SMALLWARS BIANUAL

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

1940
CHAPTERI11
LOGISTICS
7
UNCLASSIFIED
UNITED STATES
GOVEBNMEIT PRINTING OFFICE
WASEINGTON:1UO
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Small Wars Manual, U. 8 . Marine Corps, 1940, is published in 15 ctlal>tt'rs
as follows:
CEAPTEEI. INTRODIJCTION.
11. ORGANIZATION.
111. LOGISTICS.
IV. TRAINING.
VII. MOUNTED DETACHMENTS.
"-".
VIII. CONVOYS AND CONVOY ESCOPTa
IX. AVIATION.
X. RIVER OPERATIONS.
XI. DISARMAMENT OF POPULATION.
XII. ARMED NATIVE ORGANIZATIONS.
XIII. MILITARY GOVERNMENT.
XIV. SUPERVISION OF ELECTIONS.
XV. WITHDRAWAL.
SMALL WARS MANUAL
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
---,
LOGISTICS
Par. Pase
S E ~1.N ------ INTRODU~ON ..-------...--.1 3-1
XI.SUP PI,^ -.~___---._----.---. 3-2t o 3-17 3-14 _..--__
111. TRAN~PORTATION --_-----3-18 15-30 ----------- &36
INTRODUCTION
3-1. Jagistics is that brancl~ of tlre milittlry art ~isl~ich embraces
tl,e ~leti~ils of transportation and sopl~lies.
"The 'Fables of Equipnient, Snpplit:~, tiilcl Tonnage, U. S. RIarine
Corps," set fort h the equipment and sul>plies tlht are prescribed for
Marine Corps expeditionary forces to take. the field. These tables
are a guide t o the fourth section of the comn~naoder's executbvo staff
in innking a decision as to the type and arnolnlt of tmnsportatio~l
and supplies required. However, the supply on lrand at the port
of einbarkation, the time allomed for preparations, the ship's storage
space mailable, the supplies in the theater of operations, t he distance
from home ports, when replaceinents can be expected on tho foreign
shore, and t he condition of the roads and the road net within the
anticipated field of operations mill all be essential and controlling
factors in arriving a t the final decision.
SWM 3--2
SECT~~N I1
SUPPLY
Par. Page
h~fluenco of s~lqlly on a column ................................... 3-2 3
4
4
5
8
8
8
8
........................................... Chain of respousihilit,y 5-10 9
Accountal>ilit .............................................. 5-11 9
............ 3-12 10
............ 3-13 11
Supervkion of rctluisitioris ...................................... 5-14 11
Acoumulatio~r of stor
5-15 12
General.. ................................................... 3-16 12
.................................... Importarlee of sopply.. 3-17 12
3--2. Influence of Supply on a column.-The "big tlirce" of supply
are Ammunition, Food, and Water. Combat troops can operate i n
the field for a very limited time in actnal combat with only AMIhITT-
NITION, but their continued existence requires the other two, FOOD
and WATER. Therefore, in order to conduct the advance inlaild,
one of t he first considerations i n such a movement must be the means
of supply.
Supplies inay be obtained as follo\vs:
(1) Fr om the country en route, by requisition or other nuthorizecl
method.
(2) By c,ontinuous resupply via convoys despatcllerl from the base.
(a) By taking sufficient supplies wit11 the column for its mainte-
nance from the base t o its destination; resupply to begin after
arrival a t destination.
(4) By the establishment of fortified advanceil bases along t he
route. These advanced bases are established by detachments from
the column initially and supplies built up a t them by convoys dis-
patched from the rear or main supply base; thereafter, the column
draws its supplies from these advanced bases direct.
(5) By airplane, either in plane dmps or lan6ing of transport
planes on favorable terrain a t the camp site of the column. (See
Chapter IX,Aztiatiom.)
?63Q46-40--2 a
(6) , I n rliost sniall 5v:rss operations, :I a,nrhinatio~r of all t,hese metll-
cnls \l.lll be usecl.
3-3. Supply officers.-OiTicers charger1 \\.it11 supl~ly 11;~re a dnal
mission. They nlust first get the supplies, the11 supply tliein tn t l ~c
troops. In order to carry out. t.llc*+> duties it is essential tlint tlre
officer responsible for supply has t he follo\ving essential informatiorr
at all times:
(1)The supplies and equipme.11t required by tlre force.
