SECOND HOMECOMING AND THE LIGA FILIPINA

-Rizals bold return to Manila in June, 1892 was his second homecoming
-Rizal firmly belieed that the fight for !ili"ino liberties had assumed a new "hase# it must be fought in the
$hili""ines not
in %"ain& The battlefield is in the Philippines, he told countrymen in 'uro"e, Thee is !hee !e sh"#ld
$eet%
Thee !e !ill help "ne an"the, thee t"&ethe !e !ill s#ffe " ti#$ph pehaps'
A((I)AL IN MANILA *ITH SISTE(
+#ne ,-, ./0,- %unday at 12#(( noon, Rizal and his widowed sister )ucia *wife of late Mariano +erbosa,
arried in Manila
-n the afternoon, at .#(( ocloc/, he went to Malacanang $alace to see/ audience with the %"anish
goernor general, 0eneral 'ulogio 1es"u2ol, 3onde de 3as"e
+#ne ,1, ./0,- at 4#(("m, Rizal boarded a train in 5utuban %tation and isited his friends in Malolos
*6ulacan,, %an !ernando *$am"anga,, 5arlac *5arlac,, and 6acolor *$am"anga,
Rizal returned by train to Manila on the ne7t day, June 28, at 8 ocloc/ in the afternoon
FO2NDLING OF THE LIGA FILIPINA
+#l3 4, ./0,- on the eening of %unday, following his morning interiew with 0oernor 0eneral 1es"u2ol,
Rizal attended a meeting with "atriots at the home of the 3hinese-!ili"ino mestizo, 1oroteo 9ng2unco, on
:laya %treet, 5ondo, Manila
Rizal e7"lained the ob2ecties of the )iga !ili"ina, a ciic league of !ili"inos, which he desired to establish
and its role in the socio-economic life of the people.
5he officers of the new league were elected, as follows# ;mbrosio %alador *$resident,< 1eodato ;rellano
*%ecretary,< 6onifacio ;realo *5reasurer,< and ;gustin de la Rosa *!iscal,
2n#s Insta O$ni#$ 5One Li6e All7- the motto of the )iga !ili"ina
24
5he goerning body of the league was the %u"reme 3ouncil which had 2urisdiction oer the whole
country& -t was com"osed of a "resident, a secretary, a treasurer, and a fiscal& 5here was a $roincial
3ouncil in eery "roince and a $o"ular 3ouncil in eery town
5he duties of the )iga members are as follows (1) obey the orders of the Supreme Council (2) to help in
recruiting new members (3) to keep in strictest secrecy the decisions of the iga authorities (!) to ha"e
symbolic name which he cannot change until he becomes president of his council (#) to report to the
fiscal anything that he may hear which affect the iga ($) to beha"e well as befits a good %ilipino (&) to
help fellow members in all ways
(I8AL A((ESTED AND +AILED IN FO(T SANTIAGO
+#l3 -, ./0,- =ednesday, Rizal went to Malacanang $alace to resume his series of interiews with
goernor general
P"bes Failles 5P"" Fias7- incriminatory leaflets which allegedly found in )ucias "illow cases< it is
under the authorshi" of !r& Jacinto and "rinted by the -m"renta de los ;migos del $ais, Manila
Rizal was "laced under arrest and escorted to !ort %antiago by Ramon 1es"u2ol, ne"hew and aide of
0oernor 0eneral 1es"u2ol
+#l3 1, ./0,- the 0aceta de Manila "ublished the story of Rizals arrest which "roduced indignant
commotion among the !ili"ino "eo"le, "articlarly the members of the newly organized )iga !ili"ina
5he same issue of the 0aceta *2uly >, 1892, contained 0oernor 0eneral 1es"u2ols decree de"orting
Rizal to ?one of the islands in the %outh@
+#l3 .9, ./0,, sh"tl3 afte $idni&ht 5that is .,:4; a$ "f +#l3 .<, ./0,7 A Rizal was brought under
heay guard to the steamer 3ebu which was sailing for 1a"itan& 5his steamer under 3a"tain 1elgras
de"arted at 1#(( ;M, July 18, sailing south, "assing Mindoro and $anay and reaching 1a"itan on
%unday, the 1> th of July at >#(( in the eening
Captain (i=ad" Cani=e"- %"anish commandant of 1a"itan whom 3a"tain 1elgras handed Rizal
+#l3 .1, ./0,> +#l3 4., ,/0-- Rizal began his e7ile in lonely 1a"itan, a "eriod of four years
E?ILE IN DAPITAN, ./0,>./0-
-Rizal lied in e7ile far-away Dapitan, a remote town in Mindanao which was under the missionary 2urisdiction of
the
Jesuits, from 1892 to 1894
-Rizal "racticed medicine, "ursued scientific studies, continued his artistic and literary wor/s, widened his
