Tim Hieu CVa Ung Dung

TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN
KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

B MN CNG NGH PHN MM

PHM VN VIT - TRNG LP V

TM HIU NGN NG C# V
VIT MT NG DNG MINH HA

N TT NGIP

GIO VIN HNG DN
NGUYN TN TRN MINH KHANG

TP. HCM 2002
TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN
KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN
B MN CNG NGH PHN MM

PHM VN VIT - TRNG LP V

TM HIU NGN NG C# V VIT MT NG DNG MINH HA

GIO VIN HNG DN
NGUYN TN TRN MINH KHANG

TP. HCM 2002

Li cm n

c th hon tt c bi n ny, trc tin phi k n cng sc ca thy
Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang. Chng em knh li cm n n thy tn tnh hng
dn v gip trong thi gian thc hin n ny.
Chng em xin t lng bit n su sc i vi gia nh ng vin, to iu kin
thc hin tt bi n. Xin cm n cha, m, anh, ch, em!
Chng em cng xin chn thnh cm n n cc thy c khoa Cng ngh thng tin
trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin Thnh ph H Ch Minh truyn t nhng kin
thc, kinh nghim qu bu cho chng em trong qu trnh hc tp ti trng.
Chng em cng xin chn thnh cm n n cc bn b gip ti liu, trao i hc
thut mi c th thc hin n ny. Xin gi li cm n n cc bn H Ngc Huy,
Trn Th Anh, Bi Thanh Tun...

Thnh ph H Ch Minh, ngy 03 thng 8 nm 2002
Sinh vin
Phm Vn Vit
Trng Lp V

Mc lc

Li cm n.......................................................................................................................3
Mc lc............................................................................................................................4
Tm tt.............................................................................................................................1
Phn 1 Tm hiu ngn ng C#.........................................................................................1
Chng 1 C# v .Net Framework................................................................................2
1.1 Nn tng ca .NET.............................................................................................2
1.2 .NET Framework ...............................................................................................3
1.3 Bin dch v ngn ng trung gian (MSIL).........................................................4
1.4 Ngn ng C#......................................................................................................5
Chng 2 Khi u......................................................................................................6
2.1 Lp, i tng v kiu.......................................................................................6
2.2 Pht trin Hello World....................................................................................8
Chng 3 Nhng c s ca ngn ng C# .................................................................12
3.1 Cc kiu............................................................................................................12
3.2 Bin v hng.....................................................................................................14
3.3 Biu thc ..........................................................................................................16
3.4 Khong trng....................................................................................................16
3.5 Cu lnh ...........................................................................................................16
3.6 Ton t .............................................................................................................19
3.7 To vng tn.....................................................................................................21
3.8 Ch th tin x l ..............................................................................................22
Chng 4 Lp v i tng.......................................................................................24
4.1 nh ngha lp..................................................................................................24
4.2 To i tng...................................................................................................25
4.3 S dng cc thnh vin tnh.............................................................................27
4.4 Hy i tng ..................................................................................................29
4.5 Truyn tham s.................................................................................................30
4.6 Np chng phng thc v hm dng.............................................................32
4.7 ng gi d liu vi property..........................................................................33
Chng 5 Tha k v a hnh...................................................................................35
5.1 c bit ho v tng qut ho..........................................................................35
5.2 S k tha.........................................................................................................35
5.3 a hnh.............................................................................................................37
5.4 Lp tru tng .................................................................................................38
5.5 Lp gc ca tt c cc lp: Object ...................................................................39
5.6 Kiu Boxing v Unboxing ...............................................................................40
5.7 Lp lng...........................................................................................................42
Chng 6 Np chng ton t.....................................................................................44
6.1 Cch dng t kho operator .............................................................................44
6.2 Cch h tr cc ngn ng .Net khc................................................................44
6.3 S hu ch ca cc ton t ...............................................................................44
6.4 Cc ton t logic hai ngi ................................................................................45
6.5 Ton t so snh bng........................................................................................45
6.6 Ton t chuyn i kiu (p kiu) ...................................................................45
Chng 7 Cu trc.....................................................................................................48
7.1 nh ngha cu trc..........................................................................................48
7.2 Cch to cu trc..............................................................................................49
Chng 8 Giao din...................................................................................................50
8.1 Ci t mt giao din .......................................................................................50
8.2 Truy xut phng thc ca giao din ..............................................................52
8.3 Np chng phn ci t giao din....................................................................54
8.4 Thc hin giao din mt cch tng minh ......................................................55
Chng 9 Array, Indexer, and Collection .................................................................58
9.1 Mng (Array) ...................................................................................................58
9.2 Cu lnh foreach ..............................................................................................59
9.3 Indexers............................................................................................................62
9.4 Cc giao din ti cha......................................................................................65
9.5 Array Lists........................................................................................................65
9.6 Hng i...........................................................................................................65
9.7 Stacks ...............................................................................................................66
9.8 Dictionary.........................................................................................................66
Chng 10 Chui.......................................................................................................67
10.1 To chui mi ................................................................................................67
10.2 Phng thc ToString() .................................................................................67
10.3 Thao tc chui ................................................................................................68
10.4 Thao tc chui ng.......................................................................................70
Chng 11 Qun l li...............................................................................................72
11.1 Nm v bt bit l ..........................................................................................73
11.2 i tng Exception......................................................................................80
11.3 Cc bit l t to ............................................................................................82
11.4 Nm bit l ln na. .......................................................................................83
Chng 12 Delegate v Event ...................................................................................87
12.1 Delegate (y thc, y quyn) .........................................................................87
12.2 Event (S kin) ............................................................................................101
Chng 13 Lp trnh vi C#....................................................................................109
13.1 ng dng Windows vi Windows Form.....................................................109
Chng 14 Truy cp d liu vi ADO.NET...........................................................144
14.1 C s d liu v ngn ng truy vn SQL....................................................144
14.2 Mt s loi kt ni hin ang s dng.........................................................144
14.3 Kin trc ADO.NET....................................................................................145
14.4 M hnh i tng ADO.NET.....................................................................146
14.5 Trnh cung cp d liu (.NET Data Providers)............................................148
14.6 Khi s vi ADO.NET................................................................................148
14.7 S dng trnh cung cp d liu c qun l ..............................................151
14.8 Lm vic vi cc iu khin kt buc d liu .............................................152
14.9 Thay i cc bn ghi ca c s d liu........................................................161
Chng 15 ng dng Web vi Web Forms............................................................173
1.1 Tm hiu v Web Forms............................................................................173
15.1 Cc s kin ca Web Forms ........................................................................174
15.2 Hin th chui ln trang................................................................................175
15.3 iu khin xc nhn hp..............................................................................178
15.4 Mt s v d mu minh ha .........................................................................179
Chng 16 Cc dch v Web...................................................................................192
Chng 17 Assemblies v Versioning ....................................................................196
17.1 Tp tin PE.....................................................................................................196
17.2 Metadata.......................................................................................................196
17.3 Ranh gii an ninh.........................................................................................196
17.4 S hiu phin bn (Versioning) ...................................................................196
17.5 Manifest........................................................................................................196
17.6 a Module Assembly...................................................................................197
17.7 Assembly ni b (private assembly)............................................................198
17.8 Assembly chia s (shared assembly)............................................................198
Chng 18 Attributes v Reflection........................................................................200
18.1 Attributes......................................................................................................200
18.2 Attribute mc nh (intrinsic attributes).......................................................200
18.3 Attribute do lp trnh vin to ra..................................................................201
18.4 Reflection.....................................................................................................203
Chng 19 Marshaling v Remoting.......................................................................204
19.1 Min ng Dng (Application Domains) .....................................................204
19.2 Context .........................................................................................................206
19.3 Remoting......................................................................................................208
Chng 20 Thread v S ng B .........................................................................215
20.1 Thread ..........................................................................................................215
20.2 ng b ha (Synchronization) ...................................................................216
20.3 Race condition v DeadLock.......................................................................221
Chng 21 Lung d liu. .......................................................................................223
21.1 Tp tin v th mc .......................................................................................223
21.2 c v ghi d liu........................................................................................230
21.3 Bt ng b nhp xut .................................................................................235
21.4 Serialization..................................................................................................238
21.5 Isolate Storage..............................................................................................244
Chng 22 Lp trnh .NET v COM.......................................................................246
22.1 P/Invoke .......................................................................................................246
22.2 Con tr..........................................................................................................248
Phn 2 Xy dng mt ng dng minh ha..................................................................250
Chng 23 Website dy hc ngn ng C#..............................................................251
23.1 Hin trng v yu cu...................................................................................251
23.2 Phn tch hng i tng...........................................................................258
23.3 Thit k hng i tng.............................................................................262

Tm tt

ti ny tp trung tm hiu ton b cc khi nim lin quan n ngn ng C#.
Bi v C# c Microsoft pht trin nh l mt thnh phn ca khung ng dng
.NET Framework v hng Internet nn ti ny bao gm hai phn sau:
Phn 1: Tm hiu v ngn ng C#
Vic tm hiu bao gm c cc kin thc nn tng v cng ngh .NET Framework,
chun b cho cc khi nim lin quan gia C# v .NET Framework. Sau tm
hiu v b c php ca ngn ng ny, bao gm ton b tp lnh, t kha, khi
nim v lp trnh hng i tng theo C#, cc h tr lp trnh hng
component ... Sau cng l cch lp trnh C# vi ng dng Window cho my
bn v C# vi cc cng ngh hin i nh ASP.NET. ADO.NET, XML cho lp
trnh Web.

Phn 2: Xy dng mt ng dng
Phn ny l bo co v ng dng minh ha cho vic tm hiu trn. Tn ng
dng l Xy dng mt Website dy hc C#. y l ng dng Web ci t bng
ngn ng C# v ASP.NET. Trong ASP.NET c dng xy dng giao
din tng tc vi ngi dng; cn C# l ngn ng lp trnh bn di. ng dng
c thao tc c s d liu (Microsoft SQL Server) thng quan m hnh
ADO.NET.

1

Phn 1
Tm hiu ngn ng C#
C# v .Net Framework Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
2

Chng 1 C# v .Net Framework
Mc tiu ca C# l cung cp mt ngn ng lp trnh n gin, an ton, hin i,
hng i tng, t trng tm vo Internet, c kh nng thc thi cao cho mi
trng .NET. C# l mt ngn ng mi, nhng tch hp trong n nhng tinh hoa ca
ba thp k pht trin ca ngn ng lp trnh. Ta c th d dng thy trong C# c
nhng c trng quen thuc ca Java, C++, Visual Basic,
ti ny t trng tm gii thiu ngn ng C# v cch dng n nh l mt cng
c lp trnh trn nn tng .NET. Vi ngn ng C++, khi hc n ta khng cn quan
tm n mi trng thc thi. Vi ngn ng C#, ta hc to mt ng dng .NET,
nu l l ny c th b l quan im chnh ca ngn ng ny. Do , trong ti
ny xt C# tp trung trong ng cnh c th l nn tng .NET ca Microsoft v trong
cc ng dng my tnh bn v ng dng Internet.
Chng ny trnh by chung v hai phn l ngn ng C# v nn tng .NET, bao
gm c khung ng dng .NET (.NET Framework)
1.1 Nn tng ca .NET
Khi Microsoft cng b C# vo thng 7 nm 2000, vic khnh thnh n ch l mt
phn trong s rt nhiu s kin m nn tng .Net c cng cng b. Nn tng .Net
l b khung pht trin ng dng mi, n cung cp mt giao din lp trnh ng dng
(Application Programming Interface - API) mi m cho cc dch v v h iu hnh
Windows, c th l Windows 2000, n cng mang li nhiu k thut khc ni bt
ca Microsoft sut t nhng nm 90. Trong s c cc dch v COM+, cng ngh
ASP, XML v thit k hng i tng, h tr cc giao thc dch v web mi nh
SOAP, WSDL v UDDL vi trng tm l Internet, tt c c tch hp trong kin
trc DNA.
Nn tng .NET bao gm bn nhm sau:
1. Mt tp cc ngn ng, bao gm C# v Visual Basic .Net; mt tp cc cng c
pht trin bao gm Visual Studio .Net; mt tp y cc th vin phc v
cho vic xy dng cc ng dng web, cc dch v web v cc ng dng
Windows; cn c CLR - Common Language Runtime: (ngn ng thc thi
dng chung) thc thi cc i tng c xy dng trn b khung ny.
2. Mt tp cc Server X nghip .Net nh SQL Server 2000. Exchange 2000,
BizTalk 2000, chng cung cp cc chc nng cho vic lu tr d liu quan
h, th in t, thng mi in t B2B,
3
3. Cc dch v web thng mi min ph, va c cng b gn y nh l d
n Hailstorm; nh pht trin c th dng cc dch v ny xy dng cc ng
dng i hi tri thc v nh danh ngi dng
4. .NET cho cc thit b khng phi PC nh in thoi (cell phone), thit b game
1.2 .NET Framework
.Net h tr tch hp ngn ng, tc l ta c th k tha cc lp, bt cc bit l, a
hnh thng qua nhiu ngn ng. .NET Framework thc hin c vic ny nh vo
c t Common Type System - CTS (h thng kiu chung) m tt c cc thnh phn
.Net u tun theo. V d, mi th trong .Net u l i tng, tha k t lp gc
System.Object.
Ngoi ra .Net cn bao gm Common Language Specification - CLS (c t ngn
ng chung). N cung cp cc qui tc c bn m ngn ng mun tch hp phi tha
mn. CLS ch ra cc yu cu ti thiu ca ngn ng h tr .Net. Trnh bin dch
tun theo CLS s to cc i tng c th tng hp vi cc i tng khc. B th
vin lp ca khung ng dng (Framework Class Library - FCL) c th c dng
bi bt k ngn ng no tun theo CLS.
.NET Framework nm tng trn ca h iu hnh (bt k h iu hnh no khng
ch l Windows). .NET Framework bao bao gm:
Bn ngn ng chnh thc: C#, VB.Net, C++, v Jscript.NET
Common Language Runtime - CLR, nn tng hng i tng cho pht trin
ng dng Windows v web m cc ngn ng c th chia s s dng.
B th vin Framework Class Library - FCL.
Hnh 1-1 Kin trc khung ng dng .Net

4
Thnh phn quan trng nht ca .NET Framework l CLR, n cung cp mi trng
cho ng dng thc thi, CLR l mt my o, tng t my o Java. CLR kch hot
i tng, thc hin kim tra bo mt, cp pht b nh, thc thi v thu dn chng.
Trong Hnh 1-1 tng trn ca CLR bao gm:
Cc lp c s
Cc lp d liu v XML
Cc lp cho dch v web, web form, v Windows form.
Cc lp ny c gi chung l FCL, Framework Class Library, cung cp API
hng i tng cho tt c cc chc nng ca .NET Framework (hn 5000 lp).
Cc lp c s tng t vi cc lp trong Java. Cc lp ny h tr cc thao tc nhp
xut, thao tc chui, vn bn, qun l bo mt, truyn thng mng, qun l tiu trnh
v cc chc nng tng hp khc
Trn mc ny l lp d liu v XML. Lp d liu h tr vic thao tc cc d liu
trn c s d liu. Cc lp ny bao gm cc lp SQL (Structure Query Language:
ngn ng truy vn c cu trc) cho php ta thao tc d liu thng qua mt giao tip
SQL chun. Ngoi ra cn mt tp cc lp gi l ADO.Net cng cho php thao tc
d liu. Lp XML h tr thao tc d liu XML, tm kim v din dch XML.
Trn lp d liu v XML l lp h tr xy dng cc ng dng Windows (Windows
forms), ng dng Web (Web forms) v dch v Web (Web services).
1.3 Bin dch v ngn ng trung gian (MSIL)
Vi .NET chng trnh khng bin dch thnh tp tin thc thi, m bin dch thnh
ngn ng trung gian (MSIL - Microsoft Intermediate Language, vit tt l IL), sau
chng c CLR thc thi. Cc tp tin IL bin dch t C# ng nht vi cc tp
tin IL bin dch t ngn ng .Net khc.
Khi bin dch d n, m ngun C# c chuyn thnh tp tin IL lu trn a. Khi
chy chng trnh th IL c bin dch (hay thng dch) mt ln na bng trnh
Just In Time - JIT, khi ny kt qu l m my v b x l s thc thi.
Trnh bin dch JIT ch chy khi c yu cu. Khi mt phng thc c gi, JIT
phn tch IL v sinh ra m my ti u cho tng loi my. JIT c th nhn bit m
ngun c bin dch cha, c th chy ngay ng dng hay phi bin dch li.
CLS c ngha l cc ngn ng .Net cng sinh ra m IL. Cc i tng c to theo
mt ngn ng no s c truy cp v tha k bi cc i tng ca ngn ng
khc. V vy ta c th to c mt lp c s trong VB.Net v tha k n t C#.
5
1.4 Ngn ng C#
C# l mt ngn ng rt n gin, vi khong 80 t kho v hn mi kiu d liu
dng sn, nhng C# c tnh din t cao. C# h tr lp trnh c cu trc, hng i
tng, hng thnh phn (component oriented).
Trng tm ca ngn ng hng i tng l lp. Lp nh ngha kiu d liu mi,
cho php m rng ngn ng theo hng cn gii quyt. C# c nhng t kho dnh
cho vic khai bo lp, phng thc, thuc tnh (property) mi. C# h tr y
khi nim tr ct trong lp trnh hng i tng: ng gi, tha k, a hnh.
nh ngha lp trong C# khng i hi tch ri tp tin tiu vi tp tin ci t nh
C++. Hn th, C# h tr kiu su liu mi, cho php su liu trc tip trong tp tin
m ngun. n khi bin dch s to tp tin su liu theo nh dng XML.
C# h tr khi nim giao din, interfaces (tng t Java). Mt lp ch c th k
tha duy nht mt lp cha nhng c th ci t nhiu giao din.
C# c kiu cu trc, struct (khng ging C++). Cu trc l kiu hng nh v b gii
hn.Cu trc khng th tha k lp hay c k tha nhng c th ci t giao din.
C# cung cp nhng c trng lp trnh hng thnh phn nh property, s kin v
dn hng khai bo (c gi l attribute). Lp trnh hng component c h tr
bi CLR thng qua siu d liu (metadata). Siu d liu m t cc lp bao gm cc
phng thc v thuc tnh, cc thng tin bo mt .
Assembly l mt tp hp cc tp tin m theo cch nhn ca lp trnh vin l cc th
vin lin kt ng (DLL) hay tp tin thc thi (EXE). Trong .NET mt assembly l
mt on v ca vic ti s dng, xc nh phin bn, bo mt, v phn phi. CLR
cung cp mt s cc lp thao tc vi assembly.
C# cng cho truy cp trc tip b nh dng con tr kiu C++, nhng vng m
c xem nh khng an ton. CLR s khng thc thi vic thu dn rc t ng cc
i tng c tham chiu bi con tr cho n khi lp trnh vin t gii phng.

Khi u Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
6

Chng 2 Khi u
Chng ny ta s to, bin dch v chy chng trnh Hello World bng ngn ng
C#. Phn tch ngn gn chng trnh gii thiu cc c trng chnh yu trong
ngn ng C#.
V d 2-1 Chng trnh Hello World
class HelloWorld
{
static void Main( )
{
// s dng i tng console ca h thng
System.Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
}
}
Sau khi bin dch v chy HelloWorld, kt qu l dng ch Hello World hin th
trn mn hnh.
2.1 Lp, i tng v kiu
Bn cht ca lp trnh hng i tng l to ra cc kiu mi. Mt kiu biu din
mt vt g . Ging vi cc ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng khc, mt kiu
trong C# cng nh ngha bng t kho class (v c gi l lp) cn th hin ca
lp c gi l i tng.
Xem V d 2-1 ta thy cch khai bo mt lp HelloWorld. Ta thy ngay l cch
khai bo v ni dung ca mt lp hon ton ging vi ngn ng Java v C++, ch
c khc l cui khai bo lp khng cn du ;
2.1.1 Phng thc
Cc hnh vi ca mt lp c gi l cc phng thc thnh vin (gi tt l phng
thc) ca lp . Mt phng thc l mt hm (phng thc thnh vin cn gi l
hm thnh vin). Cc phng thc nh ngha nhng g m mt lp c th lm.
Cch khai bo, ni dung v cch s dng cc phng thc ging hon ton vi Java
v C++. Trong v d trn c mt phng thc c bit l phng thc Main() (nh
hm main() trong C++) l phng thc bt u ca mt ng dng C#, c th tr v
kiu void hay int. Mi mt chng trnh (assembly) c th c nhiu phng thc
Main nhng khi phi ch nh phng thc Main() no s bt u chng trnh.
7
2.1.2 Cc ghi ch
C# c ba kiu ghi ch trong c hai kiu rt quen thuc ca C++ l dng: "//" v
"/* */". Ngoi ra cn mt kiu ghi ch na s trnh by cc chng k.
V d 2-2 Hai hnh thc ghi ch trong C#
class HelloWorld
{
static void Main( ) // y l ghi trn mt dng
{
/* Bt u ghi ch nhiu dng
Vn cn trong ghi ch
Kt thc ghi ch bng */
}
}
2.1.3 ng dng dng console
Hello World l mt ng dng console. Cc ng dng dng ny thng khng c
giao din ngi dng ha Cc nhp xut u thng qua cc console chun (dng
dng lnh nh DOS).
Trong v d trn, phng thc Main() vit ra mn hnh dng Hello World. Do
mn hnh qun l mt i tng Console, i tng ny c phng thc
WriteLine() cho php t mt dng ch ln mn hnh. gi phng thc ny ta
dng ton t ., nh sau: Console.WriteLine().
2.1.4 Namespaces - Vng tn
Console l mt trong rt nhiu (c ngn) lp trong b th vin .NET. Mi lp u
c tn v nh vy c hng ngn tn m lp trnh vin phi nh hoc phi tra cu
mi khi s dng. Vn l phi lm sao gim bt lng tn phi nh.
Ngoi vn phi nh qu nhiu tn ra, cn mt nhn xt sau: mt s lp c mi
lin h no v mt ng ngha, v d nh lp Stack, Queue, Hashtable l cc
lp ci t cu trc d liu ti cha. Nh vy c th nhm nhng lp ny thnh mt
nhm v thay v phi nh tn cc lp th lp trnh vin ch cn nh tn nhm, sau
c th thc hin vic tra cu tn lp trong nhm nhanh chng hn. Nhm l mt
vng tn trong C#.
Mt vng tn c th c nhiu lp v vng tn khc. Nu vng tn A nm trong vng
tn B, ta ni vng tn A l vng tn con ca vng tn B. Khi cc lp trong vng
tn A c ghi nh sau: B.A.Tn_lp_trong_vng_tn_A
System l vng tn cha nhiu lp hu ch cho vic giao tip vi h thng hoc cc
lp cng dng chung nh lp Console, Math, Exception.Trong v d HelloWorld
trn, i tng Console c dng nh sau:
8
2.1.5 Ton t chm .
Nh trong V d 2-1 ton t chm c dng truy sut d liu v phng thc
mt lp (nh Console.WriteLine()), ng thi cng dng ch nh tn lp trong
mt vng tn (nh System.Console).
Ton t du chm cng c dng truy xut cc vng tn con ca mt vng tn
Vng_tn.Vng_tn_con.Vng_tn_con_con
2.1.6 T kho using
Nu chng trnh s dng nhiu ln phng thc Console.WriteLine, t System s
phi vit nhiu ln. iu ny c th khin lp trnh vin nhm chn. Ta s khai bo
rng chng trnh c s dng vng tn System, sau ta dng cc lp trong vng
tn System m khng cn phi c t System i trc.
V d 2-3 T kha using
// Khai bo chng trnh c s dng vng tn System
using System;

class HelloWorld
{
static void Main( )
{
// Console thuc vng tn System
Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
}
}
2.1.7 Phn bit hoa thng
Ngn ng C# cng phn bit ch hoa thng ging nh Java hay C++ (khng nh
VB). V d nh WriteLine khc vi writeLine v c hai cng khc vi
WRITELINE. Tn bin, hm, hng u phn bit ch hoa ch thng.
2.1.8 T kho static
Trong V d 2-1 phng thc Main() c khai bo kiu tr v l void v dng t
kho static. T kho static cho bit l ta c th gi phng thc Main() m khng
cn to mt i tng kiu HelloWorld.
2.2 Pht trin Hello World
C hai cch vit, bin dch v chy chng trnh HelloWorld l dng mi trng
pht trin tch hp (IDE) Visual Studio .Net hay vit bng trnh son tho vn bn
v bin dch bng dng lnh. IDE Vs.Net d dng hn. Do , trong ti ny ch
trnh by theo hng lm vic trn IDE Visual Studio .Net.
9
2.2.1 Son tho Hello World
to chng trnh Hello World trong IDE, ta chn Visual Studio .Net t thanh
thc n. Tip theo trn mn hnh ca IDE chn File > New > Project t thanh
thc n, theo xut hin mt ca s nh sau:

Hnh 2-1 To mt ng dng console trong VS.Net
to chng trnh Hello World ta chn Visual C# Project > Console
Application, in HelloWorld trong Name, chn ng dn v nhn OK. Mt ca
s son tho xut hin.
10

Hnh 2-2 Ca s son tho ni dung m ngun
Vs.Net t to mt s m, ta cn chnh sa cho ph hp vi chng trnh ca mnh.
2.2.2 Bin dch v chy Hello World
Sau khi y m ngun ta tin hnh bin dch chng trnh: nhn CtrlShift
B hay chn Build > Build Solution. Kim tra xem chng trnh c li khng ca
s Output cui mn hnh. Khi bin dch chng trnh n s lu li thnh tp tin .cs.
Chy chng trnh bng CtrlF5 hay chn Debug > Start Without Debugging.
2.2.3 Trnh g ri ca Visual Studio .Net
Trnh g ri ca VS.Net rt mnh hu ch. Ba k nng chnh yu s dng ca
trnh g ri l:
Cch t im ngt (breakpoint) v lm sao chy cho n im ngt
Lm th no chy tng bc v chy vt qua mt phng thc.
Lm sao quan st v hiu chnh gi tr ca bin, d liu thnh vin,
Cch n gin nht t im ngt l bm chut tri vo pha l tri, ti s hin
ln mt chm .
11

Hnh 2-3 Minh ha mt im ngt
Cch dng trnh g ri hon ton ging vi trnh g ri trong VS 6.0. N cho php
ta dng li mt v tr bt k, cho ta kim tra gi tr tc thi bng cch di chuyn
chut n v tr bin. Ngoi ra, khi g ri ta cng c th xem gi tr cc bin thng
qua ca s Watch v Local.
chy trong ch g ri ta chn Debug Start hay nhn F5, mun chy tng
bc ta bm F11 v chy vt qua mt phng thc ta bm F10.
Nhng c s ca ngn ng C# Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
12

Chng 3 Nhng c s ca ngn ng C#
Trong chng ny s trnh by v h thng kiu trong C#; phn bit kiu dng sn
(int, long, bool, ) vi cc kiu do ngi dng nh ngha. Ngoi ra, chng ny
cng s trnh by cch to v dng bin, hng; gii thiu kiu lit k, chui, kiu
nh danh, biu thc, v cu lnh. Phn hai ca chng trnh by v cc cu trc
iu kin v cc ton t logic, quan h, ton hc,
3.1 Cc kiu
C# buc phi khai bo kiu ca i tng c to. Khi kiu c khai bo r rng,
trnh bin dch s gip ngn nga li bng cch kim tra d liu c gn cho i
tng c hp l khng, ng thi cp pht ng kch thc b nh cho i tng.
C# phn thnh hai loi: loai d liu dng sn v loi do ngi dng nh ngha.
C# cng chia tp d liu thnh hai kiu: gi tr v tham chiu. Bin kiu gi tr c
lu trong vng nh stack, cn bin kiu tham chiu c lu trong vng nh heap.
C# cng h tr kiu con tr ca C++, nhng t khi c s dng. Thng thng con
tr ch c s dng khi lm vic trc tip vi Win API hay cc i tng COM.
3.1.1 Loi d liu nh sn
C# c nhiu kiu d liu nh sn, mi kiu nh x n mt kiu c h tr bi
CLS (Commom Language Specification), nh x m bo rng i tng c
to trong C# khng khc g i tng c to trong cc ngn ng .NET khc Mi
kiu c mt kch thc c nh c lit k trong bng sau
Bng 3-1 Cc kiu dng sn
Kiu
Kch thc
(byte)
Kiu .Net M t - gi tr
byte 1 Byte Khng du (0..255)
char 1 Char M k th Unicode
bool 1 Boolean true hay false
sbyte 1 Sbyte C du (-128 .. 127)
short 2 Int16 C du (-32768 .. 32767)
ushort 2 Uint16 Khng du (0 .. 65535)
int 4 Int32 C du (-2147483647 .. 2147483647)
13
uint 4 Uint32 Khng du (0 .. 4294967295)
float 4 Single S thc ( 1.5*10-45 .. 3.4*1038)
double 8 Double S thc ( 5.0*10-324 .. 1.7*10308)
decimal 8 Decimal s c du chm tnh vi 28 k s v du chm
long
8
Int64 S nguyn c du (- 9223372036854775808 ..
9223372036854775807)
ulong 8 Uint64 S nguyn khng du (0 .. 0xffffffffffffffff.)
3.1.1.1 Chn mt kiu nh sn
Tu vo tng gi tr mun lu tr m ta chn kiu cho ph hp. Nu chn kiu qu
ln so vi cc gi tr cn lu s lm cho chng trnh i hi nhiu b nh v chy
chm. Trong khi nu gi tr cn lu ln hn kiu thc lu s lm cho gi tr cc bin
b sai v chng trnh cho kt qu sai.
Kiu char biu din mt k t Unicode. V d \u0041 l k t A trn bng
Unicode. Mt s k t c bit c biu din bng du \ trc mt k t khc.
Bng 3-2 Cc k t c bit thng dng
K t Ngha
\ du nhy n
\ du nhy i
\\ du cho ngc \
\0 Null
\a Alert
\b li v sau
\f Form feed
\n xung dng
\r v u dng
\t Tab ngang
\v Tab dc
3.1.1.2 Chuyn i kiu nh sn
Mt i tng c th chuyn t kiu ny sang kiu kia theo hai hnh thc: ngm
hoc tng minh. Hnh thc ngm c chuyn t ng cn hnh thc tng minh
cn s can thip trc tip ca ngi lp trnh (ging vi C++ v Java).
short x = 5;
int y ;
y = x; // chuyn kiu ngm nh - t ng
x = y; // li, khng bin dch c
x = (short) y; // OK
14
3.2 Bin v hng
Bin dng lu tr d liu. Mi bin thuc v mt kiu d liu no .
3.2.1 Khi to trc khi dng
Trong C#, trc khi dng mt bin th bin phi c khi to nu khng trnh
bin dch s bo li khi bin dch. Ta c th khai bo bin trc, sau khi to v
s dng; hay khai bo bin v khi gn trong lc khai bo.
int x; // khai bo bin trc
x = 5; // sau khi gn gi tr v s dng

int y = x; // khai bo v khi gn cng lc
3.2.2 Hng
Hng l mt bin nhng gi tr khng thay i theo thi gian. Khi cn thao tc trn
mt gi tr xc nh ta dng hng. Khai bo hng tng t khai bo bin v c thm
t kha const trc. Hng mt khi khi ng xong khng th thay i c na.
const int HANG_SO = 100;
3.2.3 Kiu lit k
Enum l mt cch thc t tn cho cc tr nguyn (cc tr kiu s nguyn, theo
ngha no tng t nh tp cc hng), lm cho chng trnh r rng, d hiu
hn. Enum khng c hm thnh vin. V d to mt enum tn l Ngay nh sau:
enum Ngay {Hai, Ba, Tu, Nam, Sau, Bay, ChuNhat};
Theo cch khai bo ny enum ngy c by gi tr nguyn i t 0 = Hai, 1 = Ba, 2 =
T 7 = ChuNhat.
V d 3-1 S dng enum Ngay
using System;
public class EnumTest
{
enum Ngay {Hai, Ba, Tu, Nam, Sau, Bay, ChuNhat };

public static void Main()
{
int x = (int) Ngay.Hai;
int y = (int) Ngay.Bay;
Console.WriteLine("Thu Hai = {0}", x);
Console.WriteLine("Thu Bay = {0}", y);
}
}

Kt qu
Thu Hai = 0
Thu Bay = 5
15
Mc nh enum gn gi tr u tin l 0 cc tr sau ln hn gi tr trc mt n v,
v cc tr ny thuc kiu int. Nu mun thay i tr mc nh ny ta phi gn tr
mong mun.
V d 3-2 S dng enum Ngay (2)
using System;
namespace ConsoleApplication
{
enum Ngay: byte { Hai=2,Ba,Tu,Nam,Sau,Bay,ChuNhat=10 };
class EnumTest
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
byte x = (byte)Ngay.Ba;
byte y = (byte)Ngay.ChuNhat;
Console.WriteLine("Thu Ba = {0}", x);
Console.WriteLine("Chu Nhat = {0}", y);
Console.Read();
}
}
}
Kt qu:
Thu Ba = 3
Chu Nhat = 10
Kiu enum ngy c vit li vi mt s thay i, gi tr cho Hai l 2, gi tr cho Ba
l 3 (Hai + 1) , gi tr cho ChuNhat l 10, v cc gi tr ny s l kiu byte.
C php chung cho khai bo mt kiu enum nh sau
[attributes] [modifiers] enum identifier [:base-type]
{
enumerator-list
};
attributes (ty chn): cc thng tin thm ( cp sau)
modifiers (ty chn): public, protected, internal, private
(cc b t xc nh phm vi truy xut)
identifer: tn ca enum
base_type (ty chn): kiu s, ngoi tr char
enumerator-list: danh sch cc thnh vin.
3.2.4 Chui
Chui l kiu dng sn trong C#, n l mt chui cc k t n l. Khi khai bo
mt bin chui ta dng t kho string. V d khai bo mt bin string lu chui
"Hello World"
string myString = "Hello World";
3.2.5 nh danh
nh danh l tn m ngi lp trnh chn i din mt kiu, phng thc, bin,
hng, i tng ca h. nh danh phi bt u bng mt k t hay du _.
nh danh khng c trng vi t kho C# v phn bit hoa thng.
16
3.3 Biu thc
Bt k cu lnh nh lng gi tr c gi l mt biu thc (expression). Php gn
sau cng c gi l mt biu thc v n nh lng gi tr c gn (l 32)
x = 32;
v vy php gn trn c th c gn mt ln na nh sau
y = x = 32;
Sau lnh ny y c gi tr ca biu thc x = 32 v v vy y = 32.
3.4 Khong trng
Trong C#, khong trng, du tab, du xung dng u c xem l khong trng
(whitespace). Do , du cch d ln hay nh u nh nhau nn ta c:
x = 32;
cng nh
x = 32;
Ngoi tr khong trng trong chui k t th c ngha ring ca n.
3.5 Cu lnh
Cng nh trong C++ v Java mt ch th hon chnh th c gi l mt cu lnh
(statement). Chng trnh gm nhiu cu lnh, mi cu lnh kt thc bng du ;.
V d:
int x; // l mt cu lnh
x = 23; // mt cu lnh khc
Ngoi cc cu lnh bnh thng nh trn, c cc cu lnh khc l: lnh r nhnh
khng iu kin, r nhnh c iu kin v lnh lp.
3.5.1 Cc lnh r nhnh khng iu kin
C hai loi cu lnh r nhnh khng iu kin. Mt l lnh gi phng thc: khi
trnh bin dch thy c li gi phng thc n s tm dng phng thc hin hnh
v nhy n phng thc c gi cho n ht phng thc ny s tr v phng
thc c.
V d 3-3 Gi mt phng thc
using System;
class Functions
{
static void Main( )
{
Console.WriteLine("In Main! Calling SomeMethod( )...");
SomeMethod( );
Console.WriteLine("Back in Main( ).");
}
static void SomeMethod( )
{
17
Console.WriteLine("Greetings from SomeMethod!");
}
}
Kt qu:
In Main! Calling SomeMethod( )...
Greetings from SomeMethod!
Back in Main( ).
Cch th hai to cc cu lnh r nhnh khng iu kin l dng t kho: goto,
break, continue, return, hay throw. Cch t kha ny s c gii thiu trong cc
phn sau.
3.5.2 Lnh r nhnh c iu kin
Cc t kha if-else, while, do-while, for, switch-case, dng iu khin dng chy
chng trnh. C# gi li tt c cc c php ca C++, ngoi tr switch c vi ci tin.
3.5.2.1 Lnh If .. else
C php:
if ( biu thc logic )
khi lnh;
hoc
if ( biu thc logic )
khi lnh 1;
else
khi lnh 2;
Ghi ch: Khi lnh l mt tp cc cu ln trong cp du {}. Bt k
ni u c cu lnh th c th vit bng mt khi lnh.
Biu thc logic l biu thc cho gi tr dng hoc sai (true hoc false). Nu biu
thc logic cho gi tr ng th khi lnh hay khi lnh 1 s c thc thi,
ngc li khi lnh 2 s thc thi. Mt im khc bit vi C++ l biu thc trong
cu lnh if phi l biu thc logic, khng th l biu thc s.
3.5.2.2 Lnh switch
C php:
switch ( biu_thc_la_chn )
{
case biu_thc_hng :
khi lnh;
lnh nhy;
[ default :
khi lnh;
lnh nhy; ]
}
Biu thc la chn l biu thc sinh ra tr nguyn hay chui. Switch s so snh
biu_thc_la_chn vi cc biu_thc_hng bit phi thc hin vi khi lnh
no. Lnh nhy nh break, goto thot khi cu switch v bt buc phi c.
18
int nQuyen = 0;
switch ( sQuyenTruyCap )
{
case Administrator:
nQuyen = 1;
break;
case Admin:
goto case Administrator;
default:
nQuyen = 2;
break;
}
3.5.3 Lnh lp
C# cung cp cc lnh lp ging C++ nh for, while, do-while v lnh lp mi
foreach. N cng h tr cc cu lnh nhy nh: goto, break, continue v return.
3.5.3.1 Lnh goto
Lnh goto c th dng to lnh nhy nhng nhiu nh lp trnh chuyn nghip
khuyn khng nn dng cu lnh ny v n ph v tnh cu trc ca chng trnh.
Cch dng cu lnh ny nh sau: (ging nh trong C++)
1. To mt nhn
2. goto n nhn .
3.5.3.2 Vng lp while
C php:
while ( biu_thc_logic )
khi_lnh;
Khi_lnh s c thc hin cho n khi no biu thc cn ng. Nu ngay t u
biu thc sai, khi lnh s khng c thc thi.
3.5.3.3 Vng lp do while
C php:
do
khi_lnh
while ( biu_thc_logic )
Khc vi while khi lnh s c thc hin trc, sau biu thc c kim tra.
Nu biu thc ng khi lnh li c thc hin.
3.5.3.4 Vng lp for
C php:
for ( [khi_to_bin_m]; [biu_thc]; [gia_tng_bin_m] )
khi lnh;
V d 3-4 Tnh tng cc s nguyn t a n b
int a = 10; int b = 100; int nTong = 0;
19
for ( int i = a; i <= b; i++ )
{
nTong += i;
}
Cu lnh lp foreach s c trnh by cc chng sau.
3.5.3.5 Cu lnh break, continue, v return
C ba cu lnh break, continue, v return rt quen thuc trong C++ v Java, trong
C#, ngha v cch s dng chng hon ton ging vi hai ngn ng ny.
3.6 Ton t
Cc php ton +, -, *, / l mt v d v ton t. p dng cc ton t ny ln cc bin
kiu s ta c kt qu nh vic thc hin cc php ton thng thng.
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
int c = a + b; // c = 10 + 20 = 30
C# cung cp cp nhiu loi ton t khc nhau thao tc trn cc kiu bin d liu,
c lit k trong bng sau theo tng nhm ng ngha.
Bng 3-3 Cc nhm ton t trong C#
Nhm ton t Ton t ngha
Ton hc + - * / % cng , tr, nhn chia, ly phn d
Logic & | ^ ! ~ && || true
false
php ton logic v thao tc trn bit
Ghp chui + ghp ni 2 chui
Tng, gim ++, -- tng / gim ton hng ln / xung 1. ng
trc hoc sau ton hng.
Dch bit << >> dch tri, dch phi
Quan h == != < > <= >= bng, khc, nh/ln hn, nh/ln hn
hoc bng
Gn = += -= *= /= %= &=
|= ^= <<= >>=
php gn
Ch s [] cch truy xut phn t ca mng
p kiu ()
Indirection v
Address
* -> [] & dng cho con tr
3.6.1 Ton t gn (=)
Ton t ny cho php thay i cc gi tr ca bin bn phi ton t bng gi tr bn
tri ton t.
20
3.6.2 Nhm ton t ton hc
C# dng cc ton t s hc vi ngha theo ng tn ca chng nh: + (cng),
(tr) , * (nhn) v / (chia). Ty theo kiu ca hai ton hng m ton t tr v kiu
tng ng. Ngoi ra, cn c ton t % (ly phn d) c s dng trong cc kiu s
nguyn.
3.6.3 Cc ton t tng v gim
C# cng k tha t C++ v Java cc ton t: +=,-=, *=, /= , %= nhm lm n
gin ho. N cn k tha cc ton t tin t v hu t (nh bin++, hay ++bin)
gim bt s cng knh trong cc ton t c in.
3.6.4 Cc ton t quan h
Cc ton t quan h c dng so snh hai gi tr vi nhau v kt qu tr v c
kiu Boolean. Ton t quan h gm c: == (so snh bng), != (so snh khc), > (so
snh ln hn), >= (ln hn hay bng), < (so snh nh hn), <= (nh hn hay bng).
3.6.5 Cc ton t logic
Cc ton t logic gm c: && (v), || (hoc), ! (ph nh). Cc ton t ny c
dng trong cc biu thc iu kin kt hp cc ton t quan h theo mt ngha
nht nh.
3.6.6 Th t cc ton t
i vi cc biu thc ton, th t u tin l th t c qui nh trong ton hc.
Cn th t u tin thc hin ca cc nhm ton t c lit k theo bng di y
Bng 3-4 Th t u tin ca cc nhm ton t (chiu u tin t trn xung)
Nhm ton t Ton t ngha
Primary (chnh) {x} x.y f(x) a[x] x++
x--

Unary + - ! ~ ++x x (T)x
Nhn * / % Nhn, chia, ly phn d
Cng + - cng, tr
Dch bt << >> Dch tri, dch phi
Quan h < > <= >= is nh hn, ln hn, nh hn hay bng,
ln hn hay bng v l
Bng == != bng, khc
Logic trn bit AND & V trn bit.
XOR ^ Xor trn bit
OR | hoc trn bit
21
iu kin AND && V trn biu thc iu kin
iu kin OR || Hoc trn biu thc iu kin
iu kin ?: iu kin tng t if
Assignment = *= /= %= += -= <<=
=>> &= ^= |=

3.6.7 Ton t tam phn
C php:
<biu thc iu kin>? <biu thc 1>: <biu thc 2>;
ngha:
Nu biu thc iu kin ng th thc hin biu thc 1.
Nu sai th thc hin biu thc 2.
3.7 To vng tn
Nh c gii thch trong phn tch v d HelloWorld, vng tn l mt cch t chc
m ngun thnh cc nhm c ng ngha lin quan. V d:
Trong m hnh kin trc 3 lp (3 tng, ting Anh l 3 tier Architecture) chia mt
ng dng ra thnh 3 tng: tng giao din, tng nghip v v tng d liu
(Presentation, Bussiness v Data). Ta c th chia d n thnh 3 vng tn tng ng:
Presentation, Bussiness v Data. Cc vng tn ny cha cc lp thuc v tng ca
mnh.
Mt vng tn cha cc lp v cc vng tn con khc. Vy trong v d trn ta s to
mt vng tn chung cho ng dng l MyApplication v ba vng tn kia s l ba
vng tn con ca vng tn MyApplication. Cch ny gii quyt c trng hp
nu ta c nhiu d n m ch c 3 vng tn v dn n vic khng bit mt lp
thuc vng tn Data nhng khng bit thuc d n no.

Vng tn con c truy xut thng qua tn vng tn cha cch nhau bng du chm.
khai bo vng tn ta s dng t kha namespace. V d di y l 2 cch khai
bo cc vng tn trong v d trn.
S o cay vung ten
vung ten con Cac lp
Presentation
vung ten con Cac lp
Bussiness
vung ten con Cac lp
Data
MyApplication
22
Cch 1
namespace MyApplication
{
namespace Presentation
{
// khai bo lp
// khai bo vng tn con
}
namespace Bussiness
{
// khai bo lp
}
namespace Data
{
// khai bo lp
}
}
Cch 2
namespace MyApplication.Presentation
{
// khai bo lp
}
namespace MyApplication.Bussiness
{
// khai bo lp
}
namespace MyApplication.Data
{
// khai bo lp
}
Cch khai bo vng tn th nht ch tin nu cc vng tn nm trn cng mt tp
tin. Cch th hai tin li hn khi cc vng tn nm trn nhiu tp tin khc nhau.
3.8 Ch th tin x l
Khng phi mi cu lnh u c bin dch cng lc m c mt s trong chng
c bin dch trc mt s khc. Cc cu lnh nh th ny gi l cc ch th tin
x l. Cc ch th tin x l c t sau du #.
3.8.1 nh ngha cc nh danh
#define DEBUG nh ngha mt nh danh tin x l (preprocessor identifier)
DEBUG. Mc d cc ch th tin x l c th nh ngha u tu thch nhng nh
danh tin x l bt buc phi nh ngha u ca chng trnh, trc c t kha
using. Do , ta cn trnh by nh sau:
#define DEBUG
//... m ngun bnh thng - khng nh hng bi b tin x l
23
#if DEBUG
// m ngun c bao gm trong chng trnh
// khi chy di ch debug
#else
// m ngun c bao gm trong chng trnh
// khi chy di ch khng debug
#endif
//... cc on m ngun khng nh hng tin x l
Trnh bin dch nhy n cc on tho iu kin tin bin dch bin dch trc.
3.8.2 Hy mt nh danh
Ta hy mt nh danh bng cch dng #undef. B tin x l duyt m ngun t
trn xung di, nn nh danh c nh ngha t #define, hy khi gp #undef
hay n ht chng trnh. Ta s vit l:
#define DEBUG
#if DEBUG
// m ngun c bin dch
#endif
#undef DEBUG

#if DEBUG
// m ngun s khng c bin dch
#endif
3.8.3 #if, #elif, #else v #endif
y l cc ch th chn la xem c tin bin dch hay khng. Cc ch th trn c
ngha tng t nh cu lnh iu kin if - else. Quan st v d sau:
#if DEBUG
// bin dch on m ny nu DEBUG c nh ngha
#elif TEST
// bin dch on m ny nu DEBUG khng c nh ngha
// nhng TEST c nh ngha
#else
// bin dch on m ny nu DEBUG ln TEST
// khng c nh ngha
#endif
3.8.4 Ch th #region v #endregion
Ch th phc v cho cc cng c IDE nh VS.NET cho php m/ng cc ghi ch.
#region ng m mt on m
// m ngun
#endregion
khi ny VS.NET cho php ng hoc m vng m ny. V d trn ang trng thi
m. Khi trng thi ng n vh sau
ng m mt on m
Lp v i tng Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
24

Chng 4 Lp v i tng
i tng l mt tr c th c to ra, lu gi v s dng. Trong C# tt c cc bin
u l i tng. Cc bin kiu s, kiu chui u l i tng. Mi mt i
tng u c cc bin thnh vin lu gi d liu v c cc phng thc (hm)
tc ng ln bin thnh vin. Mi i tng thuc v mt lp i tng no . Cc
i tng c cng lp th c cng cc bin thnh vin v phng thc.
4.1 nh ngha lp
nh ngha mt lp mi vi c php nh sau:
[attribute][b t truy xut] class nh danh [:lp c s]
{
thn lp
}
V d 4-1 Khai bo mt lp
public class Tester
{
public static int Main( )
{
...
}
}
Khi khai bo mt lp ta nh ngha cc c tnh chung ca tt c cc i tng ca
lp v cc hnh vi ca chng.
V d 4-2 Khai bo, to v s dng mt lp
using System;
public class Time
{
// phng thc public
public void DisplayCurrentTime( )
{
Console.WriteLine( "stub for DisplayCurrentTime" );
}
// cc bin private
int Year; int Month; int Date;
int Hour; int Minute; int Second;
}
public class Tester
{
static void Main( )
{
Time t = new Time( );
t.DisplayCurrentTime( );
}
25
}
4.1.1 B t truy xut
B t truy xut xc nh thnh vin (ni tt ca bin thnh vin v phng thc
thnh vin) no ca lp c truy xut t lp khc. C cc loi kiu truy xut sau:
Bng 4-1 Cc b t truy xut
T kha Gii thch
public Truy xut mi ni
protected Truy xut trong ni b lp hoc trong cc lp con
internal Truy xut ni trong chng trnh (assembly)
protected internal Truy xut ni trong chng trnh (assembly) v trong
cc lp con
private (mc nh) Ch c truy xut trong ni b lp
4.1.2 Cc tham s ca phng thc
Mi phng thc c th khng c tham s m cng c th c nhiu tham s. Cc
tham s theo sau tn phng thc v t trong cp ngoc n. V d nh phng
thc SomeMethod sau:
V d 4-3 Cc tham s v cch dng chng trong phng thc
using System;
public class MyClass
{
public void SomeMethod(int firstParam, float secondParam)
{
Console.WriteLine("Here are the parameters received: {0}, {1}",
firstParam, secondParam);
}
}
public class Tester
{
static void Main( )
{
int howManyPeople = 5;
float pi = 3.14f;
MyClass mc = new MyClass( );
mc.SomeMethod(howManyPeople, pi);
}
}
4.2 To i tng
To mt i tng bng cch khai bo kiu v sau dng t kho new to nh
trong Java v C++.
26
4.2.1 Hm dng - Constructor
Hm dng l phng thc u tin c triu gi v ch gi mt ln khi khi to
i tng, n nhm thit lp cc tham s u tin cho i tng. Tn hm dng
trng tn lp; cn cc mt khc nh phng thc bnh thng.
Nu lp khng nh ngha hm dng, trnh bin dch t ng to mt hm dng
mc nh. Khi cc bin thnh vin s c khi to theo cc gi tr mc nh:
Bng 4-2 Kiu c s v gi tr mc nh
Kiu Gi tr mc nh
s (int, long, ) 0
bool false
char \0 (null)
enum 0
Tham chiu null

