Daniela Contreras

Jessica Menden
28 May 2014
US History Honors Period 3
Chapter 28: Politics and Econoics
1!Southern Strategy" an e##ort a#ter $i%on&s 'ictory that (as ade to attract e'en ore So)therners to the
*ep)+lican Party! ,o(ard this end- the president #)l#illed his a.reeents (ith ,h)rond and too/ steps to slo(
dese.re.ation! D)rin. his ten)re- $i%on (or/ed to o'ert)rn se'eral ci'il ri.hts policies! He re'ersed a Johnson
adinistration policy- #or e%aple- that had c)t o## #ederal #)nds #or racially se.re.ated schools!
2!New Federalism"D)rin. his ter $i%on had capai.ned proisin. to red)ce the si0e o# #ederal .o'ernent
+y disantlin. se'eral #ederal pro.ras and .i'in. ore control to state and local .o'ernent! He tho).ht this
approach (o)ld a/e .o'ernent ore e##icient! ,his is (hat +ecae /no(n as $e( 1ederalis!

3!Revenue sharing"these (ere a series o# +ills )nder the $e( 1ederalis pro.ra! ,hese +ills .ranted #ederal
#)ns to state and local a.encies to )se! 2t #irst this (as intended to .i'e state and local a.encies ore po(er +)t
o'er tie it .a'e the #ederal .o'ernent ne( po(er! ,his is d)e to the #act that as states cae to depend on
#ederal #)nds- the #ederal .o'ernent co)ld ipose conditions on the states or else their #)ndin. (o)ld +e c)t
o##!
4!Impounded" to re#)se to release #)nds! D)rin. $i%on&s presidentcy he did this to try and increase the po(er o#
the e%ec)ti'e +ranch- He did this +eca)se since he didn&t ha'e stron. relationships (ith anyone in Con.ress and
there#ore co)ld not control either ho)se he decided to oppose #)ndin. #or soethin.s! 3y 1453 $i%on had
ipo)nded a+o)t 617 +illion and later on the S)pree Co)rt r)led ipo)ndin. )nconstit)tional!
7!Henry Kissenger"a #orer Har'ard pro#essor that in a o'e that (o)ld .reatly in#l)ence his #orei.n policy-
$i%on chose as his national sec)rity ad'ise! 2s a teena.er 8issin.er had #led to the United States #ro 9erany
(ith his #aily in 1438 to escape $a0i persec)tion o# Je(s! He had ser'ed as a #orei.n policy cons)ltant #or
Presidents 8ennedy and Johnson! ,ho).h Secretary o# State :illia *o.ers technically o)tran/ed hi-
8issin.er soon too/ the lead in helpin. shape $i%on;s #orei.n policy! 3oth $i%on and 8issin.er shared alot o#
'ie(s! He tried a/in. peace ne.otiations d)rin. the <ietna :ar!
=!Vietnamization" a .rad)al (ithdra(al #ro the <ietna :ar- a plan ade +y 8issin.er and $i%on! $i%on and
8issin.er also +elie'ed in shapin. a #orei.n policy rooted in practical approaches rather than ideolo.ies! ,hey
#elt the nation;s decades"lon. antico)nist cr)sade had created a #orei.n policy that (as too ri.id and o#ten
(or/ed a.ainst the nation;s interests! :hile +oth leaders (anted to contin)e to contain co)nis- they
+elie'ed that en.a.eent and ne.otiation (ith Co)nists o##ered a +etter (ay #or the United States to achie'e
its international .oals!
5!Detent":ith 8issin.er;s help- $i%on #ashioned an approach called d>tente- or rela%ation o# tensions- +et(een
the United States and its t(o a?or Co)nist ri'als- the So'iet Union and China! @n e%plainin. d>tente to the
2erican people- $i%on said that the United States had to +)ild a +etter relationship (ith its ain ri'als in the
interests o# (orld peace! 3oth 8issin.er and $i%on intended on doin. this
8!Summit"$i%on;s #eelin.s a+o)t the So'iets pro'ed correct! Shortly a#ter the p)+lic learned o# U!S!
ne.otiations (ith China- the So'iets proposed an 2erican"So'iet s)it- or hi.h"le'el diploatic eetin.- to
+e held in May 1452! An May 22- President $i%on #le( to Mosco( #or a (ee/lon. s)it! ,h)s- he +ecae the
#irst 2erican president since :orld :ar @@ to 'isit the So'iet Union!