/nowledge of
languages, established a school for boys, "romoted deelo"ments "ro2ects, inented a wooden machine for
ma/ing
bric/s, and engaged in farming and commerce
@EGINNING OF E?ILE IN DAPITAN
5he steamer 3ebu which brought Rizal to 1a"itan carried a letter from !ather $ablo $astells, %u"erior of
the Jesuit %ociety in the $hili""ine, to !ather ;ntonio 9bach, Jesuit "arish "riest of 1a"itan
Rizal lied in the house of the commandant, 3a"tain 3arnicero
A D"n (i=ad" Cani=e"- Rizal wrote a "oem on ;ugust 24, 1892, on the occasion of the ca"tains
birthday
Septe$be ,., ./10,- the mail boat 6utuan was a""roaching the town, with colored "ennants flying in
the sea breezes
@#t#an> the mail boat, brought the ha""y tidings that the )ottery 5ic/et no& 9>B4 2ointly owned by 3a"tain
3arcinero, 1r& Jose Rizal, and !rancisco 'Cuilior *%"anish resident of 1i"olog, a neighboring town of
1a"itan, won the second "rize of $2(,((( in the goernment-owned Manila )ottery
Rizals winning in the Manila )ottery reeals an as"ect of his lighter side& +e neer dran/ hard liCuor and
neer smo/ed but he was a lottery addictDthis was his only ice
1uring his e7ile in 1a"itan, Rizal had a long and scholarly debate with !ather $astells on religion&
-n all his letters to !ather $astells, Rizal reealed his anti-3atholic ideas which he had acCuired in 'uro"e
and embitterment at his "ersecution by the bad friars
;ccording to Rizal, indiidual 2udgment is a gift from 0od and eerybody should use it li/e a lantern to
show the way and that self-esteem, if moderated by 2udgment, saes man from unworthy acts
I$ita=i"n de Cist" 5I$itati"n "f Chist7- a famous 3atholic boo/ by !ather 5homas a Eem"is which
!ather $astells gae to Rizal
M' +#an Ladet- a businessman, a !rench acCuaintance in 1a"itan, Rizal challenge in a duelDthis man
"urchased many logs from the lands of Rizal
Ant"ni" Mianda- a 1a"itan merchant and friend of Rizal
Fathe +"se )ila=laa- cura of 1i"olog
Pabl" Me=ad"-friars s"y and "osing as a relatie, secretly isited Rizal at his house on the night of
Foember B, 1891
-he introduced himself as a friend and relatie, showing a "hoto of Rizal and a "air of buttons with the initials
?$&M&@ *$ablo Mercado, as eidence of his /inshi" with the Rizal family
Captain +#an Sit&es- who succeeded 3a"tain 3arnicero on May ., 189B as commandant of 1a"itan,
Rizal denounced to him the im"ostor
2>
Fl"en=i" Na$anan- the real name of ?$ablo Mercado@
-a natie of 3agayan de Misamis, single and about B( years old& +e was hired by the Recollect friars to a secret
mission in 1a"itanDto introduce himself to Rizal as a friend and relatie, to s"y on Rizals actiities, and to filch
certain
letters and writings of Rizal which might incriminate him in the reolutionary moement&
As ph3si=ian in DapitanDRizal "racticed Medicine in 1a"itan& +e had many "atients, but most of them
were "oor so that he een gae them free medicine&
-;s a "hysician, Rizal became interested in local medicine and in the use of medicinal "lants& +e studied the
medicinal "lants of the $hili""ines and their curatie alues&
A#&#st ./04- Rizals mother and sister, Maria, arried in 1a"itan and lied with him for one year and a
half& Rizal o"erated on his mothers right eye
(iAal held the title "f eBpet s#Ce3" 5peit" a&i$ens"7, which obtained from the ;teneo
--n 1a"itan, Rizal a""lied his /nowledge of engineering by constructing a system of waterwor/s in order to
furnish
clean water to the towns"eo"le
M' H'F' Ca$e"n-an ;merican engineer who "raised Rizals engineering
COMM2NITD P(O+ECTS FO( DAPITAN
=hen Rizal arried in 1a"itan, he decided to im"roe it, to the best of his 0od-gien talents and to
awa/en the ciic consciousness of its "eo"le
*1, 3onstructing the towns first water system
*2, 1raining the marshes in order to get rid of malaria that infested 1a"itan
*B, 'Cui" the town with its lighting systemDthis lighting system consisted of coconut oil lam"s "laced in the dar/