V d 4-4 Cch to hm dng
public class Time
{
// public accessor methods
{
System.Console.WriteLine("{0}/{1}/{2} {3}:{4}:{5}",
Month, Date, Year, Hour, Minute, Second);
}
// constructor
public Time(System.DateTime dt)
{
Year = dt.Year;
Month = dt.Month;
Date = dt.Day;
Hour = dt.Hour;
Minute = dt.Minute;
Second = dt.Second;
}
// private member variables
int Year;
int Month;
int Date;
int Hour;
int Minute;
int Second;
}
public class Tester
{
static void Main( )
{
System.DateTime currentTime = System.DateTime.Now;
Time t = new Time(currentTime);
27
}
}
Kt qu:
11/16/2000 16:21:40
4.2.2 Khi to
Ta c th khi to gi tri cc bin thnh vin theo mun bng cch khi to n
trong constructor ca lp hay c th gn vo trc tip lc khai bo. Vi gi tr khi
to ny th khi mt i tng khai bo kiu ca lp ny th gi tr ban u l cc gi
tr khi to ch khng phi l gi tr mc nh.
4.2.3 Hm dng sao chp
Hm dng sao chp (copy constructor) l sao chp ton b ni dung cc bin t i
tng tn ti sang i tng mi khi to.
V d 4-5 Mt hm dng sao chp
public Time(Time existingTimeObject)
{
Year = existingTimeObject.Year;
Month = existingTimeObject.Month;
Date = existingTimeObject.Date;
Hour = existingTimeObject.Hour;
Minute = existingTimeObject.Minute;
Second = existingTimeObject.Second;
}
4.2.4 T kho this
T kho this c dng tham chiu n chnh bn thn ca i tng . V d:
public void SomeMethod (int hour)
{
this.hour = hour;
}
4.3 S dng cc thnh vin tnh
Cc c tnh v phng thc ca mt lp c th l thnh vin th hin (instance
member) hay thnh vin tnh. Thnh vin th hin th kt hp vi th hin ca mt
kiu, trong khi cc thnh vin ca static n li l mt phn ca lp. Ta c th truy
cp cc thnh vin static thng qua tn ca lp m khng cn to mt th hin lp.
4.3.1 Cch gi mt thnh vin tnh
Phng thc tnh (static) c ni l hot ng trong lp. Do , n khng th
c tham chiu this ch ti. Phng thc static cng khng truy cp trc tip vo
cc phng thc khng static c m phi dng qua th hin ca i tng.
V d 4-6 Cch s dng phng thc tnh
using System;
28
public class MyClass
{
public void SomeMethod(int firstParam, float secondParam)
{
Console.WriteLine(
"Here are the parameters received: {0}, {1}",
firstParam, secondParam);
}
}
public class Tester
{
static void Main( )
{
int howManyPeople = 5;
float pi = 3.14f;
MyClass mc = new MyClass( );
mc.SomeMethod(howManyPeople, pi);
}
}
Trong v d trn phng thc Main() l tnh v phng thc SomeMethod() khng
l tnh.
4.3.2 S dng hm dng tnh
Hm dng tnh (static constructor) s c chy trc khi bt k i tng no to
ra.V d:
static Time( )
{
Name = "Time";
}
Khi dng hm dng tnh phi kh thn trng v n c th c kt qu kh lng.
4.3.3 Hm dng private
Khi mun to mt lp m khng cho php to bt k mt th hin no ca lp th ta
dng hm dng private.
4.3.4 S dng cc trng tnh
Cch dng chung cc bin thnh vin tnh l gi vt ca mt s cc th hin m
hin ti n ang tn ti trong lp .
V d 4-7 Cch dng trng tnh
using System;
public class Cat
{
public Cat( )
{
instances++;
}
public static void HowManyCats( )
{
29
Console.WriteLine("{0} cats adopted",
instances);
}
private static int instances = 0;
}
public class Tester
{
static void Main( )
{
Cat.HowManyCats( );
Cat frisky = new Cat( );
Cat.HowManyCats( );
Cat whiskers = new Cat( );
Cat.HowManyCats( );
}
}
Kt qu:
0 cats adopted
1 cats adopted
2 cats adopted
Ta c th thy c rng phng thc static c th truy cp vo bin static.
4.4 Hy i tng
Ging vi Java, C# cng cung cp b thu dn rc t ng n s ngm hy cc bin
khi khng dng. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp ta cng cn hy tng minh,
khi ch vic ci t phng thc Finalize(), phng thc ny s c gi bi b
thu dn rc. Ta khng cn phi gi phng thc ny.
4.4.1 Hy t ca C#
Hy t ca C# cng ging nh hy t trong C++. Khai bo mt hy t theo c
php:
~<nh danh>() {}
trong , nh danh ca hy t trng vi dnh danh ca lp. hy tng minh ta
gi phng thc Finalize() ca lp c s trong ni dung ca hy t ny.
4.4.2 Finalize hay Dispose
Finalize khng c php gi tng minh; tuy nhin trong trng hp ta ang gi
mt ti nguyn h thng v hm gi c kh nng gii phng ti nguyn ny, ta s
ci t giao din IDisposable (ch c mt phng thc Dispose). Giao din s c
cpp chng sau.
4.4.3 Cu lnh using
Bi v ta khng th chc rng Dispose() s c gi v v vic gii phng ti
nguyn khng th xc nh c, C# cung cp cho ta lnh using m bo rng
Dispose() s c gi trong thi gian sm nht. V d sau minh ho vn ny:
30
V d 4-8 S dng using
using System.Drawing;
class Tester
{
public static void Main( )
{
using (Font theFont = new Font("Arial", 10.0f))
{
// s dng theFont
} // phng thc Dispose ca theFont c gi
Font anotherFont = new Font("Courier",12.0f);
using (anotherFont)
{
// s dng anotherFont
} // phng thc Dispose ca anotherFont c gi
}
}
4.5 Truyn tham s
C# cung cp cc tham s ref h iu chnh gi tr ca nhng i tng bng cc
tham chiu.
4.5.1 Truyn bng tham chiu
Mt hm ch c th tr v mt gi tr. Trong trng hp mun nhn v nhiu kt
qu, ta s dng chnh cc tham s truyn cho hm nh cc tham s c u ra (cha
tr tr v). Ta gi tham s truyn theo kiu ny l tham chiu.
Trong C#, tt c cc bin c kiu tham chiu s mc nh l tham chiu khi cc bin
ny c truyn cho hm. Cc bin kiu gi tr khai bo tham chiu, s dng t
kha ref.
V d 4-9 Tr tr v trong tham s
public class Time
{
// mt phng thc public
{
}
public int GetHour( )
{
return Hour;
}
public void GetTime(ref int h, ref int m, ref int s)
{
h = Hour;
m = Minute;
s = Second;
}
// hm dng
31
{
Year = dt.Year;
Month = dt.Month;
Date = dt.Day;
Hour = dt.Hour;
Minute = dt.Minute;
Second = dt.Second;
}
// bin thnh vin private
private int Year;
private int Month;
private int Date;
private int Hour;
private int Minute;
private int Second;
}
public class Tester
{
static void Main( )
{
int theHour = 0;
int theMinute = 0;
int theSecond = 0;
t.GetTime(ref theHour, ref theMinute, ref theSecond);
System.Console.WriteLine("Current time: {0}:{1}:{2}",
theHour, theMinute, theSecond);
}
}
Kt qu:
11/17/2000 13:41:18
Current time: 13:41:18
4.5.2 Truyn tham s u ra (out parameter)
Nh c p cc chng trc, d s dng c, mt bin phi c khai bo
v khi to gi tr ban u. Nh trong V d 4-9 cc bin theHour, theMinute,
theSecond phi c khi to gi tr 0 trc khi truyn cho hm GetTime. Sau li
gi hm th gi tr cc bin s thay i ngay, v vy C# cung cp t kha out
khng cn phi kho8\73i to tham s trc khi dng. Ta sa khai bo hm GetTime
trong v d trn nh sau:
public void GetTime(out int h, out int m, out int s)
Hm Main() khng cn khi to trc tham s
int theHour, theMinute, theSecond;
t.GetTime(out theHour, out theMinute, out theSecond);
V cc tham s khng c khi gn trc nn trong thn hm (nh trng hp ny
l GetTime) khng th s dung cc tham s (thc hin php ly gi tr tham s) ny
trc khi khi gn li trong thn hm. V d
public void GetTime(out int h, out int m, out int s)
{
32
int nKhong_y_nghia = h; // li, h cha khi gn
}
4.6 Np chng phng thc v hm dng
Ta mun c nhiu phng thc cng tn m mi phng thc li c cc tham s
khc nhau, s lng tham s cng c th khc nhau. Nh vy ngha ca cc
phng thc c trong sng hn v cc phng thc linh ng hn trong nhiu
trng hp. Np chng cho php ta lm c vic ny.
V d 4-10 Np chng hm dng
public class Time
{
{
}
// constructors
{
Year = dt.Year;
Month = dt.Month;
Date = dt.Day;
Hour = dt.Hour;
Minute = dt.Minute;
Second = dt.Second;
}
public Time(int Year, int Month, int Date,
int Hour, int Minute, int Second)
{
this.Year = Year;
this.Month = Month;
this.Date = Date;
this.Hour = Hour;
this.Minute = Minute;
this.Second = Second;
}
// private member variables
private int Year;
private int Month;
private int Date;
private int Hour;
private int Minute;
private int Second;
}
public class Tester
{
static void Main( )
{
Time t2 = new Time(2000,11,18,11,03,30);
t2.DisplayCurrentTime( );
33
}
}
4.7 ng gi d liu vi property
Trong lp trnh C++, thng thng c hoc gn gi tr cho bin thnh vin, lp
trnh vin thng vit hai hm get v set tng ng cho bin. C# cung cp khai bo
hm chung gi l property cho hm get v set.
V d: trong lp DocGia c bin thnh vin m_sHoTen, ci t Property cho bin
thnh vin ny nh sau:
public string HoTen
{
get { return m_sHoTen; }
set { m_sHoTen = value; }
}
Property c mt vi khc bit so vi hm thnh vin. Th nht khai bo Property
khng c tham s v cp ngoc. Trong thn property dng hai t kha get/set tng
ng cho hai hnh ng ly/thit t gi tr thuc tnh. Trong thn set, c bin mc
dnh l value, bin ny s mang kiu c khai bo property, nh trong trng
hp trn l string. Bin value s nhn gi tr c gn cho Property. Cch s dng
mt Property nh sau:
1 // trong thn ca mt hm
2 DocGia dgMoi = new DocGia();
3
4 // s dung property set
5 dgMoi.HoTen = "Nguyn Vn A";
6
7 // s dng property get
8 string ten = dgMoi.HoTen; //ten c gi tr "Nguyn Vn A"
dng m th 5, khi set trong property HoTen s c gi, bin value s c gi
tr ca bin nm sau php gn (trong trng hp ny l "Nguyn Van A").
Nu trong thn hm khng ci t hm set, property s c tnh ch c, php gn s
b cm. Ngc li nu khng ci t hm get, property s c tnh ch ghi.
V d 4-11 Minh ha dng mt property
public class Time
{
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Time\t: {0}/{1}/{2} {3}:{4}:{5}",
month, date, year, hour, minute, second);
}
// constructors
{
year = dt.Year;
month = dt.Month;
date = dt.Day;
34
hour = dt.Hour;
minute = dt.Minute;
second = dt.Second;
}
// to mt c tnh
public int Hour
{
get { return hour; }
set { hour = value; }
}
// cc bin thnh vin kiu private
private int year;
private int month;
private int date;
private int hour;
private int minute;
private int second;
}
public class Tester
{
static void Main( )
{
int theHour = t.Hour;
System.Console.WriteLine("\nRetrieved the hour: {0}\n",
theHour);
theHour++;
t.Hour = theHour;
System.Console.WriteLine("Updated the hour: {0}\n",
theHour);
}
}
4.7.1 Phng thc get
Thn ca phng thc truy cp get cng ging nh cc phng thc khc nhng
phng thc ny tr v mt i tng kiu l mt c tnh ca lp. V d mun ly
Hour nh sau:
get { return hour; }
4.7.2 Phng thc set
Phng thc set thit lp gi tr mt property ca i tng v c tr tr v l void.
Phng thc set c th ghi vo c s d liu hay cp nht bin thnh vin khi cn.
V d:
set { hour = value; }
4.7.3 Cc trng ch c
C# cung cp t kho readonly khai bo cc bin thnh vin. Cc bin khai bo
kiu ny ch cho php gn gi tr cho bin mt ln vo lc khi to qua constructor.
Tha k v a hnh Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
35

Chng 5 Tha k v a hnh
Tha k l cch to mi mt lp t nhng lp c sn. Tc l n cho php ti s
dng li m ngun vit trong lp c sn. Tha k ni n gin l vic to mt
i tng khc B tha hng tt c cc c tnh ca lp A. Cch ny gi l n
tha k. Nu lp B mun c c tnh ca nhiu lp A1, A2 th gi l a tha k.
a tha k l khi nim rt kh ci t cho cc trnh bin dch. C# cng nh nhiu
ngn ng khc tm cch trnh n khi nim ny.
a hnh l vic lp B tha k cc c tnh t lp A nhng c thm mt s ci t
ring.
5.1 c bit ho v tng qut ho
S c bit v tng qut ho c mi quan h tng h v phn cp. Khi ta ni
ListBox v Button l nhng ca s (Window), c ngha rng ta tm thy c y
cc c tnh v hnh vi ca Window u tn ti trong hai loi trn. Ta ni rng
Window l tng qut ho ca ListBox v Button; ngc li ListBox v Button l hai
c bit ho ca Window
5.2 S k tha
Trong C#, mi quan h chi tit ho l mt kiu k tha. S k tha khng cho mang
ngha chi tit ho m cn mang ngha chung ca t nhin v mi quan h ny.
Khi ta ni rng ListBox k tha t Window c ngha l n chi tit ho Window.
Window c xem nh l lp c s (base class) v ListBox c xem l lp k tha
(derived class). Lp ListBox ny nhn tt c cc c tnh v hnh vi ca Window v
chi tit ho n bng mt s thuc tnh v phng thc ca n cn.
5.2.1 Thc hin k tha
Trong C#, khi ta to mt lp k tha bng cch cng mt thm du : v sau tn
ca lp k tha v theo sau l lp c s nh sau:
public class ListBox : Window
c ngha l ta khai bo mt lp mi ListBox k tha t lp Window.
Lp k tha s tha hng c tt cc phng thc v bin thnh vin ca lp c
s, thm ch cn tha hng c cc thnh vin m c s tha hng.
V d 5-1 Minh ho cch dng lp k tha
public class Window
{
36
// constructor takes two integers to
// fix location on the console
public Window(int top, int left)
{
this.top = top;
this.left = left;
}
// simulates drawing the window
public void DrawWindow( )
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Drawing Window at {0}, {1}",
top, left);
}
// these members are private and thus invisible
// to derived class methods; we'll examine this
// later in the chapter
private int top;
private int left;
}
// ListBox k tha t Window
{
// thm tham s vo constructor
public ListBox(
int top,
int left,
string theContents):
base(top, left) // gi constructor c s
{
mListBoxContents = theContents;
}
// to mt phng thc mi bi v trong
// phng thc k tha c s thay i hnh vi
public new void DrawWindow( )
{
base.DrawWindow( ); // gi phng thc c s
System.Console.WriteLine ("Writing string to the listbox:
{0}", mListBoxContents);
}
private string mListBoxContents; // bin thnh vin mi
}
public class Tester
{
{
// to mt th hin c s
Window w = new Window(5,10);
w.DrawWindow( );
// to mt th hin k tha
ListBox lb = new ListBox(20,30,"Hello world");
lb.DrawWindow( );
}
}
Kt qu:
Drawing Window at 5, 10
Drawing Window at 20, 30
Writing string to the listbox: Hello world
37
5.2.2 Gi hm dng lp c s
Trong V d 5-1 lp ListBox tha k t Window v c hm dng ba tham s. Trong
hm dng ca ListBox c li gi n hm dng ca Window thng qua t kho
base nh sau:
public ListBox( int top, int left, string theContents):
base(top, left) // gi constructor c s
Bi v cc hm dng khng c tha k nn lp k tha phi thc hin hm dng
ca ring n v ch c th dng hm dng c s thng qua li gi tng minh. Nu
lp c s c hm dng mc nh th hm dng lp k tha khng cn thit phi gi
hm dng c s mt cch tng minh (mc nh c gi ngm).
5.2.3 Gi cc phng thc ca lp c s
gi cc phng thc ca lp c s C# cho php ta dng t kho base gi n
cc phng thc ca lp c s hin hnh.
base.DrawWindow( ); // gi phng thc c s
5.2.4 Cch iu khin truy cp
Cch truy cp vo cc thnh vin ca lp c gii hn thng qua cch dng cc t
kho khai bo kiu truy cp v hiu chnh (nh trong chng 4.1). Xem Bng 4-1
Cc b t truy xut
5.3 a hnh
a hnh l vic lp B tha k cc c tnh t lp A nhng c thm mt s ci t
ring. a hnh cng l cch c th dng nhiu dng ca mt kiu m khng quan
tm n chi tit.
5.3.1 To kiu a hnh
ListBox v Button u l mt Window, ta mun c mt form gi tp hp tt c
cc th hin ca Window khi mt th hin no c m th n c th bt
Window ca n v ln. Ngn gn, form ny mun qun l mi c x ca tt c cc
i tng a hnh ca Window.
5.3.2 To phng thc a hnh
To phng thc a hnh, ta cn t t kho virtual trong phng thc ca lp c
s. V d nh:
public virtual void DrawWindow( )
Trong lp k tha np chng li m ngun ca lp c s ta dng t kho
override khi khai bo phng thc v ni dung bn trong vit bnh thng. V d v
np chng phng thc DrawWindow:
public override void DrawWindow( )
{
38
base.DrawWindow( ); // gi phng thc ca lp co s
Console.WriteLine ("Writing string to the listbox: {0}",
listBoxContents);
}
Dng hnh thc a hnh phng thc ny th tu kiu khai bo ca i tng no th
n dng phng thc ca lp .
5.3.3 To phin bn vi t kho new v override
Khi cn vit li mt phng thc trong lp k tha m c trong lp c s nhng
ta khng mun np chng li phng thc virtual trong lp c s ta dng t kho
new nh du trc khi t kho virtual trong lp k tha.
{
public new virtual void Sort( ) {...}
5.4 Lp tru tng
Phng thc tru tng l phng thc ch c tn thi v n phi c ci t li
tt cc cc lp k tha. Lp tru tng ch thit lp mt c s cho cc lp k tha
m n khng th c bt k mt th hin no tn ti.
V d 5-2 Minh ho phng thc v lp tru tng
using System;
abstract public class Window
{
// constructor takes two integers to
// fix location on the console
public Window(int top, int left)
{
this.top = top;
this.left = left;
}
// simulates drawing the window
// notice: no implementation
abstract public void DrawWindow( );
// these members are private and thus invisible
// to derived class methods. We'll examine this
// later in the chapter
protected int top;
protected int left;
}
// ListBox derives from Window
{
// constructor adds a parameter
public ListBox(int top, int left, string contents):
base(top, left) // call base constructor
{
listBoxContents = contents;
}
// an overridden version implementing the
// abstract method
39
{
Console.WriteLine("Writing string to the listbox: {0}",
listBoxContents);
}
private string listBoxContents; // new member variable
}
public class Button : Window
{
public Button( int top, int left): base(top, left)
{
}
// implement the abstract method
{
Console.WriteLine("Drawing a button at {0}, {1}\n", top, left);
}
}
public class Tester
{
static void Main( )
{
Window[] winArray = new Window[3];
winArray[0] = new ListBox(1,2,"First List Box");
winArray[1] = new ListBox(3,4,"Second List Box");
winArray[2] = new Button(5,6);
for (int i = 0;i < 3; i++)
{
winArray[i].DrawWindow( );
}
}
}
5.4.1 Gii hn ca lp tru tng
V d trn, phng thc tru tng DrawWindow() ca lp tru tng Window
c lp ListBox k tha. Nh vy, cc lp sau ny k tha t lp ListBox u phi
thc hin li phng thc DrawWindow(), y l im gii hn ca lp tru tng.
Hn na, nh th sau ny khng bao gi ta to c lp Window ng ngha. Do
vy, nn chuyn lp tru tng thnh giao din tru tng.
5.4.2 Lp nim phong
Lp nim phong vi ngha tri ngc hn vi lp tru tng. Lp nim phong
khng cho bt k lp no khc k tha n. Ta dng t kho sealed thay cho t
kho abstract c lp ny.
5.5 Lp gc ca tt c cc lp: Object
Trong C#, cc lp k tha to thnh cy phn cp v lp cao nht (hay lp c bn
nht) chnh l lp Object. Cc phng thc ca lp Object nh sau:
40
Bng 5-1 Cc phng thc ca lp i tng Object
Phng thc ngha s dng
Equals So snh gi tr ca hai i tng
GetHashCode
GetType Cung cp kiu truy cp ca i tng
ToString Cung cp mt biu din chui ca i tng
Finalize() Xo sch b nh ti nguyn
MemberwiswClone To sao chp i tng; nhng khng thc thi kiu
V d 5-3 Minh ho vic k tha lp Object
using System;
public class SomeClass
{
public SomeClass(int val)
{
value = val;
}
public virtual string ToString( )
{
return value.ToString( );
}
private int value;
}
public class Tester
{
static void Main( )
{
int i = 5;
Console.WriteLine("The value of i is: {0}", i.ToString( ));
SomeClass s = new SomeClass(7);
Console.WriteLine("The value of s is {0}", s.ToString( ));
}
}
Kt qu:
The value of i is: 5
The value of s is 7
5.6 Kiu Boxing v Unboxing
Boxing v unboxing l tin trnh cho php kiu gi tr (value type) c i x nh
kiu tham chiu (reference type). Bin kiu gi tr c "gi (boxed)" vo i tng
Object, sau ngc li c "tho (unboxed)" v kiu gi tr nh c.
5.6.1 Boxing l ngm nh
Boxing l tin trnh chuyn i mt kiu gi tr thnh kiu Object. Boxing l mt
gi tr c nh v trong mt th hin ca Object.
41
Hnh 5-1 Kiu tham chiu Boxing

Boxing l ngm nh khi ta cung cp mt gi tr mt tham chiu n gi tr ny
v gi tr c chuyn i ngm nh.
V d 5-4 Minh ha boxing
using System;

class Boxing
{
{
int i = 123;
Console.WriteLine("The object value = {0}", i);
}
}
Console.WriteLine() mong ch mt i tng, khng phi l s nguyn. ph
hp vi phng thc, kiu interger c t ng chuyn bi CLR v ToString()
c gi ly kt qu i tng. c trng ny cho php ta to cc phng thc
ly mt i tng nh l mt tham chiu hay gi tr tham s, phng thc s lm
vic vi n.
5.6.2 Unboxing phi tng minh
Tr kt qu ca mt i tng v mt kiu gi tr, ta phi thc hin m tng minh
n. Ta nn thit lp theo hai bc sau:
1. Chc chn rng i tng l th hin ca mt tr c box.
2. Sao chp gi tr t th hin ny thnh gi tr ca bin.
42
Hnh 5-2 Boxing v sau unboxing

V d 5-5 Minh ha boxing v unboxing
using System;
public class UnboxingTest
{
{
int i = 123;
//Boxing
object o = i;
// unboxing (must be explict)
int j = (int) o;
Console.WriteLine("j: {0}", j);
}
}
5.7 Lp lng
Lp c khai bo trong thn ca mt lp c gi l lp ni (inner class) hay lp
lng (nested class), lp kia gi l lp ngoi (outer class). Lp ni c thun li l
truy cp c trc tip tt c cc thnh vin ca lp ngoi. Mt phng thc ca
lp ni cng c th truy cp n cc thnh vin kiu private ca cc lp ngoi. Hn
na, lp ni n n trong lp ngoi so vi cc lp khc, n c th l thnh vin kiu
private ca lp ngoi. Khi lp ni (vd: Inner) c khai bo public, n s c truy
xut thng qua tn ca lp ngoi (vd: Outer) nh: Outer.Inner.
V d 5-6 Cch dng lp ni
using System;
using System.Text;
public class Fraction
{
public Fraction(int numerator, int denominator)
{
this.numerator=numerator;
this.denominator=denominator;
43
}
// Methods elided...
public override string ToString( )
{
StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder( );
s.AppendFormat("{0}/{1}",
numerator, denominator);
return s.ToString( );
}
internal class FractionArtist
{
public void Draw(Fraction f)
{
Console.WriteLine("Drawing the numerator: {0}",
f.numerator);
Console.WriteLine("Drawing the denominator: {0}",
f.denominator);
}
}
private int numerator;
private int denominator;
}
public class Tester
{
static void Main( )
{
Fraction f1 = new Fraction(3,4);
Console.WriteLine("f1: {0}", f1.ToString( ));
Fraction.FractionArtist fa = new Fraction.FractionArtist();
fa.Draw(f1);
}
}
Np chng ton t Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
44

Chng 6 Np chng ton t
Mc tiu thit k ca C# l kiu ngi dng nh ngha (lp) phi c i x nh
cc kiu nh sn. V d, chng ta mun nh ngha lp phn s (Fraction) th cc
chc nng nh cng, tr, nhn, phn s l iu tt yu phi c. lm c vic
ta nh ngha cc phng thc: cng, nhn, khi , ta phi vit l:
Phn_s tng = s_th_nht.cng(s_th_hai);
Cch ny hi gng p v khng th hin ht ngha. iu ta mun l vit thnh:
Phn_s tng = s_th_nht + s_th_hai;
lm c iu ny ta dng t kho operator th hin.
6.1 Cch dng t kho operator
Trong C#, cc ton t l cc phng thc tnh, kt qu tr v ca n l gi tr biu
din kt qu ca mt php ton v cc tham s l cc ton hng. Khi ta to mt ton
t cho mt lp ta ni l ta np chng ton t, np chng ton t cng ging nh bt
k vic np chng cc phng thc no khc. V d np chng ton t cng (+) ta
vit nh sau:
public static Fraction operator+ (Fraction lhs, Fraction rhs)
N chuyn tham s lhs v pha tri ton t v rhs v pha phi ca ton t.
C php C# cho php np chng ton t thng qua vic dng t kho operator.
6.2 Cch h tr cc ngn ng .Net khc
C# cung cp kh nng np chng ton t cho lp ca ta, ni ng ra l trong
Common Language Specification (CLS). Nhng ngn ng khc nh VB.Net c th
khng h tr np chng ton t, do , iu quan trng l ta cng cung cp cc
phng thc h tr km theo cc ton t c th thc hin c cc mi trng
khc. Do , khi ta np chng ton t cng (+) th ta cng nn cung cp thm
phng thc add() vi cng ngha.
6.3 S hu ch ca cc ton t
Cc ton t c np chng c th gip cho on m ngun ca ta d nhn hn, d
qun l v trong sng hn. Tuy nhin nu ta qu lm dng a vo cc ton t qu
mi hay qu ring s lm cho chng trnh kh s dng cc ton t ny m i khi
cn c cc nhm ln v v na.
45
6.4 Cc ton t logic hai ngi
Cc ton t kh ph bin l ton t (==) so snh bng gi hai i tng, (!=) so
snh khng bng, (<) so snh nh hn, (>) so snh ln hn, (<=, >=) tng ng nh
hn hay bng v ln hn hay bng l cc ton t phi c cp ton hng hay gi l
cc ton t hai ngi.
6.5 Ton t so snh bng
Nu ta np chng ton t so snh bng (==), ta cng nn cung cp phng thc o
Equals() bi object v hng chc nng ny n ton t bng. iu ny cho php
lp ca ta a hnh v cung cp kh nng hu ch cho cc ngn ng .Net khc.
Phng thc Equals() c khai bo nh sau:
public override bool Equals(object o)
Bng cch np chng phng thc ny, ta cho php lp Fraction a hnh vi tt c
cc i tng khc. Ni dung ca Equals() ta cn phi m bo rng c s so snh
vi i tng Fraction khc. Ta vit nh sau:
{
if (! (o is Fraction) )
{
return false;
}
return this == (Fraction) o;
}
Ton t is c dng kim tra kiu ang chy c ph hp vi ton hng yu cu
khng. Do , o is Fraction l ng nu o c kiu l Fraction.
6.6 Ton t chuyn i kiu (p kiu)
Trong C# cng nh C++ hay Java, khi ta chuyn t kiu thp hn (kch thc nh)
ln kiu cao hn (kch thc ln) th vic chuyn i ny lun thnh cng nhng
khi chuyn t kiu cao xung kiu thp c th ta s mt thng tin. V d ta chuyn
t int thnh long lun lun thnh cng nhng khi chuyn ngc li t long thnh int
th c th trn s khng nh ca ta. Do khi chuyn t kiu cao xung thp ta
phi chuyn tng minh.
Cng vy mun chuyn t int thnh kiu Fraction lun thnh cng, ta dng t kho
implicit biu th ton t kiu ny. Nhng khi chuyn t kiu Fraction c th s
mt thng tin do vy ta dng t kho explicit biu th ton t chuyn i tng
minh.
V d 6-1 Minh ho chuyn i ngm nh v tng minh
using System;
public class Fraction
{
public Fraction(int numerator, int denominator)
46
{
Console.WriteLine("In Fraction Constructor(int, int)");
this.numerator=numerator;
this.denominator=denominator;
}
public Fraction(int wholeNumber)
{
Console.WriteLine("In Fraction Constructor(int)");
numerator = wholeNumber;
denominator = 1;
}
public static implicit operator Fraction(int theInt)
{
System.Console.WriteLine("In implicit conversion to Fraction");
return new Fraction(theInt);
}
public static explicit operator int(Fraction theFraction)
{
System.Console.WriteLine("In explicit conversion to int");
return theFraction.numerator / theFraction.denominator;
}
public static bool operator==(Fraction lhs, Fraction rhs)
{
Console.WriteLine("In operator ==");
if (lhs.denominator == rhs.denominator &&
lhs.numerator == rhs.numerator)
{
return true;
}
// code here to handle unlike fractions
return false;
}
public static bool operator !=(Fraction lhs, Fraction rhs)
{
Console.WriteLine("In operator !=");
return !(lhs==rhs);
}
{
Console.WriteLine("In method Equals");
if (! (o is Fraction) )
{
return false;
}
return this == (Fraction) o;
}
public static Fraction operator+(Fraction lhs, Fraction rhs)
{
Console.WriteLine("In operator+");
if (lhs.denominator == rhs.denominator)
{
return new Fraction(lhs.numerator+rhs.numerator,
lhs.denominator);
}
// simplistic solution for unlike fractions
// 1/2 + 3/4 == (1*4) + (3*2) / (2*4) == 10/8
int firstProduct = lhs.numerator * rhs.denominator;
int secondProduct = rhs.numerator * lhs.denominator;
47
return new Fraction(
firstProduct + secondProduct,
lhs.denominator * rhs.denominator
);
}
{
String s = numerator.ToString( ) + "/" +
denominator.ToString( );
return s;
}
private int numerator;
private int denominator;
}
public class Tester
{
static void Main( )
{
//implicit conversion to Fraction
Fraction f1 = new Fraction(3);
Fraction f3 = f1 + f2;
Console.WriteLine("f1 + f2 = f3: {0}", f3.ToString( ));
Fraction f4 = f3 + 5;
Console.WriteLine("f3 + 5 = f4: {0}", f4.ToString( ));
if (f5 == f2)
{
Console.WriteLine("F5: {0} == F2: {1}", f5.ToString( ),
f2.ToString( ));
}
int k = (int)f4; //explicit conversion to int
Console.WriteLine("int: F5 = {0}", k.ToString());
}
}

Cu trc Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
48

Chng 7 Cu trc
Mt cu trc (struct) l mt kiu do ngi dng nh ngha, n tng t nh lp
nh nh hn lp.
7.1 nh ngha cu trc
C php
[thuc tnh] [kiu truy cp] struct <nh danh> [: <danh sch cc giao din >]
{
// Cc thnh vin ca cu trc
}
V d 7-1 Minh ha cch khai bo v dng mt cu trc
using System;
public struct Location
{
public Location(int xCoordinate, int yCoordinate)
{
xVal = xCoordinate;
yVal = yCoordinate;
}
public int x
{
get{ return xVal; }
set{ xVal = value; }
}
public int y
{
get{ return yVal; }
set{ yVal = value; }
}
{
return (String.Format("{0}, {1}", xVal,yVal));
}
private int xVal;
private int yVal;
}
public class Tester
{
public void myFunc(Location loc)
{
loc.x = 50;
loc.y = 100;
Console.WriteLine("Loc1 location: {0}", loc);
}
static void Main( )
{
Location loc1 = new Location(200,300);
Cu trc Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
49
Console.WriteLine("Loc1 location: {0}", loc1);
Tester t = new Tester( );
t.myFunc(loc1);
Console.WriteLine("Loc1 location: {0}", loc1);
}
}
Kt qu:
Loc1 location: 200, 300
In MyFunc loc: 50, 100
Loc1 location: 200, 300
Khng ging nh lp, cu trc khng h tr k tha. Tt c cc cu trc tha k
ngm nh object nhng n khng th tha k t bt k lp hay cu trc no khc.
Cc cu trc cng ngm nh l nim phong. Tuy nhin, n c im ging vi
lp l cho php ci t a giao din.
Cu trc khng c hy t cng nh khng th t cc tham s tu cho hm dng.
Nu ta khng ci t bt k hm dng no th cu trc c cung cp hm dng
mc nh, t gi tr 0 cho tt c cc bin thnh vin.
Do cu trc c thit k cho nh nhng nn cc bin thnh vin u l kiu private
v c gi gn li ht. Tu tng tnh hung v mc ch s dng m ta cn cn
nhc chn la dng lp hay cu trc.
7.2 Cch to cu trc
Mun to mt th hin ca cu trc ta dng t kho new. V d nh:
Location loc1 = new Location(200,300);
7.2.1 Cu trc nh cc kiu gi tr
Khi ta khai bo v to mi mt cu trc nh trn l ta gi n constructor ca
cu trc. Trong V d 7-1 trnh bin dch t ng ng gi cu trc v n c
ng gi kiu object thng qua WriteLine(). ToString()c gi theo ku ca
object, bi v cc cu trc tha k ngm t object, nn n c kh nng a hnh, np
chng phng thc nh bt k i tng no khc.
Cu trc l object gi tr v khi n qua mt hm, n c thng qua nh gi tr.
7.2.2 Gi hm dng mc nh
Theo trn trnh by khi ta khng to bt k ny th khi to mt th hin ca cu
trc thng qua t kho new n s gi n constructor mc nh ca cu trc. Ni
dung ca constructor s t gi tr cc bin v 0.
7.2.3 To cu trc khng dng new
Bi v cu trc khng phi l lp, do , th hin ca lp c to trn stack. Cu
trc cng cho php to m khng cn dng t kho new, nhng trong trng hp
ny constructor khng c gi (c mc nh ln ngi dng nh ngha).
Giao din Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
50

Chng 8 Giao din
Giao din nh ngha cc hp ng (constract). Cc lp hay cu trc ci t giao
din ny phi tn trng hp ng ny. iu ny c ngha l khng nh vi client
(ngi dng lp hay cu trc) rng Ti bo m rng ti s h tr y y cc
phng thc, property, event, delegate, indexer c ghi trong giao din
Mt giao din c th tha k mt hay nhiu giao din khc, v mt lp hay cu trc
c th ci t mt hay nhiu giao din.
Quan st v pha lp trnh th giao din l tp cc hm c khai bo sn m khng
ci t. Cc lp hay cu trc ci t c nhim v phi ci tt c cc hm ny.
8.1 Ci t mt giao din
C php ca vic nh ngha mt giao din:
[attributes] [access-modifier] interface interface-name [:base-list]
{
interface-body
}
ngha ca tng thnh phn nh sau
attributes: s cp phn sau.
modifiers: b t phm vi truy xut ca giao din
identifier: tn giao din mun to
base-list: danh sch cc giao din m giao din ny tha k,
(ni r trong phn tha k)
interface-body: thn giao din lun nm gia cp du {}
Trong th vin .NET Framework cc giao din thng bt u bi ch I (i hoa),
iu ny khng bt buc. Gi s rng chng ta to mt giao din cho cc lp mun
lu tr xung/c ra t c s d liu hay cc h lu tr khc. t tn giao din ny
l IStorable, cha hai phng thc Read( ) v Write( ).
interface IStorable
{
void Read( );
void Write(object);
}
Giao din nh ng tn ca n: khng d liu, khng ci t. Mt giao din ch
trng ra cc kh nng, v khi nng ny s c hin thc ho trong cc lp ci t
n. V d nh ta to lp Document, do mun cc i tng Document s c lu
tr vo c s d liu, nn ta cho Document k tha (ci t) giao din IStorable.
// lp Document tha k IStorable,
// phi ci t tt c cc phng thc ca IStorable
public class Document : IStorable
51
{
public void Read( ) { // phi ci t...}
public void Write(object obj) { // phi ci t...}
// ...
}
8.1.1 Ci t nhiu giao din
Lp c th ci t mt hoc nhiu giao din. Chng hn nh lp Document ngoi
lu tr ra n cn c th c nn li. Ta cho lp Document ci t thm mt giao
din th hai l ICompressible
public class Document : IStorable, ICompressible
Tng t, Document phi ci t tt c phng thc ca ICompressible:
public void Compress( )
{
Console.WriteLine("Implementing the Compress Method");
}

public void Decompress( )
{
Console.WriteLine("Implementing the Decompress Method");
}
8.1.2 M rng giao din
Chng ta c th m rng (tha k) mt giao din tn ti bng cch thm vo
nhng phng thc hoc thnh vin mi. Chng hn nh ta c th m rng
ICompressable thnh ILoggedCompressable vi phng thc theo di nhng byte
c lu:
interface ILoggedCompressible : ICompressible
{
void LogSavedBytes( );
}
Lp ci t phi cn nhc chn la gia 2 lp ICompressable hay
ILoggedCompressable, iu ny ph thuc vo nhu cu ca lp . Nu mt lp c
s dng giao din ILoggedCompressable th n phi thc hin ton b cc phng
thc ca ILoggedCompressable (bao gm ICompressable v phng thc m rng).
8.1.3 Kt hp cc giao din khc nhau
Tng t, chng ta c th to mt giao din mi bng vic kt hp nhiu giao din
v ta c th ty chn vic c thm nhng phng thc hoc nhng thuc tnh mi.
V d nh ta to ra giao din IStorableCompressable t giao din IStorable v
ILoggedCompressable v thm vo mt phng thc mi dng lu tr kch
thc tp tin trc khi nn.
interface IStorableCompressible: IStoreable,ILoggedCompressible
{
void LogOriginalSize( );
}
52
8.2 Truy xut phng thc ca giao din
Chng ta c th truy xut thnh vin ca giao din IStorable nh chng l thnh
vin ca lp Document:
Document doc = new Document("Test Document");
doc.status = -1;
doc.Read( );
hoc ta c th to mt th din ca giao din bng vic phn phi ti liu v kiu
ca giao din v sau s dng giao din truy cp nhng phng thc:
IStorable isDoc = (IStorable) doc;
isDoc.status = 0;
isDoc.Read( );
In this case, in Main( ) you know that Document is in fact an IStorable, so you can take
advantage of that knowledge. As stated earlier, you cannot instantiate an interface
directly. That is, you cannot say:
IStorable isDoc = new IStorable( );
Mc d vy, chng ta c th to mt th hin ca lp thi cng nh sau:
Sau y ta c th to mt th hin ca giao din bng vic phn b nhng i tng
thi cng n nhng kiu giao din, trong trng hp ny l IStorable:
Chng ta kt hp nhng bc m t trn bng on m di y:
IStorable isDoc = (IStorable) new Document("Test Document");
8.2.1 p kiu thnh giao din
Trong nhiu trng hp, chng ta khng bit i tng y h tr nhng giao din
loi g. Gi s nh chng ta c mt tp cc giao din ca Documents, mt s trong
chng c th lu tr cn mt s khc th khng th, chng ta s thm vo mt giao
din th hai ICompressable cho nhng i tng thuc loi ny chng c th nn
li cho cng vic chuyn i c lin quan n email nhanh hn.
interface ICompressible
{
void Compress( );
void Decompress( );
}
Vi kiu ca Document, chng ta c th khng bit rng chng c h tr bi giao
din IStorable hoc giao din ICompressable hoc c hai. Chng ta c th gii quyt
iu ny bng cch phn b nhng giao din li:
isDoc.Read( );
ICompressible icDoc = (ICompressible) doc;
icDoc.Compress( );
Nu Document ch h tr bi giao din IStorable th gi tr tr v l:
53
public class Document : IStorable
Vic phn b ICompressable phi n khi bin dch mi bit c bi v
ICompressable l mt giao din hp l. Mc d vy, nu s phn b ti th c th s
xy ra li, v lc y th mt exception s c qung ra cnh bo:
An exception of type System.InvalidCastException was thrown.
Chi tit v exception s c cp trong nhng chng sau:
8.2.2 Ton t is
Khi chng ta mun mt i tng c kh nng h tr giao din, theo nguyn tc l
chng ta phi gi phng thc tng ng ln. Trong C# c 2 phng thc h tr
cng vic ny.
C php nh sau:
expression is type
hay
if (doc is IStorable)
Chc lp giao din IStorable chc bn vn cn nh, y cu lnh if s kim tra
xem i tng doc c h tr giao din IStorable khng m thi.
Tht khng may mn cho chng ta, tuy rt d hiu vi cch vit nh th nhng
chng li khng hiu qu cho lm. hiu vn l ti sao li nh th th chng ta
cn phi nhng chng vo trong m MSIL v sau pht sinh. V sau y l mt
s kt qu (th hin bng s Hexa)
IL_0023: isinst ICompressible
IL_0028: brfalse.s IL_0039
IL_002a: ldloc.0
IL_002b: castclass ICompressible
IL_0030: stloc.2
IL_0031: ldloc.2
IL_0032: callvirt instance void ICompressible::Compress( )
IL_0037: br.s IL_0043
IL_0039: ldstr "Compressible not supported"
C mt s vn l chng ta phi ch l trong phn kim tra ICompressable trong
dng 23. T kha isinst l m MSIL ca tc t is. Nh ta thy trong phn kim tra
i tng doc pha bn phi v dng 2b th vic kim tra thnh cng khi
castclass c gi.
8.2.3 Ton t as
Ton t as kt hp tc t is v s phn b cc thao tc bng vic kim tra s phn
b c hp l hay khng (gi tr s tr v l true) v sau y s hon tt cng vic.
Nu s phn b khng hp l (tc t is s tr v gi tr false), tc t as s tr v gi
tr null. C php ca vic khai bo:
expression as type
on m sau y s dng tc t as:
static void Main( )
54
{
IStorable isDoc = doc as IStorable;
if (isDoc != null)
isDoc.Read( );
else
Console.WriteLine("IStorable not supported");

ICompressible icDoc = doc as ICompressible;
if (icDoc != null)
icDoc.Compress( );
else
Console.WriteLine("Compressible not supported");
}
Hy xem qua on m MSIL, chng ta thy c mt s im thun tin:
IL_0023: isinst ICompressible
IL_0028: stloc.2
IL_0029: ldloc.2
IL_002a: brfalse.s IL_0034
IL_002c: ldloc.2
IL_002d: callvirt instance void ICompressible::Compress( )
8.2.4 Ton t is hay ton t as
Cc giao din xem ra c v l nhng lp tru tng. Tht ra th chng ta c th thay
i phn khai bo ca giao din IStorable thnh lp tru tng:
abstract class Storable
{
abstract public void Read( );
abstract public void Write( );
}
Lp Document k tha t lp Storable, gi s nh chng ta va mua mt lp List t
mt hng th ba vi mong mun l c s kt hp ca List vi Storable. Trong C++
ta c th to mt lp StorableList bng cch k tha t List v Storable nhng trong
C# th ta khng th v C# khng h tr a tha k.
Mc d vy, C# cho php chng ta ch r ra s giao din v kt xut t lp c s.
Bng vc to mt giao din Storable, ta c th k tha t lp List v giao din
IStorable nh trong v d sau:
public class StorableList : List, IStorable
{
// List methods here ...
public void Read( ) {...}
public void Write(object obj) {...}
// ...
}
8.3 Np chng phn ci t giao din
Mt lp thi cng tht s t do th phi nh du mt vi hoc ton b cc phng
thc c th thc hin c giao din nh l phng thc o. Lp dn xut t chng
c th np chng. Chng hn nh lp Document c th thc hin giao din
55
IStorable v xem cc phng thc Read( ) v Write( ) nh l phng thc o.
Ngi pht trin c th kt xut t nhng kiu ca Document, nh l kiu Note hay
EmailMessage v anh ta c l quyt nh Note vi tnh nng l s c c v vit
vo c s d liu hn l vic th hin bng mt tp tin.
8.4 Thc hin giao din mt cch tng minh
Bi v mt lp c th ci t nhiu giao din nn c th xy ra trng hp ng
v tn khi khi hai giao din c cng mt tn hm. gii quyt xung t ny ta
khai bo ci t mt cch tng minh hn. V d nh nu ta c hai giao din
IStorable v ITalk u cng c phng thc Read(), lp Document s ci t hai
giao din ny. Khi ta ta phi thm tn giao din vo trc tn phng thc
using System;
interface IStorable
{
void Read( );
void Write( );
}
interface ITalk
{
void Talk( );
void Read( );
}

public class Document : IStorable, ITalk
{
// document constructor
public Document(string s)
{
Console.WriteLine("Creating document with: {0}", s);
}
// to read ca IStorable
public virtual void Read( )
{
Console.WriteLine("Implementing IStorable.Read");
}
public void Write( )
{
Console.WriteLine("Implementing IStorable.Write");
}

// ci t phng htc Read ca ITalk
void ITalk.Read( )
{
Console.WriteLine("Implementing ITalk.Read");
}
public void Talk( )
{
Console.WriteLine("Implementing ITalk.Talk");
}
}
public class Tester
{
static void Main( )
56
{
// create a document object
Document theDoc = new Document("Test Document");

// p kiu c th gi IStorable.Read()
IStorable isDoc = theDoc as IStorable;
if (isDoc != null)
{
isDoc.Read( );
}

// p kiu c th gi ITalk.Read()
ITalk itDoc = theDoc as ITalk;
if (itDoc != null)
{
itDoc.Read( );
}

theDoc.Read( );
theDoc.Talk( );
}
}
Kt qu:
Creating document with: Test Document
Implementing IStorable.Read
Implementing ITalk.Read
Implementing IStorable.Read
Implementing ITalk.Talk
8.4.1 Chn la phi by cc phng thc ca giao din
Ngi thit k lp c thm mt thn li l khi mt giao din c thi cng th trong
sut qu trnh y s thi cng tng minh y khng c th hin bn pha client
ngoi tr vic phn b. Gi s nh i tng Document thi cng giao din
IStorable nhng chng ta khng mun cc phng thc Read( ) v Write( ) c
xem nh l public trong lp Document. Chng ta c th s dng phn thc hin
tng minh chc rng chng khng sn c trong sut qu trnh phn b. iu
ny cho php chng gi gn ng ngha ca lp Document trong khi ta thc hin
IStorable. Nu Client mun mt object c th thi cng trn giao din IStorable, th
chng phi c s phn b mt cch tng minh nhng khi s dng ti liu ca
chng ta nh l Document trong ng ngha l s khng c cc phng thc Read( )
v Write ( ).
8.4.2 Thnh vin n
Vi mt kh nng mi l mt thnh vin ca giao din c th c n i. V d nh
chng ta to mt giao din IBase vi property P:
interface IBase
{
int P { get; set; }
}
57
V khi nhng giao din c k tha t n, chng hn IDerived th property P oc
n i vi mt phng thc mi P( )
interface IDerived : IBase
{
new int P( );
}
Vic lm n thnh vin nh l lm trn i vi IBase c th xem nh l mt tng
tt, by gi th chng ta c th n property P trong giao din c s. V trong nhng
giao din c k tha t chng s phi cn ti thiu l 1 giao din thnh vin
tng minh. Do ta c th s dng phn thi cng tng minh ny cho property c
s hoc cho nhng phng thc k tha hoc s dng c hai. Do m ta c th 3
phin bn ci t khc nhau nhng vn hp l:
class myClass : IDerived
{
// explicit implementation for the base property
int IBase.P { get {...} }
// implicit implementation of the derived method
public int P( ) {...}
}

{
// implicit implementation for the base property
public int P { get {...} }
// explicit implementation of the derived method
int IDerived.P( ) {...}
}

{
// explicit implementation for the base property
int IBase.P { get {...} }
// explicit implementation of the derived method
int IDerived.P( ) {...}
}
Array, Indexer, and Collection Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
58

Chng 9 Array, Indexer, and Collection
.NET Framework cung cp cho ta rt nhiu kiu lp tp hp: Array, ArrayList,
NameValueCollection, StringCollection, Queue, Stack, v BitArray. Array l lp
n gin nht. Trong C# n c nh x thnh c php dng sn tng t nh
C/C++.
Net Framework cng cung np nhng giao din chun nh IEnumerable,
ICollection tng tc vi cc lp tp hp (ti cha).
9.1 Mng (Array)
Mng l mt tp hp cc phn t c cng kiu, c xc nh v tr trong tp hp
bng ch mc. C# cung cp nhng dng c php dng n gin nht cho vic khai
bo mt mng, rt d hc v s dng.
9.1.1 Khai bo mng
Chng ta c th khai bo mt mng kiu C# nh sau:
kiu[] tn_mng;
V d nh:
int[] myIntArray;
Du ngoc vung [ ] biu th cho tn bin sau l mt mng V d di y khai
bo mt bin kiu mng nguyn myIntArray vi s phn t ban u l 5:
myIntArray = new int[5];
9.1.2 Gi tr mc nh
Gi s c on m sau:
/*1*/ int[] myArray;
/*2*/ maArray = new int[5];

/*3*/ Button[] myButtonArray;
/*4*/ myButtonArray = new Button[5];
dng /*1*/ khai bo bin myArray l mt mng kiu int. Khi ny bin myArray c
gi tr l null do cha c khi to. Dng /*2*/ khi to bin myArray, cc phn
t trong mng c khi to bng gi tr mc nh l 0. Dng /*3*/ tng t /*1*/
nhng Button thuc kiu tham chiu (reference type). Dng /*4*/ khi to bin
myButtonArray, cc phn t trong mng khng c khi to (gi tr "khi to" l
null). S dng bt k phn t no ca mng cng gy li cha khi to bin.
59
9.1.3 Truy cp n nhng phn t trong mng
truy cp n nhng phn t trong mng, ta s dng ton t ly ch mc []. Cng
ging nh C/C++, ch mc mng c tnh bt u t phn t 0. Property Length
ca lp Array cho bit c kch thc mt mng. Nh vy ch mc ca mng i t
0 n Length - 1. Trong mng myArray v d trn ly phn t th 2 (c ch s l
1) trong mng, ta vit nh sau:
int phan_tu_thu_hai = myArray[1];
9.2 Cu lnh foreach
foreach l mt lnh vng lp, dng duyt tt c cc phn t ca mt mng, tp
hp (ni ng hn l nhng lp c ci t giao din IEnumerable). C php ca
foreach nh nhng hn vng lp for (ta c th dng for thay cho foreach)
foreach (kiu tn_bin in bin_mng)
{
khi lnh
}
V d 9-1 S dng foreach
using System;
namespace Programming_CSharp
{
// mt lp n gin cha trong mng
public class Employee
{
public Employee(int empID)
{
this.empID = empID;
}
public override string ToString()
{
return empID.ToString();
}
private int empID;
private int size;
}
public class Tester
{
static void Main()
{
int[] intArray;
Employee[] empArray;
intArray = new int[5];
empArray = new Employee[3];
// populate the array
for (int i = 0; i < empArray.Length; i++)
empArray[i] = new Employee(i+10);

foreach (int i in intArray)
Console.WriteLine(i.ToString());

foreach (Employee e in empArray)
Console.WriteLine(e.ToString());
60

}
}
}
9.2.1 Khi to cc phn t mng
Ta c th khi to cc phn t mng vo thi im khai bo mng, bng cch ta
cung cp mt danh sch nhng gi tr ca mng c gii hn trong hai du ngoc
nhn { }. C# c th cung cp nhng c phpngn gn nh sau:
int[] myIntArray = new int[5] { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 }
int[] myIntArray = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 }
Hai cch trn cho cng kt qu l mt mng 5 phn t c gi tr l 2, 4, 6, 8, 10.
9.2.2 T kha params
i lc c nhng phng thc ta khng bit trc s lng tham s c truyn
vo nh: phng thc Main() khng th bit trc s lng tham s ngi dng s
truyn vo. Ta c th s tham s l mng. Tuy nhin khi gi hm ta phi to mt
bin mng lm tham s. C# cung cp c php ta khng cn truyn trc tip
cc phn t ca mng bng cch thm t kha params
V d 9-2 S dng t kha params
using System;
{
public class Tester
{
static void Main( )
{

/**
* cch truyn tham s bng cc phn t
* khng cn phi khi to mng
* (c php rt t do)
*/
t.DisplayVals(5,6,7,8);

/**
* Cch truyn tham s bng mng
* Mng phi c to sn
*/
int [] explicitArray = new int[5] {1,2,3,4,5};
t.DisplayVals(explicitArray);
}
public void DisplayVals(params int[] intVals)
{
foreach (int i in intVals)
{
Console.WriteLine("DisplayVals {0}",i);
}
}
61
}
}
Kt qu:
DisplayVals 5
DisplayVals 6
DisplayVals 7
DisplayVals 8
DisplayVals 1
DisplayVals 2
DisplayVals 3
DisplayVals 4
DisplayVals 5
9.2.3 Mng nhiu chiu
Ma trn l mt v d v mng hai chiu. C# cho php khai bo mng n chiu, tuy
nhin thng dng nht vn l mng mt chiu (mng) v mng hai chiu. V d
trong phn ny l mng hai chiu, tuy nhin i vi n chiu c php vn tng t.
9.2.3.1 Mng ch nht
Trong mng ch nht (Rectangular array) 2 chiu, chiu th nht l s dng v
chiu th hai l s ct. S phn t trong cc dng l nh nhau v bng s ct (tng
t s phn t trong cc ct l nh nhau v bng s dng) khai bo ta s dng c
php sau:
type [,] array-name
v d nh:
int [,] myRectangularArray;
9.2.3.2 Mng Jagged
Mng jagged l loi mng trong mng. Loi mng ny tht s th chng ch l mng
mt chiu nhng nhng phn t ca chng c kh nng qun l c mt mng
khc na, m kch thc cc mng ny thay i ty theo nhu cu ca lp trnh vin.
Ta c th khai bo nh sau:
type [ ] [ ]...
V d nh khai bo mt mng hai chiu vi tn l myJaggedArray:
int [ ] [ ] myJaggedArray;
Chng ta c th truy cp phn t th 5 ca mng th ba bng c php
myJaggedArray[2][4]
9.2.4 Lp System.Array
Lp Array c rt nhiu hm hu ch, n lm cho mng trong C# "thng minh" hn
nhiu ngn ng khc. Chng c h tr nh l cc phng thc c dng sn
nh trng hp string. Hai phng thc quan trong nht ca lp System.Array l
Sort() v Reverse().
62
9.3 Indexers
Indexer tng t nh Property, tuy c khc nhau mt cht v ngha. Xt mt v d
m phng mt quyn sch c nhiu chng
Xy dng 2 lp Sch v Chng. Lp Chng ci t bnh thng. Vi lp Sch ta
s ci t mt bin thnh vin c kiu ti cha. n gin bin ny c kiu l mt
mng
public class Chuong
{
// Cc bin thnh vin
string m_sTen;
string m_sNoiDung;
}
public class Sach
{
// bin thnh vin
Chuong[] m_dsChuong;