4!SAL !"D)rin. the historic Mosco( s)it- the t(o s)perpo(ers si.ned the #irst Strate.ic 2rs Biitation
,reaty- or S2B, @- a plan to liit n)clear ars the t(o nations had +een (or/in. on #or years! $i%on and
3re0hne' also a.reed to increase trade and the e%chan.e o# scienti#ic in#oration! Detente pro#o)ndly eased
tensions +et(een the So'iet Union and the US!
10!Sam "# $rvin"@n 1453 the :ater.ate +)r.lars (ent on trial! Under relentless proddin. #ro #ederal ?)d.e
John J! Sirica- McCord a.reed to cooperate (ith +oth a .rand ?)ry in'esti.ation and (ith the Senate;s Select
Coittee on Presidential Capai.n 2cti'ities- (hich had +een recently esta+lished )nder Senator Sa J! Er'in
o# $orth Carolina!
11!"ohn Dean"McCord;s testiony opened a #lood.ate o# con#essions- and a parade o# :hite Ho)se and
capai.n o##icials e%posed one ille.ality a#ter another o'er the ne%t se'eral onths! 1oreost aon. the
o##icials (as co)nsel to the president John Dean- a e+er o# the inner circle o# the :hite Ho)se (ho le'eled
alle.ations a.ainst $i%on hisel#!
12!$%e&utive privilege" 2ll the .ro)ps in'esti.atin. the scandal so).ht access to the tapes! $i%on re#)sed-
pleadin. e%ec)ti'e pri'ile.e Cthe principle that :hite Ho)se con'ersations sho)ld reain con#idential to
protect national sec)rity!
13!Spe&ial 'rose&utor"2 special prosec)tor appointed +y the president to handle the :ater.ate cases- 2rchi+ald
Co%- too/ $i%on to co)rt in Acto+er 1453 to #orce hi to .i'e )p the recordin.s! $i%on- clearly .ro(in.
desperate- ordered 2ttorney 9eneral Elliot *ichardson- and then *ichardson;s dep)ty- to #ire Co%! 3oth en
re#)sed and resi.ned in protest! Solicitor 9eneral *o+ert 3or/ #inally #ired Co%- +)t the incident- nic/naed the
DSat)rday $i.ht MassacreE in the press- +adly daa.ed $i%on;s rep)tation (ith the p)+lic!
14!Federal &ampaign a&t amendment" ,he :ater.ate crisis propted a series o# ne( la(s intended to liit the
po(er o# the e%ec)ti'e +ranch! @n the 1450s Con.ress passed a n)+er o# la(s aied at reesta+lishin. a .reater
+alance o# po(er in .o'ernent! ,he 1ederal Capai.n 2ct 2endents liited capai.n contri+)tions and
esta+lished an independent a.ency to adinister stricter election la(s! ,he Ethics in 9o'ernent 2ct reF)ired
#inancial disclos)re +y hi.h .o'ernent o##icials in all three +ranches o# .o'ernent! ,he 13@ Doestic
Sec)rity @n'esti.ation 9)idelines restricted the +)rea);s political intelli.ence".atherin. acti'ities!
17!In(lation",he nation;s econoic tro)+les +e.an in the id"14=0s- (hen President Johnson si.ni#icantly
increased #ederal de#icit spendin. in an attept to #)nd +oth the <ietna :ar and his 9reat Society pro.ra
(itho)t raisin. ta%es! ,his p)ped lar.e ao)nts o# oney into the econoy- (hich sp)rred in#lation- or a rise
in the cost o# .oods!
