Coronavirus

1
Coronavirus
Coronavirus
Virus classification
Group: Group IV ((+)ssRNA)
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Subfamily: Coronavirinae
Type species
Coronavirus
Species
Human coronavirus HKU1
Human coronavirus OC43
Human coronavirus 229E
MERS-CoV
SARS-CoV
Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5
Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4
Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9
Coronaviruses are species in the genera of virus belonging to the subfamily Coronavirinae in the family
Coronaviridae.
[][1]
Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense RNA genome and with a nucleocapsid
of helical symmetry. The genomic size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases,
extraordinarily large for an RNA virus. The name "coronavirus" is derived from the Latin corona, meaning crown or
halo, and refers to the characteristic appearance of virions under electron microscopy (E.M.) with a fringe of large,
bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of the solar corona. This morphology is created by the
viral spike (S) peplomers, which are proteins that populate the surface of the virus and determine host tropism.
Coronaviruses are grouped in the order Nidovirales, named for the Latin nidus, meaning nest, as all viruses in this
order produce a 3' co-terminal nested set of subgenomic mRNA's during infection.
Proteins that contribute to the overall structure of all coronaviruses are the spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M)
and nucleocapsid (N). In the specific case of the SARS coronavirus (see below), a defined receptor-binding domain
on S mediates the attachment of the virus to its cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).
[]
Some
coronaviruses (specifically the members of Betacoronavirus subgroup A) also have a shorter spike-like protein called
hemagglutinin esterase (HE).
[]
Coronavirus
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Diseases caused by coronaviruses
Coronaviruses primarily infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of mammals and birds. Four to five
different currently known strains of coronaviruses infect humans. The most publicized human coronavirus,
SARS-CoV which causes SARS, has a unique pathogenesis because it causes both upper and lower respiratory tract
infections and can also cause gastroenteritis. Coronaviruses are believed to cause a significant percentage of all
common colds in human adults. Coronaviruses cause colds in humans primarily in the winter and early spring
seasons. The significance and economic impact of coronaviruses as causative agents of the common cold are hard to
assess because, unlike rhinoviruses (another common cold virus), human coronaviruses are difficult to grow in the
laboratory. Coronaviruses can even cause pneumonia, either direct viral pneumonia or a secondary bacterial
pneumonia.
In chickens, the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, targets not only the respiratory tract but also the
uro-genital tract. The virus can spread to different organs throughout the chicken.
Coronaviruses also cause a range of diseases in farm animals and domesticated pets, some of which can be serious
and are a threat to the farming industry. Economically significant coronaviruses of farm animals include porcine
coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, TGE) and bovine coronavirus, which both result in diarrhea in
young animals. Feline Coronavirus: two forms, Feline enteric coronavirus is a pathogen of minor clinical
significance, but spontaneous mutation of this virus can result in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a disease
associated with high mortality. There are two types of canine coronavirus (CCoV), one that causes mild
gastrointestinal disease and one that has been found to cause respiratory disease. Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is a
coronavirus that causes an epidemic murine illness with high mortality, especially among colonies of laboratory
mice. Prior to the discovery of SARS-CoV, MHV had been the best-studied coronavirus both in vivo and in vitro as
well as at the molecular level. Some strains of MHV cause a progressive demyelinating encephalitis in mice which
has been used as a murine model for multiple sclerosis. Significant research efforts have been focused on elucidating
the viral pathogenesis of these animal coronaviruses, especially by virologists interested in veterinary and zoonotic
diseases.
Replication
The infection cycle of coronavirus
Replication of Coronavirus begins with
entry to the cell which takes place in the
cytoplasm in a membrane-protected
microenvironment. Upon entry to the cell
the virus particle is uncoated and the RNA
genome is deposited into the cytoplasm. The
Coronavirus genome has a 5 methylated
cap and a 3polyadenylated tail. This also
allows the RNA to attach to ribosomes for
translation. Coronaviruses also have a
protein known as a replicase encoded in its
genome which allows the RNA viral
genome to be transcribed into new RNA
copies using the host cells machinery. The
replicase is the first protein to be made as
once the gene encoding the replicase is
translated the translation is stopped by a
Coronavirus
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stop codon. This is known as a nested transcript, where the transcript only encodes one geneit is monocistronic.
The RNA genome is replicated and a long polyprotein is formed, where all of the proteins are attached.
Coronaviruses have a non-structural protein called a protease which is able to separate the proteins in the chain. This
is a form of genetic economy for the virus allowing it to encode the greatest number of genes in a small number of
nucleotides.