// Property
public Chuong[] DsChuong
{
get{ return m_dsChuong; }
}
}
Cch lm ny c vi bt li nh sau: th nht ly ni dung tng chng chng ta
dng Property ly danh sach chng sau duyt qua mng ly chng mong
mun. Th hai l mi chng c nh danh bi tn chng nn ta mong mun c
cch ly mt chng thng qua tn ca n. Ta c th ci t mt hm duyt qua
mng cc chng, nhng Indexer s gip lm vic ny.
V d 9-3 S dng indexer
using System;
using System.Collections;
namespace ConsoleApplication
{
// Ci t lp Chuong
public class Chuong
{
private string m_sTen;
private string m_sNoiDung;
public Chuong()
{
m_sTen = "";
m_sNoiDung = "";
}
public Chuong(string sTen, string sNoiDung)
{
m_sTen = sTen;
63
m_sNoiDung = sNoiDung;
}
public string Ten
{
get { return m_sTen; }
set { m_sTen = value; }
}
public string NoiDung
{
get { return m_sNoiDung; }
set { m_sNoiDung = value; }
}
} // ht class Chuong
// Ci t lp Sach
public class Sach
{
private string m_sTen;
private ArrayList m_dsChuong;
public Sach()
{
m_sTen = "";
m_dsChuong = new ArrayList();
}
public Sach(string sTen)
{
m_sTen = sTen;
m_dsChuong = new ArrayList();
}
public string Ten
{
get { return m_sTen; }
set
{
if ( value == null )
throw new ArgumentNullException();

m_sTen = value;
}
}
// indexer th nht c mt tham s kiu int
public Chuong this[int index]
{
get
{
if ( index < 0 || index > m_dsChuong.Count - 1 )
return null;

return (Chuong)m_dsChuong[index];
}
set
{
if ( index < 0 || index > m_dsChuong.Count - 1 )
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();

m_dsChuong[index] = value;
}
}

64
// indexer th hai c mt tham s kiu string
public Chuong this[string tenChuong]
{
get
{
foreach (Chuong chuong in m_dsChuong)
{
if ( chuong.Ten == tenChuong )
{
return chuong;
}
}
return null;
}
}
public int add (Chuong chuong)
{
if ( chuong == null )
throw new ArgumentNullException();

return m_dsChuong.Add(chuong);
}
}// ht class Sach

class Class
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Sach s = new Sach("tlv");
s.add(new Chuong("CS", "Tac gia CS"));
s.add(new Chuong("VB", "Tac gia VB"));

Console.WriteLine(s.Ten);
// dng indexer th nht
Console.WriteLine(s[0].Ten + ": "+ s[0].NoiDung);
// dng indexer th hai
Console.WriteLine("VB: " + s["VB"].NoiDung);

Console.Read();
}
}
}
Trc ht quan st lp Sach xem khai bo mt indexer
// indexer th nht c mt tham s kiu int
public Chuong this[int index]

public: phm vi truy xut ca indexer
Chuong: kiu tr v
int index: kiu v tn tham s nhn vo
this[...]: bt buc khai bo indexer
Thn hm Indexer cng chia thnh 2 hm get v set y ht nh Property. Indexer
cung cp thm mt hoc nhiu tham s v cho ta cch s dng nh s dng mt
mng:
// dng indexer th nht
Console.WriteLine(s[0].Ten + ": "+ s[0].NoiDung);
65
// dng indexer th hai
Console.WriteLine("VB: " + s["VB"].NoiDung);
9.4 Cc giao din ti cha
.NET Framework cung cp mt s cc giao din chun tng tc vi cc lp ti
cha hay ci t cc lp ti cha mi tng thch (c cng giao din) vi cc lp
chun ca .NET Framework. Cc giao din c lit k Bng 9-1 Cc giao din
ti cha
Bng 9-1 Cc giao din ti cha
Giao din ngha
IEnumerable Khi mt lp ci t giao din ny, i tng thuc lp c c
dng trong cu lnh foreach
ICollection c ci t bi tt c cc lp ti cha c thnh vin CopyTo(),
Count, IsReadOnly(), IsSyncronize(), SyncRoot()
IComparer So snh hai i tng trong ti cha
IList Dng bi cc lp ti cha truy xut phn t thng qua ch mc
(s)
IDictionary Dng bi cc lp ti cha truy xut phn t thng qua quan h
kha/gi tr nh Hashtabe, StoredList.
IDictionaryEnumerator Cho php duyt i vi cc ti cha ci t IDictionary
9.5 Array Lists
Mt vn c in trong khi s dng lp Array l kch thc: kch thc mt mng
c nh. Nu khng th bit trc cn c bao nhiu phn t, ta c th khai bo qu
nhiu (lng ph) hay qu ch (chng trnh c li). ArrayList ci t cu trc d liu
danh sach lit k cho php cp pht ng cc phn t. Lp ny ci t giao din
IList, ICollection, IEnumerable v c rt nhiu hm dng thao tc ln danh sch.
IComparable
ArrayList c phng thc Sort( ) gip chng ta sp xp cc phn t. iu bt buc
l phn t phi thuc lp c ci t giao din IComparable (c duy nht mt
phng thc CompareTo()).
9.6 Hng i
Hng i (queue) l mt ti cha hot ng theo c ch FIFO (First in first out -
vo trc ra trc). Cng ging nh ta i xp hng mua v xem phim, nu ta vo
trc mua v th ta s c mua v trc.
Hng i l mt tp hp tt cho vic ta s dng qun l ngun ti nguyn c gii
hn. V d nh ta gi i nhng thng ip n ti nguyn, m ti nguyn th ch c
th gii quyt cho mt thng ip. Do chng ta phi to mt hng i nhng
66
thng ip cho ti nguyn c th da vo m x l t t. Lp Queue ci t
ti cha ny.
9.7 Stacks
Stack l ti cha hot ng theo c ch LIFO (Last in first out - vo sau ra trc).
Hai phng thc c bn trong vic thm hoc xa Stack l:Push( ) v Pop( ). Ngoi
ra Stack cn c phng thc Peek( ), tng t nh Pop() nhng khng xa b phn
t ny.
Cc lp ArrayList, Queue v Stack u c nhng phng thc ging nhau nh
CopyTo( ) v ToArray( ) dng sao chp nhng phn t vo trong mt mng.
Trong trng hp Stack th phng thc CopyTo( ) s sao chp nhng phn t vo
mt mng mt chiu tn ti, v ni dung chng s ghi ln v tr bt u m
chng ta ch nh. Phng thc ToArray( ) tr v mt mng mi vi ni dung l
nhngphn t trong stack.
9.8 Dictionary
Dictionary l tn gi chung cho cc ti cha lu tr cc phn t theo quan h
kha/gi tr. iu ny c ngha l tng ng vi mt "kha", ta tm c mt v ch
duy nht mt "gi tr" tng ng.Ni cch khc l mt "gi tr" c mt "kha" duy
nht khng trng vi bt k "kha" ca gi tr khc.
Mt lp mun l mt Dictionary th ci t giao din IDictionary. Lp Dictionary
mun c s dng trong cu lnh foreach th ci t giao din
IDictionaryEnumerator.
Dictionary thng c dng nht l bng bm (Hashtable).
Bng bm
Hashtable l cu trc d liu c mc tiu ti u ha vic tm kim. .et Framework
cung cp lp Hashtable ci t cu trc d liu ny.
Mt i tng c dng nh "kha" phi ci t hay tha k phng thc
Object.GetHashCode() v Object.Equals() (cc lp th vin .NET Framework hin
nhin tha iu kin ny). Mt iu kin na l i tng ny phi immutable (d
liu cc trng thnh vin khng thay i) trong lc ang l kha.

Chui Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
67

Chng 10 Chui
Chui (string) trong C# l mt kiu dng sn nh cc kiu int, long, c y
tnh cht mm do, mnh m v d dng. Mt i tng chui trong C# l mt hay
nhiu k t Unicode khng th thay i th t. Ni cch khc l cc phng thc
p dng ln chui khng lm thay i bn thn chui, chng ch to mt bn sao c
sa i, chui gc vn gi nguyn.
khai bo mt i tng chui, s dng t kha string; i tng ny tht s
trng vi i tng System.String trong th vin lp .NET Framework. Vic s
dng hai i tng ny l nh nhau trong mi trng hp.
Khai bo lp System.String nh sau:
public sealed class String:IComparable,ICloneable,Iconvertible
Khai bo ny c ngha nh sau:
seal - khng th tha k t lp ny
ICompareable - cc i tng chui c th c sp th th
IClonable - c th to mt i tng B mi y ht i tng A.
IConvertible - c th chuyn thnh cc kiu dng sn khc nh
ToInt32(), ToDouble()
10.1 To chui mi
Cch n gin nht to mt bin kiu chui l khai bo v gn mt chui cho n
string sChuoi = "Khai bo v gn mt chui";
Mt s k t c bit c qui tc ring nh "\n", "\\" hay "\t" i din cho k
t xung dng, du xuyt (\), du tabV d khai bo
string sDuongDan = "C:\\WinNT\\Temp";
bin sDuongDan s c gi tr C:\WinNT\Temp. C# cung cp mt cch khai bo theo
ng nguyn gc chui bng cch thm k t @. Khai bo sDuongDan s nh sau
string sDuongDan = @"C:\WinNT\Temp";
10.2 Phng thc ToString()
y l phng thc ca i tng object (v ca tt c cc i tng khc)
thng dng chuyn mt i tng bt k sang kiu chui.
int myInteger = 5;
string integerString = myInteger.ToString();
Chui intergerString c gi tr l "5". Bng cch ny ta cng c th to mt
chui mi. Chui cng c th c to thng qua hm dng ca lp
System.String. Lp ny c hm dng nhn vo mt mng cc k t. Nh vy ta
cng to c chui t mng k t.
68
10.3 Thao tc chui
Lp chui cung cp nhiu phng thc cho vic so snh, tm kim c lit k
trong bng sau:
Bng 10-1 Cc thnh vin lp string
Thnh vin Gii thch
Empty Bin thnh vin tnh i din cho mt chui rng
Compare() Phng thc tnh so snh hai chui
CompareOrdinal() Phng thc tnh, so snh 2 chui khng quan tm n ngn ng
Concat() Phng thc tnh, to mt chui mi t nhiu chui
Copy() Phng thc tnh, to mt bn sao
Equals() Phng thc tnh, so snh hai chui c ging nhau
Format() Phng thc tnh, nh dng chui bng cc nh dng c t
Intern() Phng thc tnh, nhn v mt tham chiu n chui
IsInterned() Phng thc tnh, nhn v mt tham chiu n chui tn ti
Join() Phng thc tnh, ghp ni nhiu chui, mm do hn Concat()
Chars Indexer ca chui
Length Chiu di chui (s k t)
Clone() Tr v mt chui
CompareTo() So snh vi chui khc
CopyTo() Sao chp mt lng k t trong chui sang mng k t
EndsWith() Xc nh chui c kt thc bng chui tham s khng
Equals() Xc nh hai chui c cng gi tr
Insert() Chn mt chui khc vo chui
LastIndexOf() v tr xut hin cui cng ca mt chui con trong chui
PadLeft()
Canh phi cc k t trong chui, chn thm cc khong trng bn
tri khi cn
PadRight()
Canh tri cc k t trong chui, chn thm cc khong trng bn
phi khi cn
Remove() Xa mt s k t
Split() Ct mt chui thnh nhiu chui con
StartsWith() Xc nh chui c bt u bng mt chui con tham s
SubString() Ly mt chui con
ToCharArray() Sao chp cc k t ca chui thnh mng cc k t
ToLower() To bn sao chui ch thng
ToUpper() To bn sao chui ch hoa
Trim() Ct b cc khong trng hai u chui
69
Thnh vin Gii thch
TrimEnd() Ct b khong trng cui chui
TrimStart() Ct b khong trng u chui
bit chi tit cc s dng ca cc hm trn, c th tham tho ti liu ca
Microsoft, c bit l MSDN. Di y ch gii thiu vi phng thc thao dng
thao tc chui.
Ghp chui
ghp 2 chui ta dng ton t +
string a = "Xin";
string b = "cho";
string c = a + " " + b; // c = "Xin cho"
Ch : vic ghp ni bng ton t + tuy cho m ngun p, t nhin
nhng s khng cho hiu qu tt khi thc hin nhiu ln v C# s cp
pht vng nh li sau mi php ghp chui.
Ly k t
ly mt k t ti mt v tr trn chui ta dng ton t []
string s = "Xin cho mi ngi";
char c = s[5]; // c = 'h'
Ch : v tr rn chui bt u t v tr s 0
Chiu di chui
bit s k t ca chui, dng thuc tnh Length
string s = "Xin cho";
int l = s.Length; // l = 8
Ch : khng cn ng ngoc sau property
Ly chui con
ly chui con ca mt chui, s dng phng thc Substring().
string s;
/* 1 */ s = "Lay chuoi con".Substring(4);// s = "chuoi con"
/* 2 */ s = "Lay chuoi con".Substring(4, 5); // s = "chuoi"
Trong /*1*/ s ly chui con tnh t v tr th 4 tr v sau, cn trong /*2*/ s ly
chui con t v tr th 4 v ly chui con c chiu di l 5.
Thay th chui con
thay th chui con trong chui bng mt chui con khc, s dng phng thc
Replace()
string s;
/* 1 */ s = "thay the chuoi.".Replace('t', 'T');
// s = "Thay The chuoi"
/* 2 */ s = "thay the chuoi.".Replace("th", "TH");
70
// s = "THay THe chuoi"
Trong /*1*/ s l chui thay th k t 't' thnh 'T', cn trong /*2*/ l
chui thay th chui "th" thnh "TH".
nh dng chui
Chui c s dng nhiu trong trng hp kt xut kt qu ra cho ngi dng.
Trong nhiu trng hp ta khng th c c chnh xc chui cn thit m phi ph
thuc vo mt s bin. V vy hm nh dng chui gip ta nh dng li chui
trc khi kt xut.
double d = tinh_toan_phuc_tap_1();
double e = tinh_toan_phuc_tap_2();
// gi s d = 2.5, e = 3.5
string s;
s = string.Format("Kt qu l: {0:C} va {1:c} la", d, e);
// s = "Kt qu l: $2.5 v $3.5 la"
Hm nh dng chui kh phc tp v c nhiu ty chn. C php c hm nh dng
tng qut nh sau
string.Format(provider, format, arguments)
provider: ngun cung cp nh dng
format: chui cn nh dng cha thng tin nh dng
arguments: cc thng s cho nh dng
C# to sn cc ngun nh ng cho kiu s, kiu dng nhiu nht, v vy ta ch
quan tm n c php rt gn sau v cc thng tin nh dng cho kiu s.
string.Format (format, arguments);
Hnh 10-1 Vi nh dng thng dng
K t M t V d Kt qu
C hoc c Tin t (Currency) string.Format("{0:C}", 2.5);
string.Format("{0:C}", -2.5);
$2.50
($2.50)
D hoc d Decimal string.Format("{0:D5}", 25); 00025
E hoc e Khoa hoc (Scientific) string.Format("{0:E}", 250000); 2.500000E+005
F hoc f C nh phn thp phn
(Fixed-point)
string.Format("{0:F2}", 25);
string.Format("{0:F0}", 25);
25.00
25
G hoc g General string.Format("{0:G}", 2.5); 2.5
N hoc n S (Number) string.Format("{0:N}", 2500000); 2,500,000.00
X hoc x H s 16 (Hexadecimal) string.Format("{0:X}", 250);
string.Format("{0:X}", 0xffff);
FA
FFFF
10.4 Thao tc chui ng
Sau mi thao tc ln chui s to ra mt bn sao chui mi. V vy s dng i
tng string c th lm gim hiu nng h thng. Khi ta nn s dng lp
StringBuilder (mt loi chui khc). Cc thao tc ln chui lm thay i trn
chnh chui. Vi phng thc quan trng ca lp c lit k di y.
71
Phng thc Gii thch
Capacity Ly/thit t s k t ti a chui c th lu gi
Chars Indexer
Length Kch thc chui
MaxCapacity Ly s k t ti a lp c th lu gi
Append() Thm mt i tng vo cui chui
AppendFormat() nh dng chui tham s, sau thm chui ny vo cui
EnsureCapacity() Xc nh chui c th lu gi ti thiu mt lng k t khng
Insert() Chn mt i tng vo chui ti v tr
Remove() Xa mt s k t trong chui
Replace() Thay mt k t/chui con bng k t/chui con mi
V d 10-1 S dng StringBuilder
using System;
using System.Text;
{
public class StringTester
{
static void Main( )
{
// mt chui bt k thao tc
string s1 = "One,Two,Three Liberty Associates, Inc.";
// hng k t
const char Space = ' ';
const char Comma = ',';
// mng cc du cch
char[] delimiters = new char[]{ Space, Comma };
// dng StringBuilder to mt chui
StringBuilder output = new StringBuilder( );
int ctr = 1;
// tch chui, sau ghp li theo dang mong mun
// tch chui theo cc du phn cch trong delimiter
foreach (string subString in s1.Split(delimiters))
{
// chn mt chui sau khi nh dng chui xong
output.AppendFormat("{0}: {1}\n",ctr++,subString);
}
Console.WriteLine(output);
}
}
}
Kt qu:
1: One
2: Two
3: Three
4: Liberty
5: Associates
6:
7: Inc.
Qun l li Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
72

Chng 11 Qun l li
C# qun l li v cc trng thi bt thng bng bit l (exception). Mt bit l l
mt i tng cha cc thng tin v s c bt thng ca chng trnh.
iu quan trng trc ht l phi phn bit r s khc nhau gia bug, error v bit
l. Bug l li v mt lp trnh do chnh lp trnh vin khng kim sot c m
ngun. Bit l khng th sa cc bug. Mc d bug s pht sinh (nm) mt bit l,
chng ta khng nn da vo cc bit l sa cc bug, m nn vit li m ngun
cho ng.
Error l li gy ra bi ngi dng. Chng hn nh ngi dng nhp mt con s thay
v phi nhp cc k t ch ci. Mt error cng nm ra mt bit l, nhng ta c th
ngn chn bng cch bt ly li ny, yu cu ngi dng chnh sa cho n khi hp
l. Bt c khi no c th, error nn c tin on trc v ngn chn.
Ngay c khi cc bug c sa, cc error c tin on ht th vn cn nhiu
tnh hung khng th lng trc nh: h thng ht b nh hay chng trnh
ang truy cp mt tp tin khng tn ti. Chng ta khng th ngn chn c bit
l nhng c li c th qun l c chng chng khng lm gy ng dng.
Khi chng trnh gp phi tnh hung trn, chng hn ht b nh, n s nm (pht
sinh) mt bit l. Khi mt bit l c nm ra, hm ang thc thi s b tm dng v
vng nh stack s c duyt ngc cho n khi gp trnh gii quyt bit l.
iu ny c ngha l nu hm hin hnh khng c trnh gii quyt bit l th hm s
b ngt v hm gi s c c hi gii quyt li. Nu khng c hm gi no gii
quyt bit l th bit l s c nm cho CLR gii quyt. iu ny ng ngha vi
vic chng trnh s b dng mt cch bt thng.
Trnh qun l li (exception handler) l mt on m c thit k gii quyt cc
bit l c nm ra. Trnh gii quyt li c ci t trong khi lnh bt u bi t
kha catch{}. Mt cch l tng th khi bit l c bt v gii quyt th chng
trnh tip tc thc thi v vn c gii quyt. Ngay c trong trng hp chng
trnh khng th tip tc c th bng cch bt bit l ta vn cn mt c hi in (hoc
ghi li thnh tp tin) cc thng bo li v kt thc chng trnh mt m p.
Nu trong hm c nhng on m phi c thc thi bt chp c hay khng c xy
ra bit l (nh on m gii phng cc ngun lc c cp pht), on m ny nn
c b trong khi lnh finnally{}.
73
11.1 Nm v bt bit l
Trong C# chng ta c th nm bt k mt i tng no thuc lp hay lp con ca
lp System.Exception (vit tt l Exception). Vng tn System khai bo sn
nhiu lp bit l hu ch chng hn nh ArgumentNullException,
InValidCastException, OverflowException
11.1.1 Lnh nm throw
bo hiu mt tnh hung bt thng trong mt lp C#, ta nm ra mt bit l
bng cch s dng t kha throw. Dng lnh sau to mt th hin ca lp
Exception v sau nm n ra
throw new System.Exception();
Nm mt bit l s lm chng trnh tm dng lp tc v CLR tm kim mt trnh
qun l bit l. Nu hm nm khng c trnh gii quyt bit l, stack s c
duyt ngc (unwind) bng cch pop ra cho n khi gp c trnh gii quyt bit
l. Nu vn khng tm thy cho n tn hm Main(), chng trnh s b dng li.
V d 11-1. Nm mt bit l
using System;
{
public class Test
{
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter Main...");
Test t = new Test( );
t.Func1( );
Console.WriteLine("Exit Main...");
}
public void Func1( )
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter Func1...");
Func2( );
Console.WriteLine("Exit Func1...");
}
{
throw new System.Exception( );
}
}
}
Kt qu:
Enter Main...
Enter Func1...
Enter Func2...
Exception occurred: System.Exception: An exception of type
System.Exception was thrown.
at Programming_CSharp.Test.Func2( )
74
in ...exceptions01.cs:line 26
at Programming_CSharp.Test.Func1( )
at Programming_CSharp.Test.Main( )
V d trn in thng bo ra mn hnh console khi bt u v kt thc mi hm.
Hm Main() to mt i tng kiu Test v gi hm Func1(). Sau khi in thng
bo Enter Func1, hm Func1() gi hm Func2(). Func2() in ra cu thng
bo bt u v nm ra mt bit l.
Chng trnh s tm ngng thc thi v CLR tm trnh gii quyt bit l trong hm
Func2(). Khng c, vng nh stack c unwind cho n hm Func1(). Vn
khng c, vng nh stack tip tc c unwind cho n hm Main(). Vn
khng c, trnh gii quyt bit l mc nh c gi. Thng bo li hin th trn
mn hnh.
11.1.2 Lnh bt catch
Trnh gii quyt bit l t trong khi lnh catch, bt u bng t kha catch.
Trong v d 11-2, lnh nm throw c t trong khi lnh try, lnh bt t trong
khi catch.
V d 11-2.Bt mt bit l.
using System;
{
public class Test
{
{
t.Func1( );
}
{
Func2( );
}
{
try
{
Console.WriteLine("Entering try block...");
Console.WriteLine("Exiting try block...");
}
catch
{
75
Console.WriteLine(
"Exception caught and handled.");
}
}
}
}
Kt qu:
Enter Main...
Enter Func1...
Enter Func2...
Entering try block...
Exception caught and handled.
Exit Func2...
Exit Func1...
Exit Main...
V d ny y ht nh v d 11-1 ngoi tr chng trnh c t trong khi lnh
try/catch. Ta t cc on m d gy li trong khi lnh try, chng hn nh
on m truy cp tp tin, xin cp pht vng nh.
Theo sau khi lnh try l khi lnh catch. Khi lnh catch trong v d l khi
lnh catch chung v ta khng th on trc c loi bit l no s pht sinh. Nu
bit chnh xc loi bit l no pht sinh, ta s vit khi lnh catch cho loi bit l
(s cp phn sau).
11.1.2.1 Sa cha li lm
Trong v d 11-2, lnh bt catch ch n gin thng bo rng mt bit l c
bt v qun l. Trong ng dng thc t, chng ta s vit cc on m gii quyt li
y. V d nu ngi dng c m mt tp ch c, ta hn cho gi mt phng
thc cho php ngi dng thay i thuc tnh tp tin. Nu trng hp ht b nh, ta
hn cho ngi dng c hi ng cc ng dng khc. Nu tt c u tht bi, khi
lnh catch s cho in cc thng bo m t chi tit li ngi dng bit r vn .
11.1.2.2 Duyt li (unwind) vng nh stack
Nu xem kt qu v d 11-2 cn thn, ta s thy cc thng bo bt u hm
Main(), Func1(), Func2() v khi lnh try; tuy nhin li khng thy thng
bo kt thc khi try mc d n thot khi hm Func2(), Func1() v hm
Main().
Khi mt bit l xy ra, khi try ngng thc thi ngay lp tc v quyn c trao cho
khi lnh catch. N s khng bao gi quay tr li khi try v v th khng th in
dng lnh thot khi try. Sau khi hon tt khi lnh catch, cc dng lnh sau
khi catch c thc thi tip tc.
Khng c khi catch, vng nh stack c duyt ngc, nhng nu c khi
catch vic ny s khng xy ra. Bit l c gii quyt, khng cn li na,
76
chng trnh tip tc thc thi. iu ny s r rng hn nu t try/catch trong
hm Func1() nh trong v d 11-3
V d 11-3. Bt bit l trong hm gi.
using System;
{
public class Test
{
{
t.Func1( );
}
{
try
{
Console.WriteLine("Entering try block...");
Func2( );
Console.WriteLine("Exiting try block...");
}
catch
{
Console.WriteLine( "Exception caught and handled." );
}
}
{
}
}
}
Kt qu:
Enter Main...
Enter Func1...
Entering try block...
Enter Func2...
Exception caught and handled.
Exit Func1...
Exit Main...
By gi bit l khng c gii quyt trong trong hm Func2(), n c gii
quyt trong hm Func1(). Khi Func2() c gi, n in dng Enter Func2 v
sau nm mt bit l. Chng trnh tm ngng thc thi, CLR tm kim trnh gii
quyt bit l trong hm Func2(). Khng c. Vng nh stack c duyt ngc
v CLR tm thy trnh gii quyt bit l trong hm Func1(). Khi lnh catch
c gi, chng trnh tip tc thc thi sau khi lnh catch ny, in ra dng Exit
77
ca Func1() v sau l ca Main(). Dng Exit Try Block v dng Exit
Func2 khng c in.
11.1.2.3 To mt lnh catch chuyn dng
Ta c th to mt lnh catch chuyn dng qun l mt loi bit l. V d 11-4 m
t cch xc nh loi bit l no ta nn qun l.
V d 11-4. Xc nh bit l phi bt
using System;
{
public class Test
{
{
t.TestFunc( );
}
// th chia hai s
// v gii quyt cc bit l
public void TestFunc( )
{
try
{
double a = 5;
double b = 0;
Console.WriteLine("{0}/{1}={2}", a, b, DoDivide(a,b));
}
// cc bit l thuc lp con phi ng trc
catch (System.DivideByZeroException)
{
Console.WriteLine("DivideByZeroException caught!");
}
catch (System.ArithmeticException)
{
Console.WriteLine("ArithmeticException caught!");
}
// bit l tng qut ng sau cng
catch
{
Console.WriteLine("Unknown exception caught");
}
}
// thc hin php chia hp l
public double DoDivide(double a, double b)
{
if (b == 0)
throw new System.DivideByZeroException( );
if (a == 0)
throw new System.ArithmeticException( );
return a/b;
}
}
}

78
Kt qu:
DivideByZeroException caught!
Trong v d ny, DoDivide() s khng cho php chia mt s cho 0 hay chia 0 cho
s khc. N s nm ra bit l DivideByZeroException nu ta c chia cho
khng. Nu ta em chia 0 cho s khc, s khng c bit l thch hp: v chia khng
cho mt s l mt php ton hp l v khng nn nm bt k bit l no. Tuy nhin
gi s trong v d ny ta khng mun em 0 chia cho s khc v s nm ra bit l
ArithmeticException.
Khi mt bit l c nm ra, CLR tm kim trnh gii quyt bit l theo theo trnh
t, v chn trnh gii quyt ph hp vi bit l. Khi chy chng trnh vi a = 5
v b = 7, kt qu l:
5 / 7 = 0.7142857142857143
Khng c bit l no pht sinh. Tuy nhin nu thay a = 0, kt qu s l:
ArithmeticException caught!
Mt bit l c nm ra, v CLR xc nh trnh gii quyt bit l u tin:
DivideByZeroException. Khng ng, CLR s i n trnh gii quyt bit l
kt tip, ArithmeticException.
Cui cng, nu a=7, v b=0 bit l DivideByZeroException c nm ra.
Ghi ch: Bi v DevideByZero tha k t ArithmeticException, nn trong
v d trn nu hon v hai khi lnh catch th c th khi lnh catch bt
bit l DivideByZeroException s khng bao gi c thc thi. Thay vo
khi catch bt bit l ArithmeticException s bt cc bit l
DivideByZeroException. Trnh bin dch s nhn ra iu ny v bo li.
Thng thng hm s bt cc bit l chuyn dng cho ring mc tiu ca hm, cn
cc bit l tng qut hn s do cc hm cp cao hn bt.
11.1.3 Lnh finally
Trong mt s trng hp, nm mt bit l v unwind vng nh stack c th gy
thm vn . V d nh nu ta ang m mt tp tin hoc ni chung l ang gi mt
ti nguyn no khc, ta mong mun c mt c hi ng tp tin hay gii phng ti
nguyn .
Trong trng hp ng mt tp tin ang m, ta c th gii quyt bng cch vit mt
lnh ng khi try mt khi catch (nh vy lnh ng s lun c gi). Tuy
nhin on m ny lp li mt cch v l. Mc khc cch ny c th khng gii
quyt c nu ta quyt nh khng vit khi catch hm ny m giao cho hm
gi x l. Khi khng th vit lnh ng tp tin.
Cch vit p nht l trong khi finally. Khi lnh ny chc chn c gi cho
d c hay khng c xy ra bit l. V d 11-5 chng minh cho iu ny
79
V d 11-5. S dng khi lnh finally
using System;
{
public class Test
{
{
t.TestFunc( );
}
// th chia hai s
// v gii quyt cc bit l
{
try
{
Console.WriteLine("Open file here");
double a = 5;
double b = 0;
Console.WriteLine ("{0} / {1} = {2}",
a, b, DoDivide(a,b));
Console.WriteLine ("This line may or may not print");
}
catch (System.DivideByZeroException)
{
Console.WriteLine("DivideByZeroException caught!");
}
catch
{
}
finally
{
Console.WriteLine ("Close file here.");
}
}
// thc hin php chia hp l
{
if (b == 0)
throw new System.DivideByZeroException( );
if (a == 0)
throw new System.ArithmeticException( );
return a/b;
}
}
}
Kt qu:
Open file here
DivideByZeroException caught!
Close file here.
Output when b = 12:
Open file here
5 / 12 = 0.41666666666666669
This line may or may not print
Close file here.
80
Trong v d ny dng thng bo Close file here lun lun xut hin, cho d bit
l c xy ra hay khng.
Ghi ch: khi lnh finally c th c to m khng cn khi catch,
nhng bt buc phi c khi try. Khng th dng cc lnh break,
continue, return v goto trong khi finally.
11.2 i tng Exception
i tng System.Exception cung cp nhiu phng thc v property hu ch
cho vic by li. Chng hn property Message cung cp thng tin ti sao n c
nm. Message l thuc tnh ch c, n c thit t vo lc khi to bit l.
Property HelpLink cung cp mt kt ni n tp tin gip . Property ny c th
c v thit t. Property StackTrace ch c v c thit lp vo lc chy.
Trong v d 11-6, property Exception.HelpLink c thit t v nhn v
thng tin thm cho ngi dng v bit l DivideByZeroException. Property
StackTrace c dng cung cp cc vt ca vng nh stack. N hin th
hng lot cc phng thc gi dn n phng thc m bit l c nm ra.
V d 11-6. Lm vic vi i tng Exception
using System;
{
public class Test
{
{
t.TestFunc( );
}
{
try
{
double a = 12;
double b = 0;
Console.WriteLine ("{0} / {1} = {2}",
a, b, DoDivide(a,b));
Console.WriteLine ("This line may or may not print");
}
catch (System.DivideByZeroException e)
{
Console.WriteLine(
"\nDivideByZeroException! Msg: {0}", e.Message);
Console.WriteLine("\nHelpLink: {0}", e.HelpLink);
Console.WriteLine(
"\nHere's a stack trace: {0}\n", e.StackTrace);
}
catch
81
{
}
finally
{
}
}
{
if (b == 0)
{
DivideByZeroException e = new DivideByZeroException();
e.HelpLink = "http://www.libertyassociates.com";
throw e;
}
if (a == 0)
throw new ArithmeticException( );
return a / b;
}
}
}
Kt qu:
Open file here
DivideByZeroException! Msg: Attempted to divide by zero.
HelpLink: http://www.libertyassociates.com
Here's a stack trace:
at Programming_CSharp.Test.DoDivide(Double a, Double b)
in c:\...exception06.cs:line 56
at Programming_CSharp.Test.TestFunc( )
in...exception06.cs:line 22
Close file here.
Kt qu lit k cc phng thc theo trnh t ngc vi trnh t chng c gi.
c kt qu trn nh sau: C mt bit l xy ra ti hm DoDivide(), hm
DoDivide ny c gi bi hm TestFunc().
Trong v d ny ta to mt th hin ca DivideByZeroException
Do khng truyn tham s, thng bo mc nh c dng:
DivideByZeroException! Msg: Attempted to divide by zero.
Ta c th thay thng bo mc nh ny bng cch truyn tham s khi khi to:
new DivideByZeroException(
"You tried to divide by zero which is not meaningful");
Trong trng hp ny kt qu s l:
DivideByZeroException! Msg:You tried to divide by zero which is not
meaningful
Trc khi nm bit l ny, ta thit t thuc tnh HelpLink
Khi bit l c bt, chng trnh in thng bo v c ng dn n kt ni gip
82
{
Console.WriteLine("\nDivideByZeroException! Msg: {0}",
e.Message);
Console.WriteLine("\nHelpLink: {0}", e.HelpLink);
Nh vy ta c th cung cp cc thng tin cn thit cho ngi dng. Sau l in
StackTrace
Console.WriteLine("\nHere's a stack trace:{0}", e.StackTrace);
Ta c kt qu cui cng.
11.3 Cc bit l t to
Vi cc bit l c th ty bin thng bo do CLR cung cp, thng cho hu ht
cc ng dng. Tuy nhin s c lc ta mun thm nhiu dng thng tin hn cho i
tng bit l, khi ta phi t to ly cc bit l mong mun. Bit l t to bt buc
tha k t lp System.Exception. V d 11-7 m t cch to mt bit l mi.
V d 11-7. T to bit l
using System;
{
public class MyCustomException : System.ApplicationException
{
public MyCustomException(string message) : base(message)
{
}
}
public class Test
{
{
t.TestFunc( );
}
{
try
{
double a = 0;
double b = 5;
Console.WriteLine("{0}/{1}={2}", a, b, DoDivide(a,b));
Console.WriteLine("This line may or may not print");
}
{
Console.WriteLine("\nDivideByZeroException! Msg: {0}",
e.Message);
Console.WriteLine("\nHelpLink: {0}\n", e.HelpLink);
}
catch (MyCustomException e)
{
Console.WriteLine("\nMyCustomException! Msg: {0}",
e.Message);
Console.WriteLine("\nHelpLink: {0}\n", e.HelpLink);
83
}
catch
{
}
finally
{
}
}
// do the division if legal
{
if (b == 0)
{
throw e;
}
if (a == 0)
{
MyCustomException e = new MyCustomException(
"Can't have zero divisor");
e.HelpLink =
"http://www.libertyassociates.com/NoZeroDivisor.htm";
throw e;
}
return a / b;
}
}
}
MyCustomException tha k t System.ApplicationException v n
khng c g khc hn l mt hm dng nhn tham s l mt thng bo. Cu thng
bo ny s c chuyn ti lp cha. Bit l MyCustomException c thit k
cho chnh lp Test, khng cho php chia cho 0 v khng chia 0 cho s khc. S
dng ArithmeticException cng cho kt qu tng t nhng c th gy nhm
ln cho lp trnh vin khc do php chia 0 cho mt s khng phi l mt li ton
hc.
11.4 Nm bit l ln na.
S c trng hp ta mun rng trong khi lnh catch ta s khi ng mt hnh
ng sa li, v sau nm bit l cho khi try khc (khi try ca hm gi). Bit
l ny c th cng loi hay khc loi vi bit l khi catch bt c. Nu l cng
loi, khi catch s nm bit l ny mt ln na; cn nu khc loi, ta s nhng bit
l c vo bit l mi khi try hm gi bit c lch s ca bit l. Property
InnerException c dng thc hin vic ny. Bit l em nhng gi l bit
l ni.
Bi v InnerException cng chnh l mt bit l nn n cng c
InnerException ca n. C nh vy to nn mt lot cc bit l.
84
V d 11-8. Nm bit l ln na v bit l ni (inner exception)
using System;

{
public class MyCustomException : System.Exception
{
public MyCustomException(string message,Exception inner):
base(message,inner)
{
}
}
public class Test
{
{
Test t = new Test();
t.TestFunc();
}
public void TestFunc()
{
try
{
DangerousFunc1();
}
// khi bt c bit l t to
// in lch s cc bit l
catch (MyCustomException e)
{
Console.WriteLine("\n{0}", e.Message);
Console.WriteLine("Retrieving exception history...");
Exception inner = e.InnerException;
while (inner != null)
{
Console.WriteLine("{0}",inner.Message);
inner = inner.InnerException;
}
}
}
public void DangerousFunc1( )
{
try
{
DangerousFunc2( );
}
// nu bt c mt bit l
// nm mt bit l t to
catch(System.Exception e)
{
MyCustomException ex = new MyCustomException(
"E3 - Custom Exception Situation!",e);
throw ex;
}
}
{
try
85
{
DangerousFunc3( );
}
// nu bt c bit l DivideByZeroException thc hin
// vi cng vic sa li v nm ra bit l tng qut
{
Exception ex = new Exception(
"E2 - Func2 caught divide by zero",e);
throw ex;
}
}
{
try
{
DangerousFunc4( );
}
{
throw;
}
catch (System.Exception)
{
Console.WriteLine("Exception handled here.");
}
}
{
throw new DivideByZeroException(
"E1 - DivideByZero Exception");
}
}
}
Kt qu:
E3 - Custom Exception Situation!
Retrieving exception history...
E2 - Func2 caught divide by zero
E1 - DivideByZeroException
Ghi ch: Kt qu xut hin trn mn hnh khng th hin ht ,
cch tt nht l nn chy chng trnh ch tng dng lnh hiu
r vn hn.
Chng ta bt u bng li gi hm DangerousFunc1() trong khi try
try
{
DangerousFunc1( );
}
DangerousFunc1() gi DangerousFunc2(), DangerousFunc2() gi
DangerousFunc3(), DangerousFunc3() gi DangerousFunc4(). Tt c
cc li gi ny u c khi try ca ring n. Cui cng DangerousFunc4() nm
mt bit l DivideByZeroException vi cu thng bo E1 - DivideByZero
Exception.
86
Khi lnh catch trong hm DangerousFunc3() s bt bit l ny. Theo logic, tt
c cc li ton hc u c bt bi bit l ArithmeticException (v vy c
DivideByZeroException). N chng lm g, ch nm bit l ny ln na.
{
throw;
}
C php trn nm cng mt loi bit l cho khi try bn ngoi (ch cn t kha
throw)
DangerousFunc2() s bt c bit l ny, n s nm ra mt bit l mi thuc
kiu Exception. Khi khi to bit l ny, ta truyn cho n hai tham s: thng bo
E2 - Func2 caught divide by zero, v bit l c lm bit l ni.
DangerousFunc1() bt bit l ny, lm vi cng vic no , sau to mt bit
l c kiu MyCustomException. Tng t nh trn khi khi to bit l ta truyn
cho n hai tham s: thng bo E3 - Custom Exception Situation!, v bit
l va bt c lm bit l ni. n thi im ny bit l c hai mc bit l ni.
Cui cng, khi catch s bt bit l ny v in thng bo
E3 - Custom Exception Situation!
Sau s tip tc in cc thng bo ca cc bit l ni
while (inner != null)
{
Console.WriteLine("{0}",inner.Message);
inner = inner.InnerException;
}
V ta c kt qu
Retrieving exception history...
E2 - Func2 caught divide by zero
E1 - DivideByZero Exception
Delegate v Event Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
87

Chng 12 Delegate v Event
Delegate c ngha l y quyn hay y thc. Trong lp trnh i lc ta gp tnh hung
phi thc thi mt hnh ng no , nhng li khng bit s gi phng thc no
ca i tng no. Chng hn, mt nt nhn button khi c nhn phi thng bo
cho i tng no bit, nhng i tng ny khng th c tin on trong lc
ci t lp button. V vy ta s kt ni lp button vi mt i tng y thc v y
thc (hay thng bo) cho i tng ny trch nhim thc thi khi button c nhn.
i tng y thc s c gn (ng k y thc) vo thi im khc thch hp.
Event c ngha l s kin. Ngy nay m hnh lp trnh giao din ngi dng ha
(Graphical User Interface - GUI) i hi cch tip cn theo hng s kin. Mt ng
dng ngy nay hin th giao din ngi dng v ch ngi dng thao tc. ng vi
mi thao tc nh chn mt trnh n, nhn mt nt button, nhp liu vo textbox
s mt s kin s pht sinh. Mt s kin c ngha l c iu g xy ra v
chng trnh phi p tr.
Delegate v event l hai khi nim c lin quan cht ch vi nhau. Bi v qun l
cc s kin mt cch mm do i hi cc p tr phi c phn phi n cc
trnh gii quyt s kin. Trnh gii quyt s kin trong C# c ci t bng
delegate.
Delegate cn c s dng nh mt hm callback. Hm callback l hm c th
c t ng gi bi hm khc. Cng dng th hai ny ca delegate c cp
trong chng 19.
12.1 Delegate (y thc, y quyn)
Trong C#, delegate c h tr hon ton bi ngn ng. V mt k thut,
delegate thuc kiu tham chiu c dng ng gi phng thc xc nh
kiu tr v v s lng, kiu tham s. Chng ta c th ng gi bt k phng thc
thc no ph hp vi phng thc ca delegate. (Trong C++ c k thut tng
t l con tr hm, tuy nhin delegate c tnh hng i tng v an ton v kiu)
Mt delegate c th c to bng t kha delagate, sau l kiu tr v, tn
delegate v cc tham s ca phng thc m delegate chp nhn:
public delegate int WhichIsFirst(object obj1, object obj2)
Dng trn khai bo mt delegate tn l WhichIsFirst c th ng gi (nhn)
bt k mt phng thc no nhn vo hai tham s kiu object v tr v kiu int.
88
Khi mt delegate c nh ngha, ta c th ng gi mt phng thc vi
delegate bng cch khi to vi tham s l phng thc cho delegate.
12.1.1 Dng delegate xc nh phng thc vo lc chy
Delegate c dng xc nh (specify) loi (hay kiu) ca cc phng thc dng
qun l cc s kin; hoc ci t cc hm callback trong ng dng. Chng
cng c dng xc nh cc phng thc tnh v khng tnh (cn gi l phng
thc th hin - instance methods: l phng ch gi c thng qua mt th hin
ca lp) cha bit trc vo lc thit k (c ngha l ch bit vo lc chy).
V d, gi s chng ta mun to mt lp ti cha n gin c tn l Pair (mt
cp). Lp ny cha 2 i tng c sp xp. Chng ta khng bit trc c i
tng no s c truyn vo cho mt th hin ca lp Pair, v vy khng th xy
dng hm sp xp tt cho tt c cc trng hp. Tuy nhin ta s y trch nhim
ny cho i tng bng cch to phng thc m cng vic sp xp c th y thc.
Nh ta c th sp th th ca cc i tng cha bit bng cch y thc trch
nhim ny chnh phng thc ca chng.
Ta nh ngha mt delegate c tn WhichIsFirst trong lp Pair. Phng thc
sort s nhn mt tham s kiu WhichIsFirst. Khi lp Pair cn bit th t ca
i tng bn trong, n s gi delegate vi hai i tng lm tham s. Trch nhim
quyt nh xem i tng no trong 2 i tng c th t trc c y thc cho
phng thc c ng gi trong delegate.
kim th delegate, ta to ra hai lp: Dog v Student. Lp Dog v Student
khng ging nhau ngoi tr c hai cng ci t phng thc c th c ng gi
bi WhichIsFirst, v vy c Dog ln Student u thch hp c gi trong i
tng Pair.
kim th chng trnh chng ta to ra mt cp i tng Student v mt cp
i tng Dog v lu tr chng trong hai i tng Pair. Ta s to mt i tng
delegate ng gi cho tng phng thc, sau ta yu cu i tng Pair
sp xp i tng Dog v Student. Sau y l cc bc thc hin:
public class Pair
{
// cp i tng
public Pair(object firstObject, object secondObject)
{
thePair[0] = firstObject;
thePair[1] = secondObject;
}
// bin lu gi hai i tng
private object[]thePair = new object[2];
K tip, ta override hm ToString()
{
return thePair[0].ToString() + ", " + thePair[1].ToString();
89
}
Chng ta c hai i tng trong lp Pair v c th in chng ra. By gi l phn
sp xp chng v in kt qu sp xp. Chng ta khng th bit trc s c loi i
tng no, v v vy chng ta s y thc quyn quyt nh i tng no c th t
trc cho chnh cc i tng. Nh vy ta s yu cu i tng c xp th t
trong lp Pair phi ci t phng thc cho bit trong hai i tng, i tng no
c th t trc. Phng thc ny s nhn vo hai i tng (thuc bt k loi no)
v tr v kiu lit k: theFirstComeFirst nu i tng u c th t trc v
theSecondComeFirst nu i tng sau c th t trc.
Nhng phng thc ny s c ng gi bi delegate WhichIsFirst nh
ngha trong lp Pair.
public delegate comparisn WhichIsFirst(object obj1,object obj2)
Tr tr v thuc kiu kiu lit k comparison.
public enum comparison
{
theFirstComesFirst = 1,
theSecondComesFirst = 2
}
Bt k mt phng thc tnh no nhn hai tham s kiu object v tr v kiu
comparison u c th c ng gi bi delegate ny vo lc chy.
By gi ta nh ngha phng thc Sort ca lp Pair
public void Sort(WhichIsFirst theDelegatedFunc)
{
if ( theDelegatedFunc(thePair[0],thePair[1]) ==
comparison.theSecondComesFirst )
{
object temp = thePair[0];
thePair[0] = thePair[1];
thePair[1] = temp;
}
}
Phng thc ny nhn mt tham s delegate tn WhichIsFirst. Phng thc
Sort y thc quyn quyt nh i tng no c th t trc cho phng thc
c ng gi trong delegate. Trong thn hm Sort(), c li gi phng thc
c y thc v xc nh gi tr tr v.
Nu tr tr v l theSecondComesFirst, hai i tng trong Pair s hon
chuyn v tr, ngc li khng c g xy ra.
Chng ta s xp xp cc sinh vin theo th t tn. Chng ta phi vit mt phng
thc tr v theFirstComesFirst nu tn ca sinh vin u c th t trc v
ngc li theSecondComesFirst nu tn sinh vin sau c th t trc. Nu hm
tr v theSecondComesFirst ta s thc hin vic o v tr ca hai sinh vin
trong Pair.
90
By gi thm phng thc ReverseSort, sp cc i tng theo th t ngc.
public void ReverseSort(WhichIsFirst theDelegatedFunc)
{
if ( theDelegatedFunc(thePair[0], thePair[1]) ==
comparison.theFirstComesFirst )
{
thePair[1] = temp;
}
}
By gi chng ta cn vi i tng sp xp. Ta s to hai lp Student v Dog.
Gn tn cho Student lc khi to
public class Student
{
public Student(string name)
{
this.name = name;
}
Lp Student yu cu hai phng thc, mt override t hm ToString() v
mt ng gi nh phng thc c y thc.
Student phi override hm ToString() phng thc ToString() trong
lp Pair gi. Hm ch n gin tr v tn ca sinh vin.
{
return name;
}
Cng cn phi ci t phng thc Pair.Sort() c th y thc quyn quyt
nh th t hai i tng.
return (String.Compare(s1.name, s2.name) < 0 ?
comparison.theFirstComesFirst :
comparison.theSecondComesFirst );
Hm String.Compare l phng thc ca lp String trong th vin .Net
Framework. Hm so snh hai chui v tr v s nh hn 0 nu chui u nh hn
v tr v s ln hn 0 nu ngc li. Ch rng hm tr v
theFirstComesFirst nu chui u nh hn, v tr v
theSecondComesFirst nu chui sau nh hn.
Lp th hai l Dog. Cc i tng Dog s c sp xp theo trng lng, con nh s
ng trc con nng. y l khai bo y lp Dog:
public class Dog
{
public Dog(int weight)
{
this.weight=weight;
}
// dogs are ordered by weight
91
public static comparison WhichDogComesFirst( Object o1,
Object o2 )
{
Dog d1 = (Dog) o1;
Dog d2 = (Dog) o2;
return d1.weight > d2.weight ? theSecondComesFirst :
theFirstComesFirst;
}
{
return weight.ToString( );
}
private int weight;
}
Ch rng lp Dog cng override phng thc ToString() v ci t phng
thc tnh vi nguyn mu hm c khai bo trong delegate. Cng ch rng hai
phng thc chun b y thc ca hai lp Dog v Student khng cn phi trng
tn. V d 12 - 1 l chng tnh hon chnh. Chng trnh ny gii thch cch cc
phng thc y thc c gi.
V d 12 - 1. Lm vic vi delegate
using System;
{
public enum comparison
{
theFirstComesFirst = 1,
theSecondComesFirst = 2
}
// ti cha n gin cha 2 i yng
public class Pair
{
// khai bo delegate
public delegate comparison WhichIsFirst( object obj1,
object obj2 );

// hm khi to nhn 2 i tng
// ghi nhn theo ng trnh t nhn vo
public Pair( object firstObject, object secondObject)
{
thePair[0] = firstObject;
thePair[1] = secondObject;
}
// phng thc sp th t (tng) hai i tng
// theo th t do chnh chng qui nh.
public void Sort(WhichIsFirst theDelegatedFunc)
{
if ( theDelegatedFunc(thePair[0],thePair[1]) ==
comparison.theSecondComesFirst )
{
thePair[1] = temp;
}
}
92

// phng thc sp th t ngc (gim) cc i tng
// theo th t do chnh chng qui nh.
public void ReverseSort( WhichIsFirst theDelegatedFunc)
{
if (theDelegatedFunc(thePair[0],thePair[1]) ==
comparison.theFirstComesFirst )
{
thePair[1] = temp;
}
}
// kt hp hai hm ToString() ca hai i tng
{
return thePair[0].ToString( ) + ", " +
thePair[1].ToString( );
}
// mng gi hai i tng
private object[] thePair = new object[2];
}
public class Dog
{
public Dog(int weight)
{
this.weight=weight;
}
// ch c sp theo trng lng
public static comparison WhichDogComesFirst( object o1,
object o2)
{
Dog d1 = (Dog) o1;
Dog d2 = (Dog) o2;
return d1.weight > d2.weight ?
comparison.theSecondComesFirst :
comparison.theFirstComesFirst;
}
{
return weight.ToString();
}
private int weight;
}
public class Student
{
public Student(string name)
{
this.name = name;
}
// sinh vin sp theo th t tn
public static comparison WhichStudentComesFirst( object o1,
object o2 )
{
Student s1 = (Student) o1;
Student s2 = (Student) o2;
return (String.Compare(s1.name, s2.name) < 0 ?
comparison.theFirstComesFirst :
93
comparison.theSecondComesFirst);
}
{
return name;
}
private string name;
}
public class Test
{
{
// to hai i tng sinh vin v hai i tng ch
// y chng vo 2 i tng Pair
Student Jesse = new Student("Jesse");
Student Stacey = new Student ("Stacey");

Dog Milo = new Dog(65);
Dog Fred = new Dog(12);