1=!)'$*" 1or years- the Ar.ani0ation o# Petrole) E%portin. Co)ntries GAPECH sold oil #or its e+er
co)ntries! Prices reained lo( )ntil the early 1450s- (hen APEC decided to )se oil as a political and econoic
(eapon! @n 1453 the Io 8ipp)r :ar (as ra.in. +et(een @srael and its 2ra+ nei.h+ors! ,ension had e%isted
+et(een @srael and the 2ra+ (orld e'er since the #o)ndin. o# odern @srael in 1448! Since ost 2ra+ states did
not reco.ni0e @srael;s ri.ht to e%ist- U!S! s)pport o# @srael ade 2erican relations (ith 2ra+ states )neasy!
15!$m+argo" $o( APEC anno)nced that its e+ers (o)ld e+ar.o- or stop shippin.- petrole) to co)ntries
that s)pported @srael- naely the United States and soe :estern E)ropean nations! APEC also raised the price
o# cr)de oil +y 50 percent- and then +y another 130 percent a #e( onths later!
18!Stag(lation" ,h)s in the early 1450s President $i%on #aced a ne( and p)00lin. econoic dilea that cae
to +e /no(n as Dsta.#lation-E a co+ination o# risin. prices and econoic sta.nation! Econoists- (ho
ephasi0ed the deand side o# econoic theory- incl)din. s)pporters o# 8eynesianis- did not thin/ that
in#lation and recession co)ld occ)r at the sae tie! ,hey +elie'ed that deand dri'es prices and that in#lation
(o)ld only occ)r in a +ooin. econoy (hen deand #or .oods (as hi.h! 2s a res)lt- they did not /no( (hat
#iscal policy the .o'ernent sho)ld p)rs)e! @ncreased spendin. i.ht help end the recession- +)t it (o)ld
increase in#lation! *aisin. ta%es i.ht slo( in#lation +)t (o)ld prolon. the recession!
14!Helsin,i A&&ords" @n #orei.n policy- 1ord contin)ed $i%on;s .eneral strate.y! 1ord /ept 8issin.er on as
secretary o# state and contin)ed to p)rs)e d>tente (ith the So'iets and the Chinese! @n 2).)st 1457 he et (ith
leaders o# $2,A and the :arsa( Pact to si.n the Helsin/i 2ccords! Under the accords- the parties reco.ni0ed
the +orders o# Eastern E)rope esta+lished at the end o# :orld :ar @@! ,he So'iets in ret)rn proised to )phold
certain +asic h)an ri.hts- incl)din. the ri.ht to o'e across national +orders! ,he s)+seF)ent So'iet #ail)re to
)phold these +asic ri.hts t)rned any 2ericans a.ainst d>tente!
20!Department o( $nergy" Carter proposed a national ener.y pro.ra to conser'e oil and to proote the )se o#
coal and rene(a+le ener.y so)rces s)ch as solar po(er! He pers)aded Con.ress to create a Departent o#
Ener.y and also as/ed 2ericans to a/e personal sacri#ices to red)ce their ener.y cons)ption! Most o# the
p)+lic coplied as +est they co)ld- altho).h any i.nored the president;s s)..estion!
21!*amp David A&&ords"@t (as in the 'olatile Middle East that President Carter et his .reatest #orei.n policy
tri)ph and his .reatest #ail)re! @n 1458 Carter helped +ro/er a historic peace treaty- /no(n as the Cap Da'id
2ccords- +et(een @srael and E.ypt- t(o nations that had +een +itter eneies #or decades! ,he treaty (as
#orally si.ned in 1454! Most other 2ra+ nations in the re.ion opposed the treaty- +)t it ar/ed a #irst step to
achie'in. peace in the Middle East!
22!-using. ,o sol'e this pro+le- state co)rts +e.an orderin. local .o'ernents to +)s children to schools
o)tside their nei.h+orhoods to achie'e .reater racial +alance! ,he practice led to protests and e'en riots in
se'eral (hite co)nities- incl)din. 3oston! ,he S)pree Co)rt- ho(e'er- )pheld the constit)tionality o#
+)sin. in the 1451 case S(ann '! Charlotte" Mec/len+)r. 3oard o# Ed)cation!