streets of 1a"itan
*., 6eautification of 1a"itanDremodeled the town "laza in order to enhance its beauty
(iAal as Tea=heDRizal e7ile to 1a"itan gies him the o""ortunity to "ut into "ractice his educational
ideas& -n 189B he established a school which e7isted until the end of his e7ile in July, 1894& Rizal taught
his boys reading, writing, languages *%"anish and 'nglish,, geogra"hy, history, mathematics *arithmetic
and geometry,, industrial wor/, nature study, morals and gymnastics& +e trained them how to collect
s"ecimens of "lants and animals, to loe wor/ and to ?behae li/e men@
H3$n t" Talisa3 5Hi$n" A Talisa37- Rizal wrote this "oem in honor of 5alisay for his "u"ils to sing
C"ntib#ti"ns t" S=ien=eDduring his four-year e7ile in 1a"itan, Rizal built u" a rich collection of
concology which consisted of B.4 shells re"resenting 2(B s"ecies& Rizal also conducted anthro"ological,
ethnogra"hical, archaeological, geological, and geogra"hical studies, as reealed by his oluminous
corres"ondence with his scientists friends in 'uro"e&
Lin&#isti= St#diesD-n 1a"itan, he learned the 6isayan, %ubanum, and Malay languages& +e wrote
5agalog grammar, made a com"aratie study of the 6isayan and Malayan languages and studied
6isayan *3ebuan,, and %ubanum languages
-6y this time, Rizal could ran/ with the worlds great linguists& +e /new 22 languagesD'agalog( )lokano(
*isayan(
Subanun( Spanish( atin( +reek( ,nglish( %rench( +erman( -rabic( .alay( /ebrew( Sanskrit( 0utch( Catalan(
)talian(
Chinese( 1apanese( 2ortuguese( Swedish( and 3ussian
Atisti= !"6s in DapitanDRizal continued his artistic "ursuits in 1a"itan& Rizal made s/etches of
"ersons and things that attracted him in 1a"itan&
-The M"theEs (eCen&e- a statuette made by Rizal re"resenting the mother-dog /illing the crocodile, by way of
aenging her lost "u""y
-9ther scul"tural wor/s of Rizal in 1a"itan were a bust of !ather 0uerrico *one of his ;teneo "rofessors,, a
statue
of a girl called ?the 1a"itan 0irl@, a woodcaring of Jose"hine 6rac/en *his wife, and a bust of %t& $aul which he
gae to
!ather $astells
(iAal as Fa$erD-n 1a"itan, Rizal deoted much of his time to agriculture& Rizal introduced modern
methods of agriculture which he had obsered in 'uro"e and ;merica& +e encouraged the 1a"itan
farmers to discard their "rimitie system of tillage and ado"t the modern agricultural methods
(iAal as @#siness$anDRizal engaged in business in "artnershi" with Ramon 3arreon, a 1a"itan
merchant, he made "rofitable business entures in fishing, co"ra, and hem" industries
-+an#a3 .0, ./04-Rizal wrote a letter to +idalgo e7"ressing his "lan to im"roe the fishing industry of 1a"itan
-5he most "rofitable business enture of Rizal in 1a"itan was in the hem" industry& May 1., 189B-Rizal formed a
business "artnershi" with Ramon 3arreon in lime manufacturing
-+an#a3 ., ./0<-Rizal organized the 3oo"eratie ;ssociation of 1a"itan !armers to brea/ the 3hinese
mono"oly on business in 1a"itan
(iAalEs InCentiCe Abilit3DRizal inented a cigarette lighter which he sent as a gift to 6lumentritt& +e
called it ?sul"u/an@& 5his uniCue cigarette lighter was made of wood& ?-ts mechanism@, said Rizal ?is based
on the "rinci"le of com"ressed air&@
-1uring his e7ile in 1a"itan, he inited a wooden machine for ma/ing bric/s
M3 (eteat 5Mi (eti"7- Rizal wrote this beautiful "oem about his serene life as an e7ile in 1a"itan and
sent it to her mother on 9ctober 22, 1898, which acclaimed by literary critics as one of the best eer
"enned by Rizal&
(I8AL AND THE FATIP2NAN
28
Andes @"nifa=i"- the ?0reat $lebeian@, sowing the seeds of an armed u"risingDthe secret
reolutionary society, called Fatip#nan, which he founded on July >, 1892
Ma3 ,, ./0-- a secret meeting of the Eati"unan at a little rier called 6itu/ang Mano/ near the town of
$asig, 1r& $io Galenzuela was named emissary to 1a"itan, in order to inform Rizal of the "lan of the
Eati"unan to launch a reolution for freedoms sa/e
