Proteins and nucleic

Proteins and nucleic

acids
acids
More
More
Macrmolecules
Macrmolecules
Proteins:
Proteins:

Amino acid chain
Amino acid chain

polypeptide
polypeptide

protein
protein
Nucleic Acids:
Nucleic Acids:

DNA, RNA
DNA, RNA
What do proteins do?
What do proteins do?
Enzymes
Enzymes
Structural support
Structural support
Storage
Storage
Transport
Transport
Hormones
Hormones
Receptors
Receptors
Motor/contractile
Motor/contractile
What is a Protein?
What is a Protein?
Proteins are made up of Proteins are made up of amino amino
acids acids (monomers for protein) (monomers for protein)
There are 20 total different There are 20 total different
amino acids. amino acids.
Amino acids have carboxyl Amino acids have carboxyl
and amino groups and amino groups the R the R
group/side chain differs and group/side chain differs and
determines the amino acids determines the amino acids
properties. properties.
Amino Acids can be Amino Acids can be nonpolar nonpolar, ,
polar, or charged based on polar, or charged based on
their side chains. their side chains.
Proteins
Proteins
Polypeptide
Polypeptide
: polymer
: polymer
of amino acids
of amino acids
One or more
One or more
polypeptides
polypeptides
folded/coiled make a
folded/coiled make a
whole
whole
protein
protein
.
.
Amino acids are joined
Amino acids are joined
by dehydration:
by dehydration:
forming a
forming a
peptide
peptide
bond
bond
.
.
Protein Structure
Protein Structure
What a protein can do is determined by its
What a protein can do is determined by its
shape!
shape!
Protein structure or shape is determined
Protein structure or shape is determined
by the amino acids in the chain.
by the amino acids in the chain.
Interactions between R groups cause
Interactions between R groups cause
attractions/bonds/overall shape or folding!
attractions/bonds/overall shape or folding!
Four Levels of Protein Structure
Four Levels of Protein Structure
1.
1.
Primary Structure
Primary Structure
2.
2.
Secondary Structure
Secondary Structure
3.
3.
Tertiary Structure
Tertiary Structure
4.
4.
Quaternary Structure
Quaternary Structure
Four Levels of Protein Structure
Four Levels of Protein Structure
1.
1.
Primary Structure:
Primary Structure:
The unique sequence of
The unique sequence of
amino acids.
amino acids.
The sequence of amino
The sequence of amino
acids are determined by
acids are determined by
DNA.
DNA.
Four Levels of Protein Structure
Four Levels of Protein Structure
2.
2.
Secondary Structure
Secondary Structure
: Common repeated
: Common repeated
coils and folds in the polypeptide chains.
coils and folds in the polypeptide chains.

Result from
Result from
hydrogen bonds
hydrogen bonds
between the
between the
amino and carboxyl groups of the
amino and carboxyl groups of the
a.a
a.a
.
.

Two types:
Two types:

helix (alpha):
helix (alpha):
coiling
coiling

pleated sheet (beta):

pleated sheet (beta):
two or more regions
two or more regions
lying side by side
lying side by side
Four Levels of Protein Structure
Four Levels of Protein Structure
3.
3.
Tertiary Structure:
Tertiary Structure:
the overall shape
the overall shape
resulting from interactions between the side
resulting from interactions between the side
chains (R groups)
chains (R groups)
Types of interactions:
Types of interactions:

Hydrophobic (with surroundings)
Hydrophobic (with surroundings)

Hydrophilic (with surroundings)
Hydrophilic (with surroundings)

van
van
der
der
Waals
Waals
-
-
Disulfide bridges
Disulfide bridges

Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
-
-
Ionic bonds
Ionic bonds
Four Levels of Protein Structure
Four Levels of Protein Structure
4.
4.
Quaternary
Quaternary
Structure:
Structure:
resulting from
resulting from
more than one
more than one
polypeptide
polypeptide
interacting with
interacting with
each other.
each other.
Quiz
Quiz
Build the model
Build the model
On a separate sheet of paperdescribe
On a separate sheet of paperdescribe
how your model illustrates protein
how your model illustrates protein
1. Primary structure
1. Primary structure
2. Secondary structure
2. Secondary structure
3. Tertiary structure
3. Tertiary structure
4.
4.
Quartenary
Quartenary
structure
structure
Denaturation
Denaturation
Changing the confirmation of a protein/or
Changing the confirmation of a protein/or
the ability for these interactions to occur
the ability for these interactions to occur
can make it non
can make it non
-
-
functional.
functional.
Changes in pH, salt concentration,
Changes in pH, salt concentration,
temperature etc. can cause a protein to
temperature etc. can cause a protein to
denature.
denature.
Denaturation
Denaturation
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids code for protein. (One
Nucleic acids code for protein. (One
gene
gene
codes for a protein.)
codes for a protein.)
Two types of nucleic acids:
Two types of nucleic acids:

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
DNA
DNA

RNA
RNA

Protein
Protein
DNA codes for the
DNA codes for the
synthesis of RNA
synthesis of RNA
(also called
(also called
messenger RNA or
messenger RNA or
mRNA)
mRNA)
mRNA codes for the
mRNA codes for the
synthesis of protein
synthesis of protein
Nucleic Acids:
Nucleic Acids:
Polynucleotides
Polynucleotides
Nucleic acids are
Nucleic acids are
polymers of nucleotides
polymers of nucleotides
Nucleotide:
Nucleotide:
Nitrogenous base Nitrogenous base
A pentose (5 carbon A pentose (5 carbon
sugar) sugar)
And a phosphate group And a phosphate group
Bases
Bases
Pyrimidines
Pyrimidines
:
:
One ring of six carbons One ring of six carbons
Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) Cytosine (C), Thymine (T)
and and Uracil Uracil (U) (U)
Purines
Purines
:
:
Two rings: six carbons and Two rings: six carbons and
five five
Adenine (A), Guanine (G) Adenine (A), Guanine (G)
A always pairs with T or U
A always pairs with T or U
G always pairs with C
G always pairs with C
Sugars
Sugars
Ribose (RNA)
Ribose (RNA)
Deoxyribose
Deoxyribose
(DNA): lacks an
(DNA): lacks an
oxygen atom on
oxygen atom on
the second
the second
carbon.
carbon.
Last part of a nucleotide: phosphate group
Double helix
Antiparallel