.IV
vol,re
IRREGULARVERB
sum,esse
dle,re
doce,re
fave,re
habe, re
iube, re
mone,re
move,re
noce,re
pre,re
persude,re
sede, re
stude,re
vide,re
ag,ere
capi,ere
crd,ere
dc,ere
dc, ere
faci,ere
fugi,ere
iaci,ere
mitt, ere
rapi, ere
reg,ere
resist,ere
audi, re
mni,re
reperi,re
veni,re
511.GivetheLatinofthefollowingwords.Inthecaseofverbsalwaysgivethefirstformand
thepresentinfinitive.
ancient
come
resist
see
be
fly
I
proud
word
sadness
find
rule(verb)
beeagerfor
notonly...
butalso
seven
ally,companion
pride
fortify
send
sit
also
school
hear
hurl
persuade
only
nearest
sacredrite
queen
flee
obey
lately
constant
ornament
power
make,do
injure
now
annoying
lead
move
soon
glad
punishment
believe
advise
especially,
mostofall
angry
beauty
say
command(verb)
there
slain
training
take
have
today
unfriendly
drive
favor(verb)
suitable
pleasing
teach
neighboring
destroy
friendly
seize
512.ReviewQuestions. Whatisconjugation?Nametwoimportantdifferencesbetween
conjugationinLatinandinEnglish.Whatistense?271Whatismood?WhataretheLatin
moods?Whendoweusetheindicativemood?Namethesixtensesoftheindicative.Whatare
personalendings?Namethoseyouhavehad.Inflectsum inthethreetensesyouhavelearned.
Howmanyregularconjugationsarethere?Howaretheydistinguished?Howisthepresentstem
found?Whattensesareformedfromthepresentstem?Whatisthetensesignoftheimperfect?
Whatisthemeaningoftheimperfect?Whatisthetensesignofthefutureinthefirsttwo
conjugations?inthelasttwo?Beforewhatlettersisafinallongvowelofthestemshortened?
Whatarethethreepossibletranslationsofapresent,asof pugn?Inflectar,sede,mitt,
faci,andveni,inthepresent,imperfect,andfutureactive.Whatformsof iverbsofthethird
conjugationarelikeaudi?whatlikereg?Givetheruleforthedativewithadjectives.Name
thespecialintransitiveverbsthatgovernthedative.Whatdoestheimperativemoodexpress?
Howisthepresentactiveimperativeformedinthesingular?intheplural?Whatthreeverbshave
ashortenedpresentactiveimperative?Givethepresentactiveimperativeof port,dle,ag,
faci,mni.
GoontoLessonXXVII
IV.REVIEWOFLESSONSXXVIIXXXVI
LessonXXXVII
513.GivetheEnglishofthefollowingwords:
NounsoftheFirstDeclension
lacramoraportaprvinciavta
NounsoftheSecondDeclension
animus
aurum
bracchium
deus
locus
mnstrum
nvigium
rculum
perculum
ventus
vnum
AdjectivesoftheFirstandSecondDeclensions
adversus
attentus
crus
commtus
dfessus
dexter
dubius
maximus
perfidus
plnus
saevus
sinister
Adverbs
ante
celeriter
dnique
di
frstr
graviter
ita
long
semper
subit
tamen
tum
Conjunctions
autem s ubi
272Prepositions
d per pr sine
Verbs
CONJ.I CONJ.II
adpropinqu
nvig
occup
postul
recs
report
serv
st
super
tempt
vst
vulner
contine
ege
prohibe
responde
tene
CONJ.III IRREGULARVERB
discd ger interficiabsum
514.Translatethefollowingwords.Givethegenitiveandthegenderofthenounsandthe
principalpartsoftheverbs.
beaway
wind
through
if
savage
wound(verb)
wine
delay
faithless
right
seize
quickly
before,inbehalf
of
battle
downfromor
concerning
moreover
greatest
oracle
danger
laywaste
gate
doubtful
opposite,adverse
demand
finally
attentive
then,atthattime
weary
overcome,
conquer
boat,ship
sail(verb)
life
save
full
refuse
heavily
monster
approach
nevertheless
place
bewithout,
lack
moved
gold
restrain,keepfrom
without
hold
suddenly
dear
always
god
holdin,keep
afar
thus,so,
asfollows
arm(noun)
when
invain
stand
bringback,win
before,
previously
depart,
goaway
province
care,trouble
kill
reply(verb)
wing
mind,heart
left (adj.)
bear,carryon
try
foralongtime
515.Givetheprincipalpartsandmeaningofthefollowingverbs:
sum
d
tene
iube
ag
mitt
mni
move
crd
rapi
reperi
dle
resist
audi
mone
capi
doce
reg
fave
noce
dc
pre
dc
faci
persude
sede
stude
fugi
veni
iaci
vide
absum
ege
ger
st
273516. ReviewQuestions.Whatarethepersonalendingsinthepassivevoice?Whatisthe
letter rsometimescalled?Whatarethedistinguishingvowelsofthefourconjugations?What
formsconstitutetheprincipalparts?Whatarethethreedifferentconjugationstems?Howmay
theybefound?Whatarethetensesoftheindicative?oftheinfinitive?Whattenseofthe
imperativehaveyoulearned?Whatformsarebuiltonthepresentstem?ontheperfectstem?on
theparticipialstem?Whataretheendingsoftheperfectactiveindicative?Whatisthetensesign
ofthepluperfectactive?ofthefutureperfectactive?Howisthepresentactiveinfinitiveformed?
thepresentpassiveinfinitive?Howisthepresentactiveimperativeformed?thepresentpassive
imperative?Howistheperfectactiveinfinitiveformed?theperfectpassiveinfinitive?Howis
thefutureactiveinfinitiveformed?Whatisaparticiple?Howareparticiplesin usdeclined?
Givetherulefortheagreementoftheparticiple.Howaretheperfect,pluperfect,andfuture
perfectpassiveindicativeformed?Conjugatetheverb sumin allmoodsandtensesasfarasyou
havelearnedit(494).Whatismeantbytheseparativeablative?Howistheplacefromwhich
expressedinLatin?Givetherulefortheablativeofseparationfortheablativeofthepersonal
agent.Howcanwedistinguishbetweentheablativeofmeansandtheablativeofthepersonal
agent?Whatistheperfectdefinite?theperfectindefinite?Whatisthedifferenceinmeaning
betweentheperfectindefiniteandtheimperfect?WhattwocasesinLatinmaybegovernedbya
preposition?Nametheprepositionsthatgoverntheablative.Whatdoesthepreposition inmean
whenitgovernstheablative?theaccusative?Whatarethethreeinterrogativesusedtointroduce
yesandnoquestions?Explaintheforceofeach.Whatwordsaresometimesusedforyesandno?
Whatarethedifferentmeaningsandusesof ubi?
GoontoLessonXXXVII
V.REVIEWOFLESSONSXXXVIIXLIV
LessonXLV
517.GivetheEnglishofthefollowingwords:
Nouns
FIRSTDECLENSION SECONDDECLENSION
rpa
barbar
captvus
castellum
impedmentum
THIRDDECLENSION
animal
arbor
avis
caeds
274calamits
calcar
caput
cvis
clins
collis
cnsul
dns
dux
eques
fnis
flmen
fns
frter
hom
hosts
ignis
impertor
nsigne
iter
idex
labor
lapis
legi
mare
mter
mnsis
mles
mns
nvis
opus
rtor
rd
pater
pedes
ps
pns
prnceps
rx
sals
sanguis
soror
tempus
terror
turris
urbs
victor
virts
vs
AdjectivesoftheFirstandSecondDeclensions
barbarus dexter sinister summus
Prepositions Adverbs Conjunctions
inwiththeabl.
inwiththeacc.
trns
cotdi
numquam
nec,neque
nec...nec,orneque...neque
Verbs
CONJ.I CONJ.III
cess
confirm
oppugn
vet
accipi
incipi
pet
pon
vinc
viv
518.Translatethefollowingwords.Givethegenitiveandthegenderofthenounsandthe
principalpartsoftheverbs:
forbid
rank,row
brother
force
across
savages
horseman
never
mountain
manliness,
courage
leader
put,place
time
savage,
barbarous
sister
seek
captive
hindrance,
baggage
manofwar
judge
defeat,disaster
fire
tree
footsoldier
receive
general
highest
fountain
orator
neither...nor
andnot
left
tooth
soldier
month
city
victor
daily
live(verb)
conquer
consul
mother
retainer
citizen
head
safety
assail,storm
begin
march
decoration
bridge
bird
cease
man
river
work(noun)
and
ship
bank
redoubt,fort
sea
tower
drill(verb)
legion
terror
into,to
right(adj.)
in
stone
blood
labor(noun)
king
spur
chief
slaughter
strengthen
foot
enemy
animal
father
275519. ReviewQuestions.Givetheconjugationof possum.Whatisaninfinitive?Whatthree
useshastheLatininfinitivethatareliketheEnglish?Whatisthecaseofthesubjectofthe
infinitive?Whatismeantbyacomplementaryinfinitive?InthesentenceThebadboycannotbe
happy,whatisthecaseof happy?Givetherule.Declinequ.Givetherulefortheagreementof
therelative.Whatarethetwousesoftheinterrogative?Declinequis.Whatisthebaseofanoun?
Howisthestemformedfromthebase?Arethestemandthebaseeverthesame?Howmany
declensionsofnounsarethere?Namethem.Whatarethetwochiefdivisionsofthethird
declension?Howaretheconsonantstemsclassified?Explaintheformationof lapisfromthe
stem lapid,mlesfrom mlit,rxfrom rg.Whatnounshaveistems?Whatpeculiaritiesof
formdoistemshave,masc.,fem.,andneut.?Namethefivenounsthathaveandeintheabl.
Declineturris.Givetherulesforgenderinthethirddeclension.Declinemles,lapis,rx,virts,
cnsul,legi,hom,pater,flmen,opus, tempus,caput,caeds,urbs,hostis, mare,animal,
vs,iter.
520.Filloutthefollowingscheme:
GenderEndings
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
I.ConsonantStems
a.Masc.and
fem.
b.Neuters
II. IStems
a.Masc.and
fem.
b.Neuters
TheThirdDeclension
CaseTerminations
IrregularNouns
GoontoLessonXLV
VI.REVIEWOFLESSONSXLVLII
LessonLIII
521.GivetheEnglishofthefollowingwords:
Nouns
FIRSTDECLENSION SECONDDECLENSION
amcitia
hra
littera
annus
modus
nntius
oculus
rgnum
signum
supplicium,
suppliciumdare
suppliciumsmered
tergum,
tergumvertere
vestgium
276THIRDDECLENSION FOURTHDECLENSION
aests
corpus
hiems
lberts
lx,
nox
pars
px
rs
sl
vx
vulnus
adventus
corn
domus
equittus
exercitus
fluctus
impetus
lacus
manus
metus
portus
prmalx
nmen
FIFTHDECLENSION INDECLINABLENOUN
acis
dis
fids,
infidemvenre
rs,
rsgestae
rsadversae
rspblica
rssecundae
spsnihil
Adjectives
FIRSTANDSECONDDECLENSIONS THIRDDECLENSION
dnsus
invsus
mrus
pauc
prmus
prstinus
pblicus
secundus
tantus
vrus
cer,cris,cre
brevis,breve
difficilis,difficile
faclis,facile
fortis,forte
gravis,grave
incolumis,incolume
omnis,omne
pr,pr
vlx,vlx
Pronouns
PERSONALDEMONSTRATIVEINTENSIVE INDEFINITE
ego
ns
su
t
vs
hic
dem
ille
iste
ipse
aliquis,aliqu
qudam
quis,qu
quisquam
quisque
Adverbs Conjunctions Prepositions
n...quidem
lim
paene
quoque
satis
vr
itaque
nisi
ante
post
propter
Verbs
CONJ.I CONJ.II CONJ.III CONJ.IV
conloc
convoc
crem
dmnstr
mand
dbe
exerce
mane
place
sustine
committ,
committereproelium
dcid
ripi
sm,
smeresupplicium d
trdc
vert
dsili
277522. Translatethefollowingwords.Givethegenitiveandthegenderof thenounsandthe
principalpartsoftheverbs.
ifnot,unless
onaccountof
unharmed
public
commonwealth
leapdown,dismount
leadacross
remain
calltogether
friendship
footprint,trace
each
fear(noun)
hope
therefore
behind,after
sogreat
equal
intruth,indeed
that(yonder)
acertain
falldown
owe,ought
measure,mode
eye
name
wave,billow
adversity
former,oldtime
all,every
anyone(atall)
this(ofmine)
heavy,serious
hateful,detested
true
burn
snatchfrom
letter
punishment
inflict
punishmenton
sufferpunishment
liberty
sun
sustain
takeup,assume
hour
reign,realm
messenger
part,direction
body
harbor
faith,protection
ofhimself
also,too
sufficiently
burn
that(ofyours)
before
you(plur.)
light
daybreak
winter
attack
lineofbattle
army
drill,train
joinbattle
house,home
midday
wonderful
brave
almost
thesame
some,any
ifanyone
self,very
noteven
easy
dense
pointout,explain
difficult
first
arrange,station
please
year
peace
back
turntheback,retreat
night
hand,force
lake
day
commit,intrust
afewonly
sharp,eager
we
turn
you(sing.)
I
signal
summer
cavalry
wound
horn,wing
country
second,favorable
short
voice
formerly,once
arrival
comeunderthe
protectionof
swift
nothing
thing,matter
exploits
republic
prosperity
523.ReviewQuestions. BywhatdeclensionsareLatinadjectivesdeclined?Whatcanyousay
aboutthestemofadjectivesofthethirddeclension?Intowhatclassesaretheseadjectives
divided?Howcanyoutelltowhichoftheclassesanadjectivebelongs?Declinecer,omnis,
pr.Whatarethenominativeendingsandgendersofnounsofthefourth 278 or udeclension?
Whatnounsarefemininebyexception?Declineadventus,lacus,corn,domus.Givetherules
fortheordinaryexpressionoftheplacetowhich,theplacefromwhich,theplaceinwhich.What
specialrulesapplytonamesoftowns,smallislands,andrs?Whatisthelocativecase?What
wordshavealocativecase?Whatistheformofthelocativecase?TranslateGalbalivesathome,
GalbalivesatRome,Galba livesatPompeii.Whatistheruleforgenderinthefifthor
declension?Declinedis,rs.Whenisthelongshortened?Whatcanyousayabouttheplural
ofthefifthdeclension?Declinetuba,servus,plum,ager,puer,mles,cnsul,flmen,caeds,
animal.Howisthetimewhenexpressed?Nametheclassesofpronounsanddefineeachclass.
Declineego,t,is.Whatarethereflexivesofthefirstandsecondpersons?Whatisthereflexive
ofthethirdperson?Declineit.TranslateIseemyself,heseeshimself,heseeshim.Declineipse.
Howisipseused?Declinedem.Declinehic,iste,ille.Explaintheuseofthesewords.Name
andtranslatethecommonerindefinitepronouns.Declinealiquis,quisquam,qudam, quisque.