Pair studentPair = new Pair(Jesse,Stacey);
Pair dogPair = new Pair(Milo, Fred);
Console.WriteLine("studentPair\t\t\t: {0}",
studentPair.ToString( ));
Console.WriteLine("dogPair\t\t\t\t: {0}",
dogPair.ToString( ));
// to th hin ca delegate
Pair.WhichIsFirst theStudentDelegate =
new Pair.WhichIsFirst(Student.WhichStudentComesFirst);
Pair.WhichIsFirst theDogDelegate =
new Pair.WhichIsFirst(Dog.WhichDogComesFirst);
// sp xp s dng delegate
studentPair.Sort(theStudentDelegate);
Console.WriteLine("After Sort studentPair\t\t: {0}",
studentPair.ReverseSort(theStudentDelegate);
Console.WriteLine("After ReverseSort studentPair\t:{0}",
dogPair.Sort(theDogDelegate);
Console.WriteLine("After Sort dogPair\t\t: {0}",
dogPair.ReverseSort(theDogDelegate);
Console.WriteLine("After ReverseSort dogPair\t: {0}",
}
}
}
Kt qu:
studentPair : Jesse, Stacey
dogPair : 65, 12
After Sort studentPair : Jesse, Stacey
After ReverseSort studentPair : Stacey, Jesse
After Sort dogPair : 12, 65
After ReverseSort dogPair : 65, 12
94
Chng trnh test to ra hai i tng Student v hai i tng Dog, sau a
chng vo ti cha Pair. Hm khi to ca Student nhn vo tn sinh vin c
hm khi to Dog nhn vo trng lng ca ch.
Student Jesse = new Student("Jesse");
Student Stacey = new Student ("Stacey");
Dog Milo = new Dog(65);
Dog Fred = new Dog(12);
Pair studentPair = new Pair(Jesse,Stacey);
Pair dogPair = new Pair(Milo, Fred);
Console.WriteLine("studentPair\t\t\t:{0}",studentPair.ToString());
Console.WriteLine("dogPair\t\t\t\t: {0}", dogPair.ToString( ));
Sau in ni dung ca hai ti cha Pair xem th t ca chng. Kt qu nh
sau:
studentPair : Jesse, Stacey
dogPair : 65, 12
Nh mong i th t ca cc i tng l th t chng c thm vo ti cha
Pair. K tip chng ta khi to hai i tng delegate
Pair.WhichIsFirst theStudentDelegate =
new Pair.WhichIsFirst( Student.WhichStudentComesFirst );
Pair.WhichIsFirst theDogDelegate =
new Pair.WhichIsFirst( Dog.WhichDogComesFirst );
delegate th nht, theStudentDelegate, c to bng cch truyn
phng thc tnh thch hp t lp Student. delegate th hai,
theDogDelegate c truyn phng thc tnh ca lp Dog.
Cc delegate by gi c th c truyn cho cc phng thc. Ta truyn
delegate th nht cho phng thc Sort() ca i tng Pair, v sau l
phng thc ReverseSort. Kt qu c in trn mn hnh Console nh sau.
After Sort studentPair : Jesse, Stacey
After ReverseSort studentPair : Stacey, Jesse
After Sort dogPair : 12, 65
After ReverseSort dogPair : 65, 12
12.1.2 Delegate tnh
im bt li ca v d 12-1 l n buc lp gi, trong trng hp ny l lp Test,
phi khi to cc delegate n cn sp th t cc i tng trong mt cp. S
tt hn nu nh c th ly cc delegate t lp Dog v Student. Chng ta c th
lm iu ny bng cch to cho trong mi lp mt delegate tnh. i vi lp
Student ta thm nh sau:
public static readonly Pair.WhichIsFirst OrderStudents =
Dng lnh ny to mt delegate tnh, ch c c tn l OrderStudent
Ta c th to tng t cho lp Dog
public static readonly Pair.WhichIsFirst OrderDogs =
new Pair.WhichIsFirst(Dog. WhichDogComesFirst);
95
Nh vy mi lp c mt delegate ring, khi cn ta ly cc delegate ny v
truyn nh tham s.
studentPair.Sort(theStudentDelegate);
Console.WriteLine("After Sort studentPair\t\t: {0}",
studentPair.ReverseSort(Student.OrderStudents);
Console.WriteLine("After ReverseSort studentPair\t: {0}",
dogPair.Sort(Dog.OrderDogs);
Console.WriteLine("After Sort dogPair\t\t: {0}",
dogPair.ReverseSort(Dog.OrderDogs);
Console.WriteLine("After ReverseSort
Kt qu hon ton nh v d trn.
12.1.3 Delegate nh Property
Mt vn vi delagate tnh l n phi c khi to trc, cho d c c
dng hay khng. Ta c th ci tin bng cch thay i bin thnh vin tnh thnh
property
i vi lp Student, ta b khai bo sau:
public static readonly Pair.WhichIsFirst OrderStudents =
v thay th bng
public static Pair.WhichIsFirst OrderStudents
{
get{ return new Pair.WhichIsFirst(WhichStudentComesFirst); }
}
Tng t thay th cho lp Dog
public static Pair.WhichIsFirst OrderDogs
{
get{ return new Pair.WhichIsFirst(WhichDogComesFirst);}
}
Khi property OrderStudent c truy cp, delegate s c to:
return new Pair.WhichIsFirst(WhichStudentComesFirst);
Khc bit chnh y l delegate s ch c khi to khi c yu cu.
12.1.4 Th t thc thi vi mng cc cc delegate
Delegate c th gip ta xy dng mt h thng cho php ngi dng c th quyt
nh mt cch ng trnh t thc thi cc thao tc. Gi s chng ta c h thng s l
nh, h thng ny c th thao tc nh theo nhiu cch nh: lm m (blur) nh, lm
sc nt, quay, lc v.vnh. Cng gi s rng trnh t p dng cc hiu ng trn nh
hng ln n n cht lng ca nh. Ngi dng s mong mun chn cc hiu
ng h ln trnh t ca chng t mt thc n, sau h thng s thc hin cc
hiu ng ny theo trnh t h nh.
96
Ta c th to mt delegate cho mi thao tc (hiu ng) v y chng vo mt ti
cha c th t, nh mt mng chng hn, theo ng trnh t n s c thc thi.
Khi tt c cc delegate c to v thm vo ti cha, ta ch n gin duyt sut
mng, gi cc delegate khi ti lt.
Ta bt u to lp Image i din cho mt bc nh s c x l bi
ImageProcessor:
public class Image
{
public Image( )
{
Console.WriteLine("An image created");
}
}
Lp ImageProcessor khai bo mt delegate khng tham s v tr v kiu
void
public delegate void DoEffect( );
Sau khai bo mt s phng thc thao tc nh c nguyn mu hm nh
delegate khai bo trn.
public static void Blur( )
{
Console.WriteLine("Blurring image");
}
public static void Filter( )
{
Console.WriteLine("Filtering image");
}
public static void Sharpen( )
{
Console.WriteLine("Sharpening image");
}
public static void Rotate( )
{
Console.WriteLine("Rotating image");
}
Lp ImageProccessor cn mt mng gi cc delegate ngi dng chn;
mt bin gi s lng hiu ng mun x l v hin nhin mt bc nh image
DoEffect[] arrayOfEffects;
Image image;
int numEffectsRegistered = 0;
ImageProccessor cng cn mt phng thc thm delegate vo mng
public void AddToEffects(DoEffect theEffect)
{
if (numEffectsRegistered >= 10)
{
throw new Exception("Too many members in array");
}
arrayOfEffects[numEffectsRegistered++] = theEffect;
}
97
Mt phng thc gi thc thi cc hiu ng
public void ProcessImages( )
{
for (int i = 0;i < numEffectsRegistered;i++)
{
arrayOfEffects[i]( );
}
}
Cui cng ta khai bo cc delegate tnh client c th gi.
public DoEffect BlurEffect = new DoEffect(Blur);
public DoEffect SharpenEffect = new DoEffect(Sharpen);
public DoEffect FilterEffect = new DoEffect(Filter);
public DoEffect RotateEffect = new DoEffect(Rotate);
Client s c cc on m tng tc vi ngi dng, nhng chng ta s lm l
chuyn ny, mc nh cc hiu ng, thm chng vo mng v sau gi
ProcessImage
V d 12-2. S dng mng cc deleage
using System;
{
// nh ta s thao tc
public class Image
{
public Image( )
{
Console.WriteLine("An image created");
}
}
public class ImageProcessor
{
// khai bo delegate
public delegate void DoEffect( );
// to cc delegate tnh gn vi cc phng thc thnh vin
public DoEffect BlurEffect = new DoEffect(Blur);
public DoEffect SharpenEffect = new DoEffect(Sharpen);
public DoEffect FilterEffect = new DoEffect(Filter);
public DoEffect RotateEffect = new DoEffect(Rotate);
// hm dng khi to ng v mng
public ImageProcessor(Image image)
{
this.image = image;
arrayOfEffects = new DoEffect[10];
}
public void AddToEffects(DoEffect theEffect)
{
if (numEffectsRegistered >= 10)
{
throw new Exception( "Too many members in array" );
}
arrayOfEffects[numEffectsRegistered++] = theEffect;
}
// cc hiu ng nh
public static void Blur( )
98
{
Console.WriteLine("Blurring image");
}
public static void Filter( )
{
Console.WriteLine("Filtering image");
}
public static void Sharpen( )
{
Console.WriteLine("Sharpening image");
}
public static void Rotate( )
{
Console.WriteLine("Rotating image");
}
public void ProcessImages( )
{
for (int i = 0;i < numEffectsRegistered;i++)
{
arrayOfEffects[i]( );
}
}
// cc bin thnh vin
private DoEffect[] arrayOfEffects;
private Image image;
private int numEffectsRegistered = 0;
}
// lp kim th
public class Test
{
{
Image theImage = new Image( );
// khng giao din lm n gin vn
ImageProcessor theProc = new ImageProcessor(theImage);
theProc.AddToEffects(theProc.BlurEffect);
theProc.AddToEffects(theProc.FilterEffect);
theProc.AddToEffects(theProc.RotateEffect);
theProc.AddToEffects(theProc.SharpenEffect);
theProc.ProcessImages( );
}
}
}
Kt qu:
An image created
Blurring image
Filtering image
Rotating image
Sharpening image
Trong lp Test, ImageProcessor c khi to v cc hiu ng c thm vo.
Nu ngi dng chn lm m nh (blur) trc khi lc nh (filter), ch cn n gin
thay i th t ca chng trong mng Tng t, bt k mt hiu ng no cng c
th c lp li bng cch thm vo ti cha delegate nhiu ln.
99
12.1.5 Multicasting
Multicasting l cch gi hai phng thc thng qua mt delegate n.
iu ny s tr nn quan trng khi qun l cc s kin. Mc tiu chnh l c mt
delegate n c th gi nhiu phng thc cng mt lc. N khc vi mng cc
delagte, trong mng delegate mi delegate ch gi mt phng thc. V d
trc dng mt mng lm ti cha nhiu delegate khc nhau.
Vi multicasting ta c th to mt delegate n ng gi nhiu phng thc.
V d khi mt button c nhn, ta hn mun thao tc nhiu hnh ng cng mt
lc. Ta c th ci t iu ny bng cch cho mi button mt mng cc
delegate, nhng s d hn v r ngha hn khi to mt multicasting
delegate.
Bt k mt delegate no tr v void u l multicast delegate, mc d ta
c th i x n nh single cast delegate (l delegate cp phn trn) nu
mun. Hai multicast delegate c th kt ni vi nhau bng ton t cng (+).
Kt qu l mt multicast delegate mi ng gi tt c cc phng thc ca
hai delegate ton hng. V d, gi s Writer v Logger l cc delegate tr v
kiu void, dng lnh sau s kt ni chng v to ra mt multicast delegate
mi c tn l myMulticastDelegate
myMulticastDelegate = Writer + Logger;
Ta cng c th thm mt delegate vo mt multicast delegate bng ton t
cng bng (+=). Gi s ta c Transmitter v myMulticastDelegate l cc
delegate, dng lnh sau:
myMulticastDelegate += Transmitter;
tng t nh dng:
myMulticastDelegate = myMulticastDelegate + Transmitter;
xem cch multicast delegate c to v s dng, xem qua ton b v d
12-3. Trong v d ny ta to mt lp tn l MyClassWithDelegate, lp ny nh
ngha mt delegate nhn mt tham s kiu chui v tr v kiu void.
public delegate void StringDelegate(string s);
Sau ta nh ngha mt lp tn l MyImplementingClass c ba phng thc, t
c u tr v void v nhn mt tham s kiu chui: WriteString, LogString
v TransmitString. Phng thc u vit mt chui ra mn hnh (u ra chun),
phng thc th hai vit ra tp tin li (log file) v phng thc th ba chuyn chui
ln Internet. Ta to cc delegate gi cc phng thc thch hp.
Writer("String passed to Writer\n");
Logger("String passed to Logger\n");
Transmitter("String passed to Transmitter\n");
xem cch kt hp cc delegate ta to ra mt delegate khc
MyClassWithDelegate.StringDelegate myMulticastDelegate;
100
v gn n bng kt qu ca php cng hai delegate tn ti
Ta cng c th thm bng ton t cng bng
Cui cng ta c th b mt delegate bng ton t tr bng (-=)
DelegateCollector -= Logger;
V d 12-3. Kt hp cc delegate
using System;
{
public class MyClassWithDelegate
{
// khai bo delegate
public delegate void StringDelegate(string s);
}
public class MyImplementingClass
{
public static void WriteString(string s)
{
Console.WriteLine("Writing string {0}", s);
}
public static void LogString(string s)
{
Console.WriteLine("Logging string {0}", s);
}
public static void TransmitString(string s)
{
Console.WriteLine("Transmitting string {0}", s);
}
}
public class Test
{
{
// nh ngha ba i tng StringDelegate
MyClassWithDelegate.StringDelegate Writer,Logger,Transmitter;
// nh ngha mt SringDelegate khc
// hnh ng nh mt multicast delegate
MyClassWithDelegate.StringDelegate myMulticastDelegate;
// khi to 3 delegate u tin,
// truyn vo cc phng thc nh ng gi
Writer = new MyClassWithDelegate.StringDelegate(
MyImplementingClass.WriteString);
Logger = new MyClassWithDelegate.StringDelegate(
MyImplementingClass.LogString);
Transmitter = new MyClassWithDelegate.StringDelegate(
MyImplementingClass.TransmitString);
// gi phng thc ca delegate Writer
Writer("String passed to Writer\n");
// gi phng thc ca delegate Logger
Logger("String passed to Logger\n");
// gi phng thc ca delegate Transmitter
Transmitter("String passed to Transmitter\n");
// thng bo kt ni hai deleagte
101
// thnh mt multicast deleagte
Console.WriteLine("myMulticastDelegate = Writer + Logger");
// kt ni hai deleagte
// thnh mt multicast deleagte
// gi delegated, hai phng thc c gi
myMulticastDelegate("First string passed to Collector");
// thng bo thm deleagte th ba
// vo mt multicast deleagte
Console.WriteLine("\nmyMulticastDelegate += Transmitter");
// thm delegate th ba
// gi delegate, ba phng thc c gi
myMulticastDelegate("Second string passed to Collector");
// thng bo loi b delegate logger
Console.WriteLine("\nmyMulticastDelegate -= Logger");
// b delegate logger
myMulticastDelegate -= Logger;
// gi delegate, hai phng htc cn li c gi
myMulticastDelegate("Third string passed to Collector");
}
}
}
Kt qu:
Writing string String passed to Writer
Logging string String passed to Logger
Transmitting string String passed to Transmitter
myMulticastDelegate = Writer + Logger
Writing string First string passed to Collector
Logging string First string passed to Collector
myMulticastDelegate += Transmitter
Writing string Second string passed to Collector
Logging string Second string passed to Collector
Transmitting string Second string passed to Collector
myMulticastDelegate -= Logger
Writing string Third string passed to Collector
Transmitting string Third string passed to Collector
Sc mnh ca multicast delegate s d hiu hn trong khi nim event.
12.2 Event (S kin)
Giao din ngi dng ha (Graphic user inteface - GUI), Windows v cc trnh
duyt yu cu cc chng trnh p ng cc s kin. Mt s kin c th l mt
button c nhn, mt nc thc n c chn, mt tp tin chuyn giao hon
tt v.v. Ni ngn gn, l mt vic g xy ra v ta phi p tr li. Ta khng th
tin on trc trnh t cc s kin s pht sinh. H thng s im lm cho n khi
mt s kin xy ra, khi n s thc thi cc hnh ng p tr kin ny.
Trong mi trng GUI, c rt nhiu iu khin (control, widget) c th pht
sinh s kin V d, khi ta nhn mt button, n s pht sinh s kin Click. Khi ta
thm vo mt drop-down list n s pht sinh s kin ListChanged.
102
Cc lp khc s quan tm n vic p tr cc s kin ny. Cch chng p tr nh
th no khng c quan tm n (hay khng th) lp pht sinh s kin. Nt
button s ni "Ti c nhn" v cc lp khc p tr ph hp.
12.2.1 Publishing v Subcribing
Trong C#, bt k mt lp no cng c th pht sinh (publish) mt tp cc s kin
m cc lp khc s bt ly (subscribe). Khi mt lp pht ra mt s kin, tt c
cc lp subscribe u c thng bo.
Vi k thut ny, i tng ca ta c th ni "y l cc vn m ti c th thng
bo cho anh bit" v cc lp khc s ni "Vng, hy bo cho ti khi n xy ra". V
d nh, mt button s thng bo cho bt k cc lp no quan tm khi n c
nhn. Button c gi l publisher bi v button publish s kin Click v
cc lp khc s gi l subscribers bi v chng subscribe s kin Click
12.2.2 Event v Delegate
Event trong C# c ci t bng delegate. Lp publish nh ngha mt
deleagte m cc lp subscribe phi ci t. Khi mt s kin pht sinh, phng
thc ca lp subscribe s c gi thng qua delegate.
Cch qun l cc s kin c gi l event handler (trnh gii quyt s kin). Ta c
th khai bo mt event handler nh l ta lm vi delegate.
thun tin, event handler trong .NET Framework tr v kiu void v nhn
vo 2 tham s. Tham s th nht cho bit ngun ca s kin; c ngha l i tng
publish. Tham s th hai l mt i tng tha k t lp EventArgs. C li
khuyn rng ta nn thit k theo mu c qui nh ny.
EventArgs l lp c s cho tt c cc d liu v s kin. Ngoi tr hm khi to,
lp EventArgs tha k hu ht cc phng thc ca lp Object, mc d n cng
c thm vo mt bin thnh vin empty i din cho mt s kin khng c trng
thi ( cho php s dng c hiu qu hn cc s kin khng c trng thi). Cc lp
con tha k t EventArgs cha cc thng tin v s kin.
Events are properties of the class publishing the event. The keyword event controls
how the event
property is accessed by the subscribing classes. The event keyword is designed to
maintain the
publish/subscribe idiom.
Gi s ta mun to mt lp ng h (Clock) s dng event thng bo cc lp
subscribe bit khi no thi gian thay i (theo n v giy). Gi s kin ny l
OnSecondChange. Ta khai bo s kin v event handler theo c php sau y:
[attributes] [modifiers] event type member-name
V d nh:
103
public event SecondChangeHandler OnSecondChange;
V d ny khng c attribute (attribute s c cp trong chng 18).
"modifier" c th l abstract, new, override, static, virtual hoc l mt
trong bn acess modifier, trong trng hp ny l public
T kha event theo sau modifier
type l kiu delegate lin kt vi event, trong trng hp ny l
SecondChangeHandler
member name l tn ca event, trong trng hp ny l OnSecondChange.
Thng thng n c bt u bng t On (khng bt buc)
Tm li dng lnh ny khai bo mt event tn l OnSecondChange, ci t mt
delegate c kiu l SecondChangeHandler.
Khai bo ca SecondChangeHandler l
public delegate void SecondChangeHandler( object clock,
TimeInfoEventArgs timeInformation );
Nh cp, cho thun tin mt event handler phi tr v kiu void v
nhn vo hai tham s: ngun pht sinh s kin (trng hp ny l clock) v mt
i tng tha k t lp EventArgs, trong trng hp ny l
TimeInfoEventArgs. TimeInfoEventArgs c khai bo nh sau:
public class TimeInfoEventArgs : EventArgs
{
public TimeInfoEventArgs(int hour, int minute, int second)
{
this.hour = hour;
this.minute = minute;
this.second = second;
}
public readonly int hour;
public readonly int minute;
public readonly int second;
}
Mt i tng TimeInfoEventArgs s c cc thng tin v gi, pht, giy hin
hnh. N nh ngha mt hm dng v ba bin thnh vin kiu s nguyn (int),
public v ch c.
Lp Clock c ba bin thnh vin hour, minute v second v ch duy nht mt
phng thc Run():
public void Run( )
{
for(;;)
{
// ng 10 milli giy
Thread.Sleep(10);
// ly gi hin hnh
System.DateTime dt = System.DateTime.Now;
// nu bin giy thay i
104
// thng bo cho subscriber
if (dt.Second != second)
{
// to i tng TimeInfoEventArgs
// truyn cho subscriber
TimeInfoEventArgs timeInformation =
new TimeInfoEventArgs(dt.Hour,dt.Minute,dt.Second);
// nu c subscribed, thng bo cho chng
if (OnSecondChange != null)
{
OnSecondChange(this,timeInformation);
}
}
// cp nht trng thi
this.second = dt.Second;
this.minute = dt.Minute;
this.hour = dt.Hour;
}
}
Hm Run c vng lp for v tn lun lun kim tra gi h thng. Nu thi gian
thay i n s thng bo n tt c cc subscriber.
u tin l ng trong 10 mili giy
Thread.Sleep(10);
Sleep l phng thc tnh ca lp Thread, thuc v vng tn
System.Threading. Li gi Sleep nhm ngn vng lp khng s dng ht ti
nguyn CPU ca h thng. Sau khi ng 10 mili giy, kim tra gi hin hnh
Khong sau 100 ln kim tra , gi tr giy s tng. Phng thc s thng bo thay
i ny cho cc subscriber. thc hin iu ny, u tin to mt i tng
TimeInfoEventArgs mi.
{
TimeInfoEventArgs timeInformation =
new TimeInfoEventArgs(dt.Hour,dt.Minute,dt.Second);
Sau thng bo cho cc subscriber bng cch pht ra s kin
OnSecondChange
{
OnSecondChange(this,timeInformation);
}
Nu khng c subsrciber no ng k, OnSecondChange c tr null, kim tra
iu ny trc khi gi.
Nh rng OnSecondChange nhn 2 tham s: ngun pht sinh s kin v i tng
tha k t lp EventArgs. Quan st k ta thy phng thc dng t kha this
lm tham s bi chnh clock l ngun pht sinh s kin.
105
Pht sinh mt s kin s gi tt c cc phng thc ng k vi Clock thng
qua deleagte. Chng ta xem xt vn ny ngay by gi.
Mi ln s kin pht sinh, ta cp nht trng thi ca lp Clock:
Vn cn li l to lp subcriber. Ta s to ra 2 lp. Lp th nht l
DisplayClock. Lp ny hin th thi gian ra mn hnh Console. V d ny n
gin to ra 2 phng thc, phng thc th nht l Subscribe c nhim v
subscribe s kin OnSecondChange. Phng thc th hai l mt event
handler tn TimeHasChanged
public class DisplayClock
{
public void Subscribe(Clock theClock)
{
theClock.OnSecondChange +=
new Clock.SecondChangeHandler(TimeHasChanged);
}
public void TimeHasChanged(
object theClock, TimeInfoEventArgs ti)
{
Console.WriteLine("Current Time: {0}:{1}:{2}",
ti.hour.ToString( ),
ti.minute.ToString( ),
ti.second.ToString( ));
}
}
Khi phng thc u, Subscribe, c gi, n to mt delegate
SecondChangeHandler truyn cho phng thc TimeHasChanged. Vic ny
ng k delegate cho s kin OnSecondChange ca Clock
Ta s to lp th hai, lp ny cng s p ng s kin, tn l LogCurrentTime.
Lp ny ch n gin ghi li thi gian vo mt tp tin, nhng n gin lp ny
cng xut ra mn hnh console.
public class LogCurrentTime
{
{
new Clock.SecondChangeHandler(WriteLogEntry);
}
// phng thc s ghi ln tp tin
// nhng n gin ta cng ghi ra console
public void WriteLogEntry( object theClock,
TimeInfoEventArgs ti)
{
Console.WriteLine("Logging to file: {0}:{1}:{2}",
106
}
}
Mc d trong v d ny hai lp tng t nh nhau, nhng bt k lp no cng c
th subscribe mt event.
Ch rng event c thm vo bng ton t +=. iu ny cho php cc s kin
mi c thm vo s kin OnSecondChange ca i tng Clock m khng lm
hng i cc s kin ng k trc . Khi LogCurrentTime subscribe vo
s kin OnSecondChanged, ta khng cn quan tm rng DisplayClock
subscribe hay cha.
V d 12-4. Lm vic vi event
using System;
using System.Threading;
{
// lp gi thng tin v mt s kin
// trong trng hp ny l thng tin v ng h
// nhng tt hn l phi c thm thng tin trng thi
public class TimeInfoEventArgs : EventArgs
{
public TimeInfoEventArgs(int hour, int minute, int second)
{
this.hour = hour;
this.minute = minute;
this.second = second;
}
public readonly int hour;
public readonly int minute;
public readonly int second;
}
// lp chnh ca ta.
public class Clock
{
// delegate m subscribers phi ci t
public delegate void SecondChangeHandler( object clock,
TimeInfoEventArgs timeInformation);
// s kin publish
public event SecondChangeHandler OnSecondChange;

// vn hnh ng h
// hm s pht sinh s kin sau mi giy
public void Run( )
{
for(;;)
{
// ng 10 milli giy
Thread.Sleep(10);
// ly gi hin ti
// nu thi gian thay i
// thng bo cho cc subscriber
{
107
// to i tng TimeInfoEventArgs
// truyn cho subscriber
TimeInfoEventArgs timeInformation=new TimeInfoEventArgs(
dt.Hour,dt.Minute,dt.Second);
// nu c subscriber, thng bo cho chng
{
OnSecondChange( this,timeInformation );
}
}
// cp nht trng thi
}
}
private int hour;
private int minute;
private int second;
}
public class DisplayClock
{
// subscribe s kin SecondChangeHandler ca theClock
{
new Clock.SecondChangeHandler(TimeHasChanged);
}
// phng thc ci t hm delegated
public void TimeHasChanged( object theClock,
` TimeInfoEventArgs ti)
{
Console.WriteLine("Current Time: {0}:{1}:{2}",
}
}
public class LogCurrentTime
{
{
new Clock.SecondChangeHandler(WriteLogEntry);
}

// phng thc ny nn vit ln tp tin
// nhng n gin ta xut ra mn hnh console
public void WriteLogEntry(object theClock,TimeInfoEventArgs ti)
{
Console.WriteLine("Logging to file: {0}:{1}:{2}",
}
}
public class Test
{
108
{
// to ng h mi
Clock theClock = new Clock( );
// to mt displayClock
// subscribe vi clock va to
DisplayClock dc = new DisplayClock( );
dc.Subscribe(theClock);
// to i tng Log
// subscribe vi clock va to
LogCurrentTime lct = new LogCurrentTime( );
lct.Subscribe(theClock);
// bt u chy
theClock.Run( );
}
}
}
Kt qu:
Current Time: 14:53:56
Logging to file: 14:53:56
12.2.3 Tch ri Publisher khi Subsciber
Lp Clock ch nn n gin in thi gian hn l phi pht sinh s kin, vy ti sao
phi b lm phin bng vic s dng gin tip delegate? Thun li ca tng
publish/subscribe l bt k lp no (bao nhiu cng c) cng c th c
thng bo khi mt s kin pht sinh. Lp subscribe khng cn phi bit cch lm
vic ca Clock, v Clock cng khng cn bit chuyn s xy ra khi mt s kin
c p tr. Tng t mt button c th pht ra s kin OnClick v bt k lp
no cng c th subscribe s kin ny, nhn v thng bo khi no button b
nhn.
Publisher v Subscriber c tch bit nh delegate. iu ny c mong
ch nht v n lm cho m ngun c mm do (flexible) v d hiu. Lp Clock
c th thay i cch n xc nh thi gian m khng nh hng ti cc lp
subscriber. Tng t cc lp subscriber cng c th thay i cch chng p
tr s kin m khng nh hng ti lp Clock. Hai lp ny hon ton c lp vi
nhau, v n gip cho m ngun d bo tr hn.
Lp trnh vi C# Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
109

Chng 13 Lp trnh vi C#
Phn ny s gii thiu chi tit v cch vit cc chng trnh .NET, bao gm
Windows Forms v Web Forms. Ngoi ra, chng ta s kho st thm v cch tng
tc vi c s d liu (Database) v cc dch v Web (Web Services).
Quan im v kin trc .NET l to s d dng, thun tin khi pht trin cc phn
mm theo tnh hng i tng. Vi mc ch ny, tng trn cng ca kin trc
.NET c thit k bao gm hai phn: ASP.NET v Windows Form. ASP.NET
c dng cho hai mc ch chnh: hoc to cc ng dng Web vi Web Forms
hoc to cc i tng Web (Web Objects) khng c giao din ngi dng (User
Interface: UI) vi Web Services.
Ta s kho st chi tit cc mc chnh sau :
1. Cch to ra cc ng dng Windows c tnh chuyn nghip cao trong mi
trng pht trin Windows Form mt cch nhanh chng theo m hnh RAD (
Rapid Application Development ).
2. c th truy cp d liu trong cc h qun tr d liu, ta s tho lun chi tit
v ADO.NET v cch tng tc vi Microsoft SQL Server v cc trnh cung
cp d liu (Providers Data ) khc.
3. L s kt hp cng ngh RAD trong phn (1) v ADO.NET trong phn (2)
minh ha vic to ra cc ng dng Web vi Web Forms.
4. Khng phi tt c mi ng dng u c giao din ngi dng thn thin. Web
Services gip to cc ng dng nh vy, chng l nhng ng dng c tnh
phn phi, cung cp cc chc nng da trn cc nghi thc Web chun, thng
dng nht l XML v HTTP.
13.1 ng dng Windows vi Windows Form
Trc tin, chng ta cn phn bit s khc nhau gia hai kiu ng dng: Windows
v Web. Khi cc ng dng Web u tin c to ra, ngi ta phn bit hai loi
ng dng trn nh sau : ng dng Windows chy trn Desktop hay trn mt mng
cc b LAN (Local-Area Network), cn ng dng Web th c chy trn Server
xa v c truy cp bng trnh duyt Web (web browser). S phn bit ny khng
cn r rng na v cc ng dng Windows hin nay c xu hng dng cc dch v
ca Web. V d nh phn mm Outlook chuyn nhn th thng qua kt ni Web.
Theo quan im ca Jesse Liberty, tc gi ca cun sch Programming C#, xut
bn vo thng 7 nm 2001. ng cho rng im phn bit ch yu gia ng dng
Windows v Web l ch : Ci g s hu UI ?, ng dng dng trnh duyt hin
110
th hay UI ca ng dng c xy dng thnh chng trnh c th chy trn
Desktop.
C mt s thun li i vi cc ng dng Web, ng dng c th c truy cp bi
bt k trnh duyt no kt ni n Server, vic hiu chnh c thc hin trn
Server, khng cn phi phn phi th vin lin kt ng (Dynamic Link Libraries -
DLLs) mi cn chy ng dng cho ngi dng.
.NET cng c s phn bit ny, in hnh l c nhng b cng c thch hp cho
tng loi ng dng: Windows hay Web. C hai loi ny u da trn khun mu
Form v s dng cc iu khin (Control) nh l Buttons, ListBox, Text
B cng c dng to ng dng Web c gi l Web-Form, c tho lun
trong mc (3). Cn b cng c dng to ng dng Windows c gi l
Windows-Form, s c tho lun ngay trong mc ny.
Ch : Theo tc gi JesseLiberty, ng cho rng hin nay ng dng kiu
Windows v Web c nhiu im ging nhau, v ng cho rng .NET nn
gp li thnh mt b cng c chung cho c ng dng Windows v Web
trong phin bn ti.
Trong cc trang k, chng ta s hc cch to mt Windows Form n gin bng
cch dng trnh son m hoc cng c thit k (Design Tool) trong Visual Studio
.NET. K tip ta s kho st mt ng dng Windows khc phc tp hn, ta s hc
cc dng b cng c ko th ca Visual Studio .NET v mt s k thut lp trnh
C# m ta tho lun trong phn trc.
13.1.1 To mt Windows Form n gin
Windows Form l cng c dng to cc ng dng Windows, n mn cc u
im mnh ca ngn ng Visual Basic : d s dng, h tr m hnh RAD ng thi
kt hp vi tnh linh ng, hng i tng ca ngn ng C#. Vic to ng dng
Windows tr ln hp dn v quen thuc vi cc lp trnh vin.
Trong phn ny, ta s tho lun hai cch khi to mt ng dng Windows : Dng b
son m g m trc tip hoc dng b cng c ko th ca IDE.
ng dng ca chng ta khi chy s xut dng ch Hello World! ra mn hnh, khi
ngi dng nhn vo Button Cancel th ng dng s kt thc.
13.1.1.1 Dng b son m ( Nodepad )
Mc d Visual Studio .NET cung cp mt b cc cng c phc v cho vic ko th,
gip to cc ng dng Windows mt cc nhanh chng v hiu qu, nhng trong
phn ny ta ch cn dng b son m.
111
Hnh 13-1 ng dng minh ha vic hin th chui v bt s kin ca Button.

u tin, ta dng lnh using thm vng tn sau :
using System.Windows.Forms;
Ta s cho ng dng ca ta tha k t vng tn Form :
public class HandDrawnClass : Form
Bt k mt ng dng Windows Form no cng u tha k t i tng Form, ta
c th dng i tng ny to ra cc ca s chun nh : cc ca s tri (floating
form), thanh cng c (tools), hp thoi (dialog box) Mi iu khin trong b
cng c ca Windows Form (Label, Button, Listbox ) u thuc vng tn ny.
Ta s khai bo 2 i tng, mt Label gi chui Hello World ! v mt Button
bt s kin kt thc ng dng.
private System.Windows.Forms.Label lblOutput;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button btnCancel;
Tip theo ta s khi to 2 i tng trn trong hm khi to ca Form:
this.lblOutput = new System.Windows.Forms.Label( );
this.btnCancel = new System.Windows.Forms.Button( );
Sau ta gn chui tiu cho Form ca ta l Hello World :
this.Text = "Hello World";
Ch :Do cc lnh trn c t trong hm khi to ca Form
HandDrawClass, v th t kha this s tham chiu ti chnh n.
Gn v tr, chui v kch thc cho i tng Label :
lblOutput.Location = new System.Drawing.Point (16, 24);
lblOutput.Text = "Hello World!";
lblOutput.Size = new System.Drawing.Size (216, 24);
V tr ca Label c xc nh bng mt i tng Point, i tng ny cn hai
thng s : v tr so vi chiu ngang (horizontal) v ng (vertical) ca thanh cun.
Kch thc ca Label cng c t bi i tng Size, vi hai thng s l chiu
rng (width) v cao (height) ca Label. C hai i tng Point v Size u thuc
vng tn System.Drawing : cha cc i tng v lp dng cho ha.
Tng t lm vi i tng Button :
btnCancel.Location = new System.Drawing.Point (150,200);
btnCancel.Size = new System.Drawing.Size (112, 32);
btnCancel.Text = "&Cancel";
112
bt s kin click ca Button, i tng Button cn ng k vi trnh qun l s
kin, thc hin iu ny ta dng delegate. Phng thc c y thc (s bt s
kin) c th c tn bt k nhng phi tr v kiu void v phi c hai thng s : mt
l i tng sender v mt l i tng System.EventArgs.
protected void btnCancel_Click( object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
//...
}
Ta ng k phng thc bt s kin theo hai bc. u tin, ta to mt trnh qun
l s kin mi System.EventHandler, ri y tn ca phng thc bt s kin vo
lm tham s :
new System.EventHandler (this.btnCancel_Click);
Tip theo ta s y thc trnh qun l va to trn cho s kin click ca
Button bng ton t +=
M gp ca hai bc trn :
one:btnCancel.Click +=new System.EventHandler
(this.btnCancel_Click);
kt thc vic vit m trong hm khi to ca Form, ta s thm hai i
tng Label v button vo Form ca ta :
this.Controls.Add (this.btnCancel);
this.Controls.Add (this.lblOutput);
Sau khi ta nh ngha hm bt s kin click trn Button, ta s vit m thi hnh
cho hm ny. Ta s dng hm tnh ( static ) Exit() ca lp Application kt thc
ng dng :
{
Application.Exit();
}
Cui cng, ta s gi hm khi to ca Form trong hm Main(). Hm Main() l im
vo u tin ca Form.
{
Application.Run(new HandDrawnClass( ));
}
Sau y l m hon chnh ca ton b ng dng
using System;
namespace ProgCSharp
{
public class HandDrawnClass : Form
{
// Label dng hin th chui Hello World

// Button nhn Cancel

113
public HandDrawnClass( )
{
// To cc i tng
this.lblOutput = new System.Windows.Forms.Label ( );
this.btnCancel = new System.Windows.Forms.Button ( );

// Gn tiu cho Form
this.Text = "Hello World";

// Hiu chnh Label
lblOutput.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(16,24);
lblOutput.Text = "Hello World!";
lblOutput.Size = new System.Drawing.Size (216, 24);

// Hiu chnh Button
btnCancel.Location = newSystem.Drawing.Point(150,20);
btnCancel.Size = new System.Drawing.Size (112, 32);
btnCancel.Text = "&Cancel";

// ng k trnh qun l s kin
btnCancel.Click +=
new System.EventHandler (this.btnCancel_Click);

//Thm cc iu khin vo Form
this.Controls.Add (this.btnCancel);
this.Controls.Add (this.lblOutput);
}

// Bt s kin nhn Button
protected void btnCancel_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Application.Exit( );
}

// Chy ng dng
{
Application.Run(new HandDrawnClass( ));
}
}
}
13.1.1.2 Dng ko th trong Visual Studio .NET
Bn cnh trnh son m, .NET cn cung cp mt b cc cng c ko th lm vic
trong mi trng pht trin tch hp IDE ( Intergrate Development Enviroment ),
IDE cho php ko th ri t ng pht sinh m tng ng.
Ta s to li ng dng trn bng cch dng b cng c trong Visual Studio, ta m
Visual Studio v chn New Project. Trong ca s New Project, chn loi d n
l Visual C# v kiu ng dng l Windows Applications, t tn cho ng dng l
ProgCSharpWindowsForm.
114
Hnh 13-2 Mn hnh to ng dng Windows mi.

Vs.NET s to mt ng dng Windows mi v t chng vo IDE nh hnh di :
Hnh 13-3 Mi trng thit k ko th

Pha bn tri ca ca hnh trn l mt b cc cng c (Toolbox) ko th dnh cho
cc ng dng Windows Form, chnh gia l mt Form c .NET to sn c
tn Form1. Vi b cng c trn, ta c th ko v th mt Label hay Button trc tip
vo Form, nh hnh sau :
115
Hnh 13-4 Mi trng pht trin Windows Form.

Vi thanh cng c Toolbox bn tri, ta c th thm cc thnh phn mi vo n
bng cc chn View/Add Reference. G bn phi pha trn l ca s duyt ton b
cc tp tin trong gii php (Solution, mt gii php c mt hay nhiu d n con).
Pha di l ca s thuc tnh, hin th mi thuc tnh v mc chn hin hnh. Ta
c th gn gi tr chui hin th hoc thay i font cho Label mt cch trc tip
trong ca s thuc tnh.
116
Hnh 13-5 Thay i font trc tip bng hp thoi font.

Vi IDE ny, ta c th ko th mt Button v bt s kin click ca n mt cch d
dng, ch cn Nhn p vo Button th t ng .NET s pht sinh ra cc m tng
ng trong trang m ca Form (Code-Behind page) nh : khai bo, to Button v
hm bt s kin click ca Button.
117
Hnh 13-6 Sau khi nhn p vo nt Cancel.

By gi, ta ch cn g thm mt dng code na trong hm bt s kin ca Button l
ng dng c th chy c y nh ng dng m ta to bng cch g code trong
phn trn.
Sau y l ton b m c pht sinh bi IDE v dng m bn mi g vo :
using System;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
namespace ProgCSharpWindowsForm
{

/// <summary>
/// Summary description for Form1.
/// </summary>
public class Form1 : System.Windows.Forms.Form
{

/// <summary>
/// Required designer variable.
/// </summary>
118
private System.ComponentModel.Container components;

public Form1( )
{
InitializeComponent( );
}

public override void Dispose( )
{
base.Dispose( );
if(components != null)
components.Dispose( );
}

#region Windows Form Designer generated code
/// <summary>
/// Required method for Designer support - do not modify
/// the contents of this method with the code editor.
/// </summary>
private void InitializeComponent( )
{
this.lblOutput = new System.Windows.Forms.Label( );
this.btnCancel = new System.Windows.Forms.Button( );
this.SuspendLayout( );

//
// lblOutput
//
this.lblOutput.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Arial",
15.75F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold,
System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point,((System.Byte)(0)));
this.lblOutput.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(24, 16);
this.lblOutput.Name = "lblOutput";
this.lblOutput.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(136, 48);
this.lblOutput.TabIndex = 0;
this.lblOutput.Text = "Hello World";

// btnCancel
this.btnCancel.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(192, 208);
this.btnCancel.Name = "btnCancel";
this.btnCancel.TabIndex = 1;
this.btnCancel.Text = "Cancel";
this.btnCancel.Click +=
new System.EventHandler( this.btnCancel_Click );
this.AutoScaleBaseSize = new System.Drawing.Size(5, 13);
this.ClientSize = new System.Drawing.Size(292, 273);
this.Controls.AddRange(new System.Windows.Forms.Control[]{
this.btnCancel, this.lblOutput});
this.Name = "Form1";
this.Text = "Form1";
this.ResumeLayout(false);
}

private void btnCancel_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
}
#endregion
119

/// <summary>
/// The main entry point for the application.
/// </summary>
[STAThread]
static void Main( )
{
Application.Run(new Form1( ));
}
}
}
So vi on m ta g vo trong ng dng trc th m do IDE pht sinh khng khc
g nhiu. Cc dng ch thch c dng lm su liu bo co cho d n. (mc
ny s c tho lun sau)
/// <summary>
/// Summary description for Form1.
/// </summary>
Cc m to v hiu chnh i tng thay v c t trc tip vo hm khi to ca
Form, th y IDE t chng vo trong hm InitializeComponent(), Sau hm
ny c gi bi hm khi to ca Form. Mi ng dng Windows Form u pht
sinh ra hm ny.
13.1.2 To mt ng dng Windows Form khc
Trong ng dng trn ta tho lun s qua v ng dng Windows Form, phn ny
ta s to mt ng dng Windows khc thc t hn. ng dng c tn l
FileCopier, cho php chp hay xa mt hoc nhiu tp tin t v tr ny sang v
tr khc. Mc ch ca ng dng l minh ha su hn v cc k nng lp trnh C# v
gip ngi c hiu thm v namespace Windows.Forms. Giao din ca ng
dng sau khi hon chnh s nh sau :
120
Hnh 13-7 Giao din ngi dng ca ng dng FileCopier.

Giao din ca ng dng gm cc thnh phn sau :
Labels: Cc tp tin ngun (Source Files) and Th mc ch (Target Directory).
Buttons: B cc du chn trn cy bn tri (Clear), Copy, Delete, and Cancel.
Checkbox : ghi ln nu c sn ( "Overwrite if exists" )
Checkbox : hin th ng dn ca mc c trn cy bn phi.
Hai cy (TreeView) cha tp tin.
Khi ngi dng nhn vo Button Copy th tt cc tp tin c chn cy bn
tri s c chp qua cy bn phi, cng nh khi nhn vo Button Delete th s
xa cc tp tin c chn.
13.1.2.1 To giao din cho ng dng
u tin ta to mt d n Windows Form mi c tn FileCopier. IDE s hin th
mn hnh thit k (Designer) ln, ta s thc hin ko th cc Label, Button,
Checkbox v TreeView cho n khi thch hp nh hnh di y :
121
Hnh 13-8 To giao din ng dng bng cch ko th dng Designer

Sau khi to giao din xong, ta t thuc tnh CheckBoxes cho cy bn tri c tn
tvwSource thnh true, cn cy bn phi c tn tvwTargetDir thnh false, thc
hin ta n gin ch chn v sa i trn ca s thuc tnh ca tng i tng. Khi
ta nhn p ln bt k iu khin no th t ng Visual Studio .NET s pht sinh
ra m tng ng bt s kin ca iu khin v t con tr ( Cursor ) vo ngay
ti hm , ta nhn p vo Button Cancel v b sung m nh sau :
{
}
13.1.2.2 Qun l iu khin TreeView
Trong ng dng ny, hai iu khin TreeView hot ng tng t nhau, ngoi tr
iu khin cy bn tri tvwTargetDir c thuc tnh CheckBoxes l true v lit k
c tp tin ln th mc, cn cy bn phi l false v ch lit ke th mc. Mc nhin
th iu khin cy cho php chn nhiu mc mt lc, nhng ta s chnh li sao cho
ch cy bn tri tvwSource mi c chn nhiu mc mt lc,bn phi th khng.
Ta s to ra mt hm y d liu vo cy :
private void FillDirectoryTree(TreeView tvw, bool isSource)
C 2 tham s :
TreeView tvw: iu khin cy cn y d liu vo
Bool isSource: c xc nh l d liu y cho cy. Nu isSource
l true th cy s lit k c tp tin v th mc, false th ch c
tp tin.
Hm ny s c dng chung cho c hai iu khin cy :
122
FillDirectoryTree(tvwSource, true);
FillDirectoryTree(tvwTargetDir, false);
i tng TreeNode
iu khin TreeView c mt thuc tnh Nodes. thuc tnh ny nhn vo mt i
tng TreeNodeCollection , i tng ny thc cht l mt mng cha cc i
tng TreeNode, mi mt TreeNode l mt nt trn cy.
Trc tin ta cn khi to cy v rng :
tvw.Nodes.Clear( );
Sau ta gi hm tnh GetLogicalDrives() ca i tng Enviroment ly v tt
c cc a logic hin ang c trn my. i tng Enviroment cung cp cc thng
tin nh : tn my tnh, phin bn h iu hnh, h thng th mc trn my tnh
hin hnh.
string[] strDrives = Environment.GetLogicalDrives( );
strDrives s cha tn cc a logic hin c trn my.
Sau ta s duyt qua tng a bng cch dng lnh foreach. Vi mi a logic,
ta gi hm GetDirectories() ca i tng DirectoryInfo. Hm ny s tr v danh
sch cc i tng DirectoryInfo, cha tt c cc tp tin v th mc trn a logic
. Nhng ti y ta khng quan tm n kt qu m n tr v, mc ch ta gi hm
ny ch yu l kim tra xem cc a c hp l hay khng, nu c bt k mt li
no trn a th hm GetDirectories() s qung ra mt ngoi l. Ta s dng khi
bt li trycatch bt li ny.
foreach (string rootDirectoryName in strDrives)
{
DirectoryInfo dir = new DirectoryInfo(rootDirectoryName);
dir.GetDirectories( );
...
}
Khi a hp l, ta s to ra mt TreeNode ng vi rootDirectoryName a ,
chng hn nh : C:\, D:\ Ri thm TreeNode ny vo iu khin cy dng
hm Add() thng qua thuc tnh Nodes ca cy.
TreeNode ndRoot = new TreeNode(rootDirectoryName);
tvw.Nodes.Add(ndRoot);
Tip theo ta tin hnh duyt trn mi th mc con ca i tng TreeNode gc trn,
lm iu ny ta gi hm GetSubDirectoriesNodes( ), hm ny cn nhn vo cc
i s : TreeNode gc, tn ca n v c xc nh l c y c tp tin vo cy hay
khng.
if (isSource)
{
GetSubDirectoryNodes(ndRoot, ndRoot.Text, true);
}
else
{
GetSubDirectoryNodes(ndRoot, ndRoot.Text, false);
}
123
Duyt qui trn cc th mc con
Hm GetSubDirectoryNodes() bt u bng vic gi hm GetDirectories() nhn
v mt danh sch cc i tng DirectoryInfo :
private void GetSubDirectoryNodes(
TreeNode parentNode, string fullName, bool getFileNames)
{
DirectoryInfo dir = new DirectoryInfo(fullName);
DirectoryInfo[] dirSubs = dir.GetDirectories( );
y ta thy node truyn vo c tn l parentNode ( nt cha ), ngha l nhng nt
sau ny s c xem l nt con ca n. Bn s r hn khi tm hiu ht hm ny.
Ta tin hnh duyt qua danh sch cc th mc con dirSubs, b qua cc mc c trng
thi l n ( Hidden ).
foreach (Directory dirSub in dirSubs)
{
if ( (dirSub.Attributes & FileSystemAttributes.Hidden) != 0 )
{
continue;
}
FileSystemAttributes l bin c kiu enum, n cha mt s gi tr nh : Archive,
Compressed, Encrypted, Hidden, Normal, ReadOnly Nu nh mc hin hnh
khng trng thi n, ta s to ra mt TreeNode mi vi tham s l tn ca n. Sau
Thm n vo nt cha parentNode :
TreeNode subNode = new TreeNode(dirSub.Name);
parentNode.Nodes.Add(subNode);
Ta s gi li qui hm GetDirectoriesNodes() lit k ht mi mc con trn th
nt hin hnh, vi ba thng s : nt c chuyn vo nh nt cha, tn ng dn
y ca mc hin hnh v c trng thi.
GetSubDirectoryNodes(subNode,dirSub.FullName,getFileNames);
Ch : Thuc tnh dirSubs.FullName s tr v ng dn y ca
mc hin hnh ( C:\dir1\dir2\file1 ), cn thuc tnh dirSubs.Name ch
tr v tn ca mc hin hnh ( file1). Khi ta to ra mt nt con
subNode, ta ch truyn cho n tn ca mc hin hnh, v ta ch mun
hin th th tn ca n trn cy. Cn khi ta gi qui hm
GetSubDirectoryNodes() th ta cn truyn cho n tn ng dn y
ca mc hin hnh, c th lit k ton b mc con ca thc mc ang
xt.
n y chc bn hiu c s phn cp ca cu trc cy v ti sao hm
GetSubDirectoryNodes() cn truyn c i s FullName.
Ly v cc tp tin trong th mc
Nu bin c getFileNames l True th ta s tin hnh ly v tt c cc tp tin thuc
th mc. thc hin ta gi hm GetFiles() ca i tng DirectoryInfo, hm ny
s tr v danh sch cc i tng FileInfo. Ta s duyt qua danh sch ny ly ra
124
tn ca tng tp tin mt, sau to ra mt nt TreeNode vi tn ny, nt ny s
c thm vo nt cha parentNode hin hnh.
13.1.2.3 Qun l s kin trn iu khin cy
Trong ng dng ny, chng ta s phi qun l mt s s kin. u tin l s kin
ngi dng nhn ln CheckBox chn cc tp tin hay th mc cy bn phi
hay nhn cc nt cy bn phi. Tip theo l cc s kin nhn vo Button Cancel,
Copy,Delete hay Clear.
Ta s kho st s kin trn iu khin cy trc.
S kin chn mt nt trn iu khin cy bn tri
Khi ngi dng mun chn mt tp tin hay th mc chp hay xa. ng vi mi
ln chn s pht sinh ra mt s s kin tng ng. Ta s bt s kin AfterCheck ca
iu khin cy. Ta g vo cc on m sau :
tvwSource.AfterCheck +=
new TreeViewEventHandler( this.tvwSource_AfterCheck );
Ta vit lnh thc thi cho hm bt s kin AfterCheck c tn l
tvwSource_AfterCheck, hm ny c hai tham s : u tin l bin Sender cha
thng tin v i tng pht sinh ra s kin, th hai l i tng
TreeViewEventArgs cha thng tin v s kin pht ra. Ta s nh du l chn cho
th mc c chn v tt c cc tp tin hay th mc con ca th mc thng qua
hm SetCheck() :
protected void tvwSource_AfterCheck (
object sender, System.Windows.Forms.TreeViewEventArgs e)
{
SetCheck(e.node,e.node.Checked);
}
Hm SetCheck() s tin hnh thc hin qui trn nt hin hnh, hm gm hai
tham s : nt cn nh du v c xc nh l nh du hay b nh du chn, nu
thuc tnh Count bng khng ( ngha l nt ny l nt l ) th ta s nh du chn
cho nt . Nu khng ta gi qui li hm SetCheck() :
private void SetCheck(TreeNode node, bool check)
{
node.Checked = check;
foreach (TreeNode n in node.Nodes)
{
if (node.Nodes.Count == 0)
{
}
else
{
SetCheck(n,check);
}
}
}
125
S kin chn mt nt trn iu khin cy bn phi
Khi ngi dng chn mt nt cy bn phi, ta s phi cho hin ng dn y
ca nt ln TextBox gc phc trn bn phi. Ta s bt s kin AfterSelect ca
cy. S kin ny s c gi sau khi ngi dng nhn mt nt no trn cy, hm
bt s kin ny nh sau :
protected void tvwTargetDir_AfterSelect( object sender,
System.Windows.Forms.TreeViewEventArgs e)
{
string theFullPath = GetParentString(e.node);
Sau khi ta c c ng dn y ca nt chn, ta s b i du \\ (Backslash)
nu c. Ri cho hin th ln hp thoi TextBox.
if (theFullPath.EndsWith("\\"))
{
theFullPath =theFullPath.Substring(0,theFullPath.Length-1);
}
txtTargetDir.Text = theFullPath;
}
Hm GetParentString() tr v ng dn y ca nt c truyn vo lm thng
s. Hm ny cng tin hnh lp qui trn nt truyn vo nu nt ny khng l nt
l v thm du \\ vo n. Qu lp s kt thc nu nt hin hnh l khng l nt cha.
private string GetParentString(TreeNode node)
{
if(node.Parent == null)
{
return node.Text;
}
else
{
return GetParentString(node.Parent) + node.Text +
(node.Nodes.Count == 0 ? "" : "\\");
}
}
Qun l s kin nhn nt b chn (Clear)
Ta tin hnh b sung m lnh sau cho hm bt s kin nhn vo nt Clear :
protected void btnClear_Click( object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
foreach ( TreeNode node in tvwSource.Nodes )
{
SetCheck(node, false);
}
}
Hm ny ch n gin l duyt qua tt c cc nt thuc cy bn tri, sau gi li
hm SetCheck() vi bin c l false, ngha l b chn tt c cc nt hin ang c
chn trn iu khin cy.
Qun l s kin nhn nt chp tp tin ( Copy )
Ci ta cn hon chnh thao tc ny l danh sch cc i tng FileInfo. c th
qun l linh hot trn danh sch ny ta s dng i tng ArrayList, n cho php ta
126
thc hin hu ht mi thao tc trn danh sch mt cc d dng. lt v danh sch
cc i tng FileInfo, ta s gi hm GetFileList() ca ta :
protected void btnCopy_Click( object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
ArrayList fileList = GetFileList( );
Ly v danh sch cc tp tin
u tin ta s khi to mt i tng ArrayList lu tr danh sch tn cc tp tin
c chn, c tn l fileNames :
private ArrayList GetFileList( )
{
ArrayList fileNames = new ArrayList( );
Ta ly v danh sch tn cc tp tin c chn bng cch duyt ton b cc nt trong
iu khin cy bn phi :
foreach (TreeNode theNode in tvwSource.Nodes)
{
GetCheckedFiles(theNode, fileNames);
}
Hm GetCheckedFiles() thm danh sch tn cc tp tin c nh du ca nt hin
hnh theNode vo i tng fileNames. Nu nt truyn vo l nt l v c nh
du chn, ta s ly ng dn y ca nt v thm vo i tng fileNames:
private void GetCheckedFiles(TreeNode node, ArrayList fileNames)
{
{
if (node.Checked)
{
string fullPath = GetParentString(node);
fileNames.Add(fullPath);
}
}
Nu khng l nt l, ta s lp qui tm nt l :
else
{
GetCheckedFiles(n,fileNames);
}
}
Sau khi thc hin ht hm ny (ngha l duyt ht cy tvwSource), i tng
fileNames s cha ton b cc tp tin c nh du chn ca cy.
Quay tr li kho st tip tc hm GetFileList(), ta to thm mt i tng
ArrayList na, tn fileList. Mng ny s cha danh sch cc i tng FileInfo ng
vi cc tn tp tin tm c trong mng fileNames. Thuc tnh Exists ca i tng
FileInfo dng kim tra l tp tin hay th mc. Thuc tnh Exists l True th i
tng FileInfo l tp tin v ta s thm vo mng fileList, ngc li l th mc th
khng thm .
foreach (string fileName in fileNames)
127
{
FileInfo file = new File(fileName);
if (file.Exists)
fileList.Add(file);
}
13.1.2.4 Qun l s kin nhn chn nt xa ( Delete )
Trc tin ta cn m bo rng ngi dng chc chn mun xa bng cch cho hin
ln mt hp thoi xc nhn xa. hin th hp thoi ta dng hm tnh Show() ca
i tng MessageBox.
protected void btnDelete_Click( object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult result =
MessageBox.Show( "Are you quite sure?",// Thng ip
"Delete Files", // Tiu cho hp thoi
MessageBox.Buttons.OKCancel,// nt nhn
MessageBox.Icon.Exclamation,// biu tng hp thoi
MessageBox.DefaultButton.Button2); // nt mc nh
}
Khi ngi dng nhn nt OK hay Cancel, ta s nhn c gi tr tr v t i
tng DialogResult thuc namespace Forms v tin hnh x l tng ng :
if (result == System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult.OK)
{
Nu ngi dng chn nt OK th ta s ly v danh sch tn cc tp tin fileNames,
sau duyt qua tng tn v xa chng i :
ArrayList fileNames = GetFileList( );
foreach (FileInfo file in fileNames)
{
try
{
lblStatus.Text = "Deleting " +
txtTargetDir.Text + "\\" +
file.Name + "...";
Application.DoEvents( );
file.Delete( );
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
MessageBox.Show(ex.Message);
}
}
lblStatus.Text = "Done.";
Sau y l m ca ton b ng dng :
using System;
using System.Data;
using System.IO;