+#ne .<, ./0--Galenzuela left Manila on board the steamer Genus
5o camouflage Galenzuelas real mission, he brought with him a blind man Raymundo Mata and a guide,
ostensibly going to 1a"itan to solicit Rizals e7"ert medical adice
+#ne ,., ./0--eening, 1r& $io Galenzuela arried in 1a"itan
Rizal ob2ected to 6onifacios audacious "ro2ect to "lunge the country in bloody reolution because he was
of sincere belief that it was "remature, for two reasons# (1) the people are not ready for a re"olution (2)
arms and funds must first be collected before raising the cry of re"olution
Rizal had offered his serices as military doctor in 3uba, which was then in the throes of a reolution and
a ranging yellow feer e"idemic& 5here was a shortage of "hysicians to minister to the needs of the
%"anish troo"s and the 3ubans "eo"le
De=e$be .1, ./0<- Rizal wrote to 0oernor 0eneral Ramon 6lanco, 1es"u2ols successor, offering his
serices as military doctor in 3uba
+#l3 4;, ./0-- Rizal receied the letter from 0oernor 0eneral 6lanco dated July 1, 1894 notifying him of
acce"tance of his offer&
The S"n& "f the TaCele 5El Cant" del )iaGe"7 -Rizal wrote this heart-warming "oem because of his
2oy in receiing the gladsome news from Malacanang
+#l3 4., ./0-- Rizals four-year e7ile in 1a"itan came to an end
-Midnight of that date, Rizal embar/ed on board the steamer 's"ana
;s farewell music, the town brass band strangely "layed the dolorous F#neal Ma=h "f Ch"pin& Rizal
must hae felt it dee"ly, for with his "resentment of death, it seemed an obseCuy or a regimen
Rizal wrote in his diary, I haCe been in that disti=t f"# 3eas, thiteen da3s and a fe! h"#s
LAST T(IP A@(OAD 5./0-7
-Fo longer an e7ile, Rizal had a "leasant tri" from 1a"itan to Manila, with delightful sto"oers in 1umaguete,
3ebu, -loilo,
3a"iz, and Romblon
Isla de L#A"n-a regular steamer that Rizal missed which sailed to %"ain the day before he arried in
Manila 6ay
Castilla- a %"anish cruiser wherein Rizal was /e"t as a ?guest@ on board
A#&#st ,-, ./0-- ;ndres 6onifacio and the Eati"unan raised the cry of reolution in the hills of
6alintawa/, a few miles north of Manila
Septe$be 4, ./0-- Rizal left for %"ain on the steamer -sla de $anay
+#l3 4., ./0-- Rizal left 1a"itan at midnight on board the 's"ana sailed northward
A#&#st ., ./0-- at dawn of %aturday, it anchored at 1umaguete, ca"itan of Fegros 9riental
>D#$a&#ete wrote Rizal in his trael diary ?s"reads out on the beach& 5here are big houses, some with
galanized iron roofing& 9utstanding are the house of a lady, whose name - hae forgotten, which is occu"ied by
the
goernment and another one 2ust begun with many i"il "ost
Hee" (e&id"- Rizal friend and former classmate, who was the 2udge of the "roince, 1umaguete
5he 's"ana left 1umaguete about 1#(("m and reached 3ebu the following morning
In Ceb#, Rizal wrote in his diary I did t!" "peati"ns "f stab"t"$3, "ne "peati"n "n the eas and
an"the "f t#$"'
-n the morning of Monday, ;ugust B, 1894, Rizal left 3ebu going to -loilo& Rizal landed at -loilo, went
sho""ing in the city and isited Molo& !rom -loilo, Rizals shi" sailed to 3a"iz& ;fter a brief sto"oer, it
"roceeded towards Manila ia Romblon
A#&#st -, ./0-- morning of 5hursday, the 's"ana arried in Manila 6ay
Rizal was not able to catch the mail shi" -sla de )uzon for %"ain because it had de"arted the "reious
day at 8#(("m
Fear midnight of the same day, ;ugust 4, Rizal was transferred to the %"anish cruiser 3astilla, by order
of 0oernor 0eneral Ramon 6lanco& +e was gien good accommodation by the gallant ca"tain, 'nriCue
%antalo
;ugust 4 to %e"tember 2, 1894 , Rizal stayed on the cruiser "ending the aailability of %"ain-bound
steamer
O2T@(EAF OF PHILIPPINE (E)OL2TION
A#&#st .0, ./0-- the Eati"unan "lot to oerthrow %"anish rule by means of reolution was discoered
by !ray Mariano 0il, ;ugustinian cura of 5ondo
A#&#st ,-, ./0-- the C3 "f @alinta!a6@ which raised by 6onifacio and his aliant Eati"uneros
29