GoontoLessonLIII
VII.REVIEWOFLESSONSLIIILX
LessonLXI
524.GivetheEnglishof thefollowingwords:
Nouns
FIRSTDECLENSION SECONDDECLENSION
aquila
fossa
aedificium
captvus
concilium
imperium
negtium
spatium
vllum
THIRDDECLENSION
agmen
celerits
cvits
clmor
cohors
difficults
explrtor
gns
ltitd
longitd
magnitd
mns
merctor
mlle
mors
mulier
multitd
mnti
nm
obses
opni
regi
rmor
scelus
servits
timor
valls
FOURTHDECLENSIONFIFTHDECLENSION
aditus
commetus
passus rsfrmentria
279Adjectives
FIRSTANDSECONDDECLENSIONS
aequus
bn
ducent
duo
exterus
nferus
maximus
medius
minimus
opportnus
optimus
pessimus
plrimus
posterus
prmus
reliquus
secundus
singul
superus
tardus
tern
nus
THIRDDECLENSION
alacer,alacris,alacre
audx,audx
celer,celeris,celere
citerior,citerius
difficilis,difficile
dissimilis,dissimile
facilis,facile
gracilis,gracile
humilis,humile
ingns,ingns
interior,interius
lnis,lne
maior,maius
melior,melius
minor,minus
nbilis,nbile
peior,peius
,pls
prior,prius
recns,recns
similis,simile
trs,tria
ulterior,ulterius
Adverbs
criter
audcter
bene
facile
fer
fortiter
magis
magnopere
maxim
melius
minim
multum
optim
parum
paul
plrimum
prope
propius
proxim
quam
statim
tam
undique
Conjunctions Prepositions
atque, ac
aut
aut...aut
et...et
nam
qudcaus
quamobrem
simulatque or
simulac
circum
contr
inter
ob
trns
Verbs
CONJ.I CONJ.II
cnor
hortor
moror
vex
obtine
perterre
vale
vereor
CONJ.III
abd
cad
cognsc
cnsequor
contend
cupi
dd
dfend
gredior
incend
incol
nsequor
patior
prem
proficscor
prgredior
quaer
recipi
revertor
sequor
statu
subsequor
suscipi
trd
curr occd relinqu trah
CONJ.III
orior perveni
280525. Translatethefollowingwords.Givethegenitiveandthegenderofthenounsandthe
principalpartsoftheverbs:
onaccountof
nearly
keenly,sharply
thousand
two
opportune
remaining
above(adj.)
next
grainsupply
pace
shout(noun)
fromallsides
against
around
three
further
lineofmarch
manor
region
fortification
eagle
almost
boldly
bravely
across
between,among
hither(adj.)
width
scout
cohort
tribe,nation
business
byalittle
somewhat
crime
difficult
equal
moveforward,
advance
multitude
woman
desire(verb)
giveover,
surrender
kill
overtake
hasten,strive
hide
one
first
second,favorable
twohundred
former
fear(verb)
worse
greater,larger
twobytwo
least(adv.)
opinion,
expectation
approach,entrance
trader
magnitude,size
council,assembly
space,room
either...or
rise,arise
suffer,allow
presshard
fall
surrender
setfireto
defend
leave
abandon
bestrong
receive,recover
terrify,frighten
dwell
state,citizenship
valley
slavery
greatly
bestofall (adv.)
better(adv.)
well(adv.)
verymuch
much
unlike
like(adj.)
slow
verygreatly,
exceedingly
building
mind(noun)
easily
easy
recent
huge,great
bold
immediately
assoonas
so
less
more
most
worst
difficulty
hostage
death
command,power
captive
or
and
arrive
attempt,try
length
inner
middle
low
outward
threebythree
provisions
speed
ditch
whereforeor
therefore
forthisreason
fear(noun)
return
inquire
setout
moveout,disembark
possess,hold
delay(verb)
nearest(adv.)
nearer(adv.)
better(adj.)
wellknown,noble
mild,gentle
swift
eager
low (adj.)
slender
onebyone
noone
least(adv.)
little(adv.)
learn,know
drag
undertake
run
fix,decide
for
than
best(adj.)
greatest
followclose
encourage
annoy,ravage
hide
follow
pursue
both...and
rampart
281526. ReviewQuestions.Whatismeantbycomparison?Inwhattwowaysmayadjectivesbe
compared?Compareclrus,brevis,vlx,andexplaintheformationofthecomparativeandthe
superlative.Whataretheadverbsusedincomparison?Comparebrevisbyadverbs.Declinethe
comparativeof vlx.Howareadjectivesin er compared?Comparecer,pulcher,liber.What
arepossibletranslationsforthecomparativeandsuperlative?Namethesixadjectivesthatform
thesuperlativein limus.TranslateintwowaysNothingisbrighterthanthesun.Givetherule
fortheablativewithcomparatives.Comparebonus,magnus,malus,multus,parvus,exterus,
nferus,posterus,superus.Declinepls.Compareciterior,interior,propior,ulterior.
TranslateThatroutetoItalyismuchshorter.Givetherulefortheexpressionofmeasureof
difference.Namefivewordsthatareespeciallycommoninthisconstruction.Howareadverbs
usuallyformedfromadjectivesofthefirstandseconddeclensions?fromadjectivesofthethird
declension?Comparetheadverbscr,lber,fortiter,audcter.Whatcasesofadjectivesare
sometimesusedasadverbs?Whataretheadverbsfrom facilis? multus?prmus?plrimus?
bonus? magnus? parvus?Compareprope,saepe,magnopere.Howarenumeralsclassified?
Givethefirsttwentycardinals.Declinenus,duo,trs,mlle.Howarethehundredsdeclined?
Whatismeantbythepartitivegenitive?Givetheruleforthepartitivegenitive.Whatsortof
wordsarecommonlyusedwiththisconstruction?Whatconstructionisusedwith qudam and
cardinalnumbersexceptingmlle?Givethefirsttwentyordinals.Howaretheydeclined?How
arethedistributivesdeclined?Givetherulefortheexpressionofdurationoftimeandextentof
space.Whatisthedifferencebetweentheablativeoftimeandtheaccusativeoftime?Whatisa
deponentverb?Givethesynopsisofone.Whatformalwayshasapassivemeaning?Conjugate
am,mone,reg,capi, audi,intheactiveandpassive.
GoontoLessonLXI
VIII.REVIEWOFLESSONSLXILXIX
LessonLXX
527.Reviewthevocabulariesofthefirstseventeenlessons.See502, 503, 506, 507.
528.ReviewQuestions. Namethetensesofthesubjunctive.Whattimeisdenotedbythese
tenses?Whatarethemoodsignsofthepresentsubjunctive?Howmaytheimperfectsubjunctive
beformed?Howdotheperfectsubjunctiveandthefutureperfectindicativeactivedifferinform?
Howisthepluperfectsubjunctiveactiveformed?Inflectthesubjunctiveactiveandpassiveof
cr,dle,vinc,rapi,mni.Inflectthe282subjunctivetensesof sumof possum.What
arethetensesoftheparticiplesintheactive?Whatinthepassive?Givetheactiveandpassive
participlesof am,mone,reg,capi,audi.Declineregns.Whatparticiplesdodeponent
verbshave?Whatisthedifferenceinmeaningbetweentheperfectparticipleofadeponentverb
andofonenotdeponent?Givetheparticiplesof vereor.Howshouldparticiplesusuallybe
translated?Conjugatevol,nol,ml,f.
Whatisthedifferencebetweentheindicativeandsubjunctiveintheirfundamentalideas?Howis
purposeusuallyexpressedinEnglish?HowisitexpressedinLatin?BywhatwordsisaLatin
purposeclauseintroduced?Whenshouldqubeused?Whatismeantbysequenceoftenses?
Nametheprimarytensesoftheindicativeandofthesubjunctivethesecondarytenses.What
Latinverbsareregularlyfollowedbysubstantiveclausesofpurpose?Whatconstructionfollows
iube?Whatconstructionfollowsverbsof fearing?Howisconsequenceorresultexpressedin
Latin?Howisaresultclauseintroduced?Whatwordsareoftenfoundintheprincipalclause
foreshadowingthecomingofaresultclause?Howmaynegativepurposebedistinguishedfrom
negativeresult?Whatismeantbythesubjunctiveofcharacteristicordescription?Howaresuch
clausesintroduced?Explaintheablativeabsolute.Whyistheablativeabsoluteofsuchfrequent
occurrenceinLatin?Explainthepredicateaccusative.Afterwhatverbsaretwoaccusatives
commonlyfound?Whatdotheseaccusativesbecomewhentheverbispassive?
GoontoLessonLXX
IMPERATORMILITESHORTATUR
283
SPECIALVOCABULARIES
ThewordsinheavytypeareusedinCsarsGallicWar.
LESSONIV, 39
Nouns
dea,goddess(deity)
Dina,Diana
fera,awildbeast(fierce)
Ltna,Latona
sagitta, arrow
Verbs
est,he(she,it)is sunt,theyare
necat,he(she,it)kills,iskilling,doeskill
Conjunction1
et,and
Pronouns
quis,interrog.pronoun,nom.sing.,who?
cuius(pronouncedco oiyo os,twosyllables),interrog.pronoun,gen.sing.,whose?
1.A conjunctionisawordwhichconnectswords,partsofsentences,orsentences.
LESSONV, 47
Nouns
corna,wreath,garland,crown
fbula,story(fable)
pecnia, money(pecuniary)
pugna, battle (pugnacious)
victria,victory
Verbs
dat, he(she,it)gives
nrrat,he(she,it)tells(narrate)
Conjunction1
quia or quod,because
Pronoun
cui(pronouncedco oi,onesyllable),interrog.pronoun,dat.sing.,towhom?forwhom?
1.A conjunctionisawordwhichconnectswords,partsofsentences,orsentences.
LESSONVI, 56
Adjectives 284
bona,good
grta,pleasing
magna,large,great
mala,bad,wicked
parva,small,little
pulchra,beautiful,pretty
sla,alone
Nouns
ancilla,maidservant
Ilia,Julia
Adverbs1
cr,why
nn,not
Pronouns
mea,my tua,thy,your(possesives)
quid,interrog.pronoun,nom.andacc.sing.,what?
ne,thequestionsign,anenclitic(16)addedtothefirstword,which,inaquestion,isusually
theverb,asamat,heloves,butamatne?doeshelove?est,heis estne?ishe?Ofcourseneis
notusedwhenthesentencecontainsquis,cr,orsomeotherinterrogativeword.
1.An adverbisawordusedtomodifyaverb,anadjective,oranotheradverbas,Shesings
sweetlysheisverytalentedshebegantosingveryearly.
LESSONVII, 62
Nouns
casa,ae,f.,cottage
cna,ae,f.,dinner
gallna,ae,f.,hen,chicken
nsula,ae,f.,island (pen
insula)
Adverbs
deinde,then,inthenextplace
ubi,where
Preposition
ad,to,withacc.toexpress
motiontoward
Verbs
habitat,he(she,it)lives,isliving,doeslive (inhabit)
laudat,he(she,it)praises,ispraising,doespraise(laud)
parat,he(she,it)prepares,ispreparing,doesprepare
vocat,he(she,it)calls,iscalling,doescallinvites,isinviting,
doesinvite(vocation)
Pronoun
quem,interrog.pronoun,acc.sing.,whom?
LESSONVIII, 69
Nouns
Italia,ae,f., Italy
Sicilia,ae,f.,Sicily
tuba, ae,f.,trumpet(tube)
via,ae,f.,way,road,street(viaduct)
Adjectives
alta,high,deep(altitude)
clra,clear,brightfamous
lta,wide(latitude)
longa,long(longitude)
nova,new (novelty)
285
LESSONIX, 77
Nouns
bellum,,n.,war(rebel)
cnstantia, ae,f., firmness,constancy,steadiness
dominus,,m.,master,lord(dominate)
equus,,m.,horse(equine)
frmentum,,n., grain
lgtus,,m.,lieutenant,ambassador(legate)
Mrcus,,m.,Marcus,Mark
mrus,,m.,wall(mural)
oppidnus, ,m.,townsman
oppidum, ,n.,town
plum,,n., spear(piledriver)
servus,,m.,slave,servant
Sextus,,m.,Sextus
Verbs
crat,he(she,it)caresfor,withacc.
properat,he(she,it)hastens
LESSONX, 82
Nouns
amcus,,m., friend (amicable)
Germnia,ae,f.,Germany
patria,ae,f., fatherland
populus,,m.,people
Rhnus,,m.,theRhine
vcus,,m.,village
LESSONXI, 86
Nouns
arma,armrum,n.,plur.,arms,especially
defensiveweapons
fma,ae,f.,rumorreputation,fame
galea,ae,f.,helmet
praeda,ae,f.,booty,spoils(predatory)
tlum,,n.,weaponofoffense,spear
Adjectives
drus,a, um,hard,roughunfeeling,cruel
severe,toilsome(durable)
Rmnus,a, um, Roman.Asanoun,
Rmnus,,m.,aRoman
LESSONXII, 90
Nouns
flius,fl,m.,son(filial)
fluvius,fluv,m.,river(fluent)
gladius,glad,m.,sword
(gladiator)
praesidium,praesid,n.,
garrison,guard,protection
proelium,proel,n.,battle
Adjectives
fnitimus,a, um, borderingupon,neighboring,nearto.As
anoun,fnitim,rum,m.,plur.,neighbors
Germnus,a, um,German.Asanoun,Germnus,,m.,
aGerman
multus,a,um,muchplur.,many
Adverb
saepe,often
286
LESSONXIII, 95
Nouns
ager,agr,m.,field (acre)
cpia,ae,f.,plenty,abundance (copious)plur.,troops,forces
Cornlius,Cornl,m.,Cornelius
lrca,ae,f.,coatofmail,corselet
praemium,praem,n.,
reward,prize(premium)
puer,puer,m.,boy(puerile)
Rma,ae,f., Rome
sctum,,n.,shield
(escutcheon)
vir,vir,m.,man,hero(virile)
Adjectives
leginrius,a, um,1legionary,belongingtothelegion.Asa
noun,leginri,rum,m.,plur.,legionarysoldiers
lber,lbera,lberum,free(liberty)Asanoun.lber,rum,
m.,plur.,children(lit.thefreeborn)
pulcher,pulchra,pulchrum,
pretty,beautiful
Preposition
apud, among,withacc.
Conjunction
sed,but
1.Thegenitivesingularmasculineofadjectivesiniusendsin iandthevocativein ienotin
,asinnouns.
LESSONXIV, 99
Nouns
auxilium,auxil,n.,help,aid(auxiliary)
castrum,,n., fort (castle)plur.,camp(lit.
forts)
cibus,,m., food
cnsilium,cnsil,n.,plan (counsel)
dligentia,ae,f.,diligence,industry
magister,magistr,m.,master,teacher1
Adjectives
aeger,aegra,aegrum,sick
crber,crbra,crbrum,frequent
miser,misera,miserum,wretched,unfortunate
(miser)
1.Observethatdominus,asdistinguishedfrom magister,meansmasterinthesenseof owner.
LESSONXV, 107
Nouns
carrus,,m.,cart,wagon
inopia, ae,f.,want,lack theoppositeof cpia
studium,stud,n., zeal,eagerness(study)
Verb
mtrat,he(she,it)hastens.Cf.properat
287
Adjectives
armtus,a, um, armed
nfrmus,a,um,week,feeble (infirm)
validus,a,um,strong,sturdy
Adverb
iam,already,now
que,conjunction,andanenclitic(cf.16)andalwaysaddedtothesecondoftwowordstobe
connected,asarmatlaque,armsandweapons.
LESSONXVII, 117
Nouns
agrcultra,ae,f.,agriculture
domicilum,domcil,n.,
dwellingplace(domicile)abode
fmina,ae,f.,woman(female)
Gallia,ae,f.,Gaul
Gallus,i,m.,aGaul
lacrima,ae,f.,tear
numerus,,m.,number(numeral)
Adjective
mtrus,a, um, ripe,mature
Verbs
arat,he(she,it)plows(arable)
dsderat,he(she,it)misses,
longsfor (desire),withacc.
Adverb
qu,whither
Conjunction
an,or,introducingthesecondhalfofadoublequestion,asIs
heaRomanoraGaul,EstneRomanusanGallus?