128
/// <remarks>
/// chp tp tin ng dng minh ha cho Windows Form
/// </remarks>
namespace FileCopier
{
/// <summary>
/// Form minh ha cho ng dng Windows Form
/// </summary>
public class Form1 : System.Windows.Forms.Form
{
/// <summary>
/// lp bn trong ca lp Form1, so snh 2 tp tin
/// </summary>
public class FileComparer : IComparer
{
public int Compare (object f1, object f2)
{
FileInfo file1 = (FileInfo) f1;
FileInfo file2 = (FileInfo) f2;
if (file1.Length > file2.Length)
{
return -1;
}
if (file1.Length < file2.Length)
{
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
}

public Form1( )
{
// y d liu vo cy bn tri v bn phi
FillDirectoryTree(tvwSource, true);
FillDirectoryTree(tvwTargetDir, false);
}

/// <summary>
/// phng thc ny dng y d liu vo cy
/// </summary>
private void FillDirectoryTree(TreeView tvw, bool isSource)
{
// trc khi y d liu vo cy, ta phi xa b cc nt
// hin ang tn ti trn cy.
tvw.Nodes.Clear( );

// ly v danh sch cc a logic trn my tnh
// sau y chng vo lm nt gc ca cy
string[] strDrives = Environment.GetLogicalDrives( );

// Duyt qua cc a, dng khi try/catch bt bt
// k li no xy ra trn a, nu a hp l th ta
// thm vo lm nt gc cho cy.
// a khng hp l s khng thm vo cy : a mm hay
// CD trng ...
foreach (string rootDirectoryName in strDrives)
129
{
if (rootDirectoryName != @"C:\")
continue;
try
{
// nu a khng hp l ta s qung ra mt li.
DirectoryInfo dir =
new DirectoryInfo(rootDirectoryName);
dir.GetDirectories( );
TreeNode ndRoot = new TreeNode(rootDirectoryName);

// thm nt gc vo cy
tvw.Nodes.Add(ndRoot);

// thm cc nt con vo cy, nu l cy bn tri
// th thm c tp tin vo cy
if (isSource)
GetSubDirectoryNodes(ndRoot, ndRoot.Text, true);
else
GetSubDirectoryNodes(ndRoot, ndRoot.Text, false);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
// thng bo a c li
MessageBox.Show(e.Message);
}
}
} // kt thc thao tc y d liu vo cy

/// <summary>
/// ly v tt c cc th mc con ca nt cha truyn vo,
/// thm cc th mc con tm c vo cy
/// hm ny c 3 i s : nt cha, tn y ca nt cha,
/// v bin c getFileNames xc nh c ly tp tin khng
/// </summary>
private void GetSubDirectoryNodes( TreeNode parentNode,
string fullName, bool getFileNames)
{
DirectoryInfo dir = new DirectoryInfo(fullName);
DirectoryInfo[] dirSubs = dir.GetDirectories( );

// ng vi mi mc con ta thm vo cy nu n khng
// trng thi n.
foreach (DirectoryInfo dirSub in dirSubs)
{
// b qua cc th mc n
if ( (dirSub.Attributes & FileAttributes.Hidden) != 0 )
{
continue;
}

/// <summary>
/// ta ch cn tn nt thm vo cy, cn ta phi
/// truyn vo tn ng dn y ca nt trn cy
/// cho hm lp qui GetSubDirectoryNodes() n c
/// th tm c cc nt con ca nt
/// </summary>
TreeNode subNode = new TreeNode(dirSub.Name);
130
parentNode.Nodes.Add(subNode);

// lp qui hm GetSubDirectoryNodes().
GetSubDirectoryNodes(
subNode,dirSub.FullName,getFileNames);
}

if (getFileNames)
{
// ly mi tp tin thuc nt
FileInfo[] files = dir.GetFiles( );

// thm cc tp tin v nt con
foreach (FileInfo file in files)
{
TreeNode fileNode = new TreeNode(file.Name);
parentNode.Nodes.Add(fileNode);
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// im vo chnh ca ng dng.
/// </summary>
[STAThread]
static void Main( )
{
Application.Run(new Form1( ));
}
/// <summary>
/// to ra mt danh sch c th t cc tp tin c chn ,
/// chp chng sang cy bn phi
/// </summary>
private void btnCopy_Click(object sender,
System.EventArgs e)
{
// ly v danh sch tp tin
ArrayList fileList = GetFileList( );

// tin hnh chp tp tin
foreach (FileInfo file in fileList)
{
try
{
lblStatus.Text = "Copying " + txtTargetDir.Text +
"\\" + file.Name + "...";
file.CopyTo(txtTargetDir.Text + "\\" +
file.Name,chkOverwrite.Checked);
}
catch // (ta khng lm g y c)
{
}
}
}

/// <summary>
131
/// bt s kin kt thc ng dng
/// </summary>
private void btnCancel_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
}

/// <summary>
/// bt s kin xa b cc nt c chn trn cy bn tri
/// </summary>
private void btnClear_Click( object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
// ly v nt gc trn cy bn tri v
// tin hnh lp qui
foreach (TreeNode node in tvwSource.Nodes)
{
SetCheck(node, false);
}
}

/// <summary>
/// m bo ngi dng mun xa nt
/// </summary>
private void btnDelete_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
// xc nhn xa
System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult result = MessageBox.Show(
"Are you quite sure?", // thng ip
"Delete Files", // tiu
MessageBox.Buttons.OKCancel, // nt nhn
MessageBox.Icon.Exclamation, // biu tng
MessageBoxDefaultButton.Button2); // nt mc nh

// nu ng xa
if (result == System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult.OK)
{
// duyt danh sch cc tp tin v xo cc tp tin
/ c chn
ArrayList fileNames = GetFileList( );
foreach (FileInfo file in fileNames)
{
try
{
// cp nht nhn
lblStatus.Text = "Deleting " +
txtTargetDir.Text + "\\" + file.Name + "...";

file.Delete( );
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
// hp thoi thng bo
MessageBox.Show(ex.Message);
}
}
132
}
}

/// <summary>
/// ly ng dn y ca nt c chn v gn vo
/// iu khin TextBox txtTargetDir
/// </summary>
private void tvwTargetDir_AfterSelect( object sender,
{
// ly ng dn y ca nt
string theFullPath = GetParentString(e.Node);

// nu n khng l nt l, ta s xa 2 k t cui cng
// i, v y l du //
if (theFullPath.EndsWith("\\"))
{
theFullPath =
theFullPath.Substring(0,theFullPath.Length-1);
}

// gn ng dn cho iu khin TextBox
txtTargetDir.Text = theFullPath;
}

/// <summary>
/// nh du chn nt hin hnh v cc nt con ca n
/// </summary>
private void tvwSource_AfterCheck(object sender,
{
SetCheck(e.Node,e.Node.Checked);
}

/// <summary>
/// lp qui vic nh du chn hay loi b du chn trn
/// nt trun vo da vo c check
/// </summary>
private void SetCheck(TreeNode node, bool check)
{
// set this node's check mark
// tm tt c cc nt con ca nt
{
// nu l nt l th ta nh du chn hoc khng chn
// nu khng l l th ta lp qui
else
SetCheck(n,check);
}
}

// ly v tt c cc tp tin c nh du chn thuc
// nt
private void GetCheckedFiles(TreeNode node,ArrayList fileNames)
{
133
// nu l nt l
{
// nu nt l nh du chn
if (node.Checked)
{
// ly ng dn y ca nt v thm vo cy
string fullPath = GetParentString(node);
fileNames.Add(fullPath);
}
}
else // khng l nt l
{
// thc hin trn tt c nt con
{
GetCheckedFiles(n,fileNames);
}
}
}

/// <summary>
/// ly v ng dn y ca nt truyn vo
/// </summary>
private string GetParentString(TreeNode node)
{
// nu l nt gc th tr v tn nt ( c:\ )
if(node.Parent == null)
return node.Text;
else
// nu l nt cha th thm du // vo chui tr v
// nu nt l ta khng thm g c
return GetParentString(node.Parent) + node.Text +
(node.Nodes.Count == 0 ? "" : "\\");
}

/// <summary>
/// tr v danh sch cc tp tin c chn theo th t
/// </summary>
private ArrayList GetFileList( )
{
// danh sch tn tp tin y khng c sp
ArrayList fileNames = new ArrayList( );

// duyt tng nt ca cy v ly v danh sch cc tp
// tin c chn
foreach (TreeNode theNode in tvwSource.Nodes)
{
GetCheckedFiles(theNode, fileNames);
}

// danh sch cc i tng FileInfo
ArrayList fileList = new ArrayList( );

// fileNames l tp tin th ta thm vo fileList
foreach (string fileName in fileNames)
{
// to ra FileInfo tng ng vi fileName
134
FileInfo file = new FileInfo(fileName);
if (file.Exists)
fileList.Add(file);
}

// to ra mt th hin IComparer
IComparer comparer = (IComparer) new FileComparer( );

// sp xp danh sch tp tin
fileList.Sort(comparer);
return fileList;
}
}
}
13.1.3 To su liu XML bng ch thch
Ngn ng C# h tr kiu ch thch mi, bng ba du gch cho ( /// ). Trnh bin
dch C# dng phn ch thch ny to thnh su liu XML.
Ta c th to tp tin su liu XML ny bng m lnh, v d nh to su liu cho
ng dng FileCopier trn ta g cc lnh sau :
csc filecopier.cs /r:System.Windows.Forms.dll /r:mscorlib.dll
/r:system.dll /r:system.configuration.dll /r:system.data.dll
/r:system.diagnostics.dll /r:system.drawing.dll
/r:microsoft.win32.interop.dll
/doc:XMLDoc.XML
Ta cng c th to su liu XML trc tip ngay trong Visual Studio .NET, bng
cch nhn chut phi ln biu tng ca d n v chn Properties hin ln hp
thoi thuc tnh ca d n (Property Pages), sau chn mc Configuration
Properties \ Build ri g tn tp tin su liu XML cn to ra vo dng XML
Document File. Khi bin dch d n, tp tin su liu XML s t ng c to ra
trong th mc cha d n. Di y l mt on m c trch ra t tp tin su liu
XML c to ra t ng dng FileCopier trn :
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<doc>
<assembly>
<name>FileCopier</name>
</assembly>
<members>
<member name="T:FileCopier.Form1">
<summary>
Form demonstrating Windows Forms implementation
</summary>
</member>
<member name="F:FileCopier.Form1.components">
<summary>
Required designer variable.
</summary>
</member>
<member name="F:FileCopier.Form1.tvwTargetDir">
<summary>
Tree view of potential target directories
135
</summary>
</member>
<member name="F:FileCopier.Form1.tvwSource">
<summary>
Tree view of source directories
includes check boxes for checking
chosen files or directories
</summary>
</member>
<member name="F:FileCopier.Form1.txtTargetDir">
Do on m trn c nh dng di kiu di dng XML, do khng thun tin
lm khi quan st. Ta c th vit mt tp tin theo nh dng XSLT chuyn t nh
dng XML sang HTML.
Mt cch n gin hn to su liu XML thnh cc bo co HTML d c hn
l dng chc nng Tool \ Build Command Web Page , VS.NET s t ng to ra
mt tp cc tp tin su liu HTML tng ng vi tp tin XML. Di y l giao
din ca mn hnh su liu ng dng FileCopier c to bi VS.NET :
Hnh 13-9 Su liu di dng Web c to bi Visual Studio .NET

13.1.4 Trin khai ng dng
Khi ng dng thc thi hon chnh, vn by gi l lm cch no c th trin
khai n. Vi cc ng dng n gin, ch cn chp assembly ca ng dng sang
my khc v chy.
136
V d ta dch ng dng FileCopier thnh tp tin chy FileCopier.exe, sau chp
sang my khc v chy n. ng dng s thc thi tt.
13.1.4.1 Vic trin khai cc d n ( Deployment Projects )
i vi cc ng dng thng mi ln hn, khch hng mun ng dng c ci t
vo mt th mc c th vi biu tng c trng ca h, khi cch n gin
trn cha . Visual Studio .NET cung cp thm mt phn m rng khc h
tr vic ci t v trin khai (Setup and Deployment Projects) ng dng.
Gi s ta ang trong mt d n no , ta chn File\Add Project \ New Project \
Setup and Deployment Projects. Ta s thy hp thoi sau :
Hnh 13-10 Hp thoi to d n mi.

Ta c nhiu nhiu kiu d n trin khai khc nhau :
Setup Project : To ra tp tin ci t, tp tin ny c th t ci t cc tp tin
v ti nguyn ca ng dng.
Cab Project :Ging nh mt tp tin ZIP, d n loi ny nn cc tp tin thnh
mt gi ( Package ) . Chn la ny c th kt hp vi cc loi khc.
Merge Module : Nu ng dng ca ta c nhiu d n cng dng chung mt
s tp tin, th s chn la ny gip ta trn chng thnh cc module trung gian
chung. Ta c th tch hp cc module ny vo cc d n khc.
Setup Wizard : Gip thc hin mt trong cc loi d n trn c d dng.
Web Setup Project : Gip trin khai cc d n Web.
137
hiu r, ta s th to mt d n trin khai kiu Cab Project, thng th khi d n
ca ta c nhiu tp tin .Html, .Gif hay mt s loi ti nguyn khc m cn phi km
theo vi ng dng th ta trin khai d n theo kiu ny. Thm d n loi Cab Project
vo d n vi tn l FileCopierCabProject.
Hnh 13-11 D n c thm vo ng dng.

Hnh 13-12 Hai kiu thm trong d n loi CAB

Nhn chut phi trn d n trin khai FileCopierCabProject. C 2 dng ng gi tp
tin CAB : Project Output v File . y ta chn Add \ Project Output, hp
thoi chn la kiu kt xut cho d n ( Add Project Output Group ) xut hin :
138
Hnh 13-13 La chn loi kt xut ng gi.

y, ta s chn loi Primary Output to tp tin FileCopier.exe cho ng dng
FileCopier ca ta. Khi chy chng trnh th .NET s to ra mt gi c tn l
FileCopierCabProject.CAB. Trong gi ny c cha 2 tp tin :
FileCopier.exe : tp tin chy ca ng dng
Osd8c0.osd : tp tin ny m t gi .CAB theo dng XML.
M m t XML tp tin .CAB
<?XML version="1.0" ENCODING='UTF-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE SOFTPKG SYSTEM
"http://www.microsoft.com/standards/osd/osd.dtd">
<?XML::namespace
href="http://www.microsoft.com/standards/osd/msicd.dtd"
as="MSICD"?>
<SOFTPKG NAME="FileCopierCabProject" VERSION="1,0,0,0">
<TITLE> FileCopierCabProject </TITLE>
<MSICD::NATIVECODE>
<CODE NAME="FileCopier">
<IMPLEMENTATION>
<CODEBASE FILENAME="FileCopier.exe">
</CODEBASE>
</IMPLEMENTATION>
</CODE>
</MSICD::NATIVECODE>
</SOFTPKG>
139
13.1.4.2 Vic ci t d n ( Setup Project )
to c chng trnh t ng ci t cho ng dng, ta thm d n khc v chn
kiu l Setup Project, d n kiu ny kh linh ng. N to thnh tp tin c phn
m rng l MSI, c th t ci t ng dng ca ta ln my tnh khc.
UI phc v ch yu cho vic ci t l ca s View Menu :
Hnh 13-14 Giao din ngi dng View Menu.

ng vi mi chn la trn View Menu, ta s thy cc hin th tng ng trong hai
ca s bn tri. Chng hn nh, khi ta chn View \ File System th bn tri s
hin ra hai ca s nh nh hnh bn di, ta c th thm cc tp tin hay ti nguyn
lin quan n ng dng theo mun :
Hnh 13-15 Ca s File System ca ng dng FileCopier

13.1.4.3 Trin khai trn cc v tr khc nhau
Mc nhin th ng dng s c ci t trn th mc sau :
[ProgramFilesFolder]\[Manufacturer]\[Product Name.
ProgramFilesFolder: th mc Program Files trn my ngi dng
Manufacturer: tn ca nh sn xut
Product Name: tn ca ng dng
140
Ta c th thay i cc thng s ny trong ca s thuc tnh FileCopierSetupProject
hoc trong qu trnh ci t.
To biu tng ca ng dng trn mn hnh Desktop.
to biu tng cho ng dng, ta ch cn chn Application Folder\Primary
output from FileCopier ( Active ) ca s bn tri, sau nhn chut phi v
chn Create Shortcut to Primary output from FileCopier ( Active ). Ta hiu
chnh ng dn ca biu tng cho thch hp.
Thm cc mc vo th mc My Documents
Ta cng c th thm cc ti liu cn thit vo th mc My Documents trn my ca
ngi dng khi ci t, bng cch t chng vo th mc Users Personal Data
Folder
To biu trng trong ca s Start Menu
thm cc thnh phn khc ca ng vo ca s Start / Programs, ta thm chng
vo th mc Users Program Menu ca s bn phi.
13.1.4.4 Thm cc chc nng ci t khc cho ng dng trin khai
Ngoi bn mc c lit k trong hnh trn, ta c th b sung thm cc th mc
khc, nh hnh di y :
141
Hnh 13-16 B sung cc th mc trong ca s File System.

13.1.4.5 Cc thnh phn khc
Ta kho st qua cch ci t dng File System trong Menu View, nay ta tm
hiu thm mt s cch khc.
To cc thay i trong s ng k ( Registry )
Ca s ng k ca View Menu cho php lm cho trnh ci t ca chng ta to ra
cc thay i trong s ng k chng trnh trn cc my ci t ng dng. Nhn
chut phi trn cc th mc c lit trong hnh di y hiu chnh s ng k
theo mun :
142
Hnh 13-17 Hiu chnh s ng k.

Ch : Phi rt tht cn thn khi ci t s ng k. Trong hu ht cc
ng dng .NET u khng cn thit phi lin quan n s ng k, .NET
qun l ng dng khng cn dng s ng k (Registry).
Qun l giao din ngi dng trong qu trnh ci t
c th kim sot cc ch hay giao din ha hin th trong sut qu trnh ci
t ng dng, ta chn mc User Interface trong View Menu. Hnh di y th hin
lung cng vic trong qu trnh c t ng dng :
Hnh 13-18 Lung cng vic trong qu trnh ci t.

Khi ta nhn chut phi trn mt bc no trong tin trnh ci t v chn
Properties th s hin ln mt ca s tng ng vi mc , nh hp thoi thuc
tnh ny ta c th hiu chnh cc chui hay nh hin th thch hp. Ta cng c th
143
thm hay bt i mt bc trong lung cng vic ci t. V d hp thoi thuc tnh
ca mc Welcome.
Hnh 13-19 Ca s thuc tnh ca mc Welcome trong qu trnh ci t.

Hiu chnh thm cho qu trnh ci t
Nu qu trnh ci t trong ca s User Interface vn khng tha mn nhu cu
ci t ca ng dng, th ta c th t hiu chnh cc thng s cho tin trnh ci t :
iu kin chy tin trnh ci t Ta chn mc Custom Option trong View
Menu thc hin mc ch ny.
Kt thc vic to chng trnh ci t
Sau khi hon tt mi hiu chnh, ta ch cn chy ng dng v .NET s to ra mt tp
tin ci t MSD ci t ng dng ca ta.
Truy cp d liu vi ADO.NET Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
144

Chng 14 Truy cp d liu vi ADO.NET
Trong thc t, c rt nhiu ng dng cn tng tc vi c s d liu. .NET
Framework cung cp mt tp cc i tng cho php truy cp vo c s d liu, tp
cc i tng ny c gi chung l ADO.NET.
ADO.NET tng t vi ADO, im khc bit chnh ch ADO.NET l mt kin
trc d liu ri rc, khng kt ni (Disconnected Data Architecture). Vi kin trc
ny, d liu c nhn v t c s d liu v c lu trn vng nh cache ca
my ngi dng. Ngi dng c th thao tc trn d liu h nhn v v ch kt ni
n c s d liu khi h cn thay i cc dng d liu hay yu cu d liu mi.
Vic kt ni khng lin tc n c s d liu em li nhiu thun li, trong
im li nht l vic gim i mt lu lng ln truy cp vo c s d liu cng mt
lc, tit kim ng k ti nguyn b nh. Gim thiu ng k vn hng trm
ngn kt ni cng truy cp vo c s d liu cng mt lc.
ADO.NET kt ni vo c s d liu ly d liu v kt ni tr li cp nht d
liu khi ngi dng thay i chng. Hu ht mi ng dng u s dng nhiu thi
gian cho vic c v hin th d liu, v th ADO.NET cung cp mt tp hp
con cc i tng d liu khng kt ni cho cc ng dng ngi dng c th c
v hin th chng m khng cn kt ni vo c s d liu.
Cc i tng ngt kt ni ny lm vic tng t i vi cc ng dng Web.
14.1 C s d liu v ngn ng truy vn SQL
c th hiu r c cch lm vic ca ADO.NET, chng ta cn phi nm c
mt s khi nim c bn v c s d liu quan h v ngn ng truy vn d liu,
nh: khi nim v dng, ct, bng, quan h gia cc bng, kha chnh, kha ngoi
v cch truy vn d liu trn cc bng bng ngn ng truy vn SQL : SELECT,
UPDATE, DELETE hay cch vit cc th tc ( Store Procedure) . Trong
phm vi ca ti liu ny, chng ta s khng cp n cc mc trn.
Trong cc v d sau, chng ta s dng c s d liu NorthWind, c cung cp bi
Microsoft minh ha cho cc v d ca chng ta.
14.2 Mt s loi kt ni hin ang s dng
1982 ra i ODBC driver (Open Database Connectivity) ca Microsoft. Ch truy
xut c thng tin quan h, khng truy xut c d liu khng quan h nh : tp
tin vn bn, email Ta phi truy cp ODBC thng qua DSN.
145
truy cp c tt c Datastore, dng OLEDB provider thng qua ODBC. L v
bc ca ODBC hoc khng. OLEDB d s dng hn ODBC, nhng ch c 1 s t
ngn ng c th hiu c (C++), v th ra i ADO. OLEDB l giao din mc
lp trnh h thng qun l d liu. OLEDB n gin ch l mt tp cc giao din
COM ng gi thnh cc system service qun tr cc CSDL khc nhau. Gm 4
i tng chnh : Datasource, Session, Command, Rowset.
ADO l mt COM, do c dng vi bt k ngn ng no tng thch vi
COM. ADO khng c lp OS, nhng c lp ngn ng : C++,VB, JavaScript,
VBScript L v bc ca OLEDB v ADO gm 3 i tng chnh : Connection,
Command, Recordset.
Remote Data Services ( RDS ) ca Microsoft cho php dng ADO thng qua cc
giao thc HTTP, HTTPS v DCOM truy cp d liu qua Web.
Microsoft Data Access Components (MDAC) l t hp ca ODBC, OLEDB, ADO
v c RDS.
Ta c th kt ni d liu bng mt trong cc cch: dng ODBC driver (DSN), dng
OLEDB thng qua ODBC hoc OLEDB khng thng qua ODBC.
14.3 Kin trc ADO.NET
ADO.NET c chia ra lm hai phn chnh r rt, c th hin qua hnh
Hnh 14-1 Kin trc ADO.NET
D
DataSet l thnh phn chnh cho c trng kt ni khng lin tc ca kin trc
ADO.NET. DataSet c thit k c th thch ng vi bt k ngun d liu no.
DataSet cha mt hay nhiu i tng DataTable m n c to t tp cc dng
v ct d liu, cng vi kho chnh, kha ngoi, rng buc v cc thng tin lin
146
quan n i tng DataTable ny. Bn thn DataSet c dng nh mt tp tin
XML.
Thnh phn chnh th hai ca ADO.NET chnh l NET Provider Data, n cha cc
i tng phc v cho vic thao tc trn c s d liu c hiu qu v nhanh
chng, n bao gm mt tp cc i tng Connection, Command, DataReader v
DataAdapter. i tng Connection cung cp mt kt ni n c s d liu,
Command cung cp mt thao tc n c s d liu, DataReader cho php ch c
d liu v DataAdapter l cu ni trung gian gia DataSet v ngun d liu.
14.4 M hnh i tng ADO.NET
C th ni m hnh i tng ca ADO.NET kh uyn chuyn, cc i tng ca
n c to ra da trn quan im n gin v d dng. i tng quan trng nht
trong m hnh ADO.NET chnh l Dataset. Dataset c th c xem nh l th
hin ca c mt c s d liu con, lu tr trn vng nh cache ca my ngi dng
m khng kt ni n c s d liu.
14.4.1 M hnh i tng ca Dataset
Hnh 14-2 M hnh i tng Dataset

DataSet bao gm mt tp cc i tng DataRelation cng nh tp cc i tng
DataTable. Cc i tng ny ng vai tr nh cc thuc tnh ca DataSet.
147
14.4.2 i tng DataTable v DataColumn
Ta c th vit m C# to ra i tng DataTable hay nhn v t kt qu ca cu
truy vn n c s d liu. DataTable c mt s thuc tnh dng chung ( public )
nh thuc tnh Columns, t thuc tnh ny ta c th truy cp n i tng
DataColumnsCollection thng qua ch mc hay tn ca ct nhn v cc i
tng DataColumn thch hp, mi DataColumn tng ng vi mt ct trong mt
bng d liu. V d :
DataTable dt = new DataTable("tenBang");
DataColumn dc = dt.Columns["tenCot"];
14.4.3 i tng DataRelation
Ngoi tp cc i tng DataTable c truy cp thng qua thuc tnh Tables,
DataSet cn c mt thuc tnh Relations. Thuc tnh ny dng truy cp n i
tng DataRelationCollection thng qua ch mc hay tn ca quan h v s tr v
i tng DataRelation tng ng. V d :
DataSet ds = new DataSet("tenDataSet");
DataRelation dre = ds.Relations["tenQuanHe"];
14.4.4 Cc bn ghi ( Rows )
Tng t nh thuc tnh Columns ca i tng DataTable, truy cp n cc
dng ta cng c thuc tnh Rows. ADO. NET khng a ra khi nim RecordSet,
thay vo duyt qua cc dng ( Row ), ta c th truy cp cc dng thng qua
thuc tnh Rows bng vng lp foreach.
14.4.5 i tng SqlConnection v SqlCommand
i tng SqlConnection i din cho mt kt ni n c s d liu, i tng ny
c th c dng chung cho cc i tng SqlCommand khc nhau. i tng
SqlCommand cho php thc hin mt cu lnh truy vn trc tip : nh SELECT,
UPDATE hay DELETE hay gi mt th tc (Store Procedure) t c s d liu.
14.4.6 i tng DataAdapter
ADO.NET dng DataAdapter nh l chic cu ni trung gian gia DataSet v
DataSource ( ngun d liu ), n ly d liu t c s d liu sau dng phng
Fill() y d liu cho i tng DataSet. Nh i tng DataAdapter ny m
DataSet tn ti tch bit, c lp vi c s d liu v mt DataSet c th l th hin
ca mt hay nhiu c s d liu. V d :
//To i tng SqlDataAdapter
SqlDataAdapter sda = new SqlDataAdapter();

// cung cp cho sda mt SqlCommand v SqlConnection ...
// ly d liu ...

//to i tng DataSet mi
DataSet ds = new DataSet("tenDataSet");
148

//y d liu trog sda vo ds bng hm Fill();
sda.Fill(ds);
14.5 Trnh cung cp d liu (.NET Data Providers)
.NET Framework h tr hai trnh cung cp d liu l SQL Server .NET Data
Provider ( dnh cho phin bn SQL Server 7.0 ca Microsoft tr ln ) v OLE DB
.NET Data Provider ( dnh cho cc h qun tr c s d liu khc ) truy cp vo
c s d liu.
Hnh 14-3 So snh SQL Server .NET Data Provider v the OLE DB .NET Data
Provider

SQL Server .NET Data Provider c cc c im :
Dng nghi thc ring truy cp c s d liu
Truy xut d liu s nhanh hn v hiu qu hn do khng phi thng qua lp
OLE DB Provider hay ODBC
Ch c dng vi h qun tr c s d liu SQL Server 7.0 tr ln.
c Mircrosoft h tr kh hon chnh.
OLE DB .NET Data Provider c cc c im :
Phi thng qua 2 lp v th s chm hn
Thc hin c cc dch v Connection Pool
C th truy cp vo mi Datasource c h tr OLE DB Provider thch hp
14.6 Khi s vi ADO.NET
c th hiu r c ADO.NET, ngoi l thuyt ra, chng ta s kho st chi tit
v cch chng hot ng ra bng m lnh c th.
V d Windows Form di y s dng mt ListBox ly d liu t bng
Custommers trong c s d liu NorthWind.
u tin ta s to ra i tng DataAdapter :
SqlDataAdapter DataAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter(
commandString, connectionString);
149
Hm khi to ca i tng ny gm hai tham s commandString v
connectionString. commandString l chui cha cu lnh truy vn trn d liu m ta
mun nhn v :
string commandString =
"Select CompanyName, ContactName from Customers";
Bin connectString cha cc thng s kt ni n c s d liu. ng dng ca ta
dng h qun tr c s d liu SQL Server, v th n gin ta s i s
password l trng, uid l sa, my ch server l localhost v tn c s d liu l
NorthWind :
string connectionString =
"server=localhost; uid=sa; pwd=; database=northwind";
Vi i tng DataAdapter c to trn, ta s to ra mt i tng DataSet mi
v y d liu vo n bng phng thc Fill() ca i tng DataAdapter.
DataSet dataSet = new DataSet( );
DataAdapter.FillDataSet(dataSet,"Customers");
i tng DataSet cha mt tp cc DataTable, nhng y ta ch cn ly d liu
ca bng u tin l Customers :
DataTable dataTable = dataSet.Tables[0];
Ta s duyt qua tng dng ca bng bng vng lp foreach ly v tng DataRow
mt, sau s truy cp n trng cn ly d liu thng qua tn ct, ri thm vo
ListBox.
foreach (DataRow dataRow in dataTable.Rows)
{
lbCustomers.Items.Add( dataRow["CompanyName"] +
" (" + dataRow["ContactName"] + ")" );
}
Sau y l on m y ca ng dng :
using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.SqlClient;

namespace ProgrammingCSharpWinForm
{
public class ADOForm1 : System.Windows.Forms.Form
{
private System.Windows.Forms.ListBox lbCustomers;
public ADOForm1( )
{

// kt ni n my ch, c s d liu northwind

150
// ly cc dng d liu t bng Customers

// to ra i tng DataAdapter v DataSet
SqlDataAdapter DataAdapter =
new SqlDataAdapter(commandString, connectionString);
DataSet DataSet = new DataSet( );

// y d liu vo DataSet
DataAdapter.Fill(DataSet,"Customers");

// ly v mt bng d liu
DataTable dataTable = DataSet.Tables[0];

// duyt tng dng ly d liu thm vo ListBox
{
lbCustomers.Items.Add(dataRow["CompanyName"] +
}
}

{
base.Dispose( );
}

{
this.components = new System.ComponentModel.Container();
this.lbCustomers = new System.Windows.Forms.ListBox();
lbCustomers.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(48, 24);
lbCustomers.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(368, 160);
lbCustomers.TabIndex = 0;
this.Text = "ADOFrm1";
this.Controls.Add(this.lbCustomers);
}

public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Application.Run(new ADOForm1( ));
}
}
}
Ch vi mt s dng m ta c th ly d liu v hin th trong hp ListBox :
151
Hnh 14-4 Kt xut ca v d trn.

hon chnh giao tc trn, ta cn thc hin tm dng m chnh :
To ra chui kt ni vo c s d liu
"server=myServer; uid=sa; pwd=; database=northwind";
To cu lnh truy vn chn d liu
To i tng DataAdapter v chuyn cho n chui truy vn v kt ni
SqlDataAdapter DataAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter(
To i tng DataSet mi
y bng d liu Customers ly t DataAdapter vo dataSet
DataAdapter.Fill(dataSet,"Customers");
Trch i tng DataTable t dataSet trn
y d liu trong bng dataTable vo ListBox
{
}
14.7 S dng trnh cung cp d liu c qun l
v d trn chng ta kho st qua cch truy cp d liu thng qua trnh cung cp
d liu SQL Server .NET Data Provider. Trong phn ny chng ta s tip tc
kho st sang trnh cung cp d liu OLE DB .NET Data Provider, vi trnh cung
cp d liu ny ta c th kt ni n bt k h qun tr c s d liu no c h tr
trnh cung cp d liu OLE DB Providers, c th l Microsoft Access.
So vi ng dng trn, ta ch cn thay i mt vo dng m l c th hot ng
c. u tin l chui kt ni :
string connectionString = "provider=Microsoft.JET.OLEDB.4.0; "
+ "data source = c:\\northwind.mdb";
152
Chui trn s kt ni n c s d liu northwind trn a C.
K tip ta thay i i tng DataAdapter t SqlDataAdapter sang
OleDbDataAdapter
OleDbDataAdapter DataAdapter = new OleDbDataAdapter(
Chng ta phi m bo l namespace OleDb c thm vo ng dng :
using System.Data.OleDb;
Phn m cn li th tng t nh ng dng trn, sau y s trch ra mt on m
chnh phc v cho vic kt ni theo cch ny :
public ADOForm1( )
{

// chui kt ni n c s d liu
string connectionString = "provider=Microsoft.JET.OLEDB.4.0;"
+ "data source = c:\\nwind.mdb";

// chui truy vn d liu

// to i tng OleDbDataAdapter v DataSet mi
OleDbDataAdapter DataAdapter = new OleDbDataAdapter(

// y d liu vo dataSet

// ly v bng d liu Customers

// duyt qua tng dng d liu
{
}
}
14.8 Lm vic vi cc iu khin kt buc d liu
ADO.NET h tr kh hon chnh cho cc iu khin kt buc d liu (Data-
Bound), cc iu khin ny s nhn vo mt DataSet, sau khi gi hm DataBind()
th d liu s t ng c hin th ln iu khin.
14.8.1 y d liu vo iu khin li DataGrid
V d sau s dng iu khin li DataGrid thc hin kt buc d liu, iu
khin li ny c h tr cho c ng dng Windows Forms v WebForms.
153
Trong ng dng trc, ta phi duyt qua tng dng ca i tng DataTable ly
d liu, sau hin th chng ln iu khin ListBox. Trong ng dng ny cng
vic hin th d liu ln iu khin c thc hin n gin hn, ta ch cn ly v
i tng DataView ca DataSet, sau gn DataView ny cho thuc tnh
DataSource ca iu khin li, sau gi hm DataBind() th t ng d liu s
c y ln iu khin li d liu.
CustomerDataGrid.DataSource =
DataSet.Tables["Customers"].DefaultView;
Trc tin ta cn to ra i tng li trn Form bng cch ko th, t tn li cho
iu khin li l CustomerDataGrid. Sau y l m hon chnh ca ng dng kt
buc d liu cho iu khin li :
using System;
using System.Data;

namespace ProgrammingCSharpWindows.Form
{
{
private System.Windows.Forms.DataGrid CustomerDataGrid;

public ADOForm3( )
{

// khi to chui kt ni v chui truy vn d liu
"server=localComputer; uid=sa; pwd=;database=northwind";
"Select CompanyName, ContactName, ContactTitle, "
+ "Phone, Fax from Customers";

// to ra mt SqlDataAdapter v DataSet mi,
// y d liu cho DataSet
DataSet DataSet = new DataSet( );

// kt buc d liu ca DataSet cho li
CustomerDataGrid.DataSource=
DataSet.Tables["Customers"].DefaultView;
}

{
base.Dispose( );
}
154

{
this.CustomerDataGrid = new DataGrid();
CustomerDataGrid.BeginInit();
CustomerDataGrid.Location =
new System.Drawing.Point (8, 24);
CustomerDataGrid.Size = new System.Drawing.Size (656, 224);
CustomerDataGrid.DataMember = "";
CustomerDataGrid.TabIndex = 0;
CustomerDataGrid.Navigate +=
new NavigateEventHandler(this.dataGrid1_Navigate);
this.ClientSize = new System.Drawing.Size (672, 273);
this.Controls.Add (this.CustomerDataGrid);
CustomerDataGrid.EndInit ( );
}

{
Application.Run(new ADOForm3());
}
}
}
iu khin li s hin th y ht mi d liu hin c trong bng Customers, tn ca
cc ct trn li cng chnh l tn ca cc ct trong bn d liu. Giao din ca ng
dng sau khi chy chng trnh :
Hnh 14-5 Kt buc d liu cho iu khin li DataGrid.

14.8.2 To i tng DataSet
Trong v d trc, to ra i tng SqlDataAdapter bng cch gn trc tip chui
kt ni v chui truy vn vo n. i tng Connection v Command s c to
v tch hp vo trong i tng DataAdapter ny. Vi cch ny, ta s b hn ch
trong cc thao tc lin quan n c s d liu.
155
V d sau y s minh ha vic ly v i tng DataSet bng cch to ra cc i
tng Connection v Command mt cch ring bit, khi ta cn dng li chng hay
mun thc hin hon chnh mt thao tc th s thun li hn.
u tin ta s khai bo bn bin thnh vin thuc lp, nh sau :
private System.Data.SqlClient.SqlConnection myConnection;
private System.Data.DataSet myDataSet;
private System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand myCommand;
private System.Data.SqlClient.SqlDataAdapter DataAdapter;
i tng Connection s c to ring vi chun kt ni :
myConnection = new
System.Data.Sql.SqlConnection(connectionString);
Sau ta s m kt ni :
myConnection.Open( );
Ta c th thc hin nhiu giao tc trn c s d liu khi kt ni c m v sau khi
dng xong ta ch n gin ng kt ni li. Tip theo ta s to ra i tng DataSet:
myDataSet = new System.Data.DataSet( );
V tip tc to i tng Command, gn cho n i tng Connection m v
chui truy vn d liu :
myCommand = new System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand( )
myCommand.Connection=myConnection;
myCommand.CommandText = "Select * from Customers";
Cui cng ta cn to ra i tng SqlDataAdapter, gn i tng SqlCommand va
to trn cho n, ng thi phi tin hnh nh x bng d liu n nhn c t cu
truy vn ca i tng Command to s ng nht v tn cc ct khi y bng
d liu ny vo DataSet.
DataAdapter = new System.Data.SqlClient.SqlDataAdapter( );
DataAdapter.SelectCommand= myCommand;
DataAdapter.TableMappings.Add("Table","Customers");
DataAdapter.Fill(myDataSet);
By gi ta ch vic gn DataSet vo thuc tnh DataSoucre ca iu khin li:
dataGrid1.DataSource=myDataSet.Tables["Customers"].DefaultView;
Di y l m hon chnh ca ng dng ny :
using System;
using System.Data;

{
156
{
private System.Windows.Forms.DataGrid dataGrid1;

public ADOForm1( )
{

// to i tng connection v m n
"server=Neptune; uid=sa; pwd=oWenmEany;" +
"database=northwind";
myConnection = new SqlConnection(connectionString);
myConnection.Open();

// to i tng DataSet mi
myDataSet = new DataSet( );

// to i tng command mi v gn cho i tng
// connectio v chui truy vn cho n
myCommand = new System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand( );

// to i tng DataAdapter vi i tng Command va
// to trn, ng thi thc hin nh x bng d liu
DataAdapter = new SqlDataAdapter( );

// y d liu vo DataSet

// gn d liu vo li
dataGrid1.DataSource =
myDataSet.Tables["Customers"].DefaultView;
}

public override void Dispose()
{
base.Dispose();
components.Dispose();
}

{
this.dataGrid1 = new System.Windows.Forms.DataGrid();
dataGrid1.BeginInit();
dataGrid1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(24, 32);
dataGrid1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(480, 408);
dataGrid1.DataMember = "";
dataGrid1.TabIndex = 0;
157
this.Controls.Add(this.dataGrid1);
dataGrid1.EndInit( );
}

{
Application.Run(new ADOForm1());
}
}
}
Giao din ca v d ny cng tng t nh cc v d trn.
14.8.3 Kt hp gia nhiu bng
Cc v d trn ch n thun ly d liu t trong mt bng. v d ny ta s tm
hiu v cch ly d liu trn hai bng. Trong c s d liu ca ta, mt khch hng
c th c nhiu ha n khc nhau, v th ta s c quan h mt nhiu gia bng
khch hng (Customers)v bng ha n (Orders). Bng Orders s cha thuc tnh
CustomersId ca bng Customers, thuc tnh ny ng vai tr l kha chnh i
bng Customers v kha ngoi i vi bng Orders.
ng dng ca ta s hin th d liu ca hai bng Customers v Orders trn cng
mt li v th hin quan h mt nhiu ca hai bng ngay trn li. lm c
iu ny ta ch cn dng chung mt i tng Connetion, hai i tng tng
SqlDataAdapter v hai i tng SqlCommand.
Sau khi to i tng SqlDataAdapter cho bng Customers tng t nh v d trn,
ta tin to tip i tng SqlDataAdapter cho bng Orders :
myCommand2 = new System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand();
DataAdapter2 = new System.Data.SqlClient.SqlDataAdapter();
myCommand2.Connection = myConnection;
myCommand2.CommandText = "SELECT * FROM Orders";
Lu l y i tng DataAdapter2 c th dng chung i tng Connection
trn, nhng i tng Command th khc. Sau gn i tng Command2 cho
DataAdapter2, nh x bng d liu v y d liu vo DataSet trn.
DataAdapter2.SelectCommand = myCommand2;
DataAdapter2.TableMappings.Add ("Table", "Orders");
DataAdapter2.Fill(myDataSet);
Ti thi im ny, ta c mt i tng DataSet nhng cha hai bng d liu :
Customers v Orders. Do ta cn th hin c quan h ca hai bng ngay trn iu
khin li, cho nn ta cn phi nh ngha quan h ny cho i tng DataSet ca
chng ta. Nu khng lm iu ny th i tng DataSet s b qua quan h gia 2
bng ny.
Do ta cn khai bo thm i tng DataRelation :
System.Data.DataRelation dataRelation;
158
Do mi bng Customers v Orders u c cha mt thuc tnh CustomersId, nn ta
cng cn khi bo thm hai i tng DataColumn tng ng vi hai thuc tnh
ny.
System.Data.DataColumn dataColumn1;
Mi mt DataColumn s gi gi tr ca mt ct trong bng ca i tng DataSet :
dataColumn1 = myDataSet.Tables["Customers"].Columns["CustomerID"];
dataColumn2 = myDataSet.Tables["Orders"].Columns["CustomerID"];
Ta tin hnh to quan h cho hai bng bng cch gi hm khi to ca i tng
DataRelation, truyn vo cho n tn quan h v hai ct cn to quan h :
dataRelation = new System.Data.DataRelation("CustomersToOrders",
dataColumn1, dataColumn2);
Sau khi to c i tng DataRelation, ta thm vo DataSet ca ta. Sau ta cn
to mt i tng qun l khung nhn DataViewManager cho DataSet, i tng
khung nhn ny s c gn cho li iu khin hin th:
myDataSet.Relations.Add(dataRelation);
DataViewManager DataSetView = myDataSet.DefaultViewManager;
dataGrid1.DataSource = DataSetView;
Do iu khin li phi hin th quan h ca hai bng d liu, nn ta phi ch cho
n bit l bng no s l bng cha. y bng cha l bng Customers :
dataGrid1.DataMember= "Customers";
Sau y l m hon chnh ca ton b ng dng :
using System;
using System.Data;

{
{
private System.Windows.Forms.DataGrid dataGrid1;
private System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand myCommand2;
private System.Data.SqlClient.SqlDataAdapter DataAdapter2;

public ADOForm1( )
{

// to kt ni
string connectionString = "server=Neptune; uid=sa;" +
" pwd=oWenmEany; database=northwind";
159
myConnection = new SqlConnection(connectionString);
myConnection.Open( );

// to DataSet
myDataSet = new System.Data.DataSet( );

// to i tng Command v DataSet cho bng Customers
myCommand = new System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand( );
DataAdapter =new System.Data.SqlClient.SqlDataAdapter();

// to i tng Command v DataSet cho bng Orders
myCommand2 = new System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand( );
DataAdapter2=new System.Data.SqlClient.SqlDataAdapter();
myCommand2.Connection = myConnection;
myCommand2.CommandText = "SELECT * FROM Orders";
DataAdapter2.SelectCommand = myCommand2;
DataAdapter2.TableMappings.Add ("Table", "Orders");
DataAdapter2.Fill(myDataSet);

// thit lp quan h gia 2 bng
System.Data.DataRelation dataRelation;
dataColumn1 =
myDataSet.Tables["Customers"].Columns["CustomerID"];
dataColumn2 =
myDataSet.Tables["Orders"].Columns["CustomerID"];
dataRelation = new System.Data.DataRelation(
"CustomersToOrders", dataColumn1, dataColumn2);

// thm quan h trn vo DataSet
myDataSet.Relations.Add(dataRelation);

// t khung nhn v bng hin th trc cho li
DataViewManager DataSetView =
myDataSet.DefaultViewManager;
dataGrid1.DataSource = DataSetView;
dataGrid1.DataMember= "Customers";
}

{
base.Dispose( );
}

{
this.dataGrid1 = new System.Windows.Forms.DataGrid();
dataGrid1.BeginInit( );
dataGrid1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(24, 32);
dataGrid1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(480, 408);
160
dataGrid1.DataMember = "";
dataGrid1.TabIndex = 0;
this.Controls.Add (this.dataGrid1);
dataGrid1.EndInit ( );
}

{
}
}
}
Khi chy ng dng s c giao din nhu sau :
Hnh 14-6 Quan h mt nhiu gia hai bng Customers v Orders

161
Hnh 14-7 Danh sch cc ha n tng ng vi khch hng c chn

14.9 Thay i cc bn ghi ca c s d liu
Ti lc ny, chng ta hc cch ly d liu t c s d liu sau hin th chng
ra mn hnh da vo cc iu khin c hay khng kt buc d liu. Phn ny chng
ta s tm hiu cch cp nht vo c s d liu. Cc thao tc trn c s d liu nh :
Thm, xa v sa mt dng trong cc bng d liu. Sau y l lung cng vic
hon chnh khi ta c mt thao tc cp nht c s d liu :
1. y d liu ca bng vo DataSet bng cu truy vn SQL hay gi th tc t
c s d liu
2. Hin th d liu trong cc bng c trong DataSet bng cch kt buc hay duyt
qua cc dng d liu.
3. Hiu chnh d liu trong cc bng DataTable vi cc thao tc thm, xa hay
sa trn dng DataRow.
4. Gi phng thc GetChanges() ly v mt DataSet khc cha tt c cc
thay i trn d liu.
5. Kim tra li trn DataSet mi c to ny bng thuc tnh HasErrors. Nu c
li th ta s tin hnh kim tra trn tng bng DataTable ca DataSet, khi gp
mt bng c li th ta tip tc dng hm GetErrors() ly v cc dng
DataRow c li, ng vi tng dng ta s dng thuc tnh RowError trn dng
xc nh xem dng c li hay khng c th a ra x l thch hp.
6. Trn hai DataSet li thnh mt.
7. Gi phng thc Update() ca i tng DataAdapter vi i s truyn vo l
DataSet va c trong thao tc trn trn cp nht cc thay i vo c s d
liu.
162
8. Gi phng thc AcceptChanges() ca DataSet cp nht cc thay i vo
DataSet ny hay phng thc RejectChanges() nu t chi cp nht thay i
cho DataSet hin hnh.
Vi lung cng vic trn, cho php ta c th kim sot tt c vic thay i trn
c s d liu hay vic g li cng thun tin hn. Trong v d di y , ta s cho
hin th d liu trong bng Customers ln mt ListBox, sau ta tin hnh cc thao
tc thm, xa hay sa trn c s d liu. d hiu, ta gim bt mt s thao tc
qun l ngoi l hay li, ch tp trung vo mc ch chnh ca ta. Giao din chnh
ca ng dng sau khi hon chnh :
Hnh 14-8 Hiu chnh d liu trn bng Customers.