A#&#st 4;, ./0-- sunrise, the reolutionists led by 6onifacio and Jacinto attac/ed %an Juan, near the
city of Manila
-in the afternoon, after the 6attle of %an Juan, 0oernor 0eneral 6lanco "roclaimed a state of war in the first
eight
"roinces for rising in arms against %"ainDManila 5as a p"Cin=e7, @#la=an, CaCite, @atan&as, La&#na,
Pa$pan&a,
N#eCa E=iGa, and Tala=
Rizal learned of the eru"tion of the reolution and raging battles around Manila through the news"a"ers
he read on the 3astilla& +e was worried for two reasons# (1) the "iolent re"olution which he sincerely
belie"ed to be premature and would only cause much suffering and terrible loss of human li"es and
property had started (2) it would arouse Spanish "engeance against all %ilipino patriots
A#&#st 4;, ./0-- Rizal receied from 0oernor 0eneral 6lanco two letters of introduction for the
Minister of =ar and Minister of 3olonies, which a coering letter which absoled him from all blame for
the raging reolution
Septe$be ,, ./0-- the day before Rizal de"arture for %"ain, Rizal, on board the 3astilla, wrote to his
mother
-;t 4#(("m, Rizal was transferred to the steamer -sla de $anay which was sailing for 6arcelona, %"ain
5he ne7t morning, %e"tember B, this steamer left Manila 6ay
5he -sla de $anay arried at %inga"ore in the eening of %e"tember >
D"n Ped" ("Bas- rich Manila creole industrialist and Rizals friend that adised him to stay on
%inga"ore and ta/e adantage of the "rotection of the 6ritish law
D"n Man#el Ca$#s- headed seeral !ili"ino residents in %inga"ore, boarded the steamer, urging Rizal
to stay in %inga"ore to sae his life
5he -sla de $anay, with Rizal on board, left %inga"ore at 1#(("m, %e"tember 8
Septe$be ,<, ./0-- Rizal saw the steamer -sal de )uzon, leaing the %uez 3anal, crammed with
%"anish troo"s
Septe$be ,1, ./0-- Rizal heard from the "assengers that a telegram arried from Manila re"orting the
e7ecution of !rancisco Ro7as, 0enato and 9sorio
Septe$be ,/, .0/-- a day after the steamer had left $ort %aid *Mediterranean terminus of the %uez
3anal,, a "assenger told Rizal the bad news that he would be arrested by order of 0oernor 0eneral
6lanco and would be sent to "rison in 3euta *%"anish Morocco,, o""osite 0ibraltar
Septe$be ,0, ./0-- Rizal wrote in his trael diary# 5here are "eo"le on board who do nothing but
slander me and inent fanciful stories about me& -m going to become a legendary "ersonage
Septe$be 4;, ./0-- at .#(("m, Rizal was officially notofied by 3a"tain ;lemany that he should stay in
his cabin until further orders from Manila
-about 4#28"m, the steamer anchored at Malta& 6eing confined to his cabin, Rizal was not able to isit the
famous
island-fortress of the 3hristian crusaders
O=t"be 4, ./0-- at 1(#((am, the -sla de $anay arried in 6arcelona, with Rizal, a "risoner on board
5he tri" from Manila to 6arcelona lasted e7actly B( days& Rizal was /e"t under heay guard in his cabin
for three days
Geneal E#l"&i" Desp#G"l- military commander of 6arcelona who ordered his banishment to 1a"itan in
July 1892
O=t"be -, ./0-- at B#((am, Rizal was awa/ened by the guards and escorted to the grim and infamous
"rison-fortress named Mon2uich
;bout 2#(( in the afternoon, Rizal was ta/en out of "rison by the guards and brought to the headCuarters
of 0eneral 1es"u2ol
C"l"n- a trans"ort shi" bac/ to Manila
Rizal was ta/en aboard the 3olon, which was f#ll "f s"ldies and "ffi=es and thei fa$ilies'
O=t"be -, ./0-- at 8#(("m, the shi" left 6arcelona with Rizal on board
LAST HOMECOMING AND T(IAL
-Rizals homecoming in 1894, the last in his life, was his saddest return to his beloed natie land& +e /new he
was facing
the su"reme test, which might mean the sacrifice of his life, but he was unafraid
-5he trial that was held shortly after Rizals homecoming was one of historys moc/eries of 2ustice
A MA(TD(ES LAST HOMECOMING
O=t"be -, ./0-- 5uesday, Rizal leaed 6arcelona, Rizal conscientiously recorded the eents on his
diary