LESSONXVIII, 124
Nouns
ldus,,m.,school
socius,soc,m.,companion,ally (social)
Adjectives
rtus,a, um,angry,furious(irate)
laetus,a, um,happy,glad (social)
Adverbs
hodi,today
ibi, there,inthatplace
mox,presently,soon,oftheimmediatefuture
nunc,now,thepresentmoment
nper,lately,recently,oftheimmediatepast
LESSONXX, 136
Nouns
frma,ae,f., form,beauty
poena, ae,f.,punishment,penalty
potentia,ae,f.,power(potent)
regna,ae,f.,queen(regal)
superbia,ae,f.,pride,haughtiness
trstta,ae,f.,sadness,sorrow
Adjectives
septem,indeclinable,seven
superbus,a, um, proud,haughty (superb)
Conjunctions
nnslum...sedetiam,notonly...butalso
288
LESSONXXI, 140
Nouns
sacrum,,n.,sacrifice,offering,rite
verbum,,n.,word(verb)
Verbs
sede, re, sit(sediment)
vol,re, fly(volatile)
Adjectives
interfectus,a, um, slain
molestus,a, um,troublesome,annoying (molest)
perpetuus,a, um,perpetual,continuous
ego,personalpronoun,I (egotism).Alwaysemphaticinthenominative.
LESSONXXII, 146
Nouns
disciplna,ae, f.,training,culture,discipline
rnmentum,,n.,ornament,jewel
Gius,G,m.,Caius,aRomanfirstname
Tiberius,Tiber,m.,Tiberius,aRomanfirstname
Verb
doce,re,teach(doctrine)
Adverb
maxim,mostofall,especially
Adjective
antquus, qua, quum, old,ancient (antique)
LESSONXXVII, 168
Nouns
la,ae,f.,wing
deus,,m.,god (deity)1
monstrum,,n., omen,prodigymonster
rculum,,n.,oracle
Verb
vst,re,laywaste,devastate
Adjectives
commtus,a,um,moved,excited
maximus,a,um, greatest(maximum)
saevus,a, um, fierce,savage
Adverbs
ita, thus,inthisway,asfollows
tum,then,atthattime
1.Forthedeclensionof deus,see468
LESSONXXVIII, 171
Verbs
responde,re,respond,reply
serv,re,save,preserve
Adjective
crus,a, um, dear(cherish)
Conjunction
autem,but,moreover,now.Usually
standssecond,neverfirst
Noun
vta, ae,f.,life (vital)
289
LESSONXXIX, 176
Verb
super,re,conquer,overcome(insuperable)
Nouns
cra,ae,f.,care,trouble
locus,,m.,place,spot(location).Locusisneuterinthepluraland
isdeclinedloca,rum,etc.
perculum,,n., danger,peril
Adverbs
semper,always
tamen,yet,nevertheless
Prepositions
d,withabl.,downfrom
concerning
per,withacc.,through
Conjunction
si,if
LESSONXXX, 182
Verbs
absum,abesse,irreg.,beaway,beabsent,be
distant,withseparativeabl.
discd,ere,depart,goaway,leave,
withseparativeabl.
adpropinqu,re,drawnear,approach
(propinquity),withdative1
contine, re,holdtogether,hemin,keep(contain)
ege,re,lack,need,bewithout,with
separativeabl.
interfici,ere,kill
prohibe,re,restrain,keepfrom
(prohibit)
vulner,re,wound(vulnerable)
Nouns
prvincia,ae,f.,province
vnum,,n., wine
Adjective
dfessus,a, um,weary,wornout
Adverb
long,far,byfar,faraway
1.Thisverbgovernsthedativebecausetheideaof nearnesstoisstrongerthanthatof motionto.
Ifthelatterideawerethestronger,thewordwouldbeusedwith adandtheaccusative.
LESSONXXXI, 188
Nouns
aurum,,n.,gold(oriole)
mora,ae,f.,delay
nvigium,nvig,n.,boat,ship
ventus,,m.,wind(ventilate)
Verb
nvig, re,sail(navigate)
Adjectives
attentus, a, um,attentive,careful
dubius, a, um, doubtful (dubious)
perfidus,a, um,faithless,treacherous(perfidy)
Adverb
ante,before,previously
Preposition
sine,withabl.,without
290
LESSONXXXII, 193
Nouns
animus,,m.,mind,heartspirit,feeling
(animate)
bracchium,bracch,n., forearm,arm
porta,ae,f.,gate(portal)
Adjectives
adversus,a, um,oppositeadverse,
contrary
plnus,a, um, full (plenty)
Preposition
pr,withabl.,beforeinbehalfofinsteadof
Adverb
di, foralongtime,long
LESSONXXXIV, 200
Adverbs
celeriter,quickly(celerity)
dnique, finally
graviter,heavily,severely(gravity)
subit,suddenly
Verb
report,re,v,bringback,restorewin,gain (report)
LESSONXXXVI, 211
dexter,dextra,dextrum,right(dextrous)
sinister,sinistra,sinistrum,left
frstr,adv.,invain (frustrate)
ger,gerere,gess,gestus,bear,carryonwearbellumgerere,towagewar
occup,occupre,occupv,occuptus, seize,takepossessionof(occupy)
postul,postulre,postulv,postultus,demand(expostulate)
recs,recsre,recsv,recstus,refuse
st,stre,stet,status, stand
tempt,temptre,temptv,tempttus,try,tempt,testattempt
tene,tenre,tenu, , keep,hold (tenacious)
Theword ubi,whichwehaveusedsomuchinthesenseof whereinaskingaquestion,hastwo
otherusesequallyimportant:
1.ubi=when,asarelativeconjunctiondenotingtimeas,
Ubimnstrumaudvrunt,fgrunt,whentheyheardthemonster,theyfled
2.ubi=where,asarelativeconjunctiondenotingplaceas,
VideoppidumubiGalbahabitat, IseethetownwhereGalbalives
Ubiiscalledarelativeconjunctionbecauseitisequivalenttoarelativepronoun.Wheninthe
firstsentenceisequivalenttoatthetimeatwhich andinthesecond,whereisequivalenttothe
placeinwhich.
291
LESSONXXXVII, 217
neque or nec,conj.,neither,nor,and...not neque...neque,
neither...nor
castellum,,n.,redoubt,fort
(castle)
cotdi,adv., daily
cess,cessre,cessv,cesstus,cease,withtheinfin.
incipi,incipere,incp,inceptus, begin (incipient),withtheinfin.
oppugn,oppugnre,oppugnv,oppugntus,storm,assail
pet,petere,petivi orpeti,pettus,aimat,assail,storm,attackseek,ask(petition)
pn,pnere,posu,positus,place,put (position) castrapnere,topitchcamp
possum,posse,potu, , beable,can (potent),withtheinfin.
vet,vetre,vetu,vetitus, forbid(veto),viththeinfin.oppositeof iube,command
vinc,vincere,vc,victus, conquer(invincible)
vv,vvere,vx,, live,bealive (revive)
LESSONXXXIX, 234
barbarus,a,um,strange,foreign,barbarous.Asanoun,
barbar,rum,m.,plur.,savages,barbarians
dux,ducis,m.,leader(duke).Cf.theverb dc
eques,equitis,m.,horseman,cavalryman(equestrian)
idex,idicis,m.,judge
lapis,lapidis,m.,stone(lapidary)
mles,mlitis,m.,soldier(militia)
pedes,peditis,m., footsoldier
(pedestrian)
ps,pedis,1m., foot (pedal)
prnceps,prncipis,m.,chief
(principal)
rx,rgis,m.,king(regal)
summus,a, um,highest,
greatest(summit)
virts,virttis,f.,manliness,
courage(virtue)
1.Observethate islonginthenom.sing,andshortintheothercases.
LESSONXL, 237
Caesar,aris,m.,Csar
captvus, ,m.,captive,prisoner
cnsul,is,m.,consul
frter,frtris,m.,brother(fraternity)
hom,hominis,m.,man,humanbeing
impedmentum,,n.,hindrance(impediment)plur.
impedmenta,rum,baggage
292
impertor,impertris,m.,commander
inchief,general (emperor)
legi,leginis,f.,legion
mter,mtris,f.,mother(maternal)
rd,rdinis,m.,row,rank(order)
pater,patris,m., father(paternal)
sals,saltis,f.,safety(salutary)
soror,sorris,f.,sister(sorority)
LESSONXLI, 239
calamits,calamittis,f.,loss,disaster,defeat (calamity)
caput,capitis,n.,head (capital)
flmen,flminis,n.,river(flume)
labor,labris,m.,labor,toil
opus,operis,n.,work,task
rtor,rtris,m.,orator
rpa,ae,f.,bank (ofastream)
tempus,temporis,n.,time(temporal)
terror,terrris,m.,terror,fear
victor,victris,m.,victor
accipi,accipere,accp,acceptus, receive,accept
cnfirm,cnfrmre,cnfrmv,cnfrmtus,strengthen,establish,encourage(confirm)
LESSONXLIII, 245
animal,animlis(ium1),n., animal
avis,avis(ium),f.,bird(aviation)
caeds,caeds(ium),f.,slaughter
calcar,calcris(ium),n.,spur
cvis,cvis(ium),m.andf.,citizen(civic)
clins,clientis(ium),m.,retainer,dependent(client)
fnis,fnis(ium),m.,end,limit(final)plur.,country,
territory
hostis,hostis(ium),m.andf.,enemyinwar(hostile).
Distinguishfrom inimcus,whichmeansapersonal
enemy
ignis,ignis(ium),m., fire(ignite)
nsigne,nsignis(ium),n.
decoration,badge(ensign)
mare,maris(ium2),n., sea(marine)
nvis,nvis(ium),f.,ship(naval)
nvislonga,manofwar
turris,turris(ium),f.,tower(turret)
urbs,urbis(ium),f.,city(suburb).
An urbsislargerthanan oppidum.
1.Thegenitivepluralendingiumiswrittentomarktheistems.
2.Thegenitivepluralof mareisnotinuse.
LESSONXLIV, 249
arbor,arboris,f.,tree(arbor)
collis,collis(ium),m.,hill
dns,dentis(ium),m.,tooth (dentist)
fns,fontis(ium),m.. fountain,spring
source
iter,itineris,n.,march,journey,route
(itinerary)
mnsis,mnsis(ium),m.,month
moenia,ium,n.,plur.,walls,fortifications.
Cf.mrus
mns,montis(ium),m.,mountain
summusmns,topofthemountain
numquam,adv.,never
pns,pontis,m.,bridge(pontoon)
293
sanguis,sanguinis,m.,blood(sanguinary)
summus,a, um,highest,greatest(summit)
trns,prep,withacc.,across(transatlantic)
vs(vs),gen.plur.virium,f.strength,force,
violence(vim)
LESSONXLV, 258
cer,cris,cre,sharp,keen,eager
(acrid)
brevis,breve,short,brief
difficilis,difficile,difficult
facilis,facile,facile,easy
fortis,forte,brave(fortitude)
gravis,grave,heavy,severe,serious
(grave)
omnis,omne,every,all(omnibus)
pr,gen.paris,equal(par)
pauc, ae, a, few,onlyafew (paucity)
secundus,a, um, secondfavorable,oppositeof
adversus
signum,,n.,signal,sign,standard
vlx,gen.vlcis,swift (velocity)
conloc,conlocre,conlocv,conloctus,arrange,station,place(collocation)
dmnstr,dmnstrre,dmnstrv,dmnstrtus,pointout,explain(demonstrate)
mand,mandre,mandv,mandtus, commit,intrust(mandate)
LESSONXLVI, 261
adventus, s,m.,approach,arrival
(advent)
ante,prep,withacc.,before(ante
date)
corn,s,n., horn,wingofanarmy
(cornucopia)
dextrcorn,ontherightwing
sinistrcorn,ontheleftwing
equittus, s,m.,cavalry
exercitus,s,m.,army
impetus,s,m.,attack(impetus) impetumfacerein,
withacc.,tomakeanattackon
lacus,s,dat.andabl.plur.lacubus,m.,lake
manus,s,f.,handband,force(manual)
portus,s,m.,harbor(port)
post,prep,withacc.,behind,after(postmortem)
crem,cremre,cremv,cremtus,burn(cremate)
exerce,exercre,exercu,exercitus,practice,drill,train (exercise)
LESSONXLVII, 270
Athnae,rum,f.,plur.,Athens
Corinthus,,f.,Corinth
domus,s,locativedom,f.,house,home
294
propter,prep.withacc.,onaccountof,
becauseof
(dome).Cf.domicilium
Genva,ae,f.,Geneva
Pompii,rum,m.,plur.,Pompeii,acityin
Campania.Seemap
rs,rris,intheplur.onlynom.andacc.rra,
n.,country(rustic)
tergum,terg,n.,back terg,behind,inthe
rear
vulnus,vulneris,n.,wound(vulnerable)
committ,committere,comms,commissus,intrust,commitproeliumcommittere,join
battle
convoc,convocre,convocv,convoctus,calltogether,summon(convoke)
time,timre,timu,, fearbeafraid(timid)
vert,vertere,vert,versus,turn,change (convert) tergavertere,toturnthebacks,henceto
retreat
LESSONXLVIII, 276
acis,,f.,lineofbattle
aests,aesttis,f.,summer
annus,,m.,year(annual)
dis,di,m.,day(diary)
fids,fide,noplur.,f., faith,trustpromise,
wordprotectioninfidemvenre,tocomeunder
theprotection
fluctus,s,m.wave,billow (fluctuate)
hiems,hiemis,f.,winter
hra,ae,f.,hour
lx,lcis,f.,light (lucid) prmalux,
daybreak
merdis,acc.em,abl.,noplur.,m.,
midday(meridian)
nox,noctis(ium),f.,night(nocturnal)
prmus,a, um, first(prime)
rs,re,f.,thing,matter(real)
rsgestae,deeds,exploits(lit.things
performed) rsadversae,adversity rs
secundae,prosperity
sps,spe,f.,hope
LESSONXLIX, 283
amcitia,ae,f., friendship(amicable)
itaque,conj.,andso,therefore,
accordingly
littera,ae,f.,aletter ofthealphabet
plur.,aletter,anepistle
metus,mets,m.,fear
nihil,indeclinable,n.,nothing (nihilist)
nntius,nnt,m.,messenger.Cf.nnti
px,pcis,f.,peace(pacify)
rgnum,,n.,reign,sovereignty,kingdom
supplicum,supplic,n.,punishment
supplicumsmered,withabl.,inflictpunishment
on
supplicumdare,sufferpunishment.Cf.poena
place,placre,placu,placitus,bepleasingto,please,withdative.Cf.154
sm,smere,smps,smptus,takeup,assume
sustine,sustinre,sustinu,sustentus,sustain
295
LESSONL, 288
corpus,corporis,n.,body(corporal)
dnsus,a, um, dense
dem,eadem,idem,demonstrativepronoun,the
lim,adv., formerly,onceuponatime
pars,partis(ium),f.,part,region,direction
quoque,adv.,also.Standsafter theword
same(identity)
ipse,ipsa,ipsum,intensivepronoun,selfeven,
very
mrus,a, um,wonderful,marvelous(miracle)
whichitemphasizes
sl,slis,m.,sun(solar)
vrus,a, um, true,real(verity)
dbe,dbre,dbu,dbitus, owe,ought(debt)
ripi,ripere,ripu,reptus,snatchfrom
LESSONLI, 294
hic,haec,hoc,demonstrative
pronoun,this(ofmine) he,she,it
ille,illa,illud,demonstrative
pronoun that (yonder) he,she,it
invsus,a,um,hateful,detested,
withdativeCf.143
iste,ista,istud,demonstrative
pronoun,that(ofyours) he,she,it
lberts,tis,f.,liberty
modus,,m.,measuremanner,
way,mode
nmen,nminis,n., name(nominate)
oculus,,m.,eye(oculist)
prstinus,a, um, former,oldtime (pristine)
pblicus,a, um, public,belongingtothestate rs
pblica,repblicae,f.,thecommonwealth,thestate,the
republic
vestgium,vestg,n., footprint,tracktrace,vestige
vx,vcis,f.,voice
LESSONLII, 298
incolumis,e, unharmed
n...quidem,adv., noteven.Theemphatic
wordstandsbetween nandquidem
nisi,conj.,unless,if...not
paene,adv.,almost (peninsula)
satis,adv.,enough,sufficiently(satisfaction)
tantus, a,um,sogreat
vr,adv.,truly,indeed,infact.Asaconj.but,
however,usuallystandssecond,neverfirst.