(2) The supplies and equiplnenl the force has oli 11:11!c1.
(3) Where the rcqoirrtl items nlny he proc:ured, fro111 whom,
zinc1 when.
(4) TVlle11, rn11ne~ :irld i n. nht ~t ql~alrtilies repl:rcnric+nts will bt!
needed.
3-1. Storage.-(/. 'l'ho nlatter of siov;ige is vc1.y clost4y ~(~nnectetl
~vitli the problem of supply u~rcl st:rrts at t l ~ rport of rlcharl<t~tion.
Prior to or 11po11 arrivr~l of t,l~t: esl)edition:~vy force ;kt tlre port. of
debn.rk:~tior~, decision must be made as to tlre locat,ion of tllo u~a i ~r - ;L
supply (Ir,pot. Thr folloxving factors are of importiurce i i r 1w~t:hiirg
this decision :
(1)aIission of the intervenirlg force.
(2) Docking or ligl~ter facilities.
(3) Availabi1it.y of suitable shelter for stores.
(4) Railroads, Iliglin-ays, ~ v ~ ~ t e r avi~ilable for stlpply routes
purposes and types of carriers.
( 5 ) Availability of civilian labor.
(6) &.c~nity.
(7) hcat.ion of troops; clistancr from supply base.
(8) I~ct i t i on of possible 1:tnding fielcls.
I,. It is al\\.ays desirable t o have tlie supply base near the point of
debnrl~n.tionin order to f:lcilitnte onloading and segregation of stores.
IIowever, for various reasons, this i s not nlwa,ys practicable. It will
then be necessary to establish. at tlie debarkation point a forwarding
depd, and place the nrain depot o r base a t an inte11nehIiate point,
between tho forwarding depot and tlre area to be st~pplied. From
the main supply depot, the flow of stipply would ordinarily be to aiitl
through advanced supply bases, and forward to org:~nizations in
combat zones. The usual route mould be via railroad, where it exists,
or highway, using motor transportation to advanced supply bases in
orgmization areas. It mill usually be found advantageous to build
up small stocks of essential supplies, at these advanced bnses, or even
farther forward u t t he advanced distributing points, in order to
4
SUPPLY
insure a continuous supply. This is especrally necessary wlten o l ~ r -
ating in a theater tliibt has a rainy season.
o. The available transportation facilities will also be nn important
consideration in determining the location of distributing points, and
the levels a t which they ,axe tobe kept.
d. Quartermaster department personnel mill be kept at the depots.
These units mill ordinarily he organized to handle the main sttbdivi-
sions with warrant officers or staff noncommissioned officers of t he
department as assistants or section chiefs. At tliese points the
enlisted force should be augmented by civilian labor if available.
e. Routine replacen~ents of depot stocks mill ordinarily be main-
tained by timely req~~isitions suhnlitted by officers i n charge to t he
proper supply depot in the United States or, in the case of ar t ~cl ei
uot normally carried by tliese depots, by requi3itions snbmitted direct
t o the Quartermaster, Headquarters Marine Corps.
f . The foregoing re~~le~iislirr~eut should be augmented by local plir-
chases of items available locally a t reasonable prices.
g. It will be necessary to inspect existing local facilities regarding
shelter f or depot stocks and service units in order t hat proper reconl-
mendations niay be made to Force Headquarters relative to prepara-
tion of formal agreement for rental. Failing this, it mould be
proper, i n the event a long stay is anticipated, to recommend cctn-
struction of suitable buildings for this purpose. Ordinarily, i n
tropical countries, service units may be quartered in tents.
h. The location of transportation units employed in the depot
supply plan will usually be controlled by the location of the depot
or bases. Such units should be reasonably close to the depots and
subject t o depot control.