O=t"be /, ./0-- a friendly officer told Rizal that the Madrid news"a"er were full of stories about the
bloody reolution in the $hili""ines and were blaming him for it
O=t"be .., ./0-- before reaching $ort %aid, Rizals diary was ta/en away and was critically scrutinized
by the authorities
N"Ce$be ,, ./0--the diary was returned to Rizal
Att"ne3 H#&h !ort-an 'nglish lawyer in %inga"ore
-his friends *1r& ;ntonio Ma& Regidor and %i7to )o"ez, dis"atched frantic telegrams to !ort to rescue Rizal from
the %"anish steamer when it reached %inga"ore by means of writ of habeas cor"us
B(
Chief +#sti=e L"inel C"B- denied the writ on the ground that the 3olon was carrying %"anish troo"s to
the $hili""ines
N"Ce$be 4, ./0-- the 3olon reached Manila, where it was greeted with wild re2oicings by the %"aniards
and friars because it brought more reinforcements and military su""lies
N"Ce$be ,;, ./0-- the "reliminary inestigation on Rizal began
C"l"nel Fan=is=" OliCe-the 2udge adocate
5wo /inds of eidence were "resented against Rizal, namely documentary and testimonial& 5he
documentary eidence consisted of fifteen e7hibits, as follows#
*1, ; letter of ;ntonio )una to Mariano $once, dated Madrid, 9ctober 14, 1888, showing Rizals connection with
the
!ili"ino reform cam"aign in %"ain
*2, ; letter of Rizal to his family, dated Madrid, ;ugust 2(, 189(, stating that the de"ortations are good for they
will
encourage the "eo"le to hate tyranny
*B, ; letter from Marcelo +& del $ilar to 1eodato ;rellano, dated Madrid, January >, 1889, im"licating Rizal in the
$ro"aganda cam"aign in %"ain
*., ; "oem entitled Eundiman, allegedly written by Rizal in Manila on %e"tember 12, 1891
*8, ; letter of 3arlos 9lier to an unidentified "erson dated 6arcelona, %e"tember 18, 1891, describing Rizal as
the man
to free the $hili""ines from %"anish o""ression
*4, ; Masonic document, dated Manila, !ebruary 9, 1892, honoring Rizal for his "atriotic serices
*>, ; letter signed 1imasalang *Rizals "seudonym, to 5enluz *Juan Huluetas "seudonym,, dated +ong Eong,
May 2.,
1892, stating that he was "re"aring a safe refuge for !ili"inos who may be "ersecuted by the %"anish authorities
*8, ; letter of 1imasalang to an unidentified committee, dated +ong Eong, June 1, 1892, soliciting the aid of the
committee in the ?"atriotic wor/@
*9, ;n anonymous and undated letter to the 'ditor of the +ong Eong 5elegra"h, censuring the banishment of
Rizal to
1a"itan
*1(, ; letter of -defonso )aurel to Rizal, dated Manila, %e"tember B, 1892, saying that the !ili"ino "eo"le loo/ u"
to him
*Rizal, as their saior
*11, ; letter of -defonso )aurel to Rizal, dated Manila, %e"tember 1>, 189B, informing an unidentified
corres"ondent of
the arrest and banishment of 1oroteo 3ortes and ;mbrosio %alador
*12, ; letter of Marcelo +& del $ilar to 1on Juan ;& 5enluz *Juan Hulueta,, dated Madrid, June 1, 189B
recommending
the establishment of a s"ecial organization, inde"endent of Masonry, to hel" the cause of the !ili"ino "eo"le
*1B, 5ranscri"t of a s"eech of $ing/ian *'milio Jacinto,, in reunion of the Eati"unan on July 2B, 189B, in which
the
following cry was, uttered ?)ong )ie the $hili""inesI )ong lie 1octor RizalI JnityI@
*1., 5ranscri"t of a s"eech of 5i/-5i/ *Jose 5uriano %antiago, in the same Eati"unan reunion, where in the
/ati"uneros
shouted# ?)ong lie the eminent 1octor RizalI 1eath to the o""ressor nationI@
*18, ; "oem by )aong )aan *Rizal,, entitled ; 5alisay in which the author ma/es the 1a"itan schoolboys sing
that they
/now how to fight their rights
5he testimonial eidence consisted of the oral testimonies of Martin 3onstantino, ;guedo del Rosario,
Jose Reyes, Moises %alador, Jose 1izon, 1omingo !ranco, 1eodato ;rellano, ;mbrosio %alador,
$edro %errano )a/taw, 1r& $io Galenzuela, ;ntonio %alazar, !rancisco Kuison, and 5imoteo $aez
N"Ce$be ,-, ./0-- after the "reliminary inestigation, 3olonel 9lie transmitted the records of the case