23!A((irmative a&tion" @n addition to s)pportin. +)sin.- ci'il ri.hts leaders in the 1450s +e.an ad'ocatin.
a##irati'e action as a ne( (ay to sol'e econoic and ed)cational discriination! En#orced thro).h e%ec)ti'e
orders and #ederal policies- a##irati'e action called #or copanies- schools- and instit)tions doin. +)siness (ith
the #ederal .o'ernent to recr)it 2#rican 2ericans (ith the hope that this (o)ld lead to ipro'ed social and
econoic stat)s! A##icials later e%panded a##irati'e action to incl)de other inority .ro)ps and (oen
24!Allan -a,,e" 2##irati'e action (as addressed +y the S)pree Co)rt in 1458! ,he case +e.an in 1454- a#ter
o##icials at the edical school o# the Uni'ersity o# Cali#ornia at Da'is t)rned do(n the adission o# a (hite
applicant naed 2llan 3a//e #or a second tie! :hen 3a//e learned that slots had +een set aside #or inorities-
he s)ed the school! 3a//e ar.)ed that +y adittin. inority applicantsCsoe o# (ho had scored lo(er than
3a//e on their e%asCthe school had discriinated a.ainst hi +ased on his race!
27!"esse "a&,son" $e( political leaders eer.ed in the 2#rican 2erican co)nity in the 1450s! Jesse
Jac/son- a #orer aid to Martin B)ther 8in.- Jr!- (as aon. this ne( .eneration o# acti'ists! @n 1451 Jac/son
#o)nded Aperation PUSH GPeople United to Sa'e H)anityH- an or.ani0ation dedicated to re.isterin. 'oters-
de'elopin. 2#rican 2erican +)sinesses- and +roadenin. ed)cational opport)nities! @n 1484 and 1488- Jac/son
so).ht the Deocratic presidential noination! 2ltho).h +oth attepts (ere )ns)ccess#)l- he (on o'er illions
o# 'oters!
2=!*ongressional -la&, *au&us" 2#rican 2ericans also +ecae ore in#l)ential in national politics #or the
#irst tie since *econstr)ction! @n 1451 2#rican 2erican e+ers o# Con.ress or.ani0ed the Con.ressional
3lac/ Ca)c)s to ore clearly represent their concerns!
25!Shirley *hisholm" 2nother proinent leader o# the era (as Shirley Chishol o# $e( Ior/! Chishol (as a
#o)ndin. e+er o# the Con.ressional 3lac/ Ca)c)s and the #irst 2#rican 2erican (oan to ser'e in
Con.ress! @n 1455 another #orer assistant to Martin B)ther 8in.- Jr!- U!S! *epresentati'e 2ndre( Io)n.- (as
selected +y President Carter to +ecoe the #irst 2#rican 2erican to ser'e as U!S! a+assador to the United
$ations! He (ent on to +ecoe the ayor o# 2tlanta! 3y the early 1480s- 2#rican 2erican ayors had +een
elected in 2tlanta- Detroit- Chica.o- Bos 2n.eles- $e( Arleans- Philadelphia- and :ashin.ton- D!C!
28!AI/" $ati'e 2ericans (ho 'ie(ed the .o'ernent;s e##orts as too odest #ored ore ilitant .ro)ps-
(hich typically eployed a ore co+ati'e style! Ane s)ch .ro)p- the 2erican @ndian Mo'eent G2@MH-
sta.ed a sy+olic protest in 14=4 +y occ)pyin. the a+andoned #ederal prison on 2lcatra0 @sland in San
1rancisco 3ay #or 14 onths- claiin. o(nership D+y ri.ht o# disco'ery!E
24!Se&tion 012" People (ith disa+ilities also loo/ed to the #ederal .o'ernent to protect their ci'il ri.hts!
2ccess to p)+lic #acilities and prohi+itions on discriination in eployent led their deands! Ane 'ictory (as
passa.e- in 14=8- o# the 2rchitect)ral 3arriers 2ct- (hich andated that ne( +)ildin.s constr)cted (ith #ederal
#)nds +e accessi+le to disa+led persons! ,he *eha+ilitation 2ct o# 1453 (as e'en ore si.ni#icant! 2ccordin. to
Section 704- Dno other(ise F)ali#ied indi'id)al (ith a disa+ility ! ! ! shall ! ! ! +e e%cl)ded #ro participation in-
+e denied the +ene#its o#- or +e s)+?ected to discriination )nder any pro.ra or ser'ice or acti'ity recei'in.