dcid,dcidere,dcid, , falldown(deciduous)
dsili,dsilre,dsilu,dsultus,leapdown,dismount
mane,manre,mns,mnsrus,remain
trdc,trdcere,trdx,trductus,leadacross
296
LESSONLIII, 306
aquila,ae,f.,eagle(aquiline)
audx,gen.audcis,adj.,
bold,audacious
celer,celeris,celere,swift,
quick(celerity).Cf.vlx
explratr,ris,m.,scout,
spy(explorer)
ingns,gen.ingentis,adj.,
huge,vast
mns,mentis(ium),f.,mind(mental).Cf.animus
opportnus,a,um,opportune
quam,adv.,than.Withthesuperlativequam givestheforceof
aspossible,asquamaudcissimvir,menasboldaspossible
recens,gen.recentis,adj.,recent
tam,adv.,so.Alwayswithanadjectiveoradverb,whileitais
generallyusedwithaverb
medius,a, um,middle,
middlepartof(medium)
quaer,quaerere,quaesv,quaestus,ask,inquire,seek(question).Cf.pet
LESSONLIV, 310
alacer,alacris,alacre,eager,spirited,excited(alacrity)
celerits,tis,f.,speed(celerity)
clmor,clmris,m.,shout,clamor
lnis,lne,mild,gentle (lenient)
mulier,mulieris,f.,woman
multitd,multitdinis,f.,multitude
nm,dat.nmin,acc. nminem (gen.nllus,abl.nll,
from nllus),noplur.,m.andf.,noone
nbilis,nbile,wellknown,
noble
noct,adv.(anoldabl.),by
night(nocturnal)
statim,adv.,immediately,at
once
subit,adv., suddenly
tardus,a, um,slow (tardy)
cupi,cupere,cupv,cuptus, desire,wish(cupidity)
LESSONLV, 314
aedificium,aedific,n.,building,
dwelling(edifice)
imperium,imper,n.,command,chief
powerempire
mors,mortis(ium),f.,death (mortal)
reliquus,a, um,remaining,restof.Asanoun,m.and
n.plur.,therest(relic)
scelus,sceleris,n.,crime
servits,tis,f.,slavery(servitude)
valls,vallis(ium),f.,valley
abd,abdere,abdid,abditus, hide
contend,contendere,contend,contentus, strain,strugglehasten(contend)
occd,occdere,occd,occsus,cutdown,kill.Cf.nec,interfici
perterre,perterrre,perterru,perterritus,terrify,frighten
recipi,recipere,recp,receptus,receive,recover srecipere,betakeonesself,withdraw,
retreat
trd,trdere,trdid,trditus, giveover,surrender,deliver(traitor)
297
LESSONLVI, 318
aditus, s,m.,approach,accessentrance
cvits,cvittis,f.,citizenshipbodyofcitizens,
state(city)
inter,prep,withacc.,between,among(interstate
commerce)
nam,conj., for
obses,obsidis,m.andf.,hostage
paul,adv.(abl.n.of paulus),byalittle,
somewhat
incol,incolere,incolu,,transitive,inhabit intransitive,dwell.Cf.
habit,vv
relinqu,relinquere,relqu,relictus,leave,abandon(relinquish)
statu,statuere,statu,stattus, fix,decide (statute),usuallywithinfin.
LESSONLVII, 326
aequus,a, um,even,levelequal
cohors,cohortis(ium),f.,cohort,atenthpartofa
legion,about360men
curr,currere,cucurr,cursus,run(course)
difficults,tis,f.,difficulty
fossa,ae,f.,ditch(fosse)
gns,gentis(ium),f.,race,tribe,nation
(Gentile)
negtium,negt,n.,business,affair,
matter(negotiate)
regi,nis,f.,region,district
rmor,rmris,m.,rumor,report.Cf.
fma
simulatque,conj.,assoonas
suscipi,suscipere,suscp,susceptus,undertake
trah,trahere,trx,trctus,drag,draw (extract)
vale,valre,valu,valitrus,bestrongplrimumvalre,tobemostpowerful,havegreat
influence (value).Cf.validus
LESSONLVIII, 332
commetus,s,m..provisions
ltitd, inis,f.,width(latitude)
longitd, inis,f.,length (longitude)
magnitd, inis,f.,size,magnitude
merctor,merctris,m.,trader,merchant
mnti, nis,f., fortification(munition)
spatium,spat,n.,room,space,distancetime
cognsc,cognscere,cognv,cognitus, learnintheperfecttenses,know (recognize)
cg,cgere,cog,coctus, collectcompel (cogent)
dfend,dfendere,dfend,dfnsus,defend
298
incend,incendere,incend,incnsus,setfireto,burn(incendiary).Cf.crem
obtine,obtinre,obtinu,obtentus, possess,occupy,hold (obtain)
perveni,pervenre,pervn,perventus,comethrough,arrive
LESSONLIX, 337
agmen,agminis,n.,lineofmarch,column
prmumagmen,thevan novissimumagmen,the
rear
atque,ac,conj.,and atque isusedbeforevowels
andconsonants,acbeforeconsonantsonly.Cf.et
andque
concilium,concil,n.,council,assembly
Helvti,rum,m.,theHelvetii,aGallic
tribe
passus,passs,m.,apace,fiveRomanfeet
mllepassuum,athousand(of)paces,a
Romanmile
qudcaus, forthisreason,forwhat
reason
vllum,,n., earthworks,rampart
cad,cadere,cecid,csrus, fall (decadence)
dd,ddere,ddid,dditus, surrender,giveupwithareflexivepronoun,surrenderones
self,submit,withthedativeoftheindirectobject
prem,premere,press,pressus,presshard,harass
vex,vexre,vexv,vextus,annoy,ravage(vex)
LESSONLX, 341
aut,conj.,or aut...aut, either...or
caus,abl.of causa,forthesakeof,becauseof.
Alwaysstandsafterthegen.whichmodifiesit
fer,adv.,nearly,almost
opni, nis,f.,opinion,supposition,
expectation
rsfrmentria,refrmentriae,f.(lit.
thegrainaffair), grainsupply
timor,ris,m.,fear.Cf.time
undique,adv., fromallsides
cnor,cnr,cntussum,attempt,try
gredior,gred,gressussum,moveout,disembark prgredior,moveforward,advance
(egress,progress)
moror,morr,mortussum,delay
orior,orir,ortussum,arise,springbeginbeborn(from)(origin)
proficscor,proficsc,profectussum,setout
revertor,revert,reversussum,return(revert).Theformsofthisverbareusuallyactive,and
notdeponent,intheperfectsystem.Perf.act.,revert
sequor,sequ,sectussum, follow (sequence).Notethefollowingcompoundsof sequor and
theforceofthedifferentprefixes:cnsequor (followwith),overtake nsequor (followagainst),
pursue subsequor (followunder),followcloseafter
299
LATINENGLISHVOCABULARY
Translationsinclosedwithinparenthesesarenottobeusedassuchtheyareinsertedtoshow
etymologicalmeanings.
Theparenthesesareshowninsquarebrackets[],asintheoriginal.
A B C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T U V
A
orab,prep.withabl.from,by,off.Translated
onin dextrcorn,ontherightwing fronte,
onthefront orinfront dextr,ontheright
latere,ontheside etc.
abd, ere,did, ditus,hide,conceal
abdc, ere,dx, ductus,leadoff,leadaway
abscd, ere,cd,csus [ab(s), off,+ caed,
cut],cutoff
absum,esse,fu,futrus,beaway,be
absent,bedistant,beoffwith or ab andabl.,
501.32
ac,conj.,seeatque
accipi, ere,cp, ceptus [ad, to,+capi,
take],receive,accept
cer,cris,cre,adj.sharpfiguratively,keen,
active,eager(471)
altitd, inis,f.[altus,high],height
altus,a, um,adj.high,tall,deep
Amzons,um,f.plur.Amazons,afabled
tribeofwarlikewomen
amb,ae, ,adj.(decl.likeduo),both
amc,adv.[amcus,friendly],superl.
amcissim,inafriendlymanner
amici,re,, ictus [am,about,+
iaci,throw],throwaround,wrapabout,
clothe
amcitia,ae,f.[amcus, friend], friendship
amcus,a, um,adj.[am,love], friendly.
Asanoun,amcus,,m.friend
mitt, ere,ms,missus,sendawaylose
am,re,v, tus,love,like,befondof
(488)
acerbus,a, um,adj.bitter,sour
acis,,f.[cer,sharp],edgelineofbattle
criter,adv.[cer,sharp],comparedcrius,
cerrim,sharply,fiercely
ad,prep.withacc.to,towards,near.Withthe
gerundorgerundive,to,for
adaequ, re,v, tus, makeequal,make
levelwith
addc, ere,dx, ductus,leadtomove,
induce
ade, re,i,itus, goto,approach,drawnear,
visit,withacc.(413)
adfer,adferre,attul,adltus,bring,
conveyreport,announcerender,give(426)
adfici,ere,fc, fectus[ad, to,+faci,do],
affect,visit
adflcttus,a, um,adj.[part.of adflct,
shatter],shattered
adflg,ere,flx,flctus,dashupon,strike
uponharass,distress
adhibe, re,u, itus [ad, to,+ habe, hold],
apply,employ,use
adhc,adv.hitherto,asyet,thusfar
aditus, s,m.[ade,approach], approach,
accessentrance.Cf.adventus
adlig,re,v, tus, bindto,fasten
adloquor,loqu,loctussum,dep.verb[ad,
to,+loquor,speak],speakto,address,with acc.
administr,re,v, tus, manage,direct
admrti,nis,f.[admror,wonderat],
admiration,astonishment
admove,re,mv, mtus,movetoapply,
employ
adpropinqu, re,v, tus,comenear,
approach,withdat.
adsum,esse,fu, futres,bepresentassist
withdat., 426
adulscns,entis,m.andf.[part.of adolsc,
grow],ayouth,youngman,youngperson
300
adventus, s,m.[ad,to,+ veni, come],
approach,arrival(466)
adversus,a, um,adj.[part.of advert,turnto],
turnedtowards,facing contrary,adverse.
rsadversae,adversity
aedificium,aedific,n.[aedific, build],
amphithetrum,,n.amphitheater
amplus,a, um,adj.large,ample
honorable,noble
an,conj.or,introducingthesecondpartofa
doublequestion
ancilla,ae,f.maidservant
301
ancora,ae,f.anchor
Andromeda,ae,f.Andromeda,daughterof
CepheusandwifeofPerseus
angulus,,m.angle,corner
animadvert,ere,t, sus[animus,mind,
+advert,turnto],turnthemindto,notice
animal,lis,n.[anima,breath], animal
(465. b)
animsus,a, um,adj.spirited
animus,,m.[anima,breath], mind,heart
spirit,courage,feelinginthissenseoften
plural
annus,i,m.year
ante,prep,withacc.before
ante,adv.[ante],before,formerly
antquus, a, um,adj.[ante, before], former,
ancient,old
aper,apr,m.wildboar
Apoll,inis,m.Apollo,sonofJupiterand
Latona,brotherofDiana
appre,re,u, [ad+pre,
appear],appear
appell,re,v, tus, callbyname,
name.Cf.nmin,voc
Appius,a, um,adj.Appian
applic,re,v, tus, apply,direct,turn
apud,prep,withacc.amongat,atthehouse
of
aqua, ae,f.water
aquila,ae,f.eagle
ra,ae,f.altar
arbitror,r,tussum, think,suppose
(420. c).Cf.exstim,put
arbor,oris,f.tree(247.1. a)
Arcadia,ae,f.Arcadia,adistrictinsouthern
Greece
rde,re,rs,rsrus,beonfire,blaze,
burn
arduus,a, um,adj.steep
building,edifice
aedific,re,vi, tus[aeds, house,+faci,
make],build
aeger,aegra,aegrum,adj.sick,feeble
aequlis,e,adj.equal,like.Asanoun,aequlis,
is,m.orf.oneofthesameage
aequus,a, um,adj.even,levelequal
Aespus,,m.sop,awriteroffables
aests,tis,f.summer,initaestte, atthe
beginningofsummer
aets,tis,f.age
Aethiopia, ae,f.Ethiopia,acountryinAfrica
frica,ae,f.Africa
fricnus,a, um,adj.ofAfrica.Anamegiven
toScipioforhisvictoriesinAfrica
ager,agr,m.field,farm,land( 462. c)
agger,eris,m.mound
agmen,inis,n.[ag,drive], anarmy onthe
march,column.
prmumagmen,thevan
ag,ere,g,ctus, drive,leaddo,perform.
vtamagere,passlife
agricola,ae,m.[ager,field,+ col,cultivate],
farmer
agrcultra,ae,f.agriculture
la,ae,f.wing
alacer,cris,cre,adj.active,eager.Cf.cer
alacrits,tis,f.[alacer,active],eagerness,
alacrity
alacriter,adv.[alacer,active],compalacrius,
alacerrim,actively,eagerly
albus,a, um,adj.,white
alcs,is,f.elk
Alcmna,ae,f.Alcmena,themotherof
Hercules
aliquis(qu), qua,quid(quod),indef.pron.
someone,some(487)
alius,a, ud (gen.us,dat. ),adj.another,
other.
alius...alius,one...another.
ali...ali,some...others(110)
Alps,ium,f.plur.theAlps
alter,era,erum (gen.us,dat. ),adj.theone,
theother(oftwo).
alter...alter,theone...theother( 110)
Arcia,ae,f.Aricia,atownontheAppian
Way,nearRome
aris,etis,m.batteringram(p.221)
arma,rum,n.plur.arms,weapons.Cf.
tlum
armtus,a, um,adj.[arm,arm],armed,
equipped
ar,re,v, tus, plow,till
ars,artis,f.art,skill
articulus,,m.joint
ascrb,ere,scrps,scrptus[ad, in
addition,+ scrb,write],enroll,enlist
sia,ae,f.Asia,i.e.AsiaMinor
at,conj.but.Cf.autem,sed
Athnae, rum,f.plur.Athens
Atls,antis,m.Atlas,aTitanwhowassaid
toholdupthesky
atque,ac,conj.and,andalso,andwhatis
more.atquemaybeusedbeforeeither
vowelsorconsonants,acbeforeconsonants
only
attentus, a, um,adj.[part.of attend,
direct(themind)toward],attentive,intenton,
careful
attonitus, a, um,adj.thunderstruck,
astounded
audcia, ae,f.[audx,bold],boldness,
audacity
audcter,adv.[audx,bold],compared
audcius,audcissim,boldly
audx,cis,adj.bold,daring
aude, re,ausussum,dare
audi, re,vor , tus,hear,listento
(420.d 491)
Augs,ae,m.Augeas,akingwhose
stablesHerculescleaned
aura,ae,f.air,breeze
aurtus,a, um,adj.[aurum,gold],
adornedwithgold
302
aureus,a,um,adj.[aurum,gold],golden
aurum,,n.gold
aut,conj.or.
aut...aut, either...or
autem,conj.,usuallysecond,neverfirst,in
theclause,but,moreover,however,now.Cf.
at,sed
auxilium,auxil,n.help,aid,assistance
plur.auxiliaries
vert,ere,t, sus, turnaway,turnaside
avis,is,f.bird(243.1)
B
ballista,ae,f.ballista,anengineforhurling
missiles(p.220)
balteus,,m.belt,swordbelt
barbarus,,m.barbarian,savage
bellum,,n.war.
bellumnferre,withdat. makewarupon
bene,adv.[for bon,from bonus],compared
melius,optim,well
benign,adv.[benignus, kind],compared
benignius,benignissim,kindly
benignus, a, um,adj.goodnatured,kind,often
usedwithdat.
bn, ae, a,distributivenumeraladj.twoeach,
twoatatime( 334)
bis,adv.twice
bonus,a, um,adj.comparedmelior,
optimus,good,kind (469.a)
bs,bovis(gen.plur.boum or bovum,dat.