to 0oernor 1ominguez as s"ecial Judge ;docate to institute the corres"onding action against Rizal
;fter studying the "a"ers, Judge adocate 0eneral, 1on Ficolas de la $ena, submitted the following
recommendations# (1) the accused be immediately brought to trial (2) he should be kept in prison (3) an
order of attachment be issued against his property to the amount of one million pesos as indemnity (!) he
should be defended in court by an army officer( not by a ci"ilian lawyer
5he only right gien to Rizal by the %"anish authorities was to choose his defense counsel
De=e$be /, ./0-- !east 1ay of the -mmaculate 3once"tion, a list of 1(( first and second lieutenants in
the %"anish ;rmy was "resented to Rizal
D"n L#is TaCiel de Andade- 1st )ieutenant of the ;rtillery, chosen by Rizal to defend him
-brother of )t& Jose 5aiel de ;ndrade, Rizals ?bodyguard@ in 3alamba in 188>
De=e$be .., ./0-- the information of charges was formally read to Rizal in his "rison cell, with his
counsel "resent
Rizal was accused of being the pin=ipal "&aniAe and the liCin& s"#l "f the Filipin" ins#e=ti"n,
the f"#nde "f s"=ieties, pei"di=als, and b""6s dedi=ated t" f"$entin& and p"pa&atin& ideas "f
ebelli"n'
De=e$be .4, ./0-- 1ominguez forwarded the "a"ers of the Rizal case to Malacanang $alace
De=e$be .<, ./0-- Rizal wrote the Manifest" t" His Pe"ple in his "rison cell at !ort %antiago,
a""ealing to them to sto" the necessary shedding of blood and to achiee their liberties by means of
education and industry
De=e$be ,<, ./0-- a dar/ and cheerless 3hristmas for Rizal, his last on earth, was the saddest in
Rizals life
De=e$be ,-, ./0-- at 8#((am, the court-martial of Rizal started in the military building called 3uartel de
's"ana
Lt' C"l' T"&"es AG"na- considered the trial oer and ordered the hall cleared& ;fter a short deliberation,
the military court unanimously oted for the sentence of death
B1
De=e$be ,/, ./0-- $olaie2a a""roed the decision of the court-martial and ordered Rizal to be shot at
>#(( in the morning of 1ecember B( at 6agumbayan !ield *)uneta,
MA(TD(DOM AT @AG2M@ADAN
-;fter the court-martial, Rizal returned to his cell in !ort %antiago to "re"are his rendezous with destiny
-1uring his last 2. hours on earthDfrom 4#((am 1ecember 29 to 4#((am 1ecember B(, 1894Dhe was busy
meeting
isitors
Santia&" MataiB- %"anish news"a"er corres"ondent
Peal "f the Oient Sea- Rizal called the $hili""ines
Peal "f the Oient- Rizals last "oem in an article entitled 2nf"t#nate Philippines "ublished in 5he
+ong Eong 5elegra"h on %e"tember 2., 1892
LAST HO2(S OF (I8AL
DECEM@E( ,0, ./0-
-:;;a$
L3a"tain Rafael 1ominguez, who was designated by 0oernor 0eneral 3amilo $olaie2a to ta/e charge of all
arrangements for the e7ecution of the condemned "risoner, read the death sentence to RizalDto be s 1ecember
18,
1894 shot at the bac/ by a firing sCuad at >#((am in 6agumbayan *)uneta,
1:;;a$
LRizal was moed to the "rison cha"el, where he s"ent his last moments& +is first isitors were !ather Miguel
%aderra Mata *Rector of ;teneo Munici"al,, and !ather )uis Giza, Jesuit teacher
1:.<a$
L Rizal, in a 2oial mood, reminded !r& Giza of the statuette of the %acred +eart of Jesus which he had cared
with his
"en /nife as an ;teneo student& !r& Giza, got the statuette from his "oc/et and gae it to Rizal& 5he hero ha""ily
receied it and "laced it on his writing table
/:;;a$
L !r& ;ntonio Rosell arried to reliee !ather Giza& Rizal inited him to 2oin him at brea/fats, which he did& ;fter
brea/fast, )t& )uis 5aiel de ;ndrade *Rizals defense counsel, came, and Rizal than/ed him for his gallant
serices
0:;;a$
L !r& !ederico !aura arried& Rizal reminded him that he said that *Rizal, would someday lose his head for
writing the
Foli& ?!ather@, Rizal remar/ed, ?:ou are indeed a "ro"het&@
.;:;;a$
L !ather Jose Gilaclara *Rizals teachet at the ;teneo, and Gicente 6alaguer *Jesuit missionary in 1a"itan who
had
befriended Rizal during the latters e7ile, isited the hero& ;fter them came %"anish 2ournalist, %antiago Matai7,