Coronavirus transcription involves a discontinuous RNA synthesis (template switch) during the extension of a
negative copy of the subgenomic mRNAs. Basepairing during transcription is a requirement. Coronavirus N protein
is required for coronavirus RNA synthesis, and has RNA chaperone activity that may be involved in template switch.
Both viral and cellular proteins are required for replication and transcription. Coronaviruses initiate translation by
cap-dependent and cap-independent mechanisms. Cell macromolecular synthesis may be controlled after
Coronavirus infection by locating some virus proteins in the host cell nucleus. Infection by different coronaviruses
cause in the host alteration in the transcription and translation patterns, in the cell cycle, the cytoskeleton, apoptosis
and coagulation pathways, inflammation, and immune and stress responses.
[]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
In 2003, following the outbreak of Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) which had begun the prior year in
Asia, and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization issued a press release stating that a
novel coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the causative agent for SARS. The virus was officially
named the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV).
The epidemic resulted in over 8,000 infections, about 10% of which resulted in death.
[]
X-ray crystallography studies
performed at the Advanced Light Source of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have begun to give hope of a
vaccine against the disease "since [the spike protein] appears to be recognized by the immune system of the host."
[2]
Recent discoveries of novel human coronaviruses
Following the high-profile publicity of SARS outbreaks, there has been a renewed interest in coronaviruses among
virologists. For many years, scientists knew about only two human coronaviruses (HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43).
The discovery of SARS-CoV added a third human coronavirus.
By the end of 2004, three independent research labs reported the discovery of a fourth human coronavirus. It has
been named NL63, NL, and the New Haven coronavirus by different research groups.
[3]
The three labs are still
arguing over which one discovered the virus first and has the right to name it.
Early in 2005, a research team at the University of Hong Kong reported finding a fifth human coronavirus in two
patients with pneumonia. They named it Human coronavirus HKU1.
In September 2012, what is believed to be a sixth new type of coronavirus, tentatively referred to as Novel
Coronavirus 2012,
[]
being like SARS (but still distinct from it and from the common-cold coronavirus) was
discovered in Qatar and Saudi Arabia.
[4]
The World Health Organisation has accordingly issued a global alert
[5]
and
an interim case definition to help countries to strengthen health protection measures against it.
[]
The WHO update on
28 September 2012 said that the virus did not seem to pass easily from person to person.
[]
However, on May 12,
2013, a case of contamination from human to human in France was confirmed by the French Ministry of Social
Affairs and Health.
[6]
In addition, cases of person-to-person transmission have been reported by the Ministry of
Health in Tunisia. Two confirmed cases seem to have caught the disease from their late father, who became ill after a
visit to Qatar and Saudi Arabia. So far there have been twenty-two cases and ten deaths in eastern Saudi Arabia.
[]
After the Dutch Erasmus Medical Centre sequenced the virus, the virus was given a new name, Human Corona
Virus-Erasmus Medical Centre (HCoV-EMC). The final name for the virus is: Middle East respiratory syndrome
coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
Coronavirus
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Listing of human coronaviruses
Human coronavirus 229E
Human coronavirus OC43
SARS-CoV
Human Coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63, New Haven coronavirus)
Human coronavirus HKU1
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), previously known as Novel coronavirus 2012 and
HCoV-EMC. see also here
[7]
.
Coronaviruses in veterinary medicine
Coronaviruses have been recognized as causing pathological conditions in veterinary medicine since the early 1970s.
Except for avian infectious bronchitis, the major related diseases have mainly an intestinal location.
Listing of coronaviruses in domestic animals
(listed following their estimated economical importance)
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes avian infectious bronchitis.
Porcine coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus of pigs, TGEV).
Bovine coronavirus (BCV), responsible for severe profuse enteritis in of young calves.
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) causes mild enteritis in cats as well as severe Feline infectious peritonitis (other
variants of the same virus).
the two types of canine coronavirus (CCoV) (one causing enteritis, the other found in respiratory diseases).
Turkey coronavirus (TCV) causes enteritis in turkeys.
Ferret enteric coronavirus causes epizootic catarrhal enteritis in ferrets.