Trong Form ny, ta c mt ListBox lbCustomers lit k cc khch hng, mt Button
btnUpdate cho vic cp nht d liu, mt Button Xa, ng vi nt thm mi ta c
tm hp thoi TextBox nhn d liu g vo t ngi dng. ng thi ta c thm
mt lblMessage hin th cc thng bo ng vi cc thao tc trn.
14.9.1 Truy cp v hin th d liu
Ta s to ra ba bin thnh vin : DataAdapter, DataSet v Command :
private SqlDataAdapter DataAdapter;
private DataSet DataSet;
private DataTable dataTable;
Vic khai bo cc bin thnh vin nh vy s gip ta c th dng li cho cc
phng thc khc nhau. T khai bo chui kt ni v truy vn :
string commandString = "Select * from Customers";
Cc chui c dng lm i s to i tng DataAdapter :
DataAdapter=new SqlDataAdapter(commandString,ConnectionString);
163
To ra i tng DataSet mi, sau y d liu t DataAdapter vo cho n:
DataSet = new DataSet();
hin th d liu, ta s gi hm PopulateDB() y d liu vo ListBox:
dataTable = DataSet.Tables[0];
lbCustomers.Items.Clear( );
{
}
14.9.2 Cp nht mt dng d liu
Khi ngi dng nhn Button Update (cp nht), ta s ly ch mc c chn trn
ListBox, v ly ra dng d liu DataRow trong bng ng vi ch mc trn. Sau
cp nht DataSet vi dng d liu mi ny nu sau khi kim tra thy chng khng
c li no c. Chi tit v qu trnh thc hin cp nht :
u tin ta s ly v dng d liu ngi dng mun thay i t i tng dataTable
m ta khai bo lm bin thnh vin ngay t u :
DataRow targetRow = dataTable.Rows[lbCustomers.SelectedIndex];
Hin th chui thng bo cp nht dng d liu cho ngi dng bit. lm iu
ny ta s gi phng thc tnh DoEvents() ca i tng Application, hm ny s
gip sn mi li mn hnh vi thng ip hay cc thay i khc.
lblMessage.Text = "Updating " + targetRow["CompanyName"];
Application.DoEvents();
Gi hm BeginEdit() ca i tng DataRow, chuyn dng d liu sang ch
hiu chnh ( Edit ) v EndEdit() kt thc ch hiu chnh dng.
targetRow.BeginEdit();
targetRow["CompanyName"] = txtCustomerName.Text;
targetRow.EndEdit();
Ly v cc thay i trn i tng DataSet kim tra xem cc thay i c xy ra
bt k li no khng. y ta s dng mt bin c c kiu true/false xc nh
l c li l true, khng c li l false.Kim tra li bng cch dng hai vng lp
tun t trn bng v dng ca DataSet mi ly v trn, ta dng thuc tnh
HasErrors kim tra li trn bng, phng thc GetErrors() ly v cc dng c
li trong bng.
DataSet DataSetChanged;
DataSetChanged = DataSet.GetChanges(DataRowState.Modified);
bool okayFlag = true;
if (DataSetChanged.HasErrors)
{
okayFlag = false;
string msg = "Error in row with customer ID ";
foreach (DataTable theTable in DataSetChanged.Tables)
{
if (theTable.HasErrors)
164
{
DataRow[] errorRows = theTable.GetErrors( );
foreach (DataRow theRow in errorRows)
msg = msg + theRow["CustomerID"];
}
}
lblMessage.Text = msg;
}
Nu bin c okagFlag l true,th ta s trn DataSet ban u vi DataSet thay i
thnh mt, sau cp nht DataSet sau khi trn ny vo c s d liu.
if (okayFlag)
{
DataSet.Merge(DataSetChanged);
DataAdapter.Update(DataSet,"Customers");
Tip theo hin th cu lnh truy vn cho ngi dng bit, v cp nht nhng thay
i cho DataSet u tin, ri hin th d liu mi ln i tng ListBox.
lblMessage.Text = DataAdapter.UpdateCommand.CommandText;
DataSet.AcceptChanges( );
PopulateLB( );
Nu c okayFlag l false, c ngha l c li trong qu trnh hiu chnh d liu, ta s
t chi cc thay i trn DataSet.
else
DataSet.RejectChanges( );
14.9.3 Xa mt dng d liu
M thc thi ca s kin xa th n gin hn mt cht, ta nhn v dng cn xa :
DataRow targetRow = dataTable.Rows[lbCustomers.SelectedIndex];
Gi li dng cn xa dng lm thng ip hin th cho ngi dng bit trc khi
xa dng ny khi c s d liu.
string msg = targetRow["CompanyName"] + " deleted. ";,
Bt u thc hin xa trn bng d liu, cp nht thay i vo DataSet v cp nht
lun vo c s d liu :
dataTable.Rows[lbCustomers.SelectedIndex].Delete( );
Khi gi hm AccceptChanges() cp nht thay i cho DataSet th n s ln lt
gi hm ny cho cc DataTable, sau cho cc DataRow cp nht chng. Ta
cng cn ch khi gi hm xa trn bng Customers, dng d liu DataRow ca
khch hng ny ch c xa nu n khng vi phm rng buc trn cc bng khc,
y khch hng ch c xa nu nu khch hng khng c mt ha n no trn
bng Orders. Nu c ta phi tin hnh xa trn bng ha n trc, sau mi xa
trn bng Customers.
165
14.9.4 To mt dng d liu mi
Sau khi ngi dng cung cp cc thng tin v khch hng cn to mi v nhn
Button to mi ( New ), ta s vit m thc thi trong hm bt s kin nhn nt to
mi ny. u tin ta s to ra mt dng mi trn i tng DataTable, sau gn
d liu trn cc TextBox cho cc ct ca dng mi ny :
DataRow newRow = dataTable.NewRow( );
newRow["CustomerID"] = txtCompanyID.Text;
newRow["CompanyName"] = txtCompanyName.Text;
newRow["ContactName"] = txtContactName.Text;
newRow["ContactTitle"] = txtContactTitle.Text;
newRow["Address"] = txtAddress.Text;
newRow["City"] = txtCity.Text;
newRow["PostalCode"] = txtZip.Text;
newRow["Phone"] = txtPhone.Text;
Thm dng mi vi d liu vo bng DataTable, cp nht vo c s d liu, hin
th cu truy vn, cp nht DataSet, hin th d liu mi ln hp ListBox. Lm trng
cc iu khin TextBox bng hm thnh vin ClearFields().
dataTable.Rows.Add(newRow);
PopulateLB( );
ClearFields( );
hiu r hon chnh ng, ta s xem m hon chnh ca ton ng dng :
using System;
using System.Data;

{
{
private System.Windows.Forms.Label label9;
private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox txtPhone;
private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox txtContactTitle;
private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox txtZip;
private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox txtCity;
private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox txtAddress;
private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox txtContactName;
private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox txtCompanyName;
166
private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox txtCompanyID;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button btnNew;
private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox txtCustomerName;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button btnUpdate;
private System.Windows.Forms.Label lblMessage;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button btnDelete;
private System.Windows.Forms.ListBox lbCustomers;
private SqlDataAdapter DataAdapter;

// bit thnh vin DataSet v dataTable cho php ta s
// dng trn nhiu hm khc nhau
private DataSet DataSet;
private DataTable dataTable;

public ADOForm1( )
{
string connectionString = "server=Neptune; uid=sa;" +
" pwd=oWenmEany; database=northwind";
string commandString = "Select * from Customers";
DataAdapter =
DataSet = new DataSet( );
PopulateLB( );
}

// y d liu vo iu khin ListBox
private void PopulateLB( )
{
dataTable = DataSet.Tables[0];
lbCustomers.Items.Clear( );
{
lbCustomers.Items.Add( dataRow["CompanyName"] + " (" +
dataRow["ContactName"] + ")" );
}
}

{
base.Dispose( );
}

{
this.txtCustomerName=new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.txtCity = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.txtCompanyID = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.lblMessage = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.btnUpdate = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.txtContactName= new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.txtZip = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.btnDelete = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
167
this.txtContactTitle=new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.txtAddress = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.txtCompanyName=new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox( );
this.label5 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label( );
this.lbCustomers = new System.Windows.Forms.ListBox( );
this.txtPhone = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox( );
this.btnNew = new System.Windows.Forms.Button( );
txtCustomerName.Location =
new System.Drawing.Point(256, 120);
txtCustomerName.TabIndex = 4;
txtCustomerName.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(160, 20);
txtCity.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(384, 245);
txtCity.TabIndex = 15;
txtCity.Size = new System.Drawing.Size (160, 20);
txtCompanyID.Location =
new System.Drawing.Point (136, 216);
txtCompanyID.TabIndex = 7;
txtCompanyID.Size = new System.Drawing.Size (160, 20);
lblMessage.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(32, 368);
lblMessage.Text = "Press New, Update or Delete";
lblMessage.Size = new System.Drawing.Size (416, 48);
lblMessage.TabIndex = 1;
btnUpdate.Location = new System.Drawing.Point (32, 120);
btnUpdate.Size = new System.Drawing.Size (75, 23);
btnUpdate.TabIndex = 0;
btnUpdate.Text = "Update";
btnUpdate.Click +=
new System.EventHandler (this.btnUpdate_Click);
txtContactName.Location =
txtContactName.TabIndex = 11;
txtContactName.Size = new System.Drawing.Size (160, 20);
txtZip.Location = new System.Drawing.Point (384, 274);
txtZip.TabIndex = 17;
txtZip.Size = new System.Drawing.Size (160, 20);
btnDelete.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(472, 120);
btnDelete.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(75, 23);
btnDelete.TabIndex = 2;
btnDelete.Text = "Delete";
btnDelete.Click +=
new System.EventHandler (this.btnDelete_Click);
txtContactTitle.Location =
txtContactTitle.TabIndex = 19;
txtContactTitle.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(160, 20);
txtAddress.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(384, 216);
txtAddress.TabIndex = 13;
txtAddress.Size = new System.Drawing.Size (160, 20);
txtCompanyName.Location= new System.Drawing.Point (136, 245);
txtCompanyName.TabIndex = 9;
168
txtCompanyName.Size = new System.Drawing.Size (160, 20);
label5.Location = new System.Drawing.Point (320, 252);
label5.Text = "City";
label5.Size = new System.Drawing.Size (48, 16);
label5.TabIndex = 14;
label6.Text = "Zip";
label7.Text = "Contact Title";
label8.Text = "Phone";
label9.Text = "New Customer Name:";
label4.Text = "Address";
lbCustomers.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(32, 16);
lbCustomers.Size = new System.Drawing.Size (512, 95);
lbCustomers.TabIndex = 3;
txtPhone.Location = new System.Drawing.Point (384, 303);
txtPhone.TabIndex = 21;
txtPhone.Size = new System.Drawing.Size (160, 20);
btnNew.Location = new System.Drawing.Point (472, 336);
btnNew.Size = new System.Drawing.Size (75, 23);
btnNew.TabIndex = 5;
btnNew.Text = "New";
btnNew.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.btnNew_Click);
label1.Text = "Company ID";
label2.Text = "Company Name";
label3.Text = "Contact Name";
this.Text = "Customers Update Form";
this.Controls.Add (this.label9);
this.Controls.Add (this.txtPhone);
this.Controls.Add (this.txtContactTitle);
this.Controls.Add (this.txtZip);
169
this.Controls.Add (this.txtCity);
this.Controls.Add (this.txtAddress);
this.Controls.Add (this.txtContactName);
this.Controls.Add (this.txtCompanyName);
this.Controls.Add (this.txtCompanyID);
this.Controls.Add (this.btnNew);
this.Controls.Add (this.txtCustomerName);
this.Controls.Add (this.btnUpdate);
this.Controls.Add (this.lblMessage);
this.Controls.Add (this.btnDelete);
this.Controls.Add (this.lbCustomers);
}

// Qun l s kin nhn nt to mi (New)
protected void btnNew_Click( object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
// to mt dng mi
DataRow newRow = dataTable.NewRow( );
newRow["CustomerID"] = txtCompanyID.Text;
newRow["CompanyName"] = txtCompanyName.Text;
newRow["ContactName"] = txtContactName.Text;
newRow["ContactTitle"] = txtContactTitle.Text;
newRow["Address"] = txtAddress.Text;
newRow["City"] = txtCity.Text;
newRow["PostalCode"] = txtZip.Text;
newRow["Phone"] = txtPhone.Text;

// thm mt dng mi vo bng
dataTable.Rows.Add(newRow);

// cp nht vo c s d liu

// thng bo cho ngi dng bit cu truy vn thay i

// hin th li d liu cho iu khin ListBox
PopulateLB( );

// Xo trng cc TextBox
ClearFields( );
}

// Xa trng cc TextBox
private void ClearFields( )
{
txtCompanyID.Text = "";
txtCompanyName.Text = "";
txtContactName.Text = "";
txtContactTitle.Text = "";
txtAddress.Text = "";
170
txtCity.Text = "";
txtZip.Text = "";
txtPhone.Text = "";
}

// qun l s kin nht nt chn cp nht (Update)
protected void btnUpdate_Click( object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// ly v dng c chn trn ListBox
DataRow targetRow =
dataTable.Rows[lbCustomers.SelectedIndex];

// thng bo cho ngi bit dng cp nht
lblMessage.Text = "Updating " + targetRow["CompanyName"];

// hiu chnh dng
targetRow.BeginEdit( );
targetRow["CompanyName"] = txtCustomerName.Text;
targetRow.EndEdit( );

// ly v cc dng thay i
DataSet DataSetChanged =
DataSet.GetChanges(DataRowState.Modified);

// m bo khng c dng no c li
bool okayFlag = true;
if (DataSetChanged.HasErrors)
{
okayFlag = false;
string msg = "Error in row with customer ID ";

// kim tra li trn tng bng
foreach (DataTable theTable in DataSetChanged.Tables)
{
// nu bng c li th tm li trn dng c th
if (theTable.HasErrors)
{
// ly cc dng c li
DataRow[] errorRows = theTable.GetErrors( );

// duyt qua tng dng c li thng bo.
foreach (DataRow theRow in errorRows)
{
msg = msg + theRow["CustomerID"];
}
}
}
}

// nu khng c li
if (okayFlag)
{
// trn cc thay i trong 2 DataSet thnh mt
DataSet.Merge(DataSetChanged);

// cp nht c s d liu
171

// thng bo cu truy vn cho ngi dng

// cp nht DataSet v
// hin th d liu mi cho ListBox
PopulateLB( );
}
else // nu c li
DataSet.RejectChanges( );
}

// qun l s kin xa
protected void btnDelete_Click( object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// ly v dng c chn trn ListBox
DataRow targetRow =
dataTable.Rows[lbCustomers.SelectedIndex];

// chun b thng bo cho ngi dng
string msg = targetRow["CompanyName"] + " deleted. ";

// xa dng c chn
dataTable.Rows[lbCustomers.SelectedIndex].Delete( );

// cp nht thay i cho DataSet

// cp nht c s d liu
// hin th li ListBox vi d liu thay i
PopulateLB( );

// thng bo cho ngi dng bit
}
{
}
}
}
Giao din thc thi ca ng dng :
172
Hnh 14-9 Cung cp d liu cho cc TextBox thm mi mt dng

Hnh 14-10 Sau khi thm mt dng vo cui ListBox

ng dng Web vi Web Forms Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
173

Chng 15 ng dng Web vi Web Forms
Cng ngh .NET c dng xy dng cc ng dng Web l ASP.NET, n cung
cp hai vng tn kh mnh v y phc v cho vic to cc ng dng Web l
System.Web v System.Web.UI. Trong phn ny chng ta s tp trung ch yu
vo vic dng ngn ng C# lp trnh vi ASP.NET.
B cng c Web Form cng c thit k h tr m hnh pht trin nhanh
(RAD). Vi Web Form, ta c th ko th cc iu khin trn Form thit k cng
nh c th vit m trc tip trong tp tin .aspx hay .aspx.cs. ng dng Web s
c trin khai trn my ch, cn ngi dng s tng tc vi ng dng thng qua
trnh duyt. .NET cn h tr ta b cung c to ra cc ng dng tun theo m
hnh n - lp (tng - n tier), gip ta c th qun l c ng dng c d dng hn
v nh th nng cao hiu sut pht trin phn mm.
1.1 Tm hiu v Web Forms
Web Form l b cng c cho php thc thi cc ng dng m cc trang Web do n
to ng ra c phn phi n trnh duyt thng qua mng Internet.
Vi Web Forms, ta to ra cc trang HTML vi ni dung tnh v dng m C# chy
trn Server x l d liu tnh ny ri to ra trang Web ng, gi trang ny v
trnh duyt di m HTML chun.
Web Forms c thit chy trn bt k trnh duyt no, trang HTML gi v s
c gt gia sao cho thch hp vi phin bn ca trnh duyt. Ngoi dng C#, ta
cng c th dng ngn ng VB.NET to ra cc ng dng Web tng t.
Web Forms chia giao din ngi dng thnh hai phn : phn thy trc quan ( hay
UI ) v phn trang m pha sau ca UI. Quan im ny th tng t vi Windows
Form, nhng vi Web Forms, hai phn ny nm trn hai tp tin ring bit. Phn
giao din UI c lu tr trong tp tin c phn m rng l .aspx, cn m c lu
tr trong tp tin c phn m rng l .aspx.cs.
Vi mi trng lm vic c cung cp bi b Visual Studio .NET, to cc ng
dng Web n gin ch l m Form mi, ko th v vit m qun l s kin thch
hp. Web Forms c tch hp thm mt lot cc iu khin thc thi trn Server, c
th t kim tra s hp l ca d liu ngay trn my khch m ta khng phi vit m
m t g c.
174
15.1 Cc s kin ca Web Forms
Mt s kin (Events) c to ra khi ngi dng nhn chn mt Button, chn mt
mc trong ListBox hay thc hin mt thao tc no trn UI. Cc s kin cng c
th c pht sinh h thng bt u hay kt thc.
Phng thc p ng s kin gi l trnh qun l s kin, cc trnh qun l s kin
ny c vit bng m C# trong trang m (code-behind) v kt hp vi cc thuc
tnh ca cc iu khin thuc trang.
Trnh qun l s kin l mt Delegate, phng thc ny s tr v kiu void, v c
hai i s. i s u tin l th hin ca i tng pht sinh ra s kin, i s th
hai l i tng EventArg hay mt i tng khc c dn xut t i tng
EventArgs. Cc s kin ny c qun l trn Server.
15.1.1 S kin PostBack v Non-PostBack
PostBack l s kin s khin Form c gi v Server ngay lp tc, chng hn s
kin trnh mt Form vi phng thc Post. i lp vi PostBack l Non-
PostBack, s kin ny khng gi Form nn Server m n lu s kin trn vng nh
Cache cho ti khi c mt s kin PostBack na xy ra. Khi mt iu khin c thuc
tnh AutoPostBack l true th s kin PostBack s c tc dng trn iu khin :
mc nhin thuc tnh AutoPostBach ca iu khin DropDownList l false,ta phi
t li l true th s kin chn mt mc khc trong DropDownList ny mi c tc
dng.
15.1.2 Trng thi ca ng dng Web (State)
Trng thi ca ng dng Web l gi tr hin hnh ca cc iu khin v mi bin
trong phin lm vic hin hnh ca ngi dng. Web l mi trng khng trng
thi, ngha l mi s kin Post ln Server u lm mt i mi thng tin v phin lm
vic trc . Tuy nhin ASP.NET cung cp c ch h tr vic duy tr trng thi
v phin ca ngi dng.
Bt k trang no khi c gi ln my ch Server u c my ch tng hp
thng tin v ti to li sau mi gi xung trnh duyt cho my khch. ASP.NET
cung cp mt c ch gip duy tr trng thi ca cc iu khin pha my ch (
Server Control ) mt cch t ng. V th nu ta cung cp cho ngi dng mt
danh sch d liu ListBox, v ngi dng thc hin vic chn la trn ListBox ny,
s kin chn la ny s vn c duy tr sau khi trang c gi ln my ch v gi
v cho trnh duyt cho my khch.
15.1.3 Chu trnh sng ca mt Web-Form
Khi c yu cu mt trang Web trn my ch Web s to ra mt chui cc s kin
my ch , t lc bt u cho n lc kt thc mt yu cu s hnh thnh mt chu
trnh sng ( Life-Cycle ) cho trang Web v cc thnh phn thuc n. Khi mt trang
175
Web c yu cu, my ch s tin hnh m ( Load ) n v khi hon tt yu cu
my ch s ng trang ny li, kt xut ca yu cu ny l mt trang HTML tng
ng s c gi v cho trnh duyt. Di y s lit k mt s s kin, ta c th bt
cc s kin x l thch hp hay b qua ASP.NET x l mc nh.
Khi to (Initialize) L s kin u tin trong chu trnh sng ca trang, ta c th
khi bt k cc thng s cho trang hay cc iu khin thuc trang.
M trng thi vng quan st (Load View State) c gi khi thuc tnh
ViewState ca iu khin c cng b hay g. Cc gi tr trong ViewState s
c lu tr trong mt bin n ( Hidden Field ), ta c th ly gi tr ny thng qua
hm LoadViewState() hay ly trc tip.
Kt thc (Dispose) Ta c th dng s kin ny gii phng bt k ti nguyn
nguyn no : b nh hay hy b cc kt ni n c s d liu.
15.2 Hin th chui ln trang
u tin ta cn chy Visual Studio .NET, sau to mt d n mi kiu Web
Application, ngn ng chn l C# v ng dng s c tn l ProgrammingCSharpWeb.
Url mc nhin ca ng dng s c tn l http://localhost/ ProgrammingCSharpWeb.
Hnh 15-1 Ca s to ng dng Web mi

Visual Studio .NET s t hu ht cc tp tin n to ra cho ng dng trong th mc
Web mc nh trn my ngi dng, v d :
D:\Inetpub\wwwroot\ProgrammingCSharpWeb. Trong .NET, mt gii php
176
(Solution) c mt hay hiu d n (Project), mi d n s to ra mt th vin lin kt
ng (DLL) hay tp tin thc thi (EXE). c th chy c ng dng Web Form,
ta cn phi ci t IIS v FrontPage Server Extension trn my tnh.
Khi ng dng Web Form c to, .NET to sn mt s tp tin v mt trang Web
c tn mc nh l WebForm1.aspx ch cha m HTML v WebForm1.cs cha m
qun l trang. Trang m .cs khng nm trong ca s Solution Explorer, hin th
n ta chn Project\Show All Files, ta ch cn nhn p chut tri trn trang Web l
ca s son tho m (Editor) s hin nn, cho php ta vit m qun l trang.
chuyn t ca s thit k ko th sang ca s m HTML ca trang, ta chn hai Tab
gc bn tri pha di mn hnh.
t tn li cho trang Web bng cch nhn chut phi ln trang v chn mc
Rename i tn trang thnh HelloWeb.aspx, .NET cng s t ng i tn trang
m ca trang thnh HelloWeb.cs. NET cng to ra mt s m HTML cho trang :
Hnh 15-2

.NET pht sinh ra mt s m ASP.NET :
<%@ Page language="c#"
Codebehind="HelloWeb.cs"
AutoEventWireup="false"
Inherits="ProgrammingCSharpWeb.WebForm1" %>
Thuc tnh language ch ra ngn ng lp trnh c dng trong trang m qun l
trang, y l C#. Codebehide xc nh trang m qun l c tn HelloWeb.cs v
thuc tnh Inherits ch trang Web c tha k t lp WebForm1 c vit trong
HelloWeb.cs :
public class WebForm1 : System.Web.UI.Page
Ta thy trang ny c tha k t lp System.Web.UI.Page, lp ny do ASP.NET
cung cp, xc nh cc thuc tnh, phng thc v cc s kin chung cho cc trang
pha my ch. M HTML pht sinh nh dng thuc tnh ca Form :
<form id="Form1" method="post" runat="server">
177
Thuc tnh id lm nh danh cho Form, thuc tnh method c gi tr l POST
ngha l Form s c gi ln my ch ngay lp tc khi nhn mt s kin do ngi
dng pht ra ( nh s kin nhn nt ) v c IsPostBack trn my ch khi s c
gi tr l true. Bin c ny c gi tr l false nu Form c trnh vi phng
thc GET hay ln u tin trang c gi. Bt k iu khin no hay Form c
thuc tnh runat=server th iu khin hay Form ny s c x l bi
ASP.NET Framework trn my ch. Thuc tnh MS_POSITIONING =
GridLayout trong th <Body>, cho bit cch b tr cc iu khin trn Form theo
dng li, ngoi ra ta cn c th b tr cc iu khin tri li trn trang, bng cch
gn thuc tnh MS_POSITIONING thnh FlowLayout.
Hin gi Form ca ta l trng, hin th mt chui g ln mn hnh, ta g dng
m sau trong th <body> :
Hello World! It is now <% = DateTime.Now.ToString( ) %>
Ging vi ASP, phn nm trong du <% %> c xem nh l m qun l cho
trang, y l m C#. Du = ch ra mt gi tr nhn c t mt bin hay mt i
tng no , ta cng c th vit m trn li nh sau vi cng chc nng :
Hello World! It is now
<% Response.Write(DateTime.Now.ToString( )); %>
Thc thi trang ny ( Ctrl-F5 ), kt qu s hin trn trnh duyt nh sau :
Hnh 15-3 Hin th chui thi gian

thm cc iu khin cho trang, hoc l ta c th vit m trong ca s HTML
hoc l ko th cc iu khin trn b cng ca Web Form vo ca s thit k trang.
ASP.NET s t ng pht sinh ra kt qu t m HTML thnh cc iu khin cng
nh t cc iu khin trn trang thit thnh m HTML tng ng. V d, ko hai
RadioButton vo trang v gn cng mt gi tr no cho thuc tnh GroupName
ca c hai iu khin, thuc tnh ny s lm cho cc nt chn loi tr ln nhau. M
HTML ca trang trong th <Form> do ASP.NET pht sinh s nh sau :
178
Hnh 15-4

Cc iu khin ca ASP.NET, c thm ch asp: pha trc tn ca iu khin ,
c thit k mang tnh hng i tng nhiu hn.
<asp:RadioButton>
<asp:CheckBox>
<asp:Button>
<asp:TextBox rows="1">
<asp:TextBox rows="5">
Ngoi cc iu khin ca ASP.NET, cc iu khin HTML chun cng c
ASP.NET h tr. Tuy nhin cc iu khin khng to s d c trong m ngun do
tnh i tng trn chng khng r rng, cc iu khin HTML chun ng vi nm
iu khin trn l :
<input type = "radio">
<input type="checkbox">
<input type="button">
<input type="text">
<textarea>
15.3 iu khin xc nhn hp
ASP.NET cung cp mt tp cc iu khin xc nhn hp l d liu nhp pha my
ch cng nh di trnh duyt ca my khch. Tuy nhin vic xc nhn hp l
di my khch ch l mt chn la, ta c th tt n i, nhng vic xc nhn hp l
trn my ch thng qua cc iu khin ny l bt buc, nhm phng nga mt s
trng hp d liu nhp l gi mo. Vic kim tra hp l ca m trn my ch l
phng cc trng hp. Mt s loi xc nhn hp l : d liu khng c rng, tha
mt nh dng d liu no
Cc iu khin xc nhn hp l phi c gn lin vi mt iu khin nhn d liu
HTML no , cc iu khin nhp c lit trong bng sau :
Bng 15-1 Cc iu khin nhp HTML dng xc nhn hp l
Cc iu khin nhp Thuc tnh xc nhn hp l
179
Cc iu khin nhp Thuc tnh xc nhn hp l
ng vi mt iu khin nhp HTML, ta c th gn nhiu iu khin xc nhn hp
l cho n, bng di y s lit k cc iu khin nhp hin c :
Bng 15-2 Cc iu khin xc nhn hp l
iu khin Mc ch
CompareValidator So snh cc gi tr ca hai iu khin xem c bng nhau hay
khng
CustomValidator Gi mt hm do ngi dng nh ngha thi hnh vic kim tra
RangeValidator Kim tra xem mt mc c nm trong mt min cho hay khng
RegularExpressionvalidator Kim tra ngi dng c sa i mt mc ( m gi tr ca n khc
vi mt gi tr ch nh ban u, ngm nh gi tr ban u l
mt chui trng ) hay khng
ValidationSummary Thng bo s hp l trn cc iu khin
15.4 Mt s v d mu minh ha
Mt cch thun tin nht hc mt cng ngh mi chnh l da vo cc v d, v
vy trong phn ny chng ta s kho st mt vi v d minh ha cho phn l
thuyt ca chng ta. Nh ta bit, ta c th vit m qun l theo hai cch : hoc l
vit trong tp tin .cs hoc l vit trc tip trong trang cha m HTML. y d
tp trung vo cc v d ca chng ta, ta s vit m qun l trc tip trn trang
HTML.
15.4.1 Kt buc d liu
15.4.1.1 Khng thng qua thuc tnh DataSource
ng dng ca chng ta n gin ch hin ln trang tn khch hng v s ha n
bng cch dng hm DataBind(). Hm ny s kt buc d liu ca mi thuc tnh
hay ca bt k i tng.
<html>
<head>
// m qun l C# s c vit trong th <script> ny
180
<script language="C#" runat="server">

// trang s gi hm ny u tin, ta s thc hin kt buc
// trc tip trong hm ny
void Page_Load(Object sender, EventArgs e) {
Page.DataBind();
}

// ly gi tr ca thuc tnh thng qua thuc tnh // get
string custID{
get {
return "ALFKI";
}
}
int orderCount{
get {
return 11;
}
}
</script>

</head>
<body>
<h3><font face="Verdana"> Ket buoc khong dung DataSource
</font></h3>
<form runat=server>
Khach hang: <b><%# custID %></b><br>
So hoa don: <b><%# orderCount %></b>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Hnh 15-5 Giao din ca v d

15.4.1.2 iu khin DataList vi DataSource
Trong v d ny, ta s dng thuc tnh DataSource ca iu khin <asp:DataList>
kt buc d liu, ta s cung cp cho thuc tnh DataSource ny mt bng d liu
gi, sau dng hm DataBinder.Eval() kt buc d liu trong DataSource theo
mt nh dng ( Format ) thch hp mong mun. D liu s c hin th ln mn
hnh di dng mt bng cc ha n sau khi ta gi hm DataBind().
181
//Khng gian tn cha cc i tng ca ADO.NET
<%@ Import namespace="System.Data" %>
<html>
<head>

// nu trang c gi ln u tin
if (!Page.IsPostBack) {

// to ra mt bng d liu mi gm 4 ct , sau thm d
// liu gi cho bng
DataTable dt = new DataTable();
DataRow dr;

// thm 4 ct DataColumn vo bng, mi ct c cc
// kiu d liu ring
dt.Columns.Add(new DataColumn("IntegerValue", typeof(Int32)));
dt.Columns.Add(new DataColumn("StringValue", typeof(string)));
dt.Columns.Add(new DataColumn("DateTimeValue", typeof(DateTime)));
dt.Columns.Add(new DataColumn("BoolValue", typeof(bool)));

// thm 9 dng d liu cho bng bng cch to ra
// mt dng mi dng phng thc NewRow() ca i
// tng DataTable, sau gn d liu gi cho
// dng ny v thm dng d liu ny vo bng
for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
dr = dt.NewRow();
dr[0] = i;
dr[1] = "Item " + i.ToString();
dr[2] = DateTime.Now;
dr[3] = (i % 2 != 0) ? true : false;
dt.Rows.Add(dr);
}

// gn bng d liu cho thuc tnh DataSource ca iu
// khin DataList, sau thc hin kt buc bng hm
// DataBind()
dataList1.DataSource = new DataView(dt);
dataList1.DataBind();
}
}
</script>
</head>

<body>

<h3><font face="Verdana">Ket buoc du lieu dung DataSource thong qua
ham DataBind.Eval() </font></h3>
<form runat=server>

// iu khin danh sch cho php ta kt buc d liu kh
// linh ng, ta ch cn cung cp cho n mt DataSource
// thch hp, sau gi hm DataBind() hin th d liu // ln
trang
<asp:DataList id="dataList1" runat="server"
RepeatColumns="3"
Width="80%"
182
BorderColor="black"
BorderWidth="1"
GridLines="Both"
CellPadding="4"
CellSpacing="0">
// y l mt thuc tnh ca li, khi gi hm
// DabaBind(), d liu trong DataSource s c trch ra
// (nu l danh cc i tng th mi ln trch s ly ra
// mt phn t kiu i tng , sau dng hm
// DataBinder.Eval() gn gi tr, cn nu l mt bng
// d liu th mi ln kt buc s ly ra mt dng d
// liu, hm DataBind.Eval() s ly d liu ca tng
// trng) kt buc ln trang. N s lp li thao tc
// ny cho ti khi d liu c kt buc ht.
<ItemTemplate>
//ly d liu trn ct u tin kt buc
Ngay hoa don: <%# DataBinder.Eval(Container.DataItem,
"DateTimeValue", "{0:d}") %>

//ly d liu trn ct th 2
So luong: <%# DataBinder.Eval(Container.DataItem, "IntegerValue",
"{0:N2}") %>

//ct th 3
Muc: <%# DataBinder.Eval(Container.DataItem, "StringValue") %>
//ct th 4
Ngay hoa don: <asp:CheckBox id=chk1 Checked='<%#
(bool)DataBinder.Eval(Container.DataItem, "BoolValue") %>'
runat=server/><p>
</ItemTemplate>
</asp:Datalist>
</form>
</body>
</html>
183
Hnh 15-6 Giao din ca v d sau khi thc thi

15.4.1.3 Kt buc vi iu khin DataGrid
Trong v trc, ta tm hiu s qua v cch y d liu vo thuc tnh DataSource
ca iu khin DataList thng qua hm kt buc DataBind().V d ny chng ta s
kho st thm v cch kt buc trn iu khin li DataGrid v cch dng iu
khin xc nhn hp l trn d liu. Khi ng dng chy s hin th mt bng d liu
ln trang, ngi dng c th hiu chnh bt k mt dng no trn bng d liu bng
cch nhn vo chui lnh hiu chnh ( Edit ) trn li, g vo cc d liu cn hiu
chnh, khi mun hy b thao tc hiu chnh ta nhn chn chui b qua (Cancel).
tp trung vo mc ch ca v d, chng ta s dng bng d liu gi, cch lm s
tng t trn bng d liu ly ra t c s d liu. Sau y l m ca v d :
//khng gian tn cn thit truy cp n cc i tng ADO.NET
<%@ Import Namespace="System.Data" %>
<html>


//khai bo i tng bng v khung nhn
DataTable Cart;
DataView CartView;

// ly d liu trong Session, nu khng c th ta s to ra mt
// bng d liu khc
184
if (Session["DG6_ShoppingCart"] == null) {
Cart = new DataTable();

//bng s c 3 ct u c kiu l chui
Cart.Columns.Add(new DataColumn("Qty", typeof(string)));
Cart.Columns.Add(new DataColumn("Item", typeof(string)));
Cart.Columns.Add(new DataColumn("Price", typeof(string)));

//y nh danh ca bng vo phin lm vic hin thi
Session["DG6_ShoppingCart"] = Cart;

// to d liu mu cho bng
for (int i=1; i<5; i++) {
DataRow dr = Cart.NewRow();
dr[0] = ((int)(i%2)+1).ToString();
dr[1] = "Item " + i.ToString();
dr[2] = ((double)(1.23 * (i+1))).ToString();
Cart.Rows.Add(dr);
}
}
else {
//nu bng c sn trong Session, ta s ly ra dng
Cart = (DataTable)Session["DG6_ShoppingCart"];
}

// to ra khung nhn cho bng, sau sp xp khung nhn theo // ct
Item
CartView = new DataView(Cart);
CartView.Sort = "Item";

// nu trang c gi ln u tin th kt buc d liu thng // qua
hm BindGrid()ca ta
if (!IsPostBack) {
BindGrid();
}
}

// s kin nhn chui hiu chnh (Edit) trn li, ta s ly ch //
mc ca dng cn hiu chnh thng qua i tng
// DataGridCommandEventArgs, sau truyn ch mc ny cho iu //
khin li ca ta v gi hm kt buc ca ta y d liu
// ln li
public void MyDataGrid_Edit(Object sender, DataGridCommandEventArgs
e) {
MyDataGrid.EditItemIndex = (int)e.Item.ItemIndex;
BindGrid();
}

//s kin nhn b qua trn li (Cancel)
public void MyDataGrid_Cancel(Object sender,
DataGridCommandEventArgs e) {
MyDataGrid.EditItemIndex = -1;
BindGrid();
}

//sau khi hiu chnh d liu, ngi dng tin hnh cp nht public
void MyDataGrid_Update(Object sender, DataGridCommandEventArgs e) {
185

// ly d liu trn TextBox
string item = e.Item.Cells[1].Text;
string qty = ((TextBox)e.Item.Cells[2].Controls[0]).Text;
string price = ((TextBox)e.Item.Cells[3].Controls[0]).Text;

// y, do chng ta dng d liu gi lu trn b nh chnh, // nu
dng c s d liu th chng ta s tin hnh hiu chnh // trc tip
trong c s d liu bng cc cu truy vn :
// UPDATE, SELECT, DELETE

//xa dng c
CartView.RowFilter = "Item='"+item+"'";
if (CartView.Count > 0) {
CartView.Delete(0);
}
CartView.RowFilter = "";

//to dng mi v thm vo bng
DataRow dr = Cart.NewRow();
dr[0] = qty;
dr[1] = item;
dr[2] = price;
Cart.Rows.Add(dr);
MyDataGrid.EditItemIndex = -1;
BindGrid();
}

//kt buc d liu thng qua thuc tnh DataSource ca li
public void BindGrid() {
MyDataGrid.DataSource = CartView;
MyDataGrid.DataBind();
}

</script>

<body style="font: 10pt verdana">

<form runat="server">
<h3><font face="Verdana">Using an Edit Command Column in
DataGrid</font></h3>

//Khai bo cc thng s cho li, cc s kin trn li :
OnEditCommand : khi ngi dng nhn chui hiu chnh (Edit)
OnCancelCommand : nhn chui b qua hiu chnh (Cancel)
OnUpdateCommand : nhn chui cp nht hiu chnh (Update)
<asp:DataGrid id="MyDataGrid" runat="server"
BorderColor="black"
BorderWidth="1"
CellPadding="3"
Font-Name="Verdana"
Font-Size="8pt"
HeaderStyle-BackColor="#aaaadd"
OnEditCommand="MyDataGrid_Edit"
OnCancelCommand="MyDataGrid_Cancel"
OnUpdateCommand="MyDataGrid_Update"
AutoGenerateColumns="false"
>
186

// cc thng s hiu chnh trn ct, y ta ch cho ngi
// dng hiu chnh trn ct s lng v gi ha n
<Columns>
<asp:EditCommandColumn
EditText="Edit"
CancelText="Cancel"
UpdateText="Update"
ItemStyle-Wrap="false"
HeaderText="Edit Command Column"
HeaderStyle-Wrap="false"
/>
<asp:BoundColumn HeaderText="Item" ReadOnly="true"
DataField="Item"/>
<asp:BoundColumn HeaderText="Quantity" DataField="Qty"/>
<asp:BoundColumn HeaderText="Price" DataField="Price"/>
</Columns>
</asp:DataGrid>

</form>
</body>
</html>
Giao din ca v d khi chy :
Hnh 15-7 Hiu chnh trc tip trn li d liu

Sau khi ngi dng chn nt Edit trn li, mn hnh ng dng s nh sau :
187
Hnh 15-8 Ngi dng sau khi nhn chui Edit

15.4.2 iu khin xc nhn hp l
Vic xc nhn hp l l cn thit vi cc ng dng cn yu cu nhp liu, vic a
ra cc iu khin c kh nng xc nhn hp l trc tip di my khch ln trn
my ch, y c th l mt tnh nng mi ca ASP.NET, ta khng cn phi vit m
kim tra g c, m kim tra di trnh duyt ( chng hn nh Java Script ) s c
ASP.NET t ng pht sinh. gn mt iu khin bt li vo mt iu khin cn
bt li ta ch cn gn thuc tnh ControlToValidate ca iu khin bt li bng gi
tr nh danh id ca iu khin cn bt li, v d : bt li iu khin TextBox
khng c trng, ta vit m nh sau :
//iu khin cn bt li
<ASP:TextBox id=TextBox1 runat=server />

//iu khin bt li hp nhp liu TextBox1
<asp:RequiredFieldValidator id="RequiredFieldValidator2"
ControlToValidate="TextBox1"
ErrorMessage="Card Number. "
Display="Static"
Width="100%" runat=server>
*
</asp:RequiredFieldValidator>
V d ca chng ta s cho hin th 2 hp thoi DropDownList, 2 nt chn
RadioButton v mt hp thoi nhp TextBox, nu tn ti mc nhp no trng khi
nhn nt xc nhn Validate, th cc iu khin xc nhn hp l s hin th li tng
ng. Thng ip li c th c hin th theo ba cch khc nhau : lit k theo danh
sch (List), lit k trn cng mt dng ( Single Paragraph ), lit k danh sch vi
du chm trn u ( Bullet List ). M hon chnh ca v d c lit k nh sau :
// khng cho php iu khin xc nhn hp l di my khch bng
// cch gn thuc tnh clienttarget = downlevel
<%@ Page clienttarget=downlevel %>
188
<html>
<head>
<script language="C#" runat=server>

// thay i ch hin th li bng cch chn 1 trong 3 mc
// trong hp thoi ListBox
void ListFormat_SelectedIndexChanged(Object Sender, EventArgs E )
{
valSum.DisplayMode = (ValidationSummaryDisplayMode)
ListFormat.SelectedIndex;
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<h3><font face="Verdana">V d v xc nhn iu khin hp l
ValidationSummary</font></h3>
<p>
<table cellpadding=10><tr> <td>
<table bgcolor="#eeeeee" cellpadding=10><tr><td colspan=3>

<font face=Verdana size=2><b>Credit Card
Information</b></font></td></tr>
<tr>
<td align=right>
<font face=Verdana size=2>Card Type:</font></td>

<td>
// danh sch cc nt chn c bt li bi iu //khin xc nhn hp
l RequireFieldValidator1
<ASP:RadioButtonList id=RadioButtonList1 RepeatLayout="Flow"
runat=server>
<asp:ListItem>MasterCard</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Visa</asp:ListItem>
</ASP:RadioButtonList>
</td>

//iu khin xc nhn hp l cho cc nt chn //RadioButtonList1
<td align=middle rowspan=1>
ControlToValidate="RadioButtonList1"
ErrorMessage="Card Type. "
Display="Static"
InitialValue="" Width="100%" runat=server>
*
</td></tr>

<tr>
<td align=right>
<font face=Verdana size=2>Card Number:</font>
</td>
<td>
<ASP:TextBox id=TextBox1 runat=server />
</td>
<td>
189
//iu khin xc nhn hp l trn hp thoi //nhp liu TextBox, nu
chui l trng khi //nhn nt Validate th s b bt li.
ControlToValidate="TextBox1"
ErrorMessage="Card Number. "
Display="Static"
Width="100%" runat=server>
*
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align=right>
<font face=Verdana size=2>Expiration Date:</font>
</td>
<td>

//hp thoi DropDownList dng hin th //danh sch cc ngy, nu
ngi dng chn //mc trng trong DropDownList ny th s b //iu
khin xc nhn hp l //RequireFieldValidator3 bt li
<ASP:DropDownList id=DropDownList1 runat=server>
<asp:ListItem></asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem >06/00</asp:ListItem>
</ASP:DropDownList>
</td>
<td>

//iu khin xc nhn hp l trn //DropDownList1 hin th ngy ht
hn, nu //ngi dng chn mt mc trng trn //DropDownList th
iu khin ny s pht //sinh ra li
ControlToValidate="DropDownList1"
ErrorMessage="Expiration Date. "
Display="Static"
InitialValue=""
Width="100%"
runat=server>
*
</asp:RequiredFieldValidator></td>
</tr>
<tr>
190
<td>
//nt nhn xc nh hp l
<ASP:Button id=Button1 text="Validate" runat=server /></td></tr>

</table>
</td>
<td valign=top>
<table cellpadding=20><tr><td>

//iu khin dng hin th cc li ln trang, //n s bt bt k
li no c pht sinh bi cc //iu khin DropDownList hin th
<asp:ValidationSummary ID="valSum" runat="server"
HeaderText="You must enter a value in the following fields:"
Font-Name="verdana"
Font-Size="12"
/>
</td></tr></table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<font face="verdana" size="-1">Select the type of validation summary
display you wish: </font>

//Danh sch lit k 3 cch hin th li
<asp:DropDownList id="ListFormat" AutoPostBack=true
OnSelectedIndexChanged="ListFormat_SelectedIndexChanged"
runat=server >
<asp:ListItem>List</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem selected>Bulleted List</asp:ListItem>
<asp:ListItem>Single Paragraph</asp:ListItem>
</asp:DropDownList>

</form>
</body>
</html>
Giao din ca v d khi chy :
191
Hnh 15-9 Khi cha nhn nt xc nhn Validate

Hnh 15-10 Hin th li do b trng trn TextBox theo dng du chm trn Bullet

Cc dch v Web Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
192

Chng 16 Cc dch v Web
Hin nay, vn cn mt s hn ch ln trong cc ng dng Web. Ngi dng b gii
hn ch thc hin c nhng ni dung c cu trc cho mt trang c th v
xem d liu thng qua mt s giao din c th no c thit k trn my
ch. Do ngi dng mun ly c thng tin c linh ng v hiu qu hn.
Hn na, thay v ta hin th thng tin thng qua trnh duyt Web, ta mun chy mt
phn mm trc tip trn my khch m c th trao i d liu trn my ch tu .
Cng ngh .NET cho php xy dng cch dch v Web ( Web Services ) p ng
c cc yu cu trn. tng chnh l : thay v lit k cc thng tin theo dng
HTML, trang to sn mt lot cc lnh gi hm. Cc lnh gi hm ny c th trao
i thng tin qua li gia cc h c s d liu trn my ch. Cc hm ny c th
chp nhn cc tham s v c th tr v mt gi tr ty .
Cc dch v Web vn da trn giao thc HTTP truyn d liu, ng thi n cn
phi s dng thm mt loi giao thc phc v cho vic gi hm. Hin nay c hai
giao thc c dng ch yu l : SOAP ( Simple Object Access Protocol ) v SDL
( Service Description Language, y l giao thc ring ca Microsoft ). C hai giao
thc ny u c xy dng da trn XML, mc ch chung ca chng l gip nh
ngha cc lnh gi hm, tham s v gi tr.
Ngoi ra, Microsoft cng a ra thm mt tng mi v tp tin Discovery File,
c phn m rng l .disco. Tp tin dng ny dng cung cp cc thng tin cho cc
trnh duyt cc trnh duyt ny c th xc nh c cc trang trn cc my ch
m c cha cc dch v Web.
Sau y, ta s tm hiu mt v d nhm minh ha vic to ra mt dch v Web, ng
vai tr l mt th vin cha mt tp cc hm tin ch. Trang Web ca chng ta s s
dng cc hm ca dch v ny. Dch v Web ca chng s c tn MathService, n
gin l nh ngha bn phng thc cng, tr, nhn, chia trn hai s thc bt k.
Mi phng thc u nhn vo hai i s kiu s thc v tr v kt qu cng c
kiu s thc.
u tin ta cn to mt d n kiu Web Service bng cch chn : New
Project\Visual C# Project\ASP.NET Web Service v t tn cho d n l
MathService v i tn dch v thnh MathService.asmx. NET c to sn cho
chng ta mt s tp tin nh :
Service1.asmx : c trnh duyt yu cu, tng t vi tp tin .aspx.
WebService1.cs: trang cha m C# qun l.
DiscoFile1.disco: tp tin khm ph.
193
Trong v d ny, chng ta s to ra mt Web Form mi v thit giao din nh sau :

Web Form s gi thc thi cc hm ca dch v Web.