1ederal #inancial assistance ! ! ! D
30!Ra&hel *arson" @n the 14=0s and 50s there (as an en'ironental o'eent! Carson helped tri..er this
o'eent! She (as not a political leader nor proinent acadeic- +)t a so#t"spo/en arine +iolo.ist naed
*achel Carson! Carson;s 14=2 +oo/ Silent Sprin. assailed the increasin. )se o# pesticides- partic)larly DD,! She
contended that (hile pesticides c)r+ed insect pop)lations- they also /illed +irds- #ish- and other creat)res that
i.ht in.est the! Carson (arned 2ericans o# a Dsilent sprin.-E in (hich there (o)ld +e no +irds le#t to )sher
sprin. in (ith their son.s! Silent Sprin. +ecae a +estseller and one o# the ost contro'ersial and in#l)ential
+oo/s o# the 14=0s! ,he cheical ind)stry (as o)tra.ed and +e.an an intense capai.n to discredit Carson and
her ar.)ents!
31!Smog" also /no(n as #o. this ade hea'ier and dar/er +y so/e and cheical #)es- h)n. perpet)ally o'er
any a?or cities! ,his is (hat people sa( all aro)nd the d)rin. the en'ironentalist period! *i'ers across the
nation (ere no lon.er sa/e #or #ichin. or s(iin.! @n the $orth(est- ti+er copanies (ere c)ttin. do(n
acres o# #orest! @n 14=4 a a?or oil spill o## Santa 3ar+ara- Cali#ornia- r)ined iles o# +each and /illed scores o#
+irds and aF)atic anials! 2 di/e pro?ect in 1lorida;s E'er.lades indirectly /illed illions o# +irds and anials!
Poll)tion and .ar+a.e ca)sed nearly all the #ish to disappear #ro Ba/e Erie! 3y 1450- any citi0ens (ere
con'inced it (as tie to do soethin. a+o)t protectin. the en'ironent!
32!$'A" 2s the en'ironental o'eent .ained s)pport- the #ederal .o'ernent too/ action! @n 1450 President
$i%on si.ned the $ational En'ironental Policy 2ct- (hich created the En'ironental Protection 2.ency
GEP2H! ,he EP2 set and en#orced poll)tion standards- prooted research- and directed antipoll)tion acti'ities
(ith state and local .o'ernents!
33!Love *anal" Despite the #l)rry o# #ederal en'ironental le.islation- 2ericans contin)ed to o+ili0e on the
co)nity le'el thro).ho)t the 1450s! Ane o# the ost po(er#)l displays o# co)nity acti'is occ)rred in a
ho)sin. de'elopent near $ia.ara 1alls- $e( Ior/- /no(n as Bo'e Canal!D)rin. the 1450s people started to
noti'e that the Bo'e Canal i.ht +e ca)sin. any health pro+les s)ch as +lood diseases and cancer! @n 1480
President Carter declared Bo'e Canal a #ederal disaster and ordered all o# the locals to relocate!
34!Fossil Fuels" D)rin. the 1450s- a n)+er o# citi0ens also +ecae concerned a+o)t the )se o# n)clear reactors
to .enerate electricity! 2s n)clear po(er plants +e.an to dot the nation;s landscape- the de+ate o'er their )se
intensi#ied! S)pporters o# n)clear ener.y hailed it as a cleaner and less e%pensi'e alternati'e to #ossil #)els- s)ch
as coal- oil- and nat)ral .as- (hich are in liited s)pply! Apponents (arned o# the ris/s n)clear ener.y posed-
partic)larly the de'astatin. conseF)ences o# an accidental radiation release into the air
37!hree /ile Island",he de+ate .ained national attention in a shoc/in. #ashion in 1454! @n the early ho)rs o#
March 28- one o# the reactors at the ,hree Mile @sland n)clear #acility o)tside Harris+)r.- Pennsyl'ania-
o'erheated a#ter its coolin. syste #ailed! ,(o days later- as plant o##icials scra+led to #i% the pro+le- lo(
le'els o# radiation escaped #ro the reactor!