andabl.plur.bbus orbbus),m.andf.ox,
cow
bracchium,bracch,n.arm
brevis,e,adj.short
Brundisium,,n.Brundisium,aseaportin
southernItaly.Seemap
bulla,ae,f.bulla,alocketmadeofsmall
concaveplatesofgoldfastenedbyaspring
(p.212)
C
C.abbreviationforGius,Eng.Caius
cad,ere,cecid,csrus,fall
caeds,is,f.[caed, cut],(acuttingdown),
slaughter,carnage(465. a)
caelum,,n.sky,heavens
Caesar,aris,m.Csar,thefamousgeneral,
statesman,andwriter
calamits,tis,f.loss,calamity,defeat,disaster
calcar,ris,n.spur(465. b)
Campnia,ae,f.Campania.,adistrictofcentral
Italy.Seemap
Campnus,a, um,adj.ofCampania
campus,,m.plain,field,esp.theCampus
Martius,alongtheTiberjustoutsidethewallsof
Rome
canis,is,m.andf.dog
can,ere,cecin,,sing
cant, re,vi, tus[can,sing],sing
Capnus,a, um,adj.ofCapena,esp.thePorta
Capena,thegateatRomeleadingtotheAppian
Way
capi,ere,cp,captus, take,seize,capture
(492)
Capitlnus,a,um,adj.belongingtothe
comprim,ere,press,pressus[com,
together,+prem,press],presstogether,
grasp,seize
concid, ere,cid, [com,intensive,+
cad, fall], falldown
concilium,concil,n.meeting,council
concld,ere,cls,clsus[com,
intensive,+claud,close],shutup,close
end,finish
concurr,ere,curr,cursus[com,
together,+curr,run],runtogetherrally,
gather
condici, nis,f.[com, together,+ dic,
talk],agreement,condition,terms
condn, re,v, tus, pardon
condc, ere,dx, ductus, hire
cnfer,ferre,tul, ltus,bringtogether.
scnferre,betakeonesself
cnfertus,a, um,adj.crowded,thick
cnfestim,adv.immediately
cnfici,ere,fc,fectus[com,
completely,+faci,do],make,complete,
accomplish,finish
cnfrm,re,v, tus, makefirm,
Capitol,Capitoline
Capitlium,Capitl,n.[caput,head], the
Capitol,thehillatRomeonwhichstoodthe
templeofJupiterCapitolinusandthecitadel
capsa,ae,f.boxforbooks
captvus, ,m.[capi,take],captive
Capua, ae,f.Capua,alargecityofCampania.
Seemap
caput, itis,n.head (464.2.b)
carcer,eris,m.prison,jail
carrus,,m.cart,wagon
crus,a, um,adj.dearprecious
casa,ae,f.hut,cottage
303
castellum,,n.[dim.of castrum,fort],redoubt,
fort
castrum,,n. fort.Usuallyintheplural,castra,
rum,amilitary camp.
castrapnere,topitchcamp
csus,us,m.[cad, fall],chancemisfortune,
loss
catapulta,ae,f.catapult,anengineforhurling
stones
catna, ae,f.chain
caupna, ae,f.inn
causa,ae,f.cause,reason,qudcaus, for
thisreason
cd,ere,cess,cessrus,giveway,retire
celer,eris,ere,adj.swift,fleet
celerits,tis,f.[celer,swift], swiftness,speed
celeriter,adv.[celer,swift],comparedcelerius,
celerrim,swiftly
cna,ae,f.dinner
centum,indecl.numeraladj.hundred
centuri,nis,m.centurion,captain
Cpheus(dissyl.),e (acc.Cphea),m.Cepheus,
akingofEthiopiaandfatherofAndromeda
Cerberus,,m.Cerberus,thefabledthree
headeddogthatguardedtheentrancetoHades
certmen,inis,n.[cert,struggle],struggle,
contest,rivalry
cert,adv.[certus,sure],comparedcertius,
certissim,surely,certainly
certus,a, um,adj.fixed,certain,sure.
aliquemcertiremfacere(tomakesomeone
morecertain),toinformsomeone
establish,strengthen,affirm,assert
cnflu,ere,flx,, flowtogether
cnfugi,ere,fg, fugitrus, fleefor
refuge,flee
conici, ere,ic, iectus[com,intensive,
+iaci,throw],hurl
coniung, ere,inx,inctus[com,
together,+iung,join], jointogether,unite
conir,re,v, tus[com, together,+
ir,swear],unitebyoath,conspire
conloc,re,v, tus[com, together,+
loc,place],arrange,place,station
conloquium,conloqu,n.[com,together,+
loquor,speak],conversation,conference
cnor,r,tussum,dep.verb,endeavor,
attempt,try
cnscend,ere,scend, scnsus[com,
intensive,+scand,climb], climbup,ascend.
nvemcnscendere,embark,goonboard
305
cnscrb,ere,scrps,scrptus[com,
together,+scrb,write],(writetogether),
enroll,enlist
cnsecr,re,v, tus[com,intensive,
+sacr,consecrate],consecrate,devote
cnsequor,sequ, sectussum,dep.verb
[com,intensive,+sequor,follow],pursue
overtakewin
cnserv,re,v,tus[com,intensive,
+serv,save],preserve,save
cnsilium,cnsil,n.plan,purpose,design
wisdom
cnsist,ere,stit, stitus [com,intensive,
+sist,causetostand],standfirmly,halt,
takeonesstand
cnspici,ere,spx,spectus [com,
intensive,+spici,spy],lookatattentively,
perceive,see
cnstantia, ae,f.firmness,steadiness,
perseverance
cnstitu, ere,u, tus [com,intensive,
+statu, set], establish,determine,resolve
cnst, re,stit,sttrus[com,
together,+st, stand], agreebecertain
consistof
cnsul,ulis,m.consul(464.2.a)
cervus,,m.stag,deer
cess,re,v, tus, delay,cease
cibria,rum,n.plur.food,provisions
cibus,,m. food,victuals
Cimbr,rum,m.plur.theCimbri
Cimbricus,a, um,adj.Cimbrian
cnctus,a, um,adj.[part.of cing,surround],
girt,surrounded
cing,ere,cnx,cnctus,gird,surround
circiter,adv.about
circum,prep,withacc.around
circumd,dare,ded, datus, placearound,
surround,inclose
circume,re,i, itus, goaround
circumsist,ere,circumstet,,stand
around,surround
circumveni,re,vn,ventus(come
around),surround
citerior,ius,adj.incomp.,superl.citimus,
hither,nearer(475)
cvlis,e,adj.[cvis],civil
cvis,is,m.andf.citizen(243.1)
cvits,tis,f.[cvis, citizen],(bodyofcitizens),
statecitizenship
clmor,ris,m.shout,cry
clrus,a, um,adj.clearfamous,renowned
bright,shining
classis,is,f.fleet
claud,ere,s,sus, shut,close
clavus,,m.stripe
clins,entis,m.dependent,retainer,client
(465. a)
Cocles,itis,m.(blindinoneeye), Cocles,the
surnameofHoratius
cognsc,ere,gnv, gntus, learn,know,
understand.Cf.sci(420. b)
cg,ere,cog,coctus[co(m),together,+
ag,drive],(drivetogether), collectcompel,
drive
cohors,cohortis,f.cohort,thetenthpartofa
legion,about360men
collis,is,m.hill,insummcolle,ontopofthe
hill( 247.2. a)
collum,,n.neck
304
col,ere,colu,cultus,cultivate,tillhonor,
cnsm,ere,smps,smptus[com,
intensive,+sum,take],consume,useup
contend, ere,d, tus, strainhasten
fight,contend,struggle
contine, re,u, tentus[com, together,
+tene,hold], holdtogether,hemin,
containrestrain
contr,prep,withacc.against,contraryto
contrah,ere,trx,trctus[com,
together,+trah,draw],drawtogetherof
sails,shorten,furl
contrversia,ae,f.dispute,quarrel
conveni, re,vn,ventus[com,
together,+veni, come], cometogether,
meet,assemble
convert,ere,vert,versus[com,
intensive,+vert,turn], turn
convoc, re,v, tus[com, together,+
voc,call],calltogether
coorior,r,ortussum,dep.verb[com,
intensive,+orior,rise],rise,breakforth
cpia,ae,f.[com,intensive,+ops,wealth],
abundance,wealth,plenty.Plur.cpiae,
rum,troops
coqu, ere,cox,coctus,cook
Corinthus,,f.Corinth,thefamouscityon
theIsthmusofCorinth
Cornlia,ae,f.Cornelia,daughterofScipio
andmotheroftheGracchi
Cornlius,Cornl,m.Cornelius,aRoman
name
corn,s,n.hornwingofanarmy,
dextrcorn,ontherightwing(466)
corna,ae,f.garland,wreathcrown
corntus,a, um,adj.crowned
corpus,oris,n.body
corripi,ere,u, reptus[com,intensive,
+rapi,seize],seize,grasp
cotdinus, a, um,adj.daily
cotdi,adv.daily
crber,bra,brum,adj.thick,crowded,
numerous,frequent
crd,ere,dd, ditus,trust,believe,with
dat.( 501.14)
crem,re,v, tus, burn
cre,re,v, tus,makeelect,appoint
worshipdevoteonesselfto
columna,ae,f.column,pillar
com(col,con,cor,co),aprefix,together,
with,orintensifyingthemeaningoftherootword
coma,ae,f.hair
comes,itis,m.andf.[com,together,+e,go],
companion,comrade
comittus,s,m.[comitor,accompany],escort,
company
comitor,r,tussum,dep.verb[comes,
companion],accompany
commetus,s,m.supplies
comminus,adv.[com,together,+manus,
hand],handtohand
committ,ere,ms,missus,jointogether
commit,intrust.
proeliumcommittere,joinbattle.
scommitterewithdat, trustonesselfto
commod,adv.[commodus,fit],compared
commodius,commodissim,conveniently,fitly
commodus,a, um,adj.suitable,fit
commtus,a, um,adj.[part.of commove,
move],aroused,moved
compar,re,v,tus[com,intensive,+
par,prepare],prepareprovide,get
comple,re,plv,pltus[com,intensive,+
ple,fill], fillup
complexus,s,m.embrace
Cren,ontis,m.Creon,akingofCorinth
crsc,ere,crv,crtus,rise,grow,
increase
306
Crta,ae,f.Crete,alargeislandinthe
Mediterranean
Crtaeus,a, um,adj.Cretan
crs,crris,n.leg
crstulum,,n.pastry,cake
cuble,is,n.bed
cultra,ae,f.culture,cultivation
cum,conj.withtheindic.orsubjv.when
sincealthough( 501.46)
cum,prep,withabl.with(209)
cupid,adv.[cupidus, desirous],compared
cupidius,cupidissim,eagerly
cupidits, tis,f.[cupidus, desirous],
desire,longing
cupi, ere,v ori, tus,desire,wish.Cf.
vol
cr,adv.why,wherefore
cra,ae,f.care,painsanxiety
cria,ae,f.senatehouse
cr,re,v, tus [cra,care],carefor,
attendto,lookafter
curr,ere,cucurr,cursus,run
currus,s,m.chariot
cursus,s,m.course
custdi, re,v, tus[custs, guard],
guard,watch
D
Daedalus,,m.Ddalus,thesupposedinventor
ofthefirstflyingmachine
Dvus,,m.Davus,nameofaslave
d,prep,withabl.downfrom,fromconcerning,
about,for (209).
qudcaus, forthisreason,wherefore
dea,ae,f.goddess(461. a)
dbe,re,u, itus [d, from,+ habe, hold],
owe,ought,should
decem,indecl.numeraladj.ten
dcern,ere,crv,crtus[d, from,+cern,
separate],decide,decree
dcid, ere,cid, [d, down,+cad, fall],
falldown
decimus,a, um,numeraladj.tenth
dc,ere,dx,dictus(imv.dc),say,speak,
tell.Usuallyintroducesindirectdiscourse
(420. a)
dicttor,ris,m.[dict,dictate], dictator,a
chiefmagistratewithunlimitedpower
dis,i ordi,m.,sometimesf.insing.,day
(467)
differ,ferre,distul,dltus[dis,apart,
+fer,carry],carryapartdiffer.
differreinters,differfromeachother
difficilis,e,adj.[dis, not,+facilis,easy],
hard,difficult (307)
difficults,tis,f.[difficilis,hard],difficulty
dligenter,adv.[dligns,careful],compared
dligentius,dligentissim,industriously,
dclvis,e,adj.slopingdownward
dd, ere,did, ditus,giveup,surrender,s
ddere,surrenderonesself
ddc, ere,dx, ductus [d, down,+dc,
lead],leaddown,escort
dfend,ere,d, fnsus,wardoff,repel,
defend
dfer,ferre,tul, ltus[d, down,+fer,
bring],bringdownreport,announce(426)
dfessus,a, um,adj.tiredout,weary
dfici,ere,fc,fectus[d, from,+faci,
make], fail,bewantingrevoltfrom
dfg,ere,fx,fxus[d,down,+fg,
fasten], fasten,fix
dici, ere,ic, iectus[d,down,+iaci,
hurl],hurldownbringdown,kill
deinde,adv.(fromthence),then,inthenext
place
dlect,re,v, tus,delight
dle,re,v,tus,blotout,destroy
dlber,re,v, tus, weigh,deliberate,
ponder
dlig,ere,lg,lctus[d, from,+ leg,
gather],choose,select
Delphicus,a, um,adj.Delphic
dmissus,a, um [part.of dmitt,senddown],
downcast,humble
dmnstr,re,v,tus[d,out,+
mnstr,point], pointout,show
dmum,adv.atlast,nottillthen.
tumdmum,thenatlast
dnique,adv.atlast,finally.Cf.postrm
dns,dentis,m.tooth( 247.2. a)
dnsus,a, um,adj.dense,thick
307
dpende, re,, [d,down,+
pende,hang], hangfrom,hangdown
dplr,re,v, tus[d,intensive,+plr,
wail],bewail,deplore
dpn, ere,posu, positus[d,down,+
pn,put], putdown
dscend,ere,d, scnsus[d,down,+
scand,climb],climbdown,descend
dscrb,ere,scrps,scrptus[d,down,+
scrb,write],writedown
dsder,re,v, tus, longfor
diligently
dligentia,ae,f.[dligns,careful], industry,
diligence
dmic,re,v, tus, fight,struggle
dmitt, ere,ms,missus[d,off,+
mitt,send], sendaway,dismiss,disband.
dmittereanimumin,directonesmindto,
applyonesselfto
Diomds,is,m.Domds,aname
dis,d,aprefixexpressingseparation,off,
apart,indifferentdirections.Oftennegatives
themeaning
discd,ere,cess,cessus[dis, apart,+
cd,go],departfrom,leave,withdraw,go
away
discern,ere,crv,crtus[dis,apart,+
cern,sift], separatedistinguish
disciplna,ae,f.instruction,training,
discipline
discipulus,,m.[disc, learn],pupil,
disciple
disc,ere,didic, ,learn
discuti, ere,cuss,cussus[dis,apart,+
quati, shake],shatter,dashtopieces
dispn, ere,posu, positus[dis,apart,
+pn, put],puthereandthere,arrange,
station
dissimilis,e,adj.[dis, apart,+ similis,
like],unlike,dissimilar(307)
distribu,ere,u, tus, divide,distribute
308
di,adv.,comparedditius,ditissim,fora
longtime,long (477)
d,dare,ded,datus, give.
infugamdare,puttoflight.
alicuinegtiumdare,employsomeone
doce,re,u, tus, teach,show
doctrna,ae,f.[doctor,teacher],teaching,
learning,wisdom
dolor,ris,m.pain,sorrow
domesticus,a, um,adj.[domus,house], of
thehouse,domestic
domicilium,domicil,n.dwellinghouse,
abode.Cf.domus
domina,ae,f.mistress(ofthehouse),lady
(461)
dsili,re,u, sultus[d,down,+sali,
leap],leapdown
dspr,re,v, tus[d, awayfrom,+
spr,hope], despair
dspici,ere,spxi,spectus [d, down],look
downupon,despise
dsum,esse,fu, futrus[d,awayfrom,+
sum,be],bewanting,lack,withdat.( 426)
deus,,m.god( 468)
dvolv,ere,volv,voltus[d,down,+
volv,roll],rolldown
dvor,re,v, tus[d, down,+vor,
swallow],devour
dexter,tra,trum (tera,terum),adj.tothe
right,right.
dextrcorn,ontherightwing
Dina, ae,f.Diana,goddessofthemoonand
twinsisterofApollo
dominus,,m.master(ofthehouse),owner,
ruler(462)
domus,s,f.house,home.
dom,locative,athome (468)
dormi,re,v, tus, sleep
drac,nis,m.serpent,dragon
dubit,re,v, tus, hesitate
dubius, a, um,adj.[duo, two],(movingtwo
ways),doubtful,dubious
ducent,ae, a,numeraladj.twohundred
dc, ere,dx,ductus (imv.dc), lead,
conduct
dum,conj.while,aslongas
duo,duae,duo,numeraladj.two(479)
duodecim,indecl.numeraladj.twelve
drus,a, um,adj.hard,toughharsh,
pitiless,bitter
dux,ducis,m.andf.[cf.dc,lead],leader,
commander
E
orex,prep,withabl.outof,from,off,of( 209)
eburneus,a,um,adj.ofivory
ecce,adv.see!behold!there!here!
dc, ere,dx,ductus [,out,+ dc,
lead],leadout,drawout
effici,ere,fc,fectus[ex,thoroughly,+
faci,do],workoutmake,cause
effugi,ere,fg,fugitrus[ex,from,+
fugi, flee], escape
ege,re,u,,beinneedof,lack,withabl.