[8]
Taxonomy
Genus: Alphacoronavirus; type species: Alphacoronavirus 1
Species: Alpaca coronavirus, Alphacoronavirus 1, Human coronavirus 229E, Human Coronavirus NL63,
Miniopterus Bat coronavirus 1, Miniopterus Bat coronavirus HKU8, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,
Rhinolophus Bat coronavirus HKU2, Scotophilus Bat coronavirus 512
Genus Betacoronavirus; type species: Murine coronavirus
Species: Betacoronavirus 1, Human coronavirus HKU1, Murine coronavirus, Pipistrellus Bat coronavirus
HKU5, Rousettus Bat coronavirus HKU9, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus,
Tylonycteris Bat coronavirus HKU4, MERS-CoV, Human coronavirus OC43
Genus Deltacoronavirus; type species: Bulbul coronavirus HKU11
Species: Bulbul coronavirus HKU11, Munia coronavirus HKU13, Thrush coronavirus HKU12
Genus Gammacoronavirus; type species: Avian coronavirus
Species: Avian coronavirus, Beluga whale coronavirus SW1
Coronavirus
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References
[6] Nouveau coronavirus - Point de situation : Un nouveau cas dinfection confirm (http:/ / www. social-sante. gouv. fr/ actualite-presse,42/
communiques,2322/ nouveau-coronavirus-point-de,15820. html) (Novel coronavirus - Status report: A new case of confirmed infection) May
12, 2013 social-sante.gouv.fr
[7] http:/ / influenza-news.blogspot.nl/ 2013/ 04/ coronaviruses-on-rise. html
[8] http:/ / www. merckmanuals.com/ vet/ the Merck Veterinary Manual
External links
(http:/ / www. emro. who. int/ emhj-volume-19-2013/ volume-19-supplement-1-coronavirus/
volume-19-supplement-1-coronavirus. html) (World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal,
supplement on coronavirus)
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gastroenteritis virus". Veterinary Microbiology 23 (14): 14754. doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(90)90144-K (http:/ /
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2169670).
Sola I, Alonso S, Ziga S, Balasch M, Plana-Durn J, Enjuanes L (April 2003). "Engineering the transmissible
gastroenteritis virus genome as an expression vector inducing lactogenic immunity" (http:/ / jvi. asm. org/ cgi/
pmidlookup?view=long& pmid=12634392). Journal of Virology 77 (7): 435769. doi:
10.1128/JVI.77.7.4357-4369.2003 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1128/ JVI. 77. 7. 4357-4369. 2003). PMC 150661
(http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/ PMC150661). PMID 12634392 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih.
gov/ pubmed/ 12634392).
Tajima M (1970). "Morphology of transmissible gastroenteritis virus of pigs. A possible member of
coronaviruses. Brief report". Archiv Fr Die Gesamte Virusforschung 29 (1): 1058. doi: 10.1007/BF01253886
(http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1007/ BF01253886). PMID 4195092 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/
4195092).
Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Coronaviridae (http:/ / www. viprbrc. org/ brc/ home.
do?decorator=corona)
German Research Foundation (http:/ / www. coronavirus. org) (Coronavirus Consortium)
Article Sources and Contributors
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Article Sources and Contributors
Coronavirus Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=564438690 Contributors: Aboctok, Ahmadalfy, Ajc, AlexMiller.Canada, AxelBoldt, Azhyd, B4hand, Balko Kabo, Beland,
Bemoeial, Bill-on-the-Hill, BjarteSorensen, Bk0, Bpickett, BrianHansen, Bucephalus, CaptainCanuck, Chris Capoccia, Ciar, ClockworkSoul, ComfyKem, Crenim, Cush, Cwoodardjr,
DocWatson42, Downchuck, DrMicro, Eesnyder24060, En rouge, Esprit15d, Everyking, Felincov, France3470, Fredvries, G716, Gaius Cornelius, Gak, Geraldshields11, Gleiberg,
GoldCityDance, GrahamColm, Groogle, Huhshyeh, Hydrargyrum, Iztwoz, Joelmills, Josh Grosse, Jprg1966, JulieADriver, KattyOn, Kauczuk, KaurJmeb, Kgf0, Kristov, Lollerskates, Lucyin,
Luftschloss, MacGyverMagic, Magioladitis, Makka, Malik Shabazz, Malke 2010, MartinC, MichaelJanich, Minesweeper, Monado, Mre 888, Mulada, No1wlfan, Noah Salzman, Nova77, Nyq,
Ohconfucius, Phil Boswell, Philippe Le Mercier, Phils, Platanoverde, ProductBox, RDBrown, RP88, Rhys, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Rod57, Ruslik0, Siddharth9200, Someone else,
Susan.y.chen.24, Svick, Teaktl17, The Anome, Touchstone42, Transcendence, WAS 4.250, Wasell, Xanchester, 89 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
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Providers(s): CDC/Dr. Fred Murphy
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