who
interiewed Rizal for his news"a"er 'l +eraldo de Madrid
.,:;;a$ 5n""n7 t" 4:4;p$
L Rizal was left alone in his cell& +e too/ lunch after which he was busy writing& -t was "robably during this time
when
he finished his farewell "oem and hid it inside his alcohol coo/ing stoe which was gien to him as a gift by $az
$ardo
de 5aera *wife of Juan )una, during his isit to $aris in 189(& at the same time, he wrote his last letter to
$rofessor
6lumentritt in 0erman
4:4;p$
L !ather 6alaguer returned to !ort %antiago and discussed with Rizal about his retraction of the anti-3atholic
ideas in
his writings and membershi" in Masonry
9:;;p$
L Rizals mother arried& Rizal /nelt down before her and /issed her hands, begging her to forgie him& 5rinidad
entered the cell to fetch her mother& ;s they were leaing, Rizal gae to 5rinidad the alcohol coo/ing stoe,
whis"ering to her in 'nglish< ?5here is something inside@ 5his ?something@ was Rizals farewell "oem& ;fter the
de"arture of 1ona 5eodora and 5rinidad, !athers Gilaclara and 'stanislao March entered the cell, followed by
!ather
Rosell
-:;;p$
L Rizal receied a new isitor, 1on %ilino )o"ez 5unon, the 1ean of the Manila 3athedral& !athers 6alaguer
and
March left, leaing Gilaclara with Rizal and 1on %-lino
/:;;p$
L Rizal had his last su""er& +e informed 3a"tain 1ominguez who was with him that he forgae his enemies,
including
the military 2udges who condemned him to death
0:4;p$
L Rizal was isited by 1on 0as"ar 3estano, the fiscal of the Royal ;udiencia of Manila& ;s a gracious host, Rizal
offered him the best chair in the cell& ;fter a "leasant conersation, the fiscal left with a good im"ression of
Rizals
intelligence and noble character
.;:;;p$
L5he draft of the retraction sent by the anti-!ili"ino ;rchbisho" 6ernardino Fozaleda *189(-19(B, was submitted
by
!ather 6alaguer to Rizal for signature, but the hero re2ected it because it was too long and he did not li/e it&
DECEM@E( 4;, ./0-
4:;;a$
LRizal heard Mass, confessed his sins, and too/ +oly 3ommunion
<:4;a$
B2
LRizal too/ his last brea/fast on earth& ;fter this, he wrote two letters, the first addressed to his family and the
second
to his older brother $aciano&
LJose"hine 6rac/en, accom"anied by a sister of Rizal *Josefa,, arried& Jose"hine, with tears in her eyes, bade
him
farewell& Rizal embraced her for the last time and before she left, Rizal gae her a last giftDa religious boo/,
-mitation
of 3hrist by !ather 5homas a Eem"is
-:;;a$
L ;s the soldiers were getting ready for the death march to 6agumbayan, Rizal wrote his last letter to his
beloed
"arents&
Ab"#t -:4;a$
La trum"et sounded at !ort %antiago, a signal to begin the death march to 6agumbayan, the designated "lace
for the
e7ecution
LRizal was dressed elegantly in blac/ suit, blac/ derby hat, blac/ shoes, white shirt and blac/ tie& +is arms were
tied
behind from elbow to elbow& 6ut the ro"e was Cuite loose to gie his arms freedom of moement
1r& !eli"e Ruiz 3astillo- a %"anish military "hysician, as/ed Rizal "ermission to feel his "ulse and was
amazed to find it normal showing that Rizal was not afraid to die
1:;4a$
LRizal died in the bloom of manhoodDaged 4< 3eas, fiCe $"nths and .. da3s
Mi 2lti$" Adi"s 5Last Fae!ell7- farewell "oem of Rizal that originally was without title and was
unsigned&
Fathe Maian" Da=ana3- a !ili"ino "riest-"atriot, who gae the title Jltimo ;dios *)ast !arewell, and
under such title the "oem was "ublished for the first time in )a -nde"endencia *0eneral ;ntonio )unas
news"a"er, on %e"tember 28, 1898
-mmediately after Rizals e7ecution the %"anish s"ectators shouted )iCa EspanaH M#ete a l"s
Taid"esE 5L"n& LiCe SpainH Death t" the Tait"sH7 and the %"anish Military 6and, 2oining the
2ubilance oer Rizals death, "layed the gay Ma=ha de CadiA
6y Rizals writings, which awa/ened !ili"ino nationalism and "aed the way for the $hili""ine Reolution,
he "roed that pen is $i&htie than the s!"d