(501.32)
ego,pers.pron.Iplur.ns,we(480)
gredior,,gressussum,dep.verb[,outof,
+gradior,go], goout,goforth.
nvgred,disembark
ici, ere,ic, iectus[, forth,+iaci,hurl],
hurlforth,expel
elementum,,n.,inplur.firstprinciples,
rudiments
elephantus,,m.elephant
lis,lidis,f.Elis,adistrictofsouthernGreece
em,ere,m,mptus,buy,purchase
enim,conj.,neverstandingfirst, for,infact,
indeed.Cf.nam
Ennius,Enn,m.Ennius,thefatherofRoman
poetry,born239B.C.
Etrsc,rum,m.theEtruscans,thepeople
ofEtruria.SeemapofItaly
Eurpa,ae,f.Europe
Eurystheus,,m.Eurystheus,akingof
Tiryns,acityinsouthernGreece
vd, ere,vs, vsus[, out,+vd,
go],goforth,escape
ex,see
exanimtus,a, um [part.of exanim,put
outofbreath (anima)],adj.outofbreath,
tiredlifeless
excipi,ere,cp, ceptus [ex,out,+
capi,take],welcome,receive
exemplum,,n.example,model
exe,re,i,itrus[ex,out,+e, go], go
out,goforth( 413)
exerce,re,u, itus[ex,out,+ arce,
shut],(shutout),employ,train,exercise,use
exercitus,us,m.[exerce,train],army
exstim,re,v,tus[ex,out,+
aestim,reckon],estimatethink,judge
(420. c).Cf.arbitror,put
exorior,r,ortussum,dep.verb[ex,
forth,+orior,rise],comeforth,rise
expedtus,a, um,adj.withoutbaggage
expell,ere,pul, pulsus[ex,out,+ pell,
e,re,i (v),itrus,go( 499)
e,adv.tothatplace,thither
prus,,f.Epirus,adistrictinthenorthof
Greece
eques,itis,m.[equus,horse], horseman,
cavalryman
equittus, s,m.[equit,ride], cavalry
equus,,m.horse
rig,ere,rx,rctus[,out,+reg,make
straight],raiseup
ripi,ere,u, reptus[, outof,+rapi,
seize],seize,rescue
rump,ere,rp,ruptus[, forth,+ rump,
break],burstforth
rupti,nis,f.sally
309
Erymanthius,a, um,adj.Erymanthian,of
Erymanthus,adistrictinsouthernGreece
et,conj.and,also.
et...et, both...and.Cf.atque,ac, que
etiam,adv.(rarelyconj.)[et, also,+ iam,now],
yet,stillalso,besides.Cf.quoque.
nnslum...sedetiam,notonly...butalso
drive],driveout
expi,re,v, tus[ex,intensive,+po,
atonefor],makeamendsfor,atonefor
explrtor,ris,m.[explr,investigate],
spy,scout
explr,re,v, tus, examine,explore
expugn,re,v, tus [ex,out,+ pugn,
fight], takebystorm,capture
exsilium,exsil,n.[exsul,exile],
banishment,exile
exspect,re,v, tus [ex,out,+spect,
look],expect,wait
exstru,ere,strx,strctus[ex,out,+
stru,build], buildup,erect
exterus,a,um,adj.,comparedexterior,
extrmusorextimus,outside,outer (312)
extr,prep,withacc.beyond,outsideof
extrah,ere,trx,trctus[ex,out,+
trah,drag],dragout,pullforth
extrmus,a, um,adj.,superl.of exterus,
utmost,farthest(312)
F
fbula,ae,f.story,tale,fable
facile,adv.[facilis,easy],comparedfacilius,
facillim,easily(322)
facilis,e,adj.[cf.faci,make],easy,without
difficulty ( 307)
faci,ere,fc,factus(imv.fac),make,do
cause,bringabout.
impetumfacerein,makeanattackupon.
proeliumfacere,fightabattle.
iterfacere,makeamarchorjourney.
aliquemcertiremfacere,informsomeone.
facereverbapr,speakinbehalfof.
Passivef,fier,factussum,bedone,happen.
certiorfier,beinformed
fall,ere,fefell,falsus,trip,betray,deceive
fma,ae,f.report,rumorrenown,fame,
reputation
310
fams,is(abl.fam),f.hunger
familia,ae,f.servants,slaveshousehold,family
fascs,ium (plur.of fascis),f.fasces(p.225)
fastgium,fastg,n.topslope,descent
f,fier,factussum,usedaspassiveof
faci.Seefaci(500)
flamma,ae,f. fire,flame
fls,flris,m.flower
fluctus,s,m.[of.flu,flow], flood,wave,
billow
flmen,inis,n.[cf.flu, flow],river(464.
2.b)
flu,ere,flx,fluxus,flow
fluvius,fluv,m.[cf.flu, flow],river
fodi,ere,fd,fossus,dig
fns,fontis,m.fountain (247.2. a)
frma,ae,f.form,shape,appearance
beauty
Formiae,rum,f.Formiae,atownof
LatiumontheAppianWay.Seemap
forte,adv.[abl.of fors,chance],bychance
fortis,e,adj.strongfearless,brave
fortiter,adv.[fortis,strong],compared
fortius,fortissim,stronglybravely
fortna,ae,f.[fors,chance],chance,fate,
fortune
ftum,,n. fate,destiny
faucs,ium,f.plur.jaws,throat
fave,re,fv,fautrus,befavorableto,favor,
withdat.(501.14)
flx,cis,adj.happy,lucky
fmina,ae,f.woman.Cf.mulier
fera,ae,f.[ferus,wild],wildbeast
ferx,cis,adj.fertile
fer,adv.about,nearly,almost
fer,ferre,tul,ltus,bear.
graviter ormolestferre,beannoyed( 498)
ferreus,a, um,adj.[ferrum,iron],madeof
iron
fidlis,e,adj.[fids,trust], faithful,true
fids,fideorfid,trust,faithpromise,word
protection.
infidemvenre,comeundertheprotection.
infidmanre,remainloyal
flia,ae(dat.andabl.plur.flibus),f.daughter
(461. a)
flius,fl(voc.sing,fl),m.son
fnis,is,m.boundary,limit,end inplur.
territory,country(243.1)
fnitimus,a, um,adj.[fnis,boundary],
adjoining,neighboring.Plur.fnitim, rum,m.
neighbors
forum,,n.marketplace,esp.theForum
Rmnum,wherethelifeofRomecentered
ForumApp,ForumofAppius,atownin
LatiumontheAppianWay
fossa,ae,f.[cf.fodi,dig], ditch
fragor,ris,m.[cf.frang,break],crash,
noise
frang,ere,frg,frctus,break
frter,tris,m.brother
fremitus,s,m.loudnoise
frequent,re,v, tus, attend
frtus,a, um,adj.supported,trusting.
Usuallywithabl.ofmeans
frns,frontis,f.front,fronte,infront
frctus,s,m. fruit
frmentrius,a,um,adj.pertainingto
grain.
rsfrmentria,grainsupplies
frmentum,,n.grain
frstr,adv.invain,vainly
fuga,ae,f.[cf.fugi,flee], flight.
infugamdare,puttoflight
311
fugi,ere,fg,fugitrus, flee,runavoid,
shun
fm,are,,, smoke
fnis,is,m.rope
furor,ris,m.[fur,rage],madness.
infurremincdere,gomad
G
Gius,G,m.Gaius,aRomanname,
abbreviatedC.,Englishform Caius
Galba,ae,m.Galba,aRomanname
galea,ae,f.helmet
Gallia,ae,f.Gaul,thecountrycomprisingwhat
isnowHolland,Belgium,Switzerland,and
France
Gallicus,a, um,adj.Gallic
gallna,ae,f.hen,chicken
Gallus,,m.aGaul
gaudium,gaud,n.joy
Genva,ae,f.Geneva,acityinSwitzerland
gns,gentis,f.[cf.gign, beget], race, family
people,nation,tribe
genus,eris,n.kind,variety
Germnia,ae,f.Germany
gladitrius,a, um,adj.gladiatorial
gladius,glad,m.sword
glria,ae,f.glory,fame
Gracchus,,m.Gracchus,nameofafamous
Romanfamily
gracilis,e,adj.slender(307)
Graeca,rum,n.plur.Greekwritings,
Greekliterature
Graec,adv.inGreek
Graecia,ae,f.Greece
grammaticus,,m.grammarian
grtia,ae,f.thanks,gratitude
grtus,a, um,adj.acceptable,pleasing.
Oftenwithdat.(501.16)
gravis,,adj.heavydisagreeableserious,
dangerousearnest,weighty
Germnus,,m.aGerman
ger,ere,gess,gestus,carry,wearwage.
bellumgerere,wagewar.
rsgestae,exploits.
benegerere,carryonsuccessfully
graviter,adv.[gravis,heavy],compared
gravius,gravissim,heavilygreatly,
seriously.
graviterferre,bearill,taketoheart
guberntor,ris,m.[gubern,pilot], pilot
H
habna, ae,f.halter,rein.
habe, re,u, itus,have,holdregard,
consider,deem
habit, re,v, tus [cf.habe,have], dwell,
abide,inhabit.Cf.incol,vv
hctenus,adv.thusfar
Helvti,rum,m.theHelvetii,aGallictribe
Herculs,is,m.Hercules,sonofJupiterand
Alcmena,andgodofstrength
Hesperids,um,f.theHesperides,daughtersof
Hesperus,whokeptthegardenofthegolden
apples
hic,haec,hoc,demonstrativeadj.andpron.this
(ofmine)aspers.pron.he,she,it( 481)
hc,adv.here
hiems,emis,f.winter
hnc,adv.[hc, here], fromhere,hence
Hippolyt,s,f.Hippolyte,queenofthe
Amazons
hodi,adv.[modifiedformof hcdi,on
thisday], today
hom,inis,m.andf.(humanbeing),man,
person
honestus,a, um,adv.[honor,honor],
respected,honorable
312
honor,ris,m.honor
hra,ae,f.hour
Hortius,Hort,m.Horatius,aRoman
name
horribilis,e,adj.terrible,horrible
hortor,ri,tussum,dep.verb,urge,
incite,exhort,encourage( 493)
hortus,,m.garden
hospitium,hospit,n.[hospes,host],
hospitality
hostis,is,m.andf.enemy,foe (465.a)
humilis,e,adj.low,humble(307)
Hydra,ae,f.theHydra,amythicalwater
snakeslainbyHercules
I
iaci,ere,ic,iactus, throw,hurl
iam,adv.now,already.
neciam,andnolonger
Iniculum,,n.theJaniculum,oneofthehillsof
Rome
inua, ae,f.door
ibi,adv.there,inthatplace
carus,,m.Icarus,thesonofDdalus
ictus,s,m.[cf.c,strike],blow
dem,eadem,idem,demonstrativepron.[is+
dem],same(481)
idneus,a, um,adj.suitable,fit
igitur,conj.,seldomthefirstword, therefore,
then.Cf.itaque
ignis,is,m.fire (243.1 247.2.a 465.1)
igntus, a, um,adj.[in, not,+(g)notus,
known],unknown,strange
ingredior,gred,gressussum [in,in,+
gradior,walk],advance,enter
inimcus,a, um,adj.[in, not,+amcus,
friendly], hostile.Asanoun,inimcus,,m.
enemy,foe.Cf.hostis
initium,init, entrance,beginning
initus, a, um,part.of ine.
initaestte,atthebeginningofsummer
iniria,ae,f.[in, against,+is, law],
injustice,wrong,injury.
alicuiinirisnferre,inflictwrongsupon
someone
inopia, ae,f.[inops, needy],want,need,
lack
inopnns, antis,adj.[in,not,+opnns,
thinking], notexpecting,takenbysurprise
inquit,saidhe,saidshe.Regularlyinserted
ille,illa,illud,demonstrativeadj.andpron.that
(yonder)aspers.pron.he,she,it (481)
illc,adv.[cf.ille],yonder,there
immitt,ere,ms, missus[in,against,+
mitt,send], sendagainstletin
immol,re,v, tus [in,upon,+mola,
meal],sprinklewithsacrificialmealoffer,
sacrifice
immortlis,e,adj.[in,not,+ mortalis,
mortal],immortal
immortlits,tis,f.[immortlis,immortal],
immortality
impartus,a, um,adj.[in,not,+ partus,
prepared],unprepared
impedmentum,,n.[impedi,hinder],
hindranceinplur.baggage
impedtus,a, um,adj.[part.of impedi,
hinder],hindered,burdened
impell,ere,pul,pulsus[in,against,+pell,
strike],strikeagainstimpel,drive,propel
impertor,ris,m.[imper,command],
general
imperium,imper,n.[imper,command],
command,orderrealm,empirepower,authority
imper,re,v, tus,command,order.