D n ca ta s tha k namespace l System.Web.Services.WebService,ni cha
cc thuc tnh v phng thc cn thit to dch v Web.
public class MathService : System.Web.Services.WebService
Trn mi phng thc ta cn khai bo thuc tnh [WebMethod], ch ra y l
phng thc s c s dng cho dch v Web. M ca tp tin dch v s nh sau :
using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Services;

namespace MathService
{
public class MathService :System.Web.Services.WebService
{
public MathService()
{
InitializeComponent();
}

#region Component Designer generated code

private IContainer components = null;

private void InitializeComponent()
{

}
protected override void Dispose( bool disposing )
194
{
if(disposing && components != null)
{
components.Dispose();
}
base.Dispose(disposing);
}

#endregion

//4 hm ton hc ca dch v Web, trn mi phng thc
//ta cn khai bo thuc tnh [WebMethod] ch y l
//phng thc dnh cho dch v Web.
[WebMethod]
public float Add(float a, float b)
{
return a + b;
}

[WebMethod]
public float Subtract(float a, float b)
{
return a - b;
}

[WebMethod]
public float Multiply(float a, float b)
{
return a * b;
}

[WebMethod]
public float Divide(float a, float b)
{
if (b==0) return -1;
return a / b;
}
}
}

By gi chng ta s vit m thc thi cho trang Web. Trang Web ca chng ta s gi
cc hm ca dch v tng ng vi cc php cng, tr, nhn, chia . Sau y l m
ca trang Web:
<%@ Import Namespace="MathService" %>
<html>
float operand1 = 0;
float operand2 = 0;
public void Submit_Click(Object sender, EventArgs E)
{
try
{
operand1 = float.Parse(Operand1.Text);
operand2 = float.Parse(Operand2.Text);
}
catch (Exception) { /* b qua li nu c */ }
195

//to ra mt i tng dch v MathService c th truy cp n
//cc hm thnh vin ca chng.
MathService service = new MathService();
switch (((Control)sender).ID)
{
case "Add" : Result.Text = "<b>Result</b> = " +
service.Add(operand1, operand2).ToString(); break;

case "Subtract" : Result.Text = "<b>Result</b> = " +
service.Subtract(operand1, operand2).ToString(); break;

case "Multiply" : Result.Text = "<b>Result</b> = " +
service.Multiply(operand1, operand2).ToString(); break;

case "Divide" : Result.Text = "<b>Result</b> = " +
service.Divide(operand1, operand2).ToString(); break;
}
}

</script>

<body style="font: 10pt verdana">
<h4>Using a Simple Math Service
</h4>
<div style="padding:15,15,15,15;background-
color:beige;width:300;border-color:black;border-
width:1;border-style:solid">
Operand 1:<br>
<asp:TextBox id="Operand1" Text="15" runat="server"
/><br>

Operand 2:<br>
<asp:TextBox id="Operand2" Text="5" runat="server"
/><p>

<input type="submit" id="Add" value="Add"
OnServerClick="Submit_Click" runat="server">

<input type="submit" id="Subtract" value="Subtract"

<input type="submit" id="Multiply" value="Multiply"

<input type="submit" id="Divide" value="Divide"
<p>
<asp:Label id="Result" runat="server" />
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Assemblies v Versioning Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
196
Chng 17 Assemblies v Versioning
n v c bn trong lp trnh .NET l Assembly. Mt Assembly l mt tp hp cc
tp tin m i vi ngi s dng, h ch thy l mt tp tin DLL hay EXE.
.NET nh ngha Assembly l mt n v c kh nng ti s dng (re-use), mang s
hiu phin bn (versioning), bo mt (security) v cui cng l kh nng trin khai
(deployment)
Asssembly c th cha ng nhiu thnh phn khc ngoi m chng trnh ng
dng nh ti nguyn (resource, v d tp tin .GIF), thng tin m t kiu (type
definition), siu d liu (metadata) v m v d liu.
17.1 Tp tin PE
Assembly c lu tr trn da t theo dng thc tp tin Portable Executable (PE).
Dng thc tp tin PE ca .NET cng ging nh tp tin PE bnh thng ca
Windows NT. Dng thc PE c ci t thnh dng thc tp tin DLL v EXE.
V mt logic, assembly cha ng mt hay nhiu module. Mi module c t
chc thnh mt DLL v ng thi mi module l mt cu thnh ca assembly. Cc
module t bn thn chng khng th chy c, cc module phi kt hp vi nhau
thnh assembly th mi c th lm c vic g hu ch.
17.2 Metadata
Metadata l thng tin c lu tr bn trong assembly vi mc ch l m t cc
kiu d liu, cc phng thc v cc thng tin khc v assembly. Do c cha
metadata nn assembly c kh nng t m t.
17.3 Ranh gii an ninh
Assembly to ra mt ranh gii an ninh (security boundary). Cc kiu d liu nh
ngha bn trong assembly b gii hn phm vi ti ranh gii assembly. c th s
dng chung mt kiu d liu gia 2 assembly, cn phi ch nh r bng tham chiu
(reference) trong IDE hoc dng lnh.
17.4 S hiu phin bn (Versioning)
Mi assembly c s hiu phin bn ring. Mt phin bn m ch ton b ni dung
ca mt assembly bao gm c kiu d liu v resource.
17.5 Manifest
Manifest chnh l mt thnh phn ca metadata. Manifest m t mt assembly cha
nhng g, v d nh: thng tin nhn dng (tn, phin bn), danh sch cc kiu d
197
liu, danh sch cc resource, danh sch cc assembly khc c assembly ny tham
chiu n,
17.5.1 Cc module trong manifest
Mt assembly c th cha nhiu module, do manifest trong assembly cn c th
cha m bm (hash code) ca mi module lp ghp thnh assembly bo m
rng khi thc thi, ch c th np cc module ng phin bn.
Ch cn mt s thay i rt rt nh trong module l m bm s thay i.
17.5.2 Manifest trong module
Mi module cng cha ring phn manifest m t cho chnh n ging nh assembly
cha manifest m t cho assembly vy.
17.5.3 Cc assembly cn tham chiu
Manifest ca assembly cng c th cha tham chiu n cc assembly khc. Mi
tham chiu cha ng tn, phin bn, vn ha (culture), ngun gc (originator),
Thng tin v ngun gc chnh l ch k s (digital signature) ca lp trnh vin hay
ca cng ty ni cung cp assembly m assembly hin ti ang tham chiu n.
Vn ha l mt i tng cha thng tin v ngn ng, cch trnh by ca mi quc
gia. V d nh cch th hin ngy thng: D/M/Y hay M-D-Y
17.6 a Module Assembly
Mt assembly n module l mt assembly ch gm mt module, module ny c
th l mt tp tin EXE hoc DLL. Manifest cho assembly n module c nhng
vo trong module.
Mt assembly a module l mt assembly bao gm nhiu tp tin (t nht mt tp tin
EXE hoc DLL). Manifest cho assembly a module c th c lu tr thnh mt
tp tin ring bit hoc c nhng vo mt module no bt k.
17.6.1 Li ch ca a module assembly
Nu mt d n c nhiu lp trnh vin m d n ch xy dng bng mt
assembly, vic kim li, bin dch d n, l mt c mng v tt c cc lp trnh
vin phi hp tc vi nhau, phi kim tra phin bn, phi ng b ha m ngun,
Nu mt ng dng ln c xy dng bng nhiu assembly, khi cn cp nht
(update) sa li chng hn, th ch cn cp nht mt / vi assembly m thi.
Nu mt ng dng ln c t chc t nhiu assembly, ch c nhng phn m
chng trnh thng s dng / quan trng thuc mt vi assembly l c np vo
b nh, do lm gim bt chi ph b nh, tng hiu sut h thng.
198
17.7 Assembly ni b (private assembly)
C 2 loi Assembly: ni b (private) v chia s (shared). Assembly ni b c d
nh l ch dng cho mt ng dng, cn assembly chia s th ngc li, dng cho
nhiu ng dng.
Cc assembly ni b c ghi trn da t thnh mt tp tin EXE hoc DLL trong
cng th mc vi assembly chnh hoc trong cc th mc con ca th mc cha
assembly chnh. thc thi trn my khc ch cn sao chp ng cu trc th mc
l , khng cn phi ng k vi Registry.
17.8 Assembly chia s (shared assembly)
Khi vit ra mt assembly i loi nh mt control chng hn, nu tc gi ca
control c nh chia s cho cc lp trnh vin khc th anh / ch ta phi xy
dng assembly p ng cc yu cu sau:
Assembly phi c tn mnh (strong name). Tn mnh c ngha l chui
biu din tn phi l duy nht (globally unique)
Phi c thng tin v phin bn trnh hin tng cc phin bn dm chn
ln nhau
c th chia s assembly, assembly phi c t vo ni gi l Global
Assembly Cache (GAC). y l ni c quy nh bi Common Language
Runtime (CLR) dng cha assembly chia s.
17.8.1 Chm dt a ngc DLL
Gi s bn ci t mt ng dng A ln mt my v n chy tt. Sau bn ci t
ng dng B, bng nhin ng dng A khng chu hot ng. Sau qu trnh tm hiu,
cui cng nguyn nhn l do ng dng B ci mt phin bn khc ln mt tp
tin DLL m ng dng A s dng. Tnh hung trn gi l a ngc DLL
S ra i ca assembly chm dt tnh trng trn.
17.8.2 Phin bn
Assembly chia s trong .NET c nh v bng tn duy nht (unique) v phin bn.
Phin bn c biu din bi 4 s phn cch bng du : v d nh 1:2:6:1246
S u tin m t phin bn chnh (major version)
S th 2 m t phin bn ph (minor version)
S th 3 m t th t bn xy dng (build)
S cui cng m t ln xem xt cp nht (revision) sa li
199
17.8.3 Tn mnh
Mt tn mnh l mt chui cc k t hexa mang thuc tnh l duy nht trong ton
cu (globally unique). Ngoi ra chui cn c m ha bng thut ton kha
cng khai
1
bo m rng assembly khng b thay i v tnh hay c .
to ra tn mnh, mt cp kha cng khai-b mt c to ra cho assembly. Mt
m bm (hash code) c to ra t tn, ni dung ca cc tp tin bn trong assembly
v chui biu din kha cng khai. Sau m bm ny c m ha bng kha b
mt, kt qu m ha c ghi vo manifest. Qu trnh trn c gi l k xc nhn
vo assembly (signing the assembly).
Khi assembly c CLR np vo b nh, CLR s dng kha cng khai trong
manifest gii m m bm xc nh xem assembly c b thay i khng.
17.8.4 Global Assembly Cache (GAC)
Sau khi to tn mnh v ghi vo assembly, vic cn li thc hin chia s
assembly l t assembly vo th mc GAC. l mt th mc c bit dng
cha assembly chia s. Trn Windows, l th mc \WinNT\assembly.

1
M ha kha cng khai b mt: l mt thut ton m ha c bit, u tin dng mt
thut ton ring to ra 2 kha, mt kha ph bin rng ri nn gi l kha cng khai, kha cn li
do ch nhn ca n ct ni an ton nn gi l b mt. Sau dng thut ton m ha m ha d
liu. Mt khi d liu b m ha bng mt kha th d liu ch c th c gii m bng kha kia
v ngc li.
Attributes v Reflection Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
200

Chng 18 Attributes v Reflection
Xin c nhc li rng mt ng dng .NET bao gm m chng trnh, d liu,
metadata. Metadata chnh l thng tin v d liu m ng dng s dng nh kiu d
liu, m thc thi, assembly,
Attributes l c ch to ra metadata. V d nh ch th cho trnh bin dch, nhng
d liu khc lin quan n d liu, phng thc, lp,
Reflection l qu trnh mt ng dng c li metadata ca chnh n c cch th
hin, ng x thch hp cho tng ngi dng.
18.1 Attributes
Mt attribute l mt i tng, trong i tng cha mt mu d liu, m lp
trnh vin mun nh km vi mt phn t (element) no trong ng dng. Phn
t (element) m lp trnh vin mun nh km attribute gi l mc tiu (target) ca
attribute. V d attribute:
[NoIDispatch]
c nh km vi mt lp hay mt giao din ni rng lp ch (target class) nn
c tha k t giao din IUnknown ch khng phi tha k t IDispatch.
18.2 Attribute mc nh (intrinsic attributes)
C 2 loi attribute:
Attribute mc nh: l attribute c CLR cung cp sn.
Attribute do lp trnh vin nh ngha (custom attribute)
18.2.1 ch ca Attribute
Mi attribute ch ng hng n mt ch (target) m n khai bo. ch c th l
lp, giao din, phng thc Bng sau lit k tt c cc ch
Bng 18-1 Cc ch ca attribute
Loi ngha
All p dng cho tt c cc loi bn di
Assembly p dng cho chnh assembly
Class p dng cho mt th hin ca lp
ClassMembers p dng cho cc loi t sau hng ny tr i
201
Constructor p dng vi hm dng
Delegate p dng cho delegate
Enum p dng cho kiu lit k
Event p dng cho s kin
Field p dng cho bin thnh vin (tnh ln khng tnh)
Interface p dng cho giao din
Method p dng cho phng thc
Module p dng cho module
Parameter p dng cho tham s
Property p dng cho property
ReturnValue p dng cho tr tr v
Struct p dng cho cu trc
18.2.2 p dng Attribute
Lp trnh vin p dng attribute ln mc tiu bng cch t attribute trong ngoc
vung [] lin trc mc tiu. V d attribute Assembly c p dng:
[assembly: AssemblyDelaySign(false)]
[assembly: AssemblyKeyFile(keyfile.snk)]
Cch sau cng tng ng vi cch trn:
[assembly: AssemblyDelaySign(false), assembly:
AssemblyKeyFile(keyfile.snk)]
Attribute thng dng trong lp trnh C# l Serializable
[serializable]
class MySerClass
Attribute trn bo cho compiler bit rng lp MySerClass cn c bo m trong
vic ghi ni dung, trng tht xung da t hay truyn qua mng.
18.3 Attribute do lp trnh vin to ra
Lp trnh vin hon ton t do trong vic to ra cc attribute ring v em s dng
chng vo ni no cm thy thch hp.
18.3.1 Khai bo Attribute t to
u tin l tha k mt lp t lp System.Attribute:
Public class XYZ : System.Attribute
Sau l bo cho compiler bit attribute ny c th em p dng ln mc tiu no.
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class |
AttributeTargets.Constructor |
AttributeTargets.Field |
AttributeTargets.Method |
AttributeTargets.Property,
AllowMultiple = true)]
202
Attribute AttributeUsage trn c mc tiu p dng l Attribute khc: gi l
meta-attribute.
18.3.2 t tn mt attribute
Lp trnh vin hon ton t do trong vic t tn cho attribute. Tuy nhin, compiler
ca .NET cn c thm kh nng t ni thm chui Attribute vo tn. iu c
ngha l nu lp trnh vin nh ngha mt attribute c tn l MyBugFix th khi
tm kim hoc truy xut attribute trn, lp trnh vin c th vit tn attribute:
MyBugFix hoc MyBugFixAttribute. Nu mt attribute c tn l
MyBugFixAttribute th lp trnh vin cng c th ghi tn attribute l
MyBugFix hoc MyBugFixAttribute.
V d:
[MyBugFix(123, "Jesse Liberty", "01/01/05", Comment="Off by one")]
18.3.3 Khi to Attribute
Mi attribute phi c t nht mt contructor. Attribute nhn 2 kiu i s: kiu v tr
(positional) v kiu tn (named).
Trong v d MyBugFix phn trc, phn tn v ngy thng l kiu v tr, phn ghi
ch (comment) l kiu tn.
Cc i s kiu v tr phi c truyn vo contructor ng theo th t khai bo. V
d:
public BugFixAttribute(int bugID, string programmer,
string date)
{
this.bugID = bugID;
this.programmer = programmer;
this.date = date;
}
i s kiu tn th c ci t nh l properties:
public string Comment
{
get { return comment; }
set { comment = value; }
}
18.3.4 S dng Attribute
Mt khi nh ngha attribute, lp trnh vin s dng n bng cch t n ngay
trc mc tiu (target) ca n. V d:
[BugFixAttribute(121,"Jesse Liberty","01/03/05")]
BugFixAttribute(107,"Jesse Liberty","01/04/05",
Comment="Fixed off by one errors")]
public class MyMath
V d trn p dng attribute MyBugFix vo lp MyMath.
203
18.4 Reflection
cho vic lu attribute trong metadata c ch, cn phi c c ch truy xut chng
vo lc chy. Cc lp trong vng tn (namespace) Reflection, cng vi cc lp
trong System.Type v System.TypeReference, cung cp s h tr truy xut
metadata.
Reflection l mt khi nim chung cho bt k thao tc no trong cc thao tc sau
y:
Xem xt metadata
Tm hiu kiu d liu (type discovery): lp, interface, phng thc, i s ca
phng thc, properties, event, field,
Ni kt tr cc phng thc v properties (late binding to methods and
properties)
To ra mt kiu d liu mi ngay trong lc thc thi. Lp trnh vin c th nh
ngha mt assembly mi ngay lc chy, c th lu xung da t dng li.

Marshaling v Remoting Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
204

Chng 19 Marshaling v Remoting
Ngy nay, cc ng dng khng cn n thun ch gm mt module, khi thc thi th
ch cn chy trong mt process m l mt tp hp nhiu thnh phn (component)
phc tp. Cc thnh phn khng ch phn cch vi nhau bng ranh gii gia cc
process m cn c th phn cch vi nhau qua ranh gii my - mng - my.
Tin trnh di chuyn mt i tng vt qua mt ranh gii (process, my, ) c
gi l Remoting.
Tin trnh chun b mt i tng thc hin remoting c gi l Marshaling.
Gi s i tng A nm trn my X mun s dng dch v ca i tng B nm
trn my Y. phc v i tng A, i tng B chuyn cho A mt i tng
proxy. Nhng yu cu t i tng A s c proxy chuyn v cho B, nhng kt
qu tr li ca B c gi n proxy, proxy s gi li cho i tng A. Gia i
tng A v i tng B c nhiu i tng sink, cng vic ca cc i tng sink
l p t an ninh ln knh lin lc gia 2 i tng. Cc thng ip c chuyn ti
gia A v B trn mt i tng channel. i tng channel li yu cu s gip
ca i tng formatter. Cng vic ca formatter l nh dng li thng ip 2
pha c th hiu nhau (v d chuyn m ha endian ca dy byte).
19.1 Min ng Dng (Application Domains)
Theo l thuyt, mt process l mt ng dng ang thc thi (ang chy). Mi mt
application thc thi trong mt process ring ca n. Nu trn my hin c Word,
Excel, Visual Studio th tng ng trn my ang c 3 process.
Bn trong mi process, .NET chia nh ra thnh cc phn nh hn gi l min ng
dng (Application Domains vit tt l app domains). C th xem mi min ng
dng l mt process nh cn, min ng dng hnh x y nh l mt process nhng
im khc bit l n s dng t ti nguyn hn process.
Cc min ng dng trong mt process c th khi ng (started) hay b treo (halted)
c lp vi nhau. Min ng dng cung cp kh nng chu li (fault tolerance); nu
khi ng mt i tng trong mt min ng dng khc vi min ng dng chnh
v i tng va khi ng gy li, n ch lm crash min ng dng ca n ch
khng lm crash ton b ng dng.
Mi process lc bt u thc thi c mt min ng dng ban u (initial app domain)
v c th to thm nhiu min ng dng khc nu lp trnh vin mun. Thng
thng, ng dng ch cn mt min ng dng l . Tuy nhin, trong nhng ng
dng ln cn s dng nhng th vin do ngi khc vit m th vin khng
205
c tin cy lm th cn to ra mt min ng dng khc dng cha th vin
khng tin cp , tch th vin khi min ng dng chnh c lp li, nu li
xy ra th khng lm crash ng dng.
Min ng dng khc vi thread. Mt thread lun chy bn trong mt min ng
dng. Trong mt min ng dng c th tn ti nhiu thread.
19.1.1 Marshaling vt qua bin min ng dng
Marshaling l qu trnh chun b mt i tng di chuyn qua mt ranh gii no
. Marshaling c th c tin hnh theo 2 cch: bng gi tr (by value) v bng
tham chiu (by reference).
Khi mt i tng c marshaling bng gi tr, mt bn sao ca i tng
c to ra v truyn n ni nhn. Nhng thay i trn bn sao ny khng
lm thay i i tng gc ban u.
Khi mt i tng c marshaling bng tham chiu, mt i tng c bit
gi l proxy c gi n ni nhn. Nhng thay i, nhng li gi hm trn
i tng proxy s c chuyn v cho i tng ban u x l.
19.1.1.1 Tm hiu marshaling v proxy
Khi marshaling i tng bng reference, .NET CLR cung cp cho i tng ang
thc hin li gi t xa mt i tng proxy trong sut (transparent proxy - TP).
Cng vic ca i tng TP l nhn tt c nhng thng tin g lin quan n vic gi
hm (gi tr tr v, thng s nhp, ) t trong stack ri ng gi vo mt i tng
ring m i tng ci t giao din IMessage. Sau i tng IMessage
c trao cho i tng RealProxy.
RealProxy l mt lp c s tru tng (abstract base class) m t cc i tng
proxy tha k. Lp trnh vin c th t to ra cc i tng proxy mi tha k t
RealProxy. i tng proxy mc nh ca h thng s trao IMessage cho mt chui
cc i tng sink. S lng cc sink ph thuc vo s lng chnh sch bo an
(policy) m nh qun tr mun duy tr, tuy nhin i tng sink cui cng l i
tng t IMessage vo Channel.
Channel c chia ra thnh channel pha client v channel pha server, cng vic
chnh ca channel l di chuyn thng ip (message) vt qua mt ranh gii
(boundary). Channel chu trch nhim tm hiu nghi thc truyn thng (transport
protocol). nh dng tht s ca thng ip di chuyn qua ranh gii c qun l
bi formatter. Khung ng dng (framework) .NET cung cp 2 formatter:
Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) dng cho HTTP channel
Binary dng cho TCP/IP channel
Lp trnh vin cng c th to i tng formatter ring v nu mun cng c th
to ra channel ring.
206
Mt khi message vt qua ranh gii, n c nhn bi channel v formatter pha
server. Channel pha server s ti to li i tng IMessage, sau channel pha
server trao i tng IMessage cho mt hay nhiu i tng sink pha server. i
tng sink cui cng trong chui sink l mt i tng StackBuilder, cng vic
ca StackBuilder l nhn IMessage ri ti to li stack frame c th thc hin li
gi hm.
19.1.1.2 Ch nh phng php Marshaling
Mt i tng bnh thng hon ton khng c kh nng marshaling.
marshaling mt i tng bng gi tr (by value), ch cn nh du attribute
Serializable lc nh ngha i tng.
[Serializable]
public class Point
marshaling mt i tng bng tham chiu (by reference), i tng cn
tha k t MarshalByRefObject.
public class Shape : MarshalByRefObject
19.2 Context
Min ng dng (app domain) n lt n li c chia ra thnh cc context.
Context c th xem nh mt ranh gii m cc i tng bn trong context c cng
quy tc s dng (usage rules). Cc quy tc s dng nh: ng b ha giao dch
(synchronization transaction),
19.2.1 i tng loi Context-Bound v Context-Agile
Cc i tng c th l Context-Bound hoc Context-Agile.
Nu cc i tng l Context-Bound, chng tn ti trong mt context ring, khi
giao tip ln nhau, cc thng ip ca chng c marshaling vt qua bin
context.
Nu cc i tng l Context-Agile, chng hot ng bn trong context ca i
tng yu cu (calling). Do , khi mt i tng A triu gi phng thc ca i
tng B, phng thc ca B c thc thi bn trong context ca A. V vy vic
marshaling l khng cn thit.
Gi s i tng A cn giao tip vi c s d liu, gi s i tng A c thit lp
v giao dch (transaction). Do A cn to mt context. Tt c cc phng thc ca
A s c thc thi trong context ca transaction.
Gi s c mt i tng B khc thuc loi context-agile. Gi s rng i tng A
trao mt tham chiu c s d liu cho i tng B v triu gi mt phng thc X
ca B. Li gi s rng phng thc X ca B m A triu gi li gi mt phng thc
Y khc ca A. Bi v B thuc loi context-agile do phng thc X ca B
c thc thi trong context ca i tng A. V context ca A c s bo v ca giao
207
dch nn nu A c roll-back c s d liu th nhng thay i m phng thc X ca
B ln c s d liu cng s c roll-back.
Gi s i tng C triu gi mt phng thc Z ca B, phng thc Z c thc hin
thay i c s d liu, do B thuc loi Context-Agile nn Z c thc thi trong
context ca C. V vy nhng thay i m Z thc hin ln c s d liu s khng th
c roll-back.
Nu B thuc loi Context-Bound, khi A to ra B, context ca B s c tha k t
context ca A. Khi C triu gi phng thc Z ca B, li triu gi c
marshaling t context ca C n context ca B ri c thc hin trong context ca
B (tha k t A). Do phng thc Z thc thi trong s bo v ca transaction.
Nhng thay i m Z thc hin ln c s d liu c th c rooll-back.
Mt i tng c th c 3 la chn v Context:
Context-Agile
Context-Bound khng ch nh attribute. Thc hin bng cch tha k t
ContextBoundObject. Phng thc ca i tng thuc loi ny thc thi trong
Context tha k t Context ca i tng to ra n
Context-Bound c ch nh attribute Context. Cc phng thc hot ng
trong Context do n to ring.
19.2.2 Marshaling vt qua ranh gii Context
Khi truy cp i tng Context-Agile trong cng min ng dng th khng cn
proxy. Khi mt i tng A trong mt context truy cp mt i tng Context-
Bound B trong mt context khc, i tng A truy cp i tng B thng qua
proxy ca B.
i tng c marshaling khc nhau vt qua ranh gii context ph thuc vo
cch n c to ra:
i tng bnh thng khng c marshaling; bn trong min ng dng cc i
tng thuc loi context-agile
i tng c nh du attribute Serializable th thuc loi context-agile v
c marshaling bi gi tr (by value) vt qua ranh gii min ng dng
i tng tha k t MarshalByRefObject th thuc loi context-agile v
c marshaling bi tham chiu (by reference) vt qua ranh gii min ng
dng
i tng tha k t ContextBoundObject c marshaling bi tham chiu
vt qua ranh gi min ng dng v ranh gii context
208
19.3 Remoting
Cng vi vic marshaling i tng vt qua ranh gii context v min ng dng,
i tng c th c marshaling vt qua ranh gii process v thm ch qua ranh
gii my - mng - my. Khi mt i tng c marshaling vt qua ranh gii
process hay my - mng my, n c gi l Remoted.
19.3.1 Tm hiu cc kiu d liu pha Server
C 2 kiu i tng pha server phc v cho vic Remoting trong .NET: ni ting
(well-known) v client kch hot (client activated). Knh lin lc vi i tng
ni ting c thit lp mi khi client gi thng ip (message). Knh lin lc
khng c gi thng trc nh trong trng hp ca i tng client kch hot.
i tng ni ting chia thnh 2 loi nh: singleton v single-call.
i tng ni ting kiu singleton: tt c cc thng ip t client gi n i
tng c phn phi (dispatch) cho mt i tng ang chy trn server.
i tng ny c to ra khi server khi ng v nm ch trn server
phc v cho bt k client no. V vy i tng loi ny phi c contructor
khng tham s.
i tng ni ting kiu single-call: mi thng ip mi t client gi i c
gii quyt bi mt i tng mi. M hnh ny thng dng cn bng ti
h thng.
i tng client kch hot thng c s dng bi cc lp trnh vin c cng vic
chnh l to ra cc server ring phc v cho vic lp trnh, i tng client kch hot
duy tr kt ni vi client cho n khi no ton b yu cu ca client c p ng.
19.3.2 M t mt server bng Interface
Sau y l v d xy dng mt lp my tnh (calculator) vi 4 chc nng.
To mt tp tin ICalc.cs vi ni dung
using System;
public interface ICalc
{
double Add(double x, double y);
double Sub(double x, double y);
double Mult(double x, double y);
double Div(double x, double y);
}
To mt project mi kiu C# Class Library, m menu Build, ra lnh Build. Kt qu
l mt tp tin Icalc.DLL
209
19.3.3 Xy dng mt Server
To mt project kiu C# Console Application, to mt tp tin mi CalcServer.cs,
sau ra lnh Build.
Lp Calculator tha k t MarshalByRefObect nn n s trao cho client mt proxy
khi c triu gi.
public class Calculator : MarshalByRefObject, ICalc
Cng vic u tin l to channel v ng k, s dng HTTPChannel cung cp bi
.NET:
HTTPChannel chan = new HTTPChannel(65100);

ng k channel vi .NET Channel Services:
ChannelServices.RegisterChannel(chan);
ng k i tng (cn cung cp endpoint cho hm ng k; endpoint chnh l tn
lin kt vi i tng)
Type calcType = Type.GetType("Programming_CSharp.Calculator");
ng k kiu Singleton
RemotingConfiguration.RegisterWellKnownServiceType
( calcType, "theEndPoint",WellKnownObjectMode.Singleton );
Sau y l ton b ni dung:
using System;
using System.Runtime.Remoting;
using System.Runtime.Remoting.Channels;
using System.Runtime.Remoting.Channels.Http;

{
// implement the calculator class
public class Calculator : MarshalByRefObject, ICalc
{
public Calculator( )
{
Console.WriteLine("Calculator constructor");
}

// implement the four functions
public double Add(double x, double y)
{
Console.WriteLine("Add {0} + {1}", x, y);
return x+y;
}

public double Sub(double x, double y)
{
Console.WriteLine("Sub {0} - {1}", x, y);
return x-y;
}

public double Mult(double x, double y)
210
{
Console.WriteLine("Mult {0} * {1}", x, y);
return x*y;
}

public double Div(double x, double y)
{
Console.WriteLine("Div {0} / {1}", x, y);
return x/y;
}
}

public class ServerTest
{
{
// to mt channel v ng k n
HttpChannel chan = new HttpChannel(65100);
Type calcType =
Type.GetType("Programming_CSharp.Calculator");
// register our well-known type and tell the server
// to connect the type to the endpoint "theEndPoint"
RemotingConfiguration.RegisterWellKnownServiceType
( calcType, "theEndPoint",
WellKnownObjectMode.Singleton );
// "They also serve who only stand and wait."); (Milton)
Console.WriteLine("Press [enter] to exit...");
Console.ReadLine( );
}
}
}
19.3.4 Xy dng Client
Client cng phi ng k channel, tuy nhin client khng lng nghe trn channel
nn client s dng channel 0 (zero)
HTTPChannel chan = new HTTPChannel(0);
Client kt ni vi dch v t xa, trao cho hm kt ni kiu i tng m n cn
cng vi URI ca lp ci t dch v
MarshalByRefObject obj = RemotingServices.Connect(
typeof(Programming_CSharp.ICalc),
"http://localhost:65100/theEndPoint");
V i tng t xa c th khng sn sng (mng t, my cha i tng khng tn
ti,) nn gi hm cn khi th
try
{
Programming_CSharp.ICalc calc = obj as
Programming_CSharp.ICalc;
double sum = calc.Add(3,4);
By gi client c i tng proxy ca i tng Calculator. Sau y l ton b
m ngun
211
{
using System;
using System.Runtime.Remoting;
using System.Runtime.Remoting.Channels;
using System.Runtime.Remoting.Channels.Http;
public class CalcClient
{
{
int[] myIntArray = new int[3];
Console.WriteLine("Watson, come here I need you...");
// create an Http channel and register it
// uses port 0 to indicate won't be listening
// get my object from across the http channel
MarshalByRefObject obj =
(MarshalByRefObject) RemotingServices.Connect
(typeof(Programming_CSharp.ICalc),
"http://localhost:65100/theEndPoint");
try
{
// cast the object to our interface
Programming_CSharp.ICalc calc =
obj as Programming_CSharp.ICalc;
// use the interface to call methods
double sum = calc.Add(3.0,4.0);
double difference = calc.Sub(3,4);
double product = calc.Mult(3,4);
double quotient = calc.Div(3,4);
// print the results
Console.WriteLine("3+4 = {0}", sum);
Console.WriteLine("3-4 = {0}", difference);
Console.WriteLine("3*4 = {0}", product);
Console.WriteLine("3/4 = {0}", quotient);
}
catch( System.Exception ex )
{
Console.WriteLine("Exception caught: ");
Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
}
}
}
}

Kt xut pha client
Watson, come here I need you...
3+4 = 7
3-4 = -1
3*4 = 12
3/4 = 0.75
Kt xut pha server:
Calculator constructor
Press [enter] to exit...
Add 3 + 4
Sub 3 - 4
Mult 3 * 4
212
Div 3 / 4
19.3.5 S dng SingleCall
thy s khc bit gia Singleton v Single Call, thay i mt dng trong m
ngun Calculator.cs
RemotingServices. RegisterWellKnownServiceType(
"CalcServerApp","Programming_CSharp.Calculator",
"theEndPoint",WellKnownObjectMode.Singleton );
thnh
RemotingServices. RegisterWellKnownServiceType(
"CalcServerApp","Programming_CSharp.Calculator",
"theEndPoint",WellKnownObjectMode.SingleCall );
V y l kt qu kt xut pha server
Press [enter] to exit...
Add 3 + 4
Sub 3 - 4
Mult 3 * 4
Div 3 / 4
19.3.6 Tm hiu RegisterWellKnownServiceType
Khi gi phng thc RegisterWellKnownServiceType, iu g xy ra ?
Xin nh li rng bn to mt i tng Type cho lp Calculator
Type.GetType("Programming_CSharp.Calculator");
Sau bn gi RegisterWellKnownServiceType(), trao cho phng thc i
tng Type, endpoint v Singleton. iu bo cho CLR bit phi to mt th hin
ca Calculator v lin kt endpoint vi th hin .
Bn c th t lm li qu trnh bng cch thay i hm Main() nh sau:
V d 19-1 Manually instantiating and associating Calculator with an endpoint
{
// create a channel and register it
// make your own instance and call Marshal directly
Calculator calculator = new Calculator( );
RemotingServices.Marshal(calculator,"theEndPoint");
Console.WriteLine("Press [enter] to exit...");
}
213
19.3.7 Tm hiu EndPoint
Chuyn g xy ra khi bn ng k endpoint ? R rng l server lin kt endpoint vi
i tng bn va to, v khi client kt ni, server s dng ch mc trong mt bng
c th tr v i tng proxy tng ng vi i tng yu cu.
Bn c th khng cung cp endpoint, thay vo bn ghi cc thng tin v i tng
Calculator ri gi v client. Client phc ch li i tng proxy c th dng
lin lc vi Calculator trn server.
c th hiu lm cch no bn c th gi mt i tng m khng bit endpoint,
hy thay i hm Main() mt ln na, thay v gi Marshal() vi mt endpoint, hy
trao mt i tng:
ObjRef objRef = RemotingServices.Marshal(calculator)
Hm Marshal() tr v mt i tng ObjRef. i tng ObjRef cha tt c thng
tin cn thit kch hot v lin lc vi i tng xa. Khi bn cung cp mt
endpoint, server to mt bng v lin kt endpoint vi mt ObjRef khi client c
yu cu, server c th to mt proxy cung cp cho client. ObjRef cha tt c thng
tin cn thit cho client client c th to mt proxy. ObjRef c kh nng
Serializable.
M mt stream tp tin, to mt SOAP formatter, bn c th serialize i tng
ObjRef thnh mt tp tin bng cch gi hm Serialize() ca formatter, sau a
cho formatter tham chiu n stream tp tin v tham chiu ca ObjRef, vy l bn
c tt c thng tin cn thit to mt proxy di dng mt tp tin
V d 19-2 Marshaling an object without a well-known endpoint
{
// create a channel and register it
// make your own instance and call Marshal directly
Calculator calculator = new Calculator( );
ObjRef objRef = RemotingServices.Marshal(calculator);
FileStream fileStream =
new FileStream("calculatorSoap.txt",FileMode.Create);
SoapFormatter soapFormatter = new SoapFormatter( );
soapFormatter.Serialize(fileStream,objRef);
fileStream.Close( );
Console.WriteLine(
"Exported to CalculatorSoap.txt. Press ENTER to exit...");
}
Bn hy trao tp tin cha i tng serialize cho client. client c th ti
to li i tng, client cn to mt channel v ng k n.
FileStream fileStream = new FileStream ("calculatorSoap.txt",
FileMode.Open);
214
Sau to mt th hin ca i tng SoapFormatter ri gi hm DeSerialize()
ca formatter nhn li i tng ObjRef
SoapFormatter soapFormatter =
new SoapFormatter ( );
try
{
ObjRef objRef =
(ObjRef) soapFormatter.Deserialize (fileStream);
Tin hnh g b marshall, nhn li ICalc
ICalc calc = (ICalc) RemotingServices.Unmarshal(objRef);
By gi client c th triu gi phng thc trn server thng qua ICalc.
V d 19-3 Replacement of Main( ) from Example 19-4 (the client)
{
int[] myIntArray = new int[3];
Console.WriteLine("Watson, come here I need you...");
// create an Http channel and register it
// uses port 0 to indicate you won't be listening
new FileStream ("calculatorSoap.txt", FileMode.Open);
SoapFormatter soapFormatter =
new SoapFormatter ( );
try
{
ObjRef objRef =
(ObjRef) soapFormatter.Deserialize (fileStream);
ICalc calc =
(ICalc) RemotingServices.Unmarshal(objRef);
// use the interface to call methods
double sum = calc.Add(3.0,4.0);
double difference = calc.Sub(3,4);
double product = calc.Mult(3,4);
double quotient = calc.Div(3,4);
// print the results
Console.WriteLine("3+4 = {0}", sum);
Console.WriteLine("3-4 = {0}", difference);
Console.WriteLine("3*4 = {0}", product);
Console.WriteLine("3/4 = {0}", quotient);
}
catch( System.Exception ex )
{
Console.WriteLine("Exception caught: ");
Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
}
}

Thread v S ng B Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
215

Chng 20 Thread v S ng B
Thread l mt process nh cn cung cp kh nng multitasking trong mt ng
dng. Vng tn System.Threading cung cp nhiu lp v giao din h tr lp
trnh nhiu thread.
20.1 Thread
Thread thng c to ra khi bn mun lm ng thi 2 vic trong cng mt
thi im. Gi s ng dng ca bn ang tin hnh c vo b nh mt tp tin c
kch thc khong 500MB, trong lc ang c th d nhin ng dng khng th p
ng yu cu x l giao din. Gi s ngi dng mun ngng gia chng, khng
cho ng dng c tip tp tin ln na, do cn mt thread khc x l giao
din, lc ny khi ngi dng n nt Stop th ng dng p ng c yu cu trong
khi thread ban u vn ang c tp tin.
20.1.1 To Thread
Cch n gin nht l to mt th hin ca lp Thread. Contructor ca lp Thread
nhn mt tham s kiu delegate. CLR cung cp lp delegate ThreadStart nhm mc
ch ch n phng thc m bn mun thread mi thc thi. Khai bo delegate
ThreadStart nh sau:
public delegate void ThreadStart( );
Phng thc m bn mun gn vo delegate phi khng cha tham s v phi tr v
kiu void. Sau y l v d:
Thread myThread = new Thread( new ThreadStart(myFunc) );
myFunc phi l phng thc khng tham s v tr v kiu void.
Xin lu l i tng Thread mi to s khng t thc thi (execute), i tng
thc thi, bn cn gi phng thc Start() ca n.
Thread t1 = new Thread( new ThreadStart(Incrementer) );
Thread t2 = new Thread( new ThreadStart(Decrementer) );
t1.Start( );
t2.Start( );
Thread s chm dt khi hm m n thc thi tr v (return).
20.1.2 Gia nhp Thread
Hin tng thread A ngng chy v ch cho thread B chy xong c gi l thread
A gia nhp thread B.
thread 1 gia nhp thread 2:
216
t2.Join( );
Nu cu lnh trn c thc hin bi thread 1, thread 1 s dng li v ch cho n
khi thread 2 kt thc.
20.1.3 Treo thread li (suspend thread)
Nu bn mun treo thread ang thc thi li mt khong thi gian th bn s dng
hm Sleep() ca i tng Thread. V d thread ngng khong 1 giy:
Thread.Sleep(1000);
Cu lnh trn bo cho b iu phi thread (ca h iu hnh) bit bn khng mun
b iu phi thread phn phi thi gian CPU cho thread thc thi cu lnh trn trong
thi gian 1 giy.
20.1.4 Git mt Thread (Kill thread)
Thng thng thread s chm dt khi hm m n thc thi tr v. Tuy nhin bn c
th yu cu mt thread t t bng cch gi hm Interrupt() ca n. iu ny s
lm cho exception ThreadInterruptedException c nm ra. Thread b yu cu
t t c th bt exception ny tin hnh dn dp ti nguyn.
catch (ThreadInterruptedException)
{
Console.WriteLine("[{0}] Interrupted! Cleaning up...",
Thread.CurrentThread.Name);
}
20.2 ng b ha (Synchronization)
Khi bn cn bo v mt ti nguyn, trong mt lc ch cho php mt thread thay i
hoc s dng ti nguyn , bn cn ng b ha.
ng b ha c cung cp bi mt kha trn i tng , kha s ngn cn
thread th 2 truy cp vo i tng nu thread th nht cha tr quyn truy cp i
tng.
Sau y l v d cn s ng b ha. Gi s 2 thread s tin hnh tng tun t 1
n v mt bin tn l counter.
int counter = 0;
Hm lm thay i gi tr ca Counter:
public void Incrementer( )
{
try
{
while (counter < 1000)
{
int temp = counter;
temp++; // increment
// simulate some work in this method
Thread.Sleep(1);
// assign the Incremented value
217
// to the counter variable
// and display the results
counter = temp;
Console.WriteLine(
"Thread {0}. Incrementer: {1}",
Thread.CurrentThread.Name,
counter);
}
}
Vn ch thread 1 c gi tr counter vo bin tm ri tng gi tr bin tm,
trc khi thread 1 ghi gi tr mi t bin tm tr li counter th thread 2 li c gi
tr counter ra bin tm ca thread 2. Sau khi thread 1 ghi gi tr va tng 1 n v
tr li counter th thread 2 li ghi tr li counter gi tr mi bng vi gi tr m
thread 1 va ghi. Nh vy sau 2 ln truy cp gi tr ca bin counter ch tng 1 n
v trong khi yu cu l phi tng 2 n v.
20.2.1 S dng Interlocked
CLR cung cp mt s c ch ng b t c ch n gin Critical Section (gi l
Locks trong .NET) n phc tp nh Monitor.
Tng v gim gi tr lm mt nhu cu ph bin, do C# cung cp mt lp c bit
Interlocked nhm p ng nhu cu trn. Interlocked c 2 phng thc Increment()
v Decrement() nhm tng v gim gi tr trong s bo v ca c ch ng b. V
d phn trc c th sa li nh sau:
{
try
{
{
Interlocked.Increment(ref counter);
// simulate some work in this method
Thread.Sleep(1);
// assign the decremented value
Console.WriteLine(
"Thread {0}. Incrementer: {1}",
Thread.CurrentThread.Name,
counter);
}
}
}
Khi catch v finally khng thay i so vi v d trc.
20.2.2 S dng Locks
Lock nh du mt on m gay cn (critical section) trong chng trnh ca bn,
cung cp c ch ng b cho khi m m lock c hiu lc.
218
C# cung cp s h tr cho lock bng t cht (keyword) lock. Lock c g b khi
ht khi lnh. V d:
{
try
{
{
lock (this)
{ // lock bt u c hiu lc
int temp = counter;
temp ++;
Thread.Sleep(1);
counter = temp;
} // lock ht hiu lc -> b g b
// assign the decremented value
Console.WriteLine( "Thread {0}. Incrementer: {1}",
Thread.CurrentThread.Name, counter);
}
}
Khi catch v finally khng thay i so vi v d trc.
20.2.3 S dng Monitor
c th ng b ha phc tp hn cho ti nguyn, bn cn s dng monitor. Mt
monitor cho bn kh nng quyt nh khi no th bt u, khi no th kt thc ng
b v kh nng ch i mt khi m no ca chng trnh t do.
Khi cn bt u ng b ha, trao i tng cn ng b cho hm sau:
Monitor.Enter(i tng X);
Nu monitor khng sn dng (unavailable), i tng bo v bi monitor ang
c s dng. Bn c th lm vic khc trong khi ch i monitor sn dng
(available) hoc treo thread li cho n khi c monitor (bng cch gi hm Wait())
V d bn ang download v in mt bi bo t Web. hiu qu bn cn tin hnh
in sau hu trng (background), tuy nhin bn cn chc chn rng 10 trang c
download trc khi bn tin hnh in.
Thread in n s ch i cho n khi thread download bo hiu rng s lng trang
download . Bn khng mun gia nhp (join) vi thread download v s lng
trang c th ln n vi trm. Bn mun ch cho n khi t nht 10 trang c
download.
gi lp vic ny, bn thit lp 2 hm m dng chung 1 bin counter. Mt hm
m tng 1 tng ng vi thread download, mt hm m gim 1 tng ng vi
thread in n.
Trong hm lm gim bn gi phng thc Enter(), sau kim tra gi tr counter,
nu < 5 th gi hm Wait()
219
if (counter < 5)
{
Monitor.Wait(this);
}
Li gi Wait() gii phng monitor nhng bn bo cho CLR bit l bn mun ly
li monitor ngay sau khi monitor c t do mt ln na. Thread thc thi phng
thc Wait() s b treo li. Cc thread ang treo v ch i monitor s tip tc chy
khi thread ang thc thi gi hm Pulse().
Monitor.Pulse(this);
Pulse() bo hiu cho CLR rng c s thay i trong trng thi monitor c th dn
n vic gii phng (tip tc chy) mt thread ang trong tnh trng ch i.
Khi thread hon tt vic s dng monitor, n gi hm Exit() tr monitor.
Monitor.Exit(this);
Source code v d:
{
using System;
class Tester
{
static void Main( )
{
// make an instance of this class
// run outside static Main
t.DoTest( );
}
public void DoTest( )
{
// create an array of unnamed threads
Thread[] myThreads = {
new Thread( new ThreadStart(Decrementer) ),
new Thread( new ThreadStart(Incrementer) ) };
// start each thread
int ctr = 1;
foreach (Thread myThread in myThreads)
{
myThread.IsBackground=true;
myThread.Start( );
myThread.Name = "Thread" + ctr.ToString( );
ctr++;
Console.WriteLine("Started thread {0}",myThread.Name);
Thread.Sleep(50);
}
// wait for all threads to end before continuing
foreach (Thread myThread in myThreads)
{
myThread.Join( );
}
// after all threads end, print a message
Console.WriteLine("All my threads are done.");
}
220
void Decrementer( )
{
try
{
// synchronize this area of code
Monitor.Enter(this);
// if counter is not yet 10
// then free the monitor to other waiting
// threads, but wait in line for your turn
if (counter < 10)
{
Console.WriteLine(
"[{0}] In Decrementer. Counter: {1}. Gotta Wait!",
Monitor.Wait(this);
}
while (counter >0)
{
long temp = counter;
temp--;
Thread.Sleep(1);
counter = temp;
Console.WriteLine("[{0}] In Decrementer. Counter: {1}.",
}
}
finally
{
Monitor.Exit(this);
}
}
void Incrementer( )
{
try
{
Monitor.Enter(this);
{
long temp = counter;
temp++;
Thread.Sleep(1);
counter = temp;
Console.WriteLine("[{0}] In Incrementer. Counter: {1}",
}
// I'm done incrementing for now, let another
// thread have the Monitor
Monitor.Pulse(this);
}
finally
{
Console.WriteLine("[{0}] Exiting...",
Thread.CurrentThread.Name);
Monitor.Exit(this);
}
}
private long counter = 0;
}
221
}
Kt qu:
Started thread Thread1
[Thread1] In Decrementer. Counter: 0. Gotta Wait!
Started thread Thread2
[Thread2] In Incrementer. Counter: 1
[Thread2] Exiting...
[Thread1] In Decrementer. Counter: 9.
All my threads are done.
20.3 Race condition v DeadLock
ng b ha thread kh rc ri trong nhng chng trnh phc tp. Bn cn phi
cn thn kim tra v gii quyt cc vn lin quan n ng b ha thread: race
condition v deadlock
20.3.1 Race condition
Mt iu kin tranh ua xy ra khi s ng n ca ng dng ph thuc vo th t
hon thnh khng kim sot c ca 2 thread c lp vi nhau.
V d: gi s bn c 2 thread. Thread 1 tin hnh m tp tin, thread 2 tin hnh ghi
ln cng tp tin . iu quan trng l bn cn phi iu khin thread 2 sao cho n
ch tin hnh cng vic sau khi thread 1 tin hnh xong. Nu khng, thread 1 s
khng m c tp tin v tp tin b thread 2 m ghi. Kt qu l chng
trnh s nm ra exception hoc t hn na l crash.
gii quyt vn trong v d trn, bn c th tin hnh join thread 2 vi thread 1
hoc thit lp monitor.
20.3.2 Deadlock
Gi s thread A nm monitor ca ti nguyn X v ang ch monitor ca ti
nguyn Y. Trong khi th thread B li nm monitor ca ti nguyn Y v ch
222
monitor ca ti nguyn X. 2 thread c ch i ln nhau m khng thread no c th
thot ra khi tnh trng ch i. Tnh trng trn gi l deadlock.
Trong mt chng trnh nhiu thread, deadlock rt kh pht hin v g li. Mt
hng dn trnh deadlock l gii phng tt c lock ang s hu nu tt c cc
lock cn nhn khng th nhn ht c. Mt hng dn khc l gi lock cng t
cng tt.
Lung d liu. Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
223

Chng 21 Lung d liu.
Khi mun c hay ghi d liu vo/ra tp tin hay mun truyn d liu t my ny
sang my khc, ta phi t chc d liu theo cu trc tun t cc byte hay cc gi tin
. iu ny d lin tng d liu nh l cc lung d liu chy t t ngun n
ch.
Th vin .NET Framework cung cp cc lp Stream (Stream v cc lp tha k
t n) chng trnh c th s dng trong cc thao tc nhp xut d liu nh
doc/ghi tp tin, truyn d liu qua mng
21.1 Tp tin v th mc
Cc lp cp trong chng ny thuc v vng tn System.IO. Cc lp ny bao
gm lp File m phng cho mt tp tin trn a, v lp Directory m phng
cho mt th mc trn a.
21.1.1 Lm vic vi th mc
Lp Directory c nhiu phng thc dnh cho vic to, di chuyn, duyt th
mc. Cc phng thc trong lp Directory u l phng thc tnh;v vy khng
cn phi to mt th hin lp Directory m c th truy xut trc tip t tn lp.
Lp DirectoryInfo l lp tng t nh lp Directory. N cung cc tt c cc
phng thc m lp Directory c ng thi b sung nhiu phng thc hu ch
hn cho vic duyt cu trc cy th mc. Lp DirectoryInfo tha k t lp
FileSystemInfo, v v vy cng tha k lp MarshalByRefObj. Lp
DirectoryInfo khng c phng thc tnh, v vy cn to mt th hin lp trc
khi s dng cc phng thc.
C mt khc bit quan trong gia Directory v DirectoryInfo l cc phng
thc ca lp Directory s c kim tra v bo mt mi khi c gi trong khi
i tng DirectoryInfo ch kim tra mt ln vo lc khi to, cc phng thc
v vy s thc hin nhanh hn.
Di y l bng lit k cc phng thc quan trng ca hai lp
Bng 21-1 Cc phng thc lp Directory
Phong thc Gii thch
CreateDirectory() To tt c cc th mc v th mc con trong ng dn tham s.
Delete() Xo th mc v cc ni dung ca n.
224
Exists( )
Tr v kt qu kiu logic, ng nu ng dn n th mc tn ti (c
ngha l th mc tn ti).
GetCreationTime( )
SetCreationTime( )
Ly/thit t ngy gi to th mc
GetCurrentDirectory( )
SetCurrentDirectory( )
Ly/thit t th mc hin hnh
GetDirectories( ) Ly v mt mng cc th mc con mt th mc
GetDirectoryRoot( ) Tr v th mc gc ca ng dn
GetFiles( ) Tr v mng chui tn cc tp tin cha trong mt th mc
GetLastAccessTime( )
SetLastAccessTime( )
Ly/thit t ngy gi ln truy cp cui cng n th mc
GetLastWriteTime( )
SetLastWriteTime( )
Ly/thit t ngy gi ln chnh sa cui cng ln th mc
GetLogicalDrives( ) Tr v tn ca tt c cc a logic theo nh dng <_a>:\
GetParent() Tr v th mc cha ca mt ng dn.
Move() Di chuyn th mc (c ni dung) n mt v tr khc.

Bng 21-2 Cc phng thc/property lp DirectoryInfo
Phong thc/property ngha
Attributes Tha k t FileSystemInfo, ly/thit t thuc tnh ca tp tin hin hnh.
CreationTime Tha k t FileSystemInfo, ly/thit t thi gian to tp tin
Exists Tr v ng nu th mc tn ti
Extension Tha k t FileSystemInfo, phn m rng tp tin
FullName Tha k t FileSystemInfo, ng dn y ca tp tin hay th mc
LastAccessTime Tha k t FileSystemInfo, ngy gi truy cp cui cng
LastWriteTime Tha k t FileSystemInfo, ngy gi chnh sa cui cng
Name Tn th mc
Parent Ly th mc cha
Root Ly th mc gc ca ng dn.
Create( ) To mt th mc
CreateSubdirectory() To mt hoc nhiu th mc con
Delete( ) Xa mt th mc v ni dung ca n
GetDirectories( ) Tr v danh sch cc th mc con ca th hin hin c
GetFiles( ) Ly danh mc cc tp tin ca th mc
GetFileSystemInfos() Nhn v mng cc i tng FileSystemInfo
MoveTo( ) Di chuyn DirectoryInfo v ni dung ca n sang ng dn khc
225
Phong thc/property ngha
Refresh( ) Lm ti trng thi i tng
21.1.2 To i tng DirectoryInfo
duyt cu trc cy th mc, ta cn to mt th hin ca lp DirectoryInfo.
Lp DirectoryInfo khng ch cung cp phng thc ly v tn cc tp tin v th
mc con cha trong mt th mc m cn cho php ly v cc i tng FileInfo
v DirectoryInfo, cho php ta thc hin vic qun l cc cu trc cy th mc,
hay thc hin cc thao tc qui.
Khi to mt i tng DirectoryInfo bng tn ca th mc mun tham chiu.
DirectoryInfo dir = new DirectoryInfo(@"C:\winNT");
Ta c th thc hin cc phng thc lit k bng trn. Di y l on m
ngun v d.
V d 21-1. Duyt cc th mc con
using System;
using System.IO;

{
class Tester
{
{
// mt mt th mc
string theDirectory = @"c:\WinNT";
// duyt th mc v hin th ngy truy cp gn nht
// v tt c cc th mc con
DirectoryInfo dir = new DirectoryInfo(theDirectory);
t.ExploreDirectory(dir);
// hon tt. in ra s lng thng k
Console.WriteLine( "\n\n{0} directories found.\n",
dirCounter);
}

// vi mi th mc tm thy, n gi chnh n
private void ExploreDirectory(DirectoryInfo dir)
{
indentLevel++; // cp th mc
// nh dng cho vic trnh by
for (int i = 0; i < indentLevel; i++)
Console.Write(" "); // hai khong trng cho mi cp
// in th mc v ngy truy cp gn nht
Console.WriteLine("[{0}] {1} [{2}]\n",
indentLevel, dir.Name, dir.LastAccessTime);
// ly tt c th mc con ca th mc hin ti
// quy tng th mc
DirectoryInfo[] directories = dir.GetDirectories( );
foreach (DirectoryInfo newDir in directories)
{
226
dirCounter++; //tng bin m
ExploreDirectory(newDir);
}
indentLevel--; // gim cp th mc
}

// cc bin thnh vin tnh cho vic thng k v trnh by
static int dirCounter = 1;
static int indentLevel = -1; // so first push = 0
}
}

Kt qu (mt phn):
[2] logiscan [5/1/2001 3:06:41 PM]
[2] miitwain [5/1/2001 3:06:41 PM]
[1] Web [5/1/2001 3:06:41 PM]
[2] printers [5/1/2001 3:06:41 PM]
[3] images [5/1/2001 3:06:41 PM]
[2] Wallpaper [5/1/2001 3:06:41 PM]
363 directories found.
Chng trnh to mt i tng DirectoryInfo gn vi th mc WinNT. Sau
gi hm ExploreDirectory vi tham s l i tng DirectoryInfo va to.
Hm s hin th cc thng tin v th mc ny v sau ly tt c cc th mc con.
lit k danh sch cc th mc con, hm gi phng thc GetDirectories.
Phng thc ny tr v mng cc i tng DirectoryInfo. Bng cch gi
qui chnh n, hm lit k xung cc th mc con v th mc con ca th mc con
Kt qu cui cng l cu trc cy th mc c hin th.
21.1.3 Lm vic vi tp tin.
i tng DirectoryInfo cng tr v danh sch cc i tng FileInfo l cc tp
tin cha trong th mc. Cc i tng ny m t thng tin v tp tin. Th vin
.NET cng cung cp hai lp File v FileInfo tng t nh vi trng hp th
mc. Lp File ch c cc phng thc tnh v lp FileInfo th khng c phng
thc tnh no c.
Hai bng di y lit k cc phng thc ca hai lp ny
Bng 21-3 Cc phng thc lp File
Phng thc Gii thch
AppendText() To mt StreamWriter cho php thm vn bn vo tp tin
Copy() Sao chp mt tp tin t tp tin c
Create() To mt tp tin mi
CreateText() To mt StreamWriter cho php vit mi vn bn vo tp tin
Delete() Xo mt tp tin
Exists() Tr v ng nu tp tin tn ti
GetAttributes() Ly/ thit t cc thuc tnh ca mt tp tin
227
Phng thc Gii thch
SetAttributes()
GetCreationTime()
SetCreationTime()
Ly / thit t thi gian to tp tin
GetLastAccessTime()
SetLastAccessTime()
Ly / thit t thi gian truy cp tp tin ln cui
GetLastWriteTime()
SetLastWriteTime()
Ly / thit t thi gian chnh sa tp tin ln cui
Move() Di chuyn tp tin n v tr mi, c th dng i tn tp tin
OpenRead() M mt tp tin c (khng ghi)
OpenWrite() M mt tp tin cho php ghi.