Usuallywithdat.andanobjectclauseofpurpose
(501.41).Withacc.object, levy,impose
impetus,s,m.attack,impetumfacerein,
makeanattackupon
impn, ere,posui, positus [in, upon,+
pn,place], placeuponimpose,assign
in,prep,withacc.into,to,against,at,upon,
towardswithabl.in,on.
inreliquumtempus,forthefuture
in,inseparableprefix.Withnounsandadjectives
oftenwithanegativeforce,likeEnglish un,in
incautus, a,um,adj.[in, not,+cautus,
careful], offonesguard
313
incendium,incend,n. flame,fire.Cf.ignis,
flamma
incend, ere,d,cnsus, setfireto,burn
incid, ere,cid,,[in, in,on,+cad, fall],
fallin,fallonhappen.
infurremincidere,gomad
incipi, ere,cpi, ceptus[in,on,+ capi,
inadirectquotation
inrig,re,v,tus, irrigate,water
inrump,ere,rp,ruptus[in, into,+
rump,break],burstin,breakin
inru,ere,ru,[in, in,+ru,rush],
rushin
nsequor,sequ, sectussum,dep.verb
[in, on,+sequor, follow],followon,pursue
nsigne, is,n.badge,decoration( 465. b)
nsignis,e,adj.remarkable,noted
nstns,antis,adj.[part.of nsto,beat
hand],present,immediate
nst, re,stit, statrus[in, upon,+st,
stand],standuponbeathandpursue,press
on
nstrmentum,,n.instrument
nstru,ere,strx,strctus[in,on,+
stru,build], drawup
314
nsula,ae,f.island
integer,gra,grum,untouched,whole
fresh,new
intelleg,ere,lx,lctus[inter,between,
+leg,choose],perceive,understand
(420. d)
intent,re,v, tus, aimthreaten
inter,prep.withacc.between,among
during,while(340)
interfectus,a, um,adj.[part.of interfici,
kill],slain,dead
interfici,ere,fc,fectus[inter,
between,+faci,make], putoutoftheway,
kill.Cf.nec,occd,trucd
interim,adv.meanwhile
interior,ius,adj.interior,inner(315)
intermitt,ere,ms,missus,leaveoff,
suspend
interpres,etis,m.andf.interpreter
interrog,re,v, tus,question
intersum,esse,fu,futrus[inter,
between,+sum,be],bepresent,takepartin,
withdat.(501.15)
intervllum,,n.interval,distance
intr,adv.andprep.withacc.within,in
intr,re,vi, tus,gointo,enter
inveni, re,vn, ventus [in, upon,
take],begin
incognitus, a, um,adj.[in,not,+ cognitus,
known],unknown
incol,ere,u,,[in, in,+col,dwell],
inhabitlive
incolumis,e,adj.sound,safe,uninjured,
imharmed
incrdibilis,e,adj.[in, not,+crdibilis,tobe
believed],incredible
inde, fromthatplace,thence
indu, ere,u, tus, puton
indtus, a, um,adj.[part.of indu,puton],
clothed
ine, re,i,itus [in, into,+e,go], gointo
enterupon,begin,withacc.(413)
nfns,fantis,adj.[in, not,+*fns,speaking],
notspeaking.Asanoun,m.andf.infant
nflx,cis,adj.[in, not,+flx,happy],
unhappy,unlucky
nfnsus,a, um,adj.hostile
nfer,nferre,intul,inltus[in, against,+
fer,bear],bringagainstorupon,inflict,with
acc.anddat.( 501.15).
bellumnferre,withdat.,makewarupon
nferus,a, um,adj.low,below (312).
nfntus, a, um,adj.[in, not,+fntus,
bounded],boundless,endless
nfrmus,a, um,adj.[in,not,+ frmus,
strong],weak,infirm
ingenium,ingeni,n.talent,ability
ingns,entis,adj.vast,huge,enormous,large.
Cf.magnus
+veni,come], find
invsus,a,um,adj.[part.of invide,envy],
hated,detested
Iolus,,m.Iolus,afriendofHercules
ipse,a,um,intensivepron.thatvery,this
veryself,himself,herself,itself,( 481)
ra,ae,f.wrath,anger
rtus,a, um,adj.[part.of rscor,be
angry],angered,enraged
is,ea,id,demonstrativeadj.andpron.this,
thathe,she,it ( 481)
iste,a, ud,demonstrativeadj.andpron.that
(ofyours),he,she,it (481)
ita,adv.so,thus.Cf.scandtam
Italia,ae,f.Italy
itaque,conj.andso,therefore
item,adv.also
iter,itineris,n.journey,march,routeway,
passage(247.1.a 468).
iterdare,givearightofway,allowtopass.
iterfacere,march(seep.159)
iube, re,iuss,iussus,order,command.
Usuallywiththeinfin.andsubj.acc.(213)
idex,icis,m.andf.judge(464.1)
idic, re,v, tus[idex,judge], judge,
decide(420. c)
Ilia,ae,Julia,aRomanname
Ilius,Il,m.Julius,aRomanname
iung, re,inx,inctus,joinyoke,
harness
In,nis,f.Juno,thequeenofthegods
andwifeofJupiter
Iuppiter,Iovis,m.Jupiter,thesupremegod
ir,re,v, tus,swear,takeanoath
iussus,a, um,part.of iube,ordered
L
L.,abbreviationforLcius
labefactus,a, um,adj.[part.of labefaci,cause
toshake],shaken,weakened,readytofall
Labinus,,m.Labienus,oneofCsars
lieutenants
labor,ris,m.labor,toil
labr,re,v, tus [labor,labor],labor
suffer,behardpressed
lacrima,ae,f.tear
lacus,s(dat.andabl.plur.lacubus),m.lake
Lentulus,i,m.Lentulus,aRomanfamily
name
le,nis,m.lion
Lernaeus,a, um,adj.Lernean,ofLerna,
insouthernGreece
Lesbia,ae,f.Lesbia,agirlsname
levis,e,adj.light
lx,lgis,f.measure,law
libenter,adv.[libns,willing],compared
libentius,libentissim,willingly,gladly
315
laet,adv.[laetus,glad],comparedlaetius,
laetissim,gladly
laetitia,ae,f.[laetus,glad],joy
laetus,a, um,adj.glad,joyful
lapis,idis,m.stone(247.2.a 464.1)
Lr,Laris,m.plur.Lars,um (rarely ium),
theLaresor household,gods
lt,adv.[ltus,wide],comparedltius,
ltissim,widely
Latin,adv.inLatin.
Latnloqu,tospeakLatin
ltitd, inis,f.[ltus,wide],width
Ltna, ae,f.Latona,motherofApolloand
Diana
latus,a, um,adj.wide
ltus,eris,n.side,flank.
abutrquelatere,oneachside
laud,re,v, tus[laus,praise], praise
laurea,ae,f.laurel
lauretus,a, um,adj.crownedwithlaurel
laus,laudis,f.praise
lectulus,,m.couch,bed
lgtus,,m.ambassadorlieutenant
legi,nis,f.[cf.leg,gather],(bodyof
soldiers),legion,about3600men(464.2.a)
leginrius,a, um,adj.legionary.Plur.
leginari,rum,m.thesoldiersofthelegion
leg,ere,lg,lctus,read
lnis,e,adj.gentle,smooth,mild
lniter,adv.[lnis,gentle],comparedlnius,
lnissim,gently
lber,era,erum,adj.free(469.b)
lber,rum,m.[lber, free],children
lber,re,v, tus [lber,free],setfree,
release,liberate
lberts,tis,f.[lber,free], freedom,liberty
lctor,ris,m.lictor(p.225)
lmus,,m.mud
littera,ae,f.aletter ofthealphabetinplur.
aletter,epistle
ltus,oris,n.seashore,beach
locus,,m.(plur.locandloca,m.andn.),
place,spot
long,adv.[longus,long],comp.longius,
longissim,alongwayoffbyfar
longinquus,a,um,adj.[longus,long],
distant,remote
longitd, inis,f.[longus,long], length
longus,a, um,adj.long
loquor,loqui,loctussum,dep.verb,talk,
speak
lrca,ae,f.[lrum,thong], coatofmail,
corselet
ld,ere,ls,lsus,play
ldus,,m.playschool,theelementary
grades.Cf.schola
lna,ae,f.moon
lx,lcis,f.(nogen.plur.), light.
prmalx,daybreak
Ldia, ae,f.Lydia,agirlsname
M
M.,abbreviationfor Mrcus
magicus,a, um,adj.magic
magis,adv.incomp.degree[magnus,great],
more,inahigherdegree(323)
316
magister,tr,m.master,commanderteacher
magistrtus,s,m.[magister,master],
magistracymagistrate
magnitd, inis,f.[magnus,great], greatness,
size
magnopere,adv.[abl.of magnumopus],
comparedmagis,maxim,greatly,exceedingly
(323)
mles,itis,m.soldier(464.1)
mlitris,e,adj.[mles,soldier],military.
rsmlitris,scienceofwar
mlit,re,v, tus [mles,soldier],serve
asasoldier
mlle,plur.mlia,ium,numeraladj.and
subst.thousand (479)
minim,adv.insuperl.degree,compared
parum,minus,minim,least,verylittleby
nomeans(323)
317
minimus,a, um,adj.insuperl.degree,
comparedparvus,minor,minimus,least,
magnus,a, um,adj.,comparedmaior,
maximus,great,largestrong,loud (311)
maior,maius,ris,adj.,comp.of magnus,
greater,larger(311)
mairs,um,m.plur.of maior,ancestors
ml,mlle,mlu, [magis,more,+vol,
wish],wishmore,prefer(497)
malus,a, um,adj.,comparedpeior,pessimus,
bad,evil (311)
mand,re,v, tus [manus,hand,+d,
put],(putinhand),intrustorder,command
mane,re,mns,mnsrus,stay,remain,
abide
Mnlius,Mnl,m.Manlius,aRomanname
mnsutus,a, um,adj.[part.of mnsusc,
tame],tamed
manus,s,f.handforce,band
Mrcus,,m.Marcus,Mark,aRomanfirst
name
mare,is,n.(nogen.plur.),sea.
maretenre,beouttosea
marg,inis,m.edge,border
martus,,m.husband
Marius,Mar,m.Marius,aRomanname,esp.C.
Marius,thegeneral
Mrtius,a, um,adj.ofMars,esp.theCampus
Martius
mter,tris,f.mother
mtrimnium,mtrimn,n.marriage.
inmtrimniumdcere,marry
mtr,re,v, tus, hasten.Cf.contend,
proper
mtrus,a, um,adj.ripe,mature
maxim,adv.insuperl.degree[maximus,
greatest],comparedmagnopere,magis,maxim,
especially,verymuch(323)
maximus,a,um,adj.,superl.of magnus,
greatest,extreme(311)
medius,a, um,adj.middlepartmiddle,
intervening
melior,ius, ris,adj.,comp.of bonus,better
(311)
melius,adv.incomp.degree,comparedbene,
melius,optim,better( 323)
memoria,ae,f.[memor,mindful],memory.
memoritenre,remember
smallest(311)
minor,minus,ris,adj.incomp.degree,
comparedparvus,minor,minimus,smaller,
less(311)
Mns, is,m.Minos,akingofCrete
minus,adv.incomp.degree,compared
parum,minus,minim,less(323)
Minyae, rum,m.theMinyae,apeopleof
Greece
mrbilis,e,adj.[mror,wonderat],
wonderful,marvelous
mror,r,tussum,dep.verb[mrus,
wonderful],wonder,marvel,admire
mrus,a, um,adj.wonderful
Msnum,, Misenum,apromontoryand
harboronthecoastofCampania.Seemap
miser,era,erum,adj.wretched,unhappy,
miserable
missus,a, um,part.of mitt,sent
mitt, ere,ms,missus,send
modicus,a, um [modus, measure],modest,
ordinary
modo,adv.[abl.of modus,measure,with
shortenedo], only,merely,justnow.
modo...modo, now...now,sometimes...
sometimes
modus,,m.measuremanner,waykind
moenia,ium,n.plur.[cf.mni,fortify],
walls,ramparts
molest,adv.[molestus,troublesome],
comparedmolestius,molestissim,
annoyingly.
molestferre,tobeannoyed
molestus,a, um,troublesome,annoying,
unpleasant(501.16)
mone,re,u, itus,remind,advise,warn
(489)
mns,montis,m.mountain(247.2.a)
mnstrum,,n.monster
mora,ae,f.delay
moror,r,tussum,dep.verb[mora,
delay],delay,lingerimpede
mors,mortis,f.[cf.morior,die],death
ms,mris,m.custom,habit
mtus,s,m.[cf.move,move],motion,
movement.
mns,mentis,f.mind.Cf.animus
mnsis,is,m.month(247.2.a)
merctor,ris,m.[mercor,trade],trader,
merchant
merdinus,a, um,adj.[merdis,noon],of
midday
merdis,(acc.em,abl.),m.[medius,
mid,+ dis,day],noon
metus,s,m. fear,dread
meus,a, um,possessiveadj.andpron.my,mine
(98)
terraemtus,earthquake
move,re,mv,mtus,move
mox,adv.soon,presently
mulier,eris,f.woman
multitd,inis,f.[multus,much], multitude
multum (mult),adv.[multus,much],
comparedpls,plrimum,much(477)
multus,a,um,adj.,comparedpls,
plrimus,muchplur.many(311)
mni,re,vor i, tus, fortify,defend
mnti, nis,f.[mni, fortify],defense,
fortification
mrus,,m.wall.Cf.moenia
msica,ae,f.music
N
nam,conj. for.Cf.enim
namque,conj.,astrengthenednam,introducing
areasonorexplanation,for,andinfactseeing
that
nrr,re,v, tus, tell,relate
nscor,nsc,ntussum,dep.verb,beborn,
springfrom
ntra,ae,f.nature
ntus,part.of nscor
nauta, ae,m.[fornvita,from nvis,ship],
sailor
318
nvlis,e,adj.[nvis,ship],naval
nvigium,nvig,n.ship,boat
nvig, re,v, tus[nvis, ship,+ag,
drive],sail,cruise
nvis,is (abl.or e),f.ship(243.1).
nvemcnscendere,embark,goonboard.
nvemsolvere,setsail.
nvislonga,manofwar
n,conj.andadv.inorderthatnot,that (with
verbsoffearing),lestnot.
n...quidem,noteven
ne,interrog.adv.,enclitic(see16,210).Cf.
nnneandnum
necorneque,conj.[n, not,+que,and], andnot,
nor.
nec...nec or neque...neque,neither...nor
necessrius,a, um,adj.needful,necessary
nec,re,v, tus [cf.nex,death],kill.Cf.
interfici,occd,trucd
Niob,s,f.Niobe,thequeenofThebes
whosechildrenweredestroyedbyApolloand
Diana
nisi,conj.[n,not,+ s,if], ifnot,unless,
except
nbilis,e,adj.wellknownnoble
noce,re,u, itrus[cf.nec,kill],hurt,
injure,withdat.( 501.14)
noct,abl.usedasadv.[cf.nox,night],at
night,bynight
Nla,ae,f.Nola,atownincentral
Campania.Seemap
nl,nlle,nlu,[ne,not,+vol,
wish],nottowish,beunwilling(497)
nmen,inis,n.[cf.nsc,know],(meansof
knowing),name
nmin,re,v, tus [nmen,name],
name,call.Cf.appell,voc
nn,adv.[n, not,+num,one],not.
nnslum...sedetiam,notonly...butalso
nndum,adv.notyet
nnne,interrog.adv.suggestingan
affirmativeanswer,not?(210).Cf.neand
num
ns,pers.pron.we(seeego)(480)
noster,tra,trum,possessiveadj.andpron.
our,ours.Plur.nostr,rum,m.ourmen
(98)
novem,indecl.numeraladj.nine
novus,a, um,adj.new.
novaers,arevolution
neg,re,v, tus, deny,saynot( 420. a)
negtium,negt,n.[nec,not,+tium, ease],
business,affair,matter.
alicuinegtiumdare,toemploysomeone
Nemaeus,a,um,adj.Nemean,ofNemea,in
southernGreece
nm,dat.nmin (gen.nllus,abl.nll,
suppliedfrom nllus),m.andf.[n,not,+ hom,
man],(notaman),noone,nobody
Neptnus, ,m.Neptune,godofthesea,brother
ofJupiter
neque,seenec
neuter,tra,trum (gen.trus,dat. tr),adj.
neither(oftwo)( 108)
nve,conj.adv.andnot,andthatnot,andlest
nihil,n.indecl.[n,not,+ hlum,awhit],
nothing.
nihilposse,tohavenopower
nihilum,,n.,seenihil
nox,noctis,f.night, multnocte, lateat
night
nllus,a, um (gen. us,dat. )adj.[n,
not,+ llus,any],notany,none,no (108)
num,interrog.adv.suggestinganegative
answer(210).Cf.neandnnne.Inindir.
questions,whether
319
numerus,,m.number
numquam,adv.[n, not,+umquam,ever],
never
nunc,adv.now.Cf.iam
nnti,re,v, tus [nntius,
messenger],report,announce(420.a)
nntius,nnt,m.messenger
nper,adv.recently,lately,justnow
nympha,ae,f.nymph
O
ob,prep.withacc.onaccountof.Incompoundsit
oftenmeansinfrontof,against,oritisintensive.