Bng 21-4 Cc phng thc / property lp FileInfo
Phng thc / property Gii thch
Attributes() Tha k t FileSystemInfo. Ly/thit t thuc tnh tp tin
CreationTime Tha k t FileSystemInfo. Ly/thit t thi gian to tp tin
Directory Ly th mc cha
Exists Xc nh tp tin c tn ti cha?
Extension Tha k t FileSystemInfo. Phn m rng ca tp tin
FullName Tha k t FileSystemInfo. ng dn y ca tp tin
LastAccessTime Tha k t FileSystemInfo. Thi im truy cp gn nht
LastWriteTime Tha k t FileSystemInfo. Thi im ghi gn nht.
Length Kvh thc tp tin
Name Tn tp tin
AppendText() To i tng StreamWriter ghi thm vo tp tin
CopyTo() Sao chp sang mt tp tin mi
Create() To mt tp tin mi
Delete() Xa tp tin
MoveTo() Dch chuyn tp tin, cng dng i tn tp tin
Open() M mt tp tin vi cc quyn hn
OpenRead() To i tng FileStream cho vic c tp tin
OpenText() To i tng StreamReader cho vic c tp tin
OpenWrite() To i tng FileStream cho vic ghi tp tin
V d 21-2 sa li t v d 12-1, thm on m ly FileInfo ca mi th mc.
i tng ny dng hin th tn, kch thc v ngy truy cp cui cng ca tp
tin.
228
V d 21-2. Duyt tp tin v th mc con
using System;
using System.IO;

{
class Tester
{
{
string theDirectory = @"c:\WinNT";


Console.WriteLine(
"\n\n{0} files in {1} directories found.\n",
fileCounter,dirCounter );
}

{
indentLevel++;
for (int i = 0; i < indentLevel; i++)
Console.Write(" ");
Console.WriteLine("[{0}] {1} [{2}]\n",
indentLevel, dir.Name, dir.LastAccessTime);

// ly tt c cc tp tin trong th mc v
// in tn, ngy truy cp gn nht, kch thc ca chng
FileInfo[] filesInDir = dir.GetFiles( );
foreach (FileInfo file in filesInDir)
{
// li vo mt khong pha di th mc
// phc v vic trnh by
for (int i = 0; i < indentLevel+1; i++)
Console.Write(" "); // hai khong trng cho mi cp
Console.WriteLine("{0} [{1}] Size: {2} bytes",
file.Name, file.LastWriteTime, file.Length);
fileCounter++;
}
DirectoryInfo[] directories = dir.GetDirectories( );
foreach (DirectoryInfo newDir in directories)
{
dirCounter++;
ExploreDirectory(newDir);
}
indentLevel--;
}

// cc bin tnh cho vic thng k v trnh by
static int dirCounter = 1;
static int indentLevel = -1;
static int fileCounter = 0;
}
}
229

Kt qu (mt phn):
[0] WinNT [5/1/2001 3:34:01 PM]

ActiveSetupLog.txt [4/20/2001 10:42:22 AM] Size: 10620 bytes
actsetup.log [4/20/2001 12:05:02 PM] Size: 8717 bytes
Blue Lace 16.bmp [12/6/1999 4:00:00 PM] Size: 1272 bytes
[2] Wallpaper [5/1/2001 3:14:32 PM]
Boiling Point.jpg [4/20/2001 8:30:24 AM] Size: 28871 bytes
Chateau.jpg [4/20/2001 8:30:24 AM] Size: 70605 bytes
Windows 2000.jpg [4/20/2001 8:30:24 AM] Size: 129831 bytes

8590 files in 363 directories found.
21.1.4 Chnh sa tp tin
i tng FileInfo c th dng to, sao chp, i tn v xo mt tp tin. V
d di y to mt th mc con mi, sao chp mt tp tin, i tn vi tp tin, v
sau xa ton b th mc ny.
V d 21-3. To th mc con v thao tc cc tp tin
using System;
using System.IO;

{
class Tester
{
{
string theDirectory = @"c:\test\media";
}

{
// to mi mt th mc con
string newDirectory = "newTest";
DirectoryInfo newSubDir =
dir.CreateSubdirectory(newDirectory);
// ly tt c cc tp tin trong th mc v
// sao chp chng sang th mc mi
{
string fullName = newSubDir.FullName +
"\\" + file.Name;
file.CopyTo(fullName);
Console.WriteLine("{0} copied to newTest",
file.FullName);
}
// ly cc tp tin va sao chp
filesInDir = newSubDir.GetFiles( );
// hy hoc i tn mt vi tp tin
230
int counter = 0;
{
string fullName = file.FullName;
if (counter++ %2 == 0)
{
file.MoveTo(fullName + ".bak");
Console.WriteLine("{0} renamed to {1}",
fullName,file.FullName);
}
else
{
file.Delete( );
Console.WriteLine("{0} deleted.", fullName);
}
}
newSubDir.Delete(true); // hy th mc con ny
}
}
}

Kt qu (mt phn):
c:\test\media\Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 3.RMI
copied to newTest
c:\test\media\Beethoven's 5th Symphony.RMI copied to newTest
c:\test\media\Beethoven's Fur Elise.RMI copied to newTest
c:\test\media\canyon.mid copied to newTest
c:\test\media\newTest\Bach's Brandenburg Concerto
No. 3.RMI renamed to
c:\test\media\newTest\Bach's Brandenburg Concerto
No. 3.RMI.bak
c:\test\media\newTest\Beethoven's 5th Symphony.RMI deleted.
c:\test\media\newTest\Beethoven's Fur Elise.RMI renamed to
c:\test\media\newTest\Beethoven's Fur Elise.RMI.bak
c:\test\media\newTest\canyon.mid deleted.
21.2 c v ghi d liu
c v ghi d liu l nhim v chnh ca cc lung, Stream. Stream h tr c hai
cch c ghi ng b hay bt ng b. .NET Framework cung cp sn nhiu lp
tha k t lp Stream, bao gm FileStream, MemoryStream v
NetworkStream. Ngoi ra cn c lp BufferedStream cung cp vng m xut
nhp c dng thm vi cc lung khc. Bng di y tm tt ngha s dng
ca cc lung
Bng 21-5 ngha cc lung
Lp Gii thch
Stream Lp tru tng cung cp h tr c / ghi theo byte
BinaryReader /
BinaryWriter
c / ghi cc kiu d liu gc (primitive data type) theo tr nh phn
File, FileInfo, Directory,
DirectoryInfo
Cung cp cc ci t cho lp FileSystemInfo, bao gm vic to,
dch chuyn, i tn, xo tp tin hay th mc
231
FileStream
c t / ghi ln tp tin. Mc nh m tp tin ng b, h tr truy
cp tp tin bt ng b.
TextReader, TextWriter,
StringReader, StringWriter
TextReader v TextWriter l hai lp tru tng c thit k cho
vic xut nhp k t Unicode.StringReader v StringWrite ci t
hai lp trn dnh cho vic c ghi vo mt chui
BufferedStream
Lung dng lm vng m cho cc lung khc nh
NetworkStream. Lp FileStream t ci t sn vng m. Lp ny
nhm tng cng hiu nng cho lung gn vi n.
MemoryStream
Lung d liu trc tip t b nh. Thng c dng nh vng
m tm.
NetworkStream Lung cho kt ni mng.
21.2.1 Tp tin nh phn
Phn ny s bt u s dng lp c s Stream c tp tin nh phn. Lp
Stream c rt nhiu phng thc nhng quan trng nht l nm phng thc
Read(), Write(), BeginRead(), BeginWrite() v Flush().
thao tc tp tin nh phn (hay c tp tin theo kiu nh phn), ta bt u to mt
cp i tng Stream, mt c, mt vit.
Stream inputStream = File.OpenRead(@"C:\test\source\test1.cs");
Stream outputStream = File.OpenWrite(@"C:\test\source\test1.bak");
m mt tp tin c v vit, ta s dng hai hm tnh OpenRead() v
OpenWrite() ca lp File vi tham s l ng dn tp tin.
Tip theo ta c d liu t inputStream cho n khi khng cn d liu na v s
ghi d liu c c vo outputStream. Hai hm lp Stream phc v vic c
ghi d liu l Read() v Write().
while( (bytesRead = inputStream.Read(buffer,0,SIZE_BUFF)) > 0 )
{
outputStream.Write(buffer,0,bytesRead);
}
Hai hm c cng mt s lng v kiu tham s truyn vo. u tin l mt mng
cc byte (c gi l vng m buffer) dng cha d liu theo dang byte.
Tham s th hai cho bit v tr bt u c hay ghi trn vng m, tham s cui
cng cho bit s byte cn c hay ghi. i vi hm Read() cn tr v s byte m
Stream c c, c th bng hay khc gi tr tham s th ba.
V d 21-4. Ci t vic c v ghi tp tin nh phn
using System;
using System.IO;

{
class Tester
{
232
const int SizeBuff = 1024;
{
t.Run( );
}
private void Run( )
{
// c t tp tin ny
Stream inputStream = File.OpenRead(
@"C:\test\source\test1.cs");
// ghi vo tp tin ny
Stream outputStream = File.OpenWrite(
@"C:\test\source\test1.bak");
// to vng m cha d liu
byte[] buffer = new Byte[SizeBuff];
int bytesRead;
// sau khi c d liu xut chng ra outputStream
while ( (bytesRead =
inputStream.Read(buffer,0,SizeBuff)) > 0 )
{
outputStream.Write(buffer,0,bytesRead);
}
// ng tp tin trc khi thot
inputStream.Close( );
outputStream.Close( );
}
}
}
Kt qu sau khi chay chng trnh l mt bn sao ca tp tin u vo (test1.cs) c
to trong cng th mc vi tn test1.bak
21.2.2 Lung c vng m
Trong v d trc ta thc hin vic ghi ln tp tin theo tng khi buffer, nh vy
h iu hnh s thc thi vic ghi tp tin ngay sau lnh Write(). iu ny c th
lm gim hiu nng thc thi do phi ch cc thao tc c hc ca a cng vn rt
chm.
Lung c vng m s khc phc nhc im ny bng cch sau: khi c lnh
Write() d liu, lung s khng gi h iu hnh ngay m s gi trn vng m
(thc cht l b nh), ch cho n khi d liu ln s ghi mt lt ln tp tin. Lp
BufferedStream l ci t cho lung c vng m.
to mt lung c vng m trc tin ta vn to lung Stream nh trn
Stream inputStream = File.OpenRead(@"C:\test\source\folder3.cs");
Stream outputStream = File.OpenWrite(@"C:\test\source\folder3.bak");
Sau truyn cc lung ny cho hm dng ca BufferedStream
BufferedStream bufferedInput = new BufferedStream(inputStream);
BufferedStream bufferedOutput = new BufferedStream(outputStream);
233
T y ta s dng bufferedInput v bufferedOutput thay cho
inputStream v outputStream. Cch s dng l nh nhau: cng dng phng
thc Read() v Write()
while((bytesRead = bufferedInput.Read(buffer,0,SIZE_BUFF))>0 )
{
bufferedOutput.Write(buffer,0,bytesRead);
}
C mt khc bit duy nht l phi nh gi hm Flush() chc chn d liu
c "tng" t vng buffer ln tp tin.
bufferedOutput.Flush( );
Lnh ny nhm yu cu h iu hnh sao chp d liu t vng nh buffer ln a
cng.
V d 21-5. Ci t lung c vng m
using System;
using System.IO;

{
class Tester
{
const int SizeBuff = 1024;
{
t.Run( );
}
private void Run( )
{
// to mt lung nh phn
Stream inputStream = File.OpenRead(
@"C:\test\source\folder3.cs");
Stream outputStream = File.OpenWrite(
@"C:\test\source\folder3.bak");
// to lung vng m kt buc vi lung nh phn
BufferedStream bufferedInput =
new BufferedStream(inputStream);
BufferedStream bufferedOutput =
new BufferedStream(outputStream);
byte[] buffer = new Byte[SizeBuff];
int bytesRead;
while ( (bytesRead =
bufferedInput.Read(buffer,0,SizeBuff)) > 0 )
{
bufferedOutput.Write(buffer,0,bytesRead);
}
bufferedOutput.Flush( );
bufferedInput.Close( );
bufferedOutput.Close( );
}
}
}
234
Vi tp tin c dung lng ln, chng trnh ny s chy nhanh hn chng trnh v
d trc.
21.2.3 Lm vic vi tp tin vn bn
i vi cc tp tin ch cha vn bn, ta s dng hai lung StreamReader v
StreamWriter cho vic c v ghi. Hai lp ny c thit k thao tc vi vn
bn d dng hn. V d nh chng cung cp hm ReadLine() v WriteLine()
c v ghi mt dng vn bn.
to mt th hin StreamReader ta gi phng thc OpenText() ca lp
FileInfo.
FileInfotheSourceFile =
new FileInfo (@"C:\test\source\test1.cs");
StreamReader stream = theSourceFile.OpenText( );
Ta c tng dng vn bn ca tp tin cho n ht
do
{
text = stream.ReadLine( );
} while (text != null);
to i tng StreamWriter ta truyn cho hm khi dng ng dn tp tin
StreamWriter writer = new
StreamWriter(@"C:\test\source\folder3.bak",false);
tham s th hai thuc kiu bool, nu tp tin tn ti, gi tr true s ghi d liu
mi vo cui tp tin, gi tr false s xa d liu c, d liu mi s ghi d liu
c.
V d 21-6. c v ghi tp tin vn bn
using System;
using System.IO;

{
class Tester
{
{
t.Run( );
}
private void Run( )
{
// m mt tp tin
FileInfo theSourceFile = new FileInfo(
@"C:\test\source\test.cs");
// to lung c vn bn cho tp tin
StreamReader reader = theSourceFile.OpenText( );
// to lung ghi vn bn cho tp tin xut
StreamWriter writer = new StreamWriter(
@"C:\test\source\test.bak",false);
// to mt bin chui l gi mt dng vn bn
235
string text;

// c ton b tp tin theo tng dng
// ghi ra mn hnh console v tp tin xut
do
{
text = reader.ReadLine( );
writer.WriteLine(text);
Console.WriteLine(text);
} while (text != null);
// ng tp tin
reader.Close( );
writer.Close( );
}
}
}
Khi thc thi chng trnh ni dung tp tin ngun c ghi ln tp tin mi ng thi
xut ra mn hnh console.
21.3 Bt ng b nhp xut
Cc v d c trnh by trn s dng k thut ng b ha trong nhp xut d
liu (synchronous I/O), c ngha l chng trnh s tm ngng trong lc h iu
hnh thc hin vic c hay ghi d liu. iu ny c th lm chng trnh tn thi
gian v ch, c bit khi lm vic vi cc a c tc chm hay dung lng
ng truyn mng thp.
K thut bt ng b nhp xut (asynchronous I/O) c dng gii quyt vn
ny. Ta c th thc hin cc cng vic khc trong khi ch h thng hp xut c/ghi
d liu. K thut ny c ci t trong phng thc BeginRead() v
BeginWrite() ca lp Stream.
Mu cht ca phng thc Begin*() l khi c gi mt tiu trnh mi s c
to v lm cng vic nhp xut, tiu trnh c s thc hin cng vic khc. Sau khi
hon tt vic c/ghi, thng bo c gi n hm callback thng qua mt
deleagte. Ta c th thao tc vi cc d liu va c c/ghi, thc hin mt cng
vic c/ghi khc v li quay i lm cng vic khc.
Phng thc BeginRead() yu cu nm tham s, ba tham s tng t hm Read,
hai tham s (ty chn) cn li l: delegate AsyncCallback gi hm
callback v tham s cn li l object dng phn bit gia cc thao tc nhp
xut bt ng b khc nhau.
Trong v d d ny ta s to mt mng byte lm vng m, v mt i tng
Stream
public class AsynchIOTester
{
private Stream inputStream;
private byte[] buffer;
const int BufferSize = 256;
236
mt bin thnh vin kiu delegate m phng thc BeginRead() yu cu
private AsyncCallback myCallBack; // delegated method
Delegate AsyncCallback khai bo trong vng tn System nh sau
public delegate void AsyncCallback (IAsyncResult ar);
To mt hm callback ng gi trong delegate
void OnCompletedRead(IAsyncResult asyncResult)
Di y l cch hot ng ca v d. Trong hm Main() ta khi to v cho thc
thi lp kim th AsyncIOTester
{
AsynchIOTester theApp = new AsynchIOTester( );
theApp.Run( );
}
Hm dng khi to cc bin thnh vin
AsynchIOTester( )
{
inputStream = File.OpenRead(@"C:\test\source\AskTim.txt");
buffer = new byte[BufferSize];
myCallBack = new AsyncCallback(this.OnCompletedRead);
}
Phng thc Run() s gi BeginRead()
inputStream.BeginRead(
buffer, // cha kt qu
0, // v tr bt u
buffer.Length, // kch thc vng m
myCallBack, // callback delegate
null); // i tng trng thi

Sau thc hin cng vic khc, trng hp ny l vng lp for thc hin 500.000
ln.
for (long i = 0; i < 500000; i++)
{
if (i%1000 == 0)
{
Console.WriteLine("i: {0}", i);
}
}
Sau khi vic c hon tt hm callback c gi
{
iu u tin l phi bit s lng byte tht s c c bng cch gi hm
EndRead()
int bytesRead = inputStream.EndRead(asyncResult);
Sau thao tc trn d liu c c (in ra console), v li gi tip mt
BeginRead() thc hin nhp xut bt ng b mt ln na,
if (bytesRead > 0)
237
{
string s = Encoding.ASCII.GetString (buffer, 0, bytesRead);
Console.WriteLine(s);
inputStream.BeginRead(buffer, 0, buffer.Length,
myCallBack, null);
}
Hiu qu ca chng trnh l ta c th thc hin cc cng vic khng cn kt qu
ca vic c d liu khc. V d hon chnh lit k di y
V d 21-7. ci t nhp xut bt ng b
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Text;

{
public class AsynchIOTester
{
private Stream inputStream;
// delegated
private AsyncCallback myCallBack;
// vng nh buffer lu gi liu c c
private byte[] buffer;
// kch thc buffer
const int BufferSize = 256;

AsynchIOTester( )
{
// m mt lung nhp
inputStream = File.OpenRead(
@"C:\test\source\AskTim.txt");
// cp pht vng buffer
buffer = new byte[BufferSize];
// gn mt hm callback
myCallBack = new AsyncCallback(this.OnCompletedRead);
}
{
AsynchIOTester theApp = new AsynchIOTester();
theApp.Run( );
}

void Run()
{
buffer, // cha kt qu
0, // v tr bt u trn buffer
buffer.Length, // kch thc buffer
myCallBack, // callback delegate
null); // i tng trng thi cc b
// lm chuyn g trong lc c d liu
for (long i = 0; i < 500000; i++)
{
if (i%1000 == 0)
{
238
Console.WriteLine("i: {0}", i);
}
}
}

// hm callback
{
int bytesRead =
inputStream.EndRead(asyncResult);
// nu c c d liu
if (bytesRead > 0)
{
// chuyn n thnh chui
String s =
Encoding.ASCII.GetString(buffer, 0, bytesRead);
Console.WriteLine(s);
buffer, 0, buffer.Length, myCallBack, null);
}
}
}
}

Kt qu (mt phn)
i: 47000
i: 48000
i: 49000
Date: January 2001
From: Dave Heisler
To: Ask Tim
Subject: Questions About O'Reilly
Dear Tim,
I've been a programmer for about ten years. I had heard of
O'Reilly books,then...
Dave,
You might be amazed at how many requests for help with
school projects I get;
i: 50000
i: 51000
i: 52000
Trong cc ng dng thc t, ta s tng tc vi ngi dng hoc thc hin cc tnh
ton trong khi cng vic nhp xut tp tin hay c s d liu c thc hin mt
cch bt ng b mt tiu trnh khc.
21.4 Serialization
Serialize c ngha l sp theo th t. Khi ta mun lu mt i tng xung tp tin
trn a t lu tr, ta phi nh ra trnh t lu tr ca d liu trong i tng.
Khi cn ti to li i tng t thng tin trn tp tin lu tr, ta s "np" ng
theo trnh t nh trc . y gi l qu trnh Serialize.
Ni chnh xc hn, serialize l tin trnh bin i trng thi ca i tng theo
mt nh dng c th c lu tr hay dch chuyn (transfer).
239
.NET Framework cung cp 2 k thut serialize:
Binary serialize (serialize nh phn): cch ny gi nguyn kiu d liu, thch
hp cho vic gi nguyn cu trc i tng. C th dng k thut ny chia
s i tng gia cc ng dng bng cch serialize vo vng nh clipboard;
hoc serialize vo cc lung, a t, b nh, trn mng ; hoc truyn cho
my tnh xa nh mt tham tr ("by-value object")
XML v SOAP Serialize: ch serialize cc thuc tnh public, v khng gi
nguyn kiu d liu. Tuy nhin XML v SOAP l cc chun m nn k thut
khng b cc hn ch v giao tip gia cc ng dng.
Cc i tng c s u c kh nng serialize. i tng ca ta c th
serialize, trc tin cn thm khai bo attribute [Serialize] cho lp i
tng . Nu i tng c cha cc i tng khc th cc i tng phi c
kh nng serialize.
21.4.1 Lm vic vi Serialize
Trc tin, ta to mt i tng Sumof lm v d cho vic Serialize. i tng
c cc bin thnh vin sau:
private int startNumber = 1;
private int endNumber;
private int[] theSums;
mng theSums uc m t: phn t theSum[i] cha gi tr l tng t
startNumber cho n startNumber + i.
21.4.1.1 serialize i tng
Trc tin thm attribute [Serialize] vo trc khai bo i tng
[Serializable]
class SumOf
Ta cn mt tp tin l tr i tng ny, to mt FileStream
FileStream fileStream = new FileStream("DoSum.out",FileMode.Create);
Sau khi to mt Formatter, gi phng thc Serialize ca n.
binaryFormatter.Serialize(fileStream,this);
i tng Sumof c Serialize.
21.4.1.2 Deserialize i tng
Deserialize l tin trnh ngc vi serialize, tin trnh ny c d liu c
serialize ti to li i tng.
Khai bo phng thc tnh DeSerialize cho tin trnh ny
public static SumOf DeSerialize( )
{
FileStream fileStream = new FileStream("DoSum.out",FileMode.Open);
BinaryFormatter binaryFormatter = new BinaryFormatter( );
240
return (SumOf) binaryFormatter.Deserialize(fileStream);
}
V d 21-1 Serialize v Deserialize i tng
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Runtime.Serialization;
using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;

{
[Serializable]
class SumOf
{
{
Console.WriteLine("Creating first one with new...");
SumOf app = new SumOf(1,10);
Console.WriteLine("Creating second one with
deserialize...");
SumOf newInstance = SumOf.DeSerialize( );
newInstance.DisplaySums( );
}

public SumOf(int start, int end)
{
startNumber = start;
endNumber = end;
ComputeSums( );
DisplaySums( );
Serialize( );
}

private void ComputeSums( )
{
int count = endNumber - startNumber + 1;
theSums = new int[count];
theSums[0] = startNumber;
for (int i=1,j=startNumber + 1;i<count;i++,j++)
{
theSums[i] = j + theSums[i-1];
}
}

private void DisplaySums( )
{
foreach(int i in theSums)
{
Console.WriteLine("{0}, ",i);
}
}

private void Serialize( )
{
Console.Write("Serializing...");
// to mt file stream hay ghi
241
new FileStream("DoSum.out",FileMode.Create);
//s dung binary formatter
BinaryFormatter binaryFormatter =
new BinaryFormatter( );
// serialize
Console.WriteLine("...completed");
}

{
new FileStream("DoSum.out",FileMode.Open);
}

private int[] theSums;
}
}

Kt qu:
Creating first one with new...
1,
3,
6,
10,
15,
21,
28,
36,
45,
55,
Serializing......completed
Creating second one with deserialize...
1,
3,
6,
10,
15,
21,
28,
36,
45,
55,
21.4.2 Handling Transient Data
Theo cch nhn no th serialize kiu V d 21-1 rt lng ph. Gi tr cc
phn t trong mng c th tnh bng thut ton v vy khng nht thit phi
serialize mng ny (v lm gim ng k dung lng tp tin lu tr).
242
CLR bit ta khng mun Serialize bin thnh vin ny, ta t attribute
[NonSerialize] trc khai bo:
[NonSerialized] private int[] theSums;
Theo logic, khi deserialize, ta khng th c ngay mng v v vy cn thc hin
li cng vic tnh ton mt ln na. Ta c th thc hin trong hm Deserialize,
nhng CLR cung cp giao din IDeserializationCallback, ta s ci t giao
din ny
[Serializable]
class SumOf : IDeserializationCallback
Giao din ny c mt phng thc duy nht l OnDeserialization() m ta
phi ci t:
public virtual void OnDeserialization (Object sender)
{
ComputeSums( );
}
Khi tin trnh Deserialize, phng thc ny s c gi v mng theSums
c tnh ton v khi gn. Ci gi m ta phi tr chnh l thi gian dnh cho vic
tnh ton ny.
V d 21-2 Lm vic vi di tng nonserialize
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Runtime.Serialization;
using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;

{
[Serializable]
class SumOf : IDeserializationCallback
{
{
Console.WriteLine("Creating first one with new...");
SumOf app = new SumOf(1,5);
Console.WriteLine("Creating second one with
deserialize...");
SumOf newInstance = SumOf.DeSerialize( );
newInstance.DisplaySums( );
}

public SumOf(int start, int end)
{
startNumber = start;
endNumber = end;
ComputeSums( );
DisplaySums( );
Serialize( );
}

private void ComputeSums( )
{
243
int count = endNumber - startNumber + 1;
theSums = new int[count];
theSums[0] = startNumber;
for (int i=1,j=startNumber + 1;i<count;i++,j++)
{
theSums[i] = j + theSums[i-1];
}
}

private void DisplaySums( )
{
foreach(int i in theSums)
{
Console.WriteLine("{0}, ",i);
}
}

private void Serialize( )
{
Console.Write("Serializing...");
new FileStream("DoSum.out",FileMode.Create);
BinaryFormatter binaryFormatter = new BinaryFormatter();
Console.WriteLine("...completed");
}

{
new FileStream("DoSum.out",FileMode.Open);
}

public virtual void OnDeserialization( Object sender )
{
ComputeSums( );
}

[NonSerialized] private int[] theSums;
}
}

Kt qu:
Creating first one with new...
1,
3,
6,
10,
15,
Serializing......completed
Creating second one with deserialize...
244
1,
3,
6,
10,
15,
21.5 Isolate Storage
Outlook Express (OE) l trnh nhn/chuyn th in t ca Microsoft. Khi chy trn
mi trng a ngi dng nh Windows 2000, n cung cp cho mi ngi dng
mt hp th ring. Cc hp th ny lu tr trn a cng thnh nhiu tp tin khc
nhau cc th mc thuc quyn ca ngi dng tng ng. Ngoi ra OE cn lu
gi cc cc thit t (nh cc ca s hin th, ti khan kt ni ) ca tng ngi
dng.
.NET Framework cung cp cc lp thc hin cc cng vic ny. N tng t nh
cc tp tin .ini ca Windows c, hay gn y hn l kha
HKEY_CURRENT_USER trong Registry. Lp thc hin vic ny l lung
IsolatedStorageFileStream. Cch s dng tng t nh cc lung khc. Ta
khi to bng cch truyn cho hm dng tn tp tin, cc cng vic khc hon ton
do lung thc hin.
V d 21-3 Isolated Storage
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.IO.IsolatedStorage;

{
public class Tester
{
{
Tester app = new Tester( );
app.Run( );
}
private void Run( )
{
// to mt lung cho tp tin cu hnh
IsolatedStorageFileStream configFile = new
IsolatedStorageFileStream("Tester.cfg",FileMode.Create);
// to mt writer ghi ln lung
StreamWriter writer = new StreamWriter(configFile);
// ghi d liu lr6n tp tin config
String output;
output = "Last access: " + currentTime.ToString( );
writer.WriteLine(output);
output = "Last position = 27,35";
writer.WriteLine(output);
// tng sch d liu
writer.Flush( );
writer.Close( );
245
configFile.Close( );
}
}
}
Sau khi chy on m ny ta, thc hin vic tm kim tp tin test.cfg, ta s thy
n trong ng dn sau:
c:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\ApplicationData\
Microsoft\COMPlus\IsolatedStorage\0.4\
Url.wj4zpd5ni41dynqxx1uz0x0aoaraftc\
Url.wj4zpd5ni41dynqxx1uz0ix0aoaraftc\files
M tp tin ny bng Notepad, ni dung tp tin nh sau
Last access: 5/2/2001 10:00:57 AM
Last position = 27,35
Ta cng c th c tp tin ny bng chnh lung IsolatedStorageFileStream
Lp trnh .NET v COM Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
246

Chng 22 Lp trnh .NET v COM
Chng ny ni v nhng iu cn li ca C# (v .NET Framework).
Khi xy dng v cng b chun OLE 2.0, sau l COM v ActiveX, Microsoft
qung co mt cch rm r v "kh nng" lp trnh cc thnh phn, sau gn
chng li c cc ng dng. Bn cnh l kh nng vit mt ln dng cho tt c
ngn ng ca COM. Tuy nhin COM vn vng mc mt s hn ch nh vn
phin bn v kh "kh nut".
.NET Framework mi ra i li mang mt kin trc khc, khng hn ch v ngn
ng, gii quyt "xong" vn phin bn. Tuy nhin trong cc cng ty hin nay vn
cn "v s COM", v .NET Framework buc phi tip tc h tr COM. Di y l
cc vn m .NET Framework gii quyt c:
Hiu v cho php s dng cc ActiveX control trong mi trng Vs.NET
Hiu v cho php s dng cc i tng COM
Cho php chuyn mt lp .NET thnh mt COM
Ngoi ra, nh gii thiu C# h tr kiu con tr ca C++ vi mc ch c c s
mm do ca C/C++. Kiu con tr c khuyn khng nn s dng v on m
dng con tr c xem l khng an ton. N ch thch hp cho cc thao tc vi cc
COM, cc th vin hm DLL, hay gi trc tip n cc Win API.
22.1 P/Invoke
Khi u Platform invoke facility (P/Invoke - d dng gi cc giao din lp trnh
ca h iu hnh/sn din) c d nh cung cp mt cch thc truy cp n
cc hm Windows API, nhng ta c th dng n gi cc hm th vin DLL.
V d sp trnh by s dng hm Win API MoveFile ca th vin kernal32.dll. Ta
khai bo phng thc static extern bng attribute DllImport nh sau:
[DllImport("kernel32.dll", EntryPoint="MoveFile",
ExactSpelling=false, CharSet=CharSet.Unicode,
SetLastError=true)]
static extern bool MoveFile(
string sourceFile, string destinationFile);
Lp DllImport (cng l lp DllImportAttribute) ch ra mt phng thc khng
c qun l (unmanaged) c gi thng qua P/Invoke. Cc tham s c gii
thch nh sau:
EntryPoint: Tn hm c gi
ExactSpelling: t gi tr false khng phn bit hoa thng
CharSet: tp k t thao tc trn cc tham s kiu chui
247
SetLastError: t gi tr true c php gi hm
GetLastError (Win API) kim tra li
V d 22-1 S dng P/Invoke gi WinAPI
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

{
class Tester
{
// khai bo hm WinAPI mun gi P/Invoke
[DllImport("kernel32.dll", EntryPoint="MoveFile",
ExactSpelling=false, CharSet=CharSet.Unicode,
SetLastError=true)]
static extern bool MoveFile( string sourceFile,
string destinationFile);

{
string theDirectory = @"c:\test\media";
}

{
string newDirectory = "newTest";
DirectoryInfo newSubDir =
dir.CreateSubdirectory(newDirectory);
{
string fullName = newSubDir.FullName +
"\\" + file.Name;
file.CopyTo(fullName);
Console.WriteLine("{0} copied to newTest",
file.FullName);
}

filesInDir = newSubDir.GetFiles( );
// xa mt vi tp tin v
// i tn mt vi tp tin
int counter = 0;
{
string fullName = file.FullName;
if (counter++ %2 == 0)
{
// P/Invoke Win API
Tester.MoveFile(fullName, fullName + ".bak");
Console.WriteLine("{0} renamed to {1}",
fullName,file.FullName);
}
else
248
{
file.Delete( );
Console.WriteLine("{0} deleted.", fullName);
}
}

newSubDir.Delete(true);
}
}
}

Kt qu (mt phn):
c:\test\media\newTest\recycle.wav renamed to
c:\test\media\newTest\recycle.wav
c:\test\media\newTest\ringin.wav renamed to
c:\test\media\newTest\ringin.wav
Mt ln na, ch nn gi P/Invoke trong trng bt kh khng. S dng cc lp
.NET Framework c on m c qun l.
22.2 Con tr
Nh cp trn, ch nn s dng con tr khi lm vic vi cc COM, WinAPI,
hm DLL.
Cc ton t s dng vi con tr tng t nh C/C++
&: ton t ly a ch
*: ton t ly ni dung con tr
->: ton t n cc thnh vin ca con tr
V d di y s dng con tr lm tham s cho hai hm WinAPI CreatFile v
ReadFile.
V d 22-2 S dng con tr trong C#
using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Text;

class APIFileReader
{
// import hai phng thc, phi c t kha unsafe
[DllImport("kernel32", SetLastError=true)]
static extern unsafe int CreateFile(
string filename,
uint desiredAccess,
uint shareMode,
uint attributes,
uint creationDisposition,
uint flagsAndAttributes,
uint templateFile);

// API phi dng con tr
[DllImport("kernel32", SetLastError=true)]
static extern unsafe bool ReadFile(
int hFile,
void* lpBuffer,
249
int nBytesToRead,
int* nBytesRead,
int overlapped);

// hm dng: m mt tp tin tn ti
public APIFileReader(string filename)
{
fileHandle = CreateFile(
filename, // tp tin
GenericRead, // cch truy xut - desiredAccess
UseDefault, // shareMode
UseDefault, // attributes
OpenExisting, // creationDisposition
UseDefault, // flagsAndAttributes
UseDefault); // templateFile
}

// unsafe: cho php to con tr v
// ng cnh unsafe (unsafe context)
public unsafe int Read(byte[] buffer, int index, int count)
{
int bytesRead = 0;
// fixed: cm CLR dn dp rc
fixed (byte* bytePointer = buffer)
{
ReadFile(
fileHandle, // hfile
bytePointer + index, // lpBuffer
count, // nBytesToRead
&bytesRead, // nBytesRead
0); // overlapped
}
return bytesRead;
}
const uint GenericRead = 0x80000000;
const uint OpenExisting = 3;
const uint UseDefault = 0;
int fileHandle;
}
class Test
{
{
APIFileReader fileReader =
new APIFileReader("myTestFile.txt");

// to buffer v ASCII coder
const int BuffSize = 128;
byte[] buffer = new byte[BuffSize];
ASCIIEncoding asciiEncoder = new ASCIIEncoding( );

// c tp tin vo buffer v hin th ra mn hnh console
while (fileReader.Read(buffer, 0, BuffSize) != 0)
{
Console.Write("{0}", asciiEncoder.GetString(buffer));
}
}
}
250

Phn 2
Xy dng mt ng dng minh ha

Website dy hc ngn ng C# Gvhd: Nguyn Tn Trn Minh Khang
251

Chng 23 Website dy hc ngn ng C#
23.1 Hin trng v yu cu
Trc tin chng ta s tm hiu s qua v nhng g ang din ra trong thc t, v
ng dng ca ta lin quan n kha cnh no. Sau ta phi xc nh r cc yu
cu m ng dng cn phi thc hin. Vic xc nh tht r v ng cc yu cu
m ng dng cn phi thc hin l bc rt quan trng, n s nh hng cho
ton b ng dng ca chng ta.
23.1.1 Hin trng thc t
23.1.1.1 Hin trng
Hin nay, lnh vc cng ngh thng tin trn ton th gii ang pht trin ht sc
nhanh chng c v hng cng ngh phn mm v ln hng cng ngh phn
cng. Ch cn mt vi thng l s c rt nhiu thay i, v th ta cn phi c mt
phng php tt tip cn chng.
Mc d c rt nhiu cng c, ngn ng gip cc nh pht trin phn mm to ra
hng lot cc ng dng mnh m, nhng ging nh cha . H vn lun mun
tm ti nhng ci mi, cng c tt hn c th tng hiu sut pht trin phn
mm tht nhanh v tht hiu qu. Mt s t chc cung cp cc b pht trin phn
mm ni ting nh :
1. Microsoft vi h iu hnh Windows, b Visual Studio 6.0 vi cc ngn
ng lp trnh nh : Visual Basic, Visual C++
2. T chc Sun vi ngn ng Java tng ni ting mt thi, thng tr trong
cc ng dng Web.
Nhng nm u ca th k 21, nm 2000 2002. Micrsoft tung ra th
trng mt cng ngh mi Microsoft Development Enviroment .NET vi
mc ch :
3. nh bi cc i th khc : ngn ng lp trnh Java ca Sun hay h qun tr
c s d liu Oracle
4. Tr thnh cng c mnh nht pht trin cc ng dng Web ( ch NET
vit tt ca Network ).
Nhm minh ha qu trnh tm hiu ngn ng C# (c l Csharp) trong b cng c
.NET, chng ti vit nn ng dng Web dy hc C# ny.
252
23.1.1.2 Qu trnh tm hiu thc t
ng dng ph hp vi thc t v xc nh r c cc yu cu m ng dng
cn thc hin, chng ti cng tm hiu qua mt s Web-Site dy hc trn
mng. Sau y l mt s hnh nh minh ha qu trnh tm hiu :
Trang ch dy hc ch CSS
Trang ny s lit k tt c cc mc thuc ch ny, ng thi trang ny cng
cho php cc lin kt ( Link ) ti cc trang con khc : cc tham chiu ti cc a
ch khc c lin quan, trc nghim ca ch v minh ha l thuyt qua cc v
d nu c.

Hnh 23-1 Trang Ch dy hc ngn ng CSS

Trang hin th l thuyt ca chng thuc ch
Trong mt ch s c nhiu chng. Khi chn mt chng no , th s hin
th phn l thuyt chnh m t cho chng .
253
Hnh 23-2 Trang gii thiu v chng : Introduction CSS

Lit k cc v d minh ha l thuyt thuc ch
Phn ny s lit k tt c cc v d hin c thuc ch theo tng nhm c th.
254
Hnh 23-3 Lit k cc v d minh ha l thuyt thuc ch theo nhm

Minh ha l thuyt qua v d
Sau khi tm hiu l thuyt, ngi dng mun tm hiu r hn l thuyt qua phn
m ngun ca cc v d thuc ch . Ty tng loi ch m ngi dng
c h tr chc nng g m tip vo ca s Text, sau s gi trang m ny
ln my ch nhn c kt qu ca phn m va g vo.
255
Hnh 23-4 Minh ha l thuyt qua v d, cho php ngi dng t g m ca h
vo

T chc thi trc nghim cho ch
Trong mi ch , ngi dng c th tham gia thi trc nghim kin thc ca
mnh :
256
Hnh 23-5 T chc thi trc nghim cho ch

23.1.2 Xc nh yu cu
ng dng phi gip ngi dng c th nm bt c kin thc mt cch nhanh
nht, trnh trn lan, di dng v phi h tr chc nng hiu chnh ( Admin ).
23.1.2.1 Yu cu chc nng
ng dng d nh s c 5 chc nng chnh sau :
1. Hin th l thut
2. Minh ha l thuyt qua v d
3. T chc thi trc nghim
4. Cho php qung co, gii thiu sch v Link ti cc Site lin quan khc
5. Cho php chc nng hiu chnh ( thm, xa, sa ) cc thnh phn trn
M t chi tit v cc yu cu chc nng trn :
Lu tr
L thuyt v tng ch , cc chng thuc ch v tng mc chnh,
chnh ca chng, cc tp tin nh km.
Cc v d minh ha ca mi ch , tp tin nh km nu c.
257
Danh sch cc bi trc nghim v cc cu hi, khng lu tr bi lm
Cc a ch Web-Site tham chiu, cc hnh nh v thng tin v vic
qung co sch ng vi mi ch .
Mt s thng tin khc : thng tin ngi dng Admin, cc tham s hiu
chnh
Tra cu
Thng tin v mi ch , chng, mc chnh v cc chnh thuc chng.
Thng tin v cc bi v d minh ha l thuyt.
Thng tin v cc bi thi trc nghim.
Mt s thng tin khc lin quan nu cn thit.
Tnh ton
S cu ng cho cc bi trc nghim v tnh im cho chng.
Kt xut
Hin th theo cu trc phn cp dng cy v l thuyt theo ch , chng,
mc chnh, chnh.
V d minh ha l thuyt
Cc bi trc nghim v kt qu tng ng
Danh sch cc tham chiu n cc Web-Site, cc hnh nh v thng tin v
sch cn qung co.
Cc thng tin v l thuyt, v d, trc nghim, sch cn hiu chnh.
Cc bo co thng k v cc mc trn nu c.
23.1.2.2 Yu cu cht lng
2. ng dng phi hin th thng tin mt cch sch tch, ngn gn, trc quan
i vi ngi dng, phi gip ngi dng nm bt thng tin c nhanh
nht.
3. Phi cho php hiu chnh (Admin) trc tip trn ng dng.
4. Ni dung phi cht lng, ph hp vi tng ch , d hiu.
258
23.2 Phn tch hng i tng
23.2.1 S lp i tng
Hnh 23-6 Lp i tng

23.2.2 ngha cc i tng chnh
23.2.2.1 CH
ng dng c th c nhiu ch , mi ch s lu tr cc thng tin v chnh n
nh : cc thnh phn thuc ch , gii thiu v ch , c nhiu chng.
23.2.2.2 CHNG
Chng thuc v mt ch no , mi chng c mt hay nhiu mc chnh,
v d, trc nghim.
23.2.2.3 MC CHNH
Mc chnh thuc v mt chng no , mi mc chnh c mt hay nhiu
chnh con v mt tp tin m t chi tit cho mc chnh ny nu c.
23.2.2.4 V D
V d thuc v mt chng no , mi v d s c phn m ngun v kt xut
tng ng vi m ngun ny, c th s c mt tp tin m t chi tit v v d nu
cn thit.
23.2.2.5 CU TRC NGHIM
Trc nghim thuc v mt chng, mt bi trc nghim s c nhiu cu hi, mi
cu hi s c mt p n v cc chn la tng ng vi cu hi .
23.2.3 Bng thuc tnh cc i tng chnh
Thuc tnh i tng : CH
Stt Tn thuc tnh Loi Kiu d liu ngha
1 MACHUDE PK VARCHAR(50) Mi ch c mt m ch
duy nht
259
2 TEN VARCHAR(50) Tn ch
3 NOIDUNG VARCHAR(1000) Ni dung ca ch
4 SOCHUONG INT S chng c trong ch
5 TENTP VARCHAR(50) Tn thnh phn : L
thuyt, V d, Trc
nghim, Qun tr
6 NOIDUNGTP VARCHAR(500) Ni dung tng quan ca
thnh phn thuc ch

Thuc tnh i tng : CHNG
1 MACHUONG PK INT Mi chng c mt m
duy nht
2 TEN VARCHAR(50) Tn ca chng
3 NOIDUNG VARCHAR(1000) Ni dung ca chng
4 SOMUCCHINH INT S mc chnh trong mt
chng

Thuc tnh i tng : MC CHNH
1 MAMUCCHINH PK INT M mc chnh
2 TENMC VARCHAR(100) Tn mc chnh
3 GIOITHIEUMC VARCHAR(2000) Gii thiu tng quan tng
quan v mc chnh
4 TAPTIN VARCHAR(50) Tn tp tin m t chi tit
v mc chnh nu c
5 NOIDUNGCTMC VARCHAR(1000) Ni dung ca mt chnh
con thuc mc chnh

Thuc tnh i tng : V D
1 MAVD PK INT M v d
2 TENVIDU VARCHAR(100) Tn ca v d
3 MANGUON VARCHAR(1000) M ngun ca mt v d
4 KETQUA VARCHAR(1000) Kt xut ca m v d
5 TAPTIN VARCHAR(50) Tn tp tin m t chi tit
v mt v d
260

Thuc tnh i tng : CU TRC NGHIM
1 MACAUTRACNGHIEM PK INT M cu trc
nghim
2 TEN VARCHAR(500) Tn ca cu trc
nghim
3 NOIDUNG VARCHAR(1000) Ni dung ca cu
trc nghim
4 TRALOI1, TRALOI2,
TRALOI3, TRALOI4
VARCHAR(500) Mt cu hi c 4
cu tr li, ng vi
4 thuc tnh
5 DAPAN INT p n ca cu
hi, c 4 gi tr : 1,
2, 3, 4
23.2.4 Cc x l trn cc i tng chnh
X l trn i tng : CH
Stt Tn x l Loi ngha
1 Hin th thng tin v ch Qui nh Hin th thng tin v cc thnh phn
trong ch
2 Thm ch mi Qui nh D liu nhp l tn v ni dung
3 Xa ch c sn Qui nh Xa ton b thng tin v ch
4 Sa i thng tin v ch Qui nh Hiu chnh tn, ni dung ch
5 Kim tra hp l vic thay i ch

Qui nh Kim tra cc rng buc v tnh hp
l khi thm, xa, sa ch
6 Lp bo co, thng k Qui nh Tng kt ton b thng tin v s
chng, v d, cu trc nghim

X l trn i tng : CHNG
Stt Tn x l Loi ngha
1 Hin th thng tin v chng Qui nh Hin th danh sch tn chng theo
tng ch v ni dung
2 Thm chng mi Qui nh D liu nhp l tn v ni dung
3 Xa chng c sn Qui nh Xa ton b thng tin v chng :
cc mc chnh, chnh
4 Sa i thng tin v chng Qui nh Hiu chnh tn, ni dung chng
5 Kim tra hp l vic thay i
chng
l khi thm, xa, sa
261

X l trn i tng : MC CHNH
Stt Tn x l Loi ngha
1 Hin th thng tin v mc chnh
thuc chng
Qui nh Hin th danh sch cc chnh con
ca mc chnh
2 Thm mc chnh mi Qui nh D liu nhp l tn, ni dung mc
chnh v cc chnh con, v c tn
tp tin m t mc chnh nu cn
thit
3 Xa mc chnh c sn Qui nh Xa ton b thng tin v mc chnh
: cc chnh, tn tp tin
4 Sa i thng tin v mc chnh Qui nh Hiu chnh tn, ni dung ni dung
mc chnh v cc chnh con nu
cn thit
5 Kim tra hp l vic thay i mc
chnh
l khi thm, xa, sa

X l trn i tng : V D
Stt Tn x l Loi ngha
1 Hin th thng tin v v d Qui nh Hin th danh sch cc v d ca
chng
2 Thm v d mi Qui nh D liu nhp l tn, gii thiu s v
v d, m ngun, kt xut tng ng
v c tn tp tin m t v d nu cn
thit
3 Xa v d c sn Qui nh Xa ton b thng tin v v d : tn,
m ngun, kt xut v tn tp tin
4 Sa i thng tin v v d Qui nh Hiu chnh tn, gii thiu v d, m
ngun, kt xut v tn tp tin nu
c.
5 Kim tra hp l vic thay i v
d
l khi thm, xa, sa

X l trn i tng : CU TRC NGHIM
Stt Tn x l Loi ngha
1 Hin th thng tin v cu trc
nghim thuc chng
Qui nh Hin th danh sch cc cu trc
nghim, cc cu tr li v p n
tng ng ca cu.
2 Thm cu trc nghim mi Qui nh D liu nhp l tn, cu hi trc
262
nghim, cc cu chn la v p n
ca cu.
3 Xa cu trc nghim c sn Qui nh Xa ton b thng tin v cu trc
nghim : tn, cu hi trc nghim,
cc cu chn la v p n ca cu.
4 Sa i thng tin v cu trc
nghim
Qui nh Hiu chnh tn, cu hi trc nghim,
cc cu chn la v p n ca cu.
5 Kim tra hp l vic thay i cu
trc nghim
l khi thm, xa, sa
23.3 Thit k hng i tng
23.3.1 Thit k d liu
23.3.1.1 S logic
Hnh 23-7 S logic

23.3.1.2 Bng thuc tnh cc i tng ph
Thuc tnh i tng : THAM S
1 MATHAMSO PK INT M tham s
2 TEN VARCHAR(100) Tn tham s
3 GIATRI INT Gi tr tham s
4 DIENGIAI VARCHAR(100) ngha ca tham
s

Thuc tnh i tng : NGI DNG
263

MN
HNH
CHNH
Tng quan l thut
Tng quan V d
Tng quan Trc nghim
Qun tr
ng nhp
L thuyt theo chng
V d theo chng
Trc nghim theo chng
L thuyt V d Trc nghim

Thng
bo li

Bo co
Thng k
1 TENNGUOIDUNG PK VARCHAR(100) Tn ngi dng
2 MATMA VARCHAR(100) Mt m
3 EMAIL VARCHAR(100) a ch mail
4 DIENTHOAI VARCHAR(100) in thoi
5 FAX VARCHAR(100) S fax
23.3.2 Thit k giao din
23.3.2.1 Tng quan S mn hnh

264
23.3.2.2 Mt s giao din ca ng dng
Giao din chnh
Hnh 23-8 Trang ch ng dng dy hc CSharp

265
Giao din chi tit l thuyt tng chng
Hnh 23-9 Lit k chi tit cc mc chnh, chnh con trong chng s 1

266
Giao din tng quan v v d
Hnh 23-10 Lit k tt c v d trong mi chng

267
Giao din m t chi tit v d
Hnh 23-11 Minh ha l thuyt bng m v d v kt xut ca n

268
Giao din cc cu trc nghim kin thc
Hnh 23-12 Trc nghim kin thc chng s 1

269
Kt qu bi lm trc nghim
Hnh 23-13 Kt qu chm im bi lm trc nghim

270
Giao din hiu chnh ch
Hnh 23-14 Cho php thm, xa v s ch

271
Giao din tng quan hiu chnh ni dung chi tit ca tng ch
Hnh 23-15 Tng quan v hiu chnh l thuyt, v d v trc nghim

272
Giao din hiu chnh chi tit ni dung l thuyt chng
Hnh 23-16 Cho php thm, xa v sa ni dung l thuyt theo tng chng

273
Giao din hiu chnh chi tit Trc nghim
Hnh 23-17 Giao din thm, xa v sa cu trc nghim

Tim Hieu CVa Ung Dung

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