quamobrem,forthisreason( 340)
obses,idis,m.andf.hostage
obside,re,sd,sessus[ob, against,+ sede,
sit],besiege
obtine, re,u,tentus [ob, against,+tene,
hold],possess,occupy,hold
occsi,nis,f.favorableopportunity,favorable
moment
occsus,s,m.goingdown,setting
occd,ere,cd, csus[ob, down,+caed,
strike],strikedowncutdown,kill.Cf.interfici,
nec
occup,re,v, tus [ob, completely,+
capi,take],seize,takepossessionof,occupy.Cf.
rapio
occurr,ere,curr,cursus[ob,against+
curr,run],runtowardsmeet,withdat.(426)
ceanus,,m.theocean
oct,indecl.numeraladj.eight
oculus,,m.eye
officium,offic,n.duty
lim,adv. formerly,onceuponatime
men,inis,n.sign,token,omen
mitt, ere,ms,missus[ob, over,past,+
opni, nis,f.[opnor,suppose],opinion,
supposition,expectation
oppidnus, ,m.[oppidum, town],
townsman
oppidum, ,n.town,stronghold
opportnus,a,um,adj.suitable,
opportune,favorable
opprim,ere,press,pressus[ob,
against,+prem,press],(pressagainst),
crushsurprise
oppugnti, nis,f.storming,assault
oppugn, re,v, tus [ob, against,+
pugn fight], fightagainst,assault,storm,
assail
optim,adv.insuperl.degree,compared
bene,melius,optim,verywell,bestofall
(323)
optimus,a,um,adj.insuperl.degree,
comparedbonus,melior,optimus,best,most
excellent(311)
opus,eris,n.work,labor,task(464.2.b)
rculum,,n.[r,speak], oracle
rtor,ris,m.[r,speak],orator
orbis,is,m.ring,circle.
orbisterrrum,theearth,world
orbita,ae,f.[orbis,wheel],rut
mitt,send], letgo,omit.
consiliumomittere,giveupaplan
omnn,adv.[omnis,all], altogether,wholly,
entirely
omnis,e,adj.all,every.Cf.ttus
onerria,ae,f.[onus, load],with nvis
expressedorunderstood,merchantvessel,
transport
onus,eris,n.load,burden
Orcus,,m.Orcus,thelowerworld
rd,inis,m.row,order,rank(247.2.a)
orgo,inis,f.[orior,rise],source,origin
orior,r,ortussum,dep.verb,arise,rise,
beginspring,beborn
320
rnmentum,,n.[rn, fitout],ornament,
jewel
rntus,a, um,adj.[part.of rn,fitout]
fittedoutadorned
rn,re,v, tus, fitout,adorn
P
P.,abbreviationforPblius
paene,adv.nearly,almost
paldmentum,,n.militarycloak
pals,dis,f.swamp,marsh
pnis,is,m.bread
pr,paris,adj.equal(471. III)
partus,a, um,adj.[part.of par,prepare],
prepared,ready
parc,ere,peperc(pars),parsrus,spare,
withdat.(501.14)
pre,re,u,,obey,withdat.(501 .14)
par,re,v, tus, preparefor,prepare
provide,procure
pars,partis,f.part,shareside,direction
parum,adv.,comparedminus,minim,too
little,notenough (323)
parvus,a,um,adj.,comparedminor,
minimus,small,little (311)
passus,s,m.step,pace.
mllepassuum,thousandpaces,mile( 331. b)
pate, re,patu,,lieopen,beopen
stretch,extend
pater,tris,m. father(464.2.a)
patior,,passussum,dep.verb,bear,suffer,
allow,permit
patria,ae,f.[cf.pater,father], fatherland,
(ones)country
paucus,a, um,adj.(generallyplur.), few,onlya
few
paulisper,adv.foralittlewhile
paul,adv.byalittle,little
paulum adv.alittle,somewhat
px,pcis,f.(nogen.plur.),peace
pecnia, ae,f.[pecus,cattle],money
(posterus),a, um,adj.,compared
posterior,postrmusor postumus,
following,next(312)
postquam,conj.after,assoonas
postrm,adv.[abl.of postrmus,last],at
last,finally.Cf.dmum,dnique( 322)
postrdi,adv.[poster,next,+di,day],on
thenextday
postul,re,v, tus,ask,demand,
require.Cf.pet,quaer,rog
potentia,ae,f.[potns,able],might,power,
force
322
praebe,re,u, itus[prae, forth,+
habe,hold], offer,give
praeda,ae,f.booty,spoil,plunder
praedc,ere,dx,dictus[prae,before,
+dc, tell], foretell,predict
praefici,ere,fc,fectus[prae,before,
+faci,make],placeincommand,withacc.
anddat.(501.15)
praemitt,ere,ms,missus[prae,
forward,+mitt,send],sendforward
praemium,praem,n.reward,prize
praeruptus,a, um [part.of praerump,
breakoff],brokenoff,steep
praesns,entis,adj.present,immediate
praesertim,adv.especially,chiefly
praesidium,praesidi,n.guard,garrison,
protection
praest,re,stit, stitus[prae,before,+
sto,stand],(standbefore),excel,surpass,
withdat.(501.15) show,exhibit
praesum,esse,fu, futrus[prae,before,
pedes,itis,m.[ps, foot], footsoldier
pedester,tris,tre,adj.[ps, foot],onfootby
land
peior,peius,ris,adj.incomp.degree,
comparedmalus,peior,pessimus,worse(311)
pellis,is,f.skin,hide
penna, ae,f.feather
per,prep.withacc.through,bymeansof,on
accountof.Incompositionitoftenhastheforce
of thoroughly,completely,very(340)
percussus,a,um,adj.[part.of percuti,strike
through],pierced
perdc,ere,dx,ductus [per,through,+
dc,lead], leadthrough.
fossamperdcere,toconstructaditch
perexiguus,a, um,adj.[per,very,+exiguus,
small],verysmall,veryshort
perfidus,a, um,adj. faithless,treacherous,
false
perfring,ere,frg,frctus[per,through,
frang,break],shatter
perg,ere,perrx,perrctus[per,through,+
reg,conduct],goon,proceed,hasten
perculum,,n.trial,testdanger
peristlum,,n.peristyle,anopencourtwith
columnsaroundit
pertus,a, um,adj.skillful
perpetuus,a, um,adj.perpetual
Perseus,e,Perseus,aGreekhero,sonofJupiter
andDana
persna,ae,f.part,character,person
persude,re,sus,susus[per,
thoroughly,+sude, persuade],persuade,
advise,withdat.( 501.14),oftenwithanobject
clauseofpurpose( 501.41)
321
perterre,re,u, itus [per,thoroughly,+
terre,frighten], thoroughlyterrify,alarm
perveni,re,vn, ventus[per,through,+
veni,come],arrive,reach,cometo
ps,pedis,m. foot.
pedemreferre,retreat(247.2.a)
pessimus,a, um,adj.insuperl.degree,
comparedmalus,peior,pessimus,worst(311)
pet, ere,vor i,tus, strivefor,seek,beg,
askmakefor,travelto.Cf.postul,quaer,
+sum,be], beover,beincommandof,with
dat.( 501.15)
praeter,prep,withacc.beyond,contraryto
(340)
praetere,adv.[praeter,besides,+e, this],
inaddition,besides,moreover
praetextus,a, um,adj.bordered,edged
praetrium,praetr,n.prtorium
prandium,prand,n.luncheon
prem,ere,press,pressus,presshard,
compresscrowd,drive,harass
(prex,precis),f.prayer
prm,adv.[prmus,first], atfirst,inthe
beginning(322)
prmum,adv.[prmus, first], first.
quamprimum,assoonaspossible
prmus,a, um,adj.insuperl.degree,
comparedprior,prmus,first(315)
prnceps,cipis,m.[prmus, first,+capi,
take],(takingthefirstplace),chief,leader
(464. 1)
prior,prius,ris,adj.incomp.degree,
superl.,prmus,former(315)
prstinus,a, um,adj.former,previous
pr,prep,withabl.beforefor,forthesake
of,inbehalfofinsteadof,as (209).In
composition,forth,forward
prcd,ere,cuss,cessrus[pr,
forward,+cd,go],goforward,proceed
procul,adv.far,afaroff
prcurr,ere,curr(cucurr),cursus
[pr,forward,+curr,run],runforward
proelium,proeli,n.battle,combat.
proeliumcommittere,joinbattle.
proeliumfacere,fightabattle
profecti,nis,f.departure
proficscor,,fectussum,dep.verb,set
out,march.Cf.gredior,exe
prgredior,, gressussum,dep.verb
[pr,forth,+gradior,go], goforth,proceed,
advance.Cf.perg,prcd
prgressus,seeprgredior
prohibe,re,u, itus[pr, forth,away
from,+habe,hold], keepawayfrom,
hinder,prevent
prmove,re,mv, mtus[pr,
rog
Pharslus,,f.Pharsalusor Pharsalia,atown
inThessaly,nearwhich
CassardefeatedPompey,48B.C.
philosophia,ae,f.philosophy
philosophus,,m.philosopher
pictus, a, um,adj.[part.of ping,paint],
colored,variegated
plum,,n.spear,javelin ( 462. b)
piscna,ae,f.[piscis, fish], fishpond
piscis,is,m. fish
pstor,ris,m.baker
place.re,u, itus, please,bepleasing,
withdat.(501.14)
plnitis,,f.[plnus,level], plain
plnus,a, um,adj.level,flat
plnus,a, um, full
plrimum,adv.insuperl.degree,compared
multum,pls,plrimum,verymuch.
plrimumvalre,bemostinfluential ( 322)
plrimus,a,um,adj.insuperl.degree,
comparedmultus,pls,plrimus,most,very
many(311)
pls,plris,adj.incomp.degree,compared
multus,pls,plrimussing.n.assubstantive,
more plur.more,several(311)
pluteus,,m.shield,parapet
poena, ae,f.punishment,penalty
pota, ae,m.poet
pompa,ae,f.procession
Pompi,rum,m.Pompeii,acityofCampania.
Seemap
Pompius,Pomp,m.Pompey,aRomanname
pmum,,n.apple
pn, ere,posu,positus,put,place.
castrapnere,pitchcamp
pns,pontis,m.bridge(247.2.a)
popna, ae,f.restaurant
populus,,m.people
Porsena,ae,m.Porsena,kingofEtruria,a
districtofItaly.Seemap
porta,ae,f.gate,door
port,re,v, tus,bear,carry
portus,s,m.[cf.porta,gate], harbor
posside,re,sd, sessus,have,own,possess
possum,posse,potu, ,irreg.verb[potis,
forward,+move,move],moveforward,
advance
prnnti, re,v, tus[pr, forth,+
nnti,announce],proclaim,declare
prope,adv.,comparedpropius,proxim,
nearly.Prep,withacc.near
prpell,ere,pul, pulsus[pr,forth,+
pell,drive],driveforthmove,impel
323
proper,re,v, tus [properus,quick],
goquickly,hasten.Cf.contend,matur
propinquus,a,um,adj.[prope,near],
near,neighboring
propior,ius, ris,adj.incomp.degree,
superl.,proximus,nearer(315)
propius,adv.incomp.degree,compared
prope,propius,proxim,nearer(323)
propter,prep.withacc.onaccountof,
becauseof( 340)
prscrb,ere,scrps,scriptus[pr,
forth,+scrib,write],proclaim,publish.Cf.
prnnti
prsequor,sequ, sectussum,dep.verb
[pr,forth,+sequor, follow],escort,attend
prsum,prdesse,prfu,prfutrus[pr,
for,+sum,be],beuseful,benefit,withdat.
(496 501.15)
prteg,ere,tx=i],tctus[pr,infront,
+teg,cover],coverinfront,protect
prvincia,ae,f.territory,province
proxim,adv.insuperl.degree,compared
prope,propius,proxim,nearest,nextlast,
mostrecently(323)
proximus,a, um,adj.insuperl.degree,
comparedpropior,proximus,nearest,next
(315)
pblicus,a, um,adj.[populus,people],of
thepeople,public,respblica,the
commonwealth
puella,ae,f.[diminutiveof puer,boy],girl,
maiden
puer,eri,m.boyslave( 462. c)
pugna, ae,f fight,battle.Cf.proelium
pugn, re,v,tus[pugna, battle],
fight.Cf.contend,dmic
pulcher,chra,chrum,adj.beautiful,pretty
able,+sum, Iam],beable,can( 495).
nihilposse,havenopower
post,prep,withacc.after,behind (340)
poste,adv.[post,after,+e, this],afterwards
(469.b 304)
Pull,nis,m.Pullo,acenturion
puls,re,v, tus, strike,beat
puppis, is(acc. im,abl.),f.sternofa
ship,deck
pr,adv.[prus,pure],comp.prius,
purely
prg,re,v, tus,cleanse,clean
purpureus,a, um,adj.purple,darkred
put, re,v, tus, reckon,think
(420,c).Cf.arbitror,exstim
Pthia,ae,f.Pythia,theinspiredpriestessof
ApolloatDelphi
Q
qudcaus, forthisreason,wherefore
qur,therefore,forthisreason
quaer,ere,sv,stus,seek,ask,inquire.Cf.
pet,postul,rog
qulis,e,interrog.pronom.adj.ofwhatsort,
whatkindof.
talis...qualis,such...as
quam,adv.howafteracomparative,thanwith
asuperlative,translatedas...aspossible, quam
prmum,assoonaspossible
quantus, a,um,adj.[quam,how],howgreat,
howmuch,tantus...quantus, asgreatas
qurtus,a, um,numeraladj.[quattuor, four],
fourth
quattuor,indecl.numeraladj.four
quattuordecim,indecl.numeraladj.fourteen
que,conj.,enclitic,and(16).Cf.ac,atque,et
qu,quae,quod,rel.pron.andadj.who,which,
what,that(482)
324
quia,conj.because.Cf.quod
qudam,quaedam,quiddam(quoddam),indef.
pron.andadj.acertainone,acertain,a (485).
quidem,adv.tobesure,certainly,indeed, n...
quidem,noteven
quis,tis,f.rest,repose
quitus, a, um,adj.quiet,restful
qundecim,indecl.numeraladj.fifteen
qungent, ae, a,numeraladj.fivehundred
qunque,indecl.numeraladj.five
quntus, a, um,numeraladj.fifth
quis(qu),quae,quid(quod),interrog.pron.
andadj.who?what?which?(483).
quis(qu),qua(quae),quid(quod),indef.
pron.andadj.,usedafters,nisi,n,num,
anyone,anything,someone,something,any,
some(484).
quisquam,quicquam orquidquam (nofem.
orplur.),indef.pron.anyone (atall),
anything(atall)(486).
quisque,quaeque,quidque(quodque),
indef.pron.andadj.each,eachone,every
(484).
qu,interrog.andrel.adv.whither,where
qu,conj.inorderto,that,withcomp.
degree(350).
quod,conj.because,inthat.Cf.quia
quoque,conj.,followinganemphaticword,
also,too.Cf.etiam
quotanns,adv.[quot,howmany+annus,
year],everyyear,yearly
quotins,interrog.andrel.adv.howoften?as
oftenas
R
rdx,cis,f.rootfoot
rapi,ere,u, tus,seize,snatch
rr,adv.[rrus,rare],rarely
rrus,a, um,adj.rare
reorred,aninseparableprefix,again,back,
anew,inreturn
rebelli,nis,f.renewalofwar,rebellion
recns,entis,adj.recent
recipi,ere,cp, ceptus[re,back,+capi,
take],takeback,receive.
srecipere,withdraw,retreat
reclntus,a, um,part.of recln,leaning
back
recretus,a, um,part.of recre,refreshed
rctus,a, um,adj.[part.of reg,keepstraight],
straight,direct
recs,re,v,tus,refuse
redctus,a, um,part.of redig,reduced,
subdued
rede,re,i, itus[red,back,+e,go],go
back,return(413).Cf.revert
reditus,s,m.[cf.rede,return],