,%5. Distribution.-a. Ordinarily, depots with force transporta-
tion will supply as f ar forward as consistent with existing condi-
tions. Organization transportation, whether motor or pack, mill
carry forward from this point either directly t o troops or to positions
from which troops may be supplied by carrying parties. Force Head-
quarters units and rear echelons of all organizations mill normally
be supplied directly by supply depots or bases.
b. If fortified advanced bases are t o be established, the decision
relative to their location mill be influenced by the suitability of t he
sites as camps. The t ype of shelter utilized will depend on the avail-
ability of buildings or construction material i n t he vicinity or t he
feasibility of transporting shelter material tothese sites from t he
main or intermediate base. In the latter case, the decision will be
5
7
SWM 3-5
5 ~I' I' IcY
SUPPLY PROCUREMENT AND D!STRIBUTION CHART FOR SMALL WARS MANUAL
UNDER SUPERVISION OF QUARTERMASTERS DEP4RTMENT HEADQIIARTERS
MARINE CORPS WASHINGTON, D C
MARINE CORPS DEPOTS PURCHASE I N 'HE
FROM STOCKS OF OTHER
I.
1 U S A U S A
SERVICE BRANCHES
1
3.
PART OF FORCE DEPOT.
IF ONE
LOCAL
4. MAIN SUPPLY DEPOT FORCE DEPOT.
PURCHASES
5.
d
AOVANCED DISTRIBUTING POINTS
\b
CARRYING PARTIES
\ m
TRM)PS IN COHBAT ZONES
&
influenced by the amount of trnnsportation available at the time the
bases ar e bring estnblisl~ed. I f local sl~elter or transportation for
such construction nrateri:~l is not avt~il~~ble, of the id- the ~i c i r ~i t y
vairced bases should a t least be cleared aud developed as a carnp
site. An adequate nat er and fuel snpplg should he available.
c. The accompanying chart sho~vs how procurement nrrd supply
will normally exist in small wars.
d. Dcmriptwn of chnrt.-Step (1)-Procurement here and (2)
transportation t o depot or forwarding depot is of course continuous,
based on requisitions from the expeditionary force. Requisitions ar e
varied, cor~sistinw of periodical reqnirenients suhrnitt~d on nslral
?
forms together 1771th letter and, in ~mergrncies, mdio, telegn~phic, or
cable dispatches. Decisions as to cluantitirs for, ancl places of, stor-
i ~gc ddr4l)encl up011 the particular situation and orissio~~. I n some
instances thp porl of debi~rkation rriight he selected as the site of
the force depot. I f t he opertttio~~ rlecessitates the presence of t he
bulk of t he force far inland, i t is probable that onl r a forwarding
depot o r segregation point \rould be maintained a t the port of cle-
barkation, and the main depot establisk~ed further inland along t he
line of communications. There can he no set rule regarding this
arrangement. From t he depot or main hase, field distribution be-
gins. Those nearest t he main hase mould probably be supplied
through the mediun~ of ndvn~lced sopply bases at wliich small stocks
mould be maintained. If possible, a daily distribution would be
made t o points beyond. Failing this, a periodical system of dis-
tniution would be made, cnrrying forward to combatant units suffi-
cient supplies and ammunition to meet their needs f o r stated periods.
This would entail the establishment of additional advanced dumps
from which troops could be supplied either by means of their own
transportation, or in some instances, by pack trains. Carrying
parties might be employed at this point.
e. It is doctrine t hat snpplirs are echeloned in depth t o the rear,
arid t hat some system be decided upon that results in a proper dis-
tribution forward. almost every ae- In most small mars situatio~~s
crpted principle of warfare on a large scale is subject to modification
due to t he irregularity of the operation. It is t hi s characteristic
that sets the "small war7' in a class by itself. It is obvious then, t hat
a successful supply pl an in any small war theater must be ready to
meet these irregular conditions. Here, the means offered by the
specific local country and used extensively by it, should most certainly
be exploited, modified, improved, where rimy,a nd adopted to t he
SUPPLY
use of our forces. This is particularly trlw of methods of tmns-
port. Supply officers of a small war operation shollld never over-
look the fact tliat it is always possible to learn something from closo
observance of local facilities and custonu. They may need modifica-
tion and iinprovemeit in order t o meet our requirements, hut basically
there will almost always be found x~metlii~ig of value that can and
should be used.
3-6. Supply steps-From a study of tlie chart above, it \\ill be
apparent that somp of these steps may, i n certain situations, be
eliminated, snch as the Forwarding Depot and cal ~yi ng parties
whew step Xo. 7 supplirs directly to step No. 10.
3-7. Local purchases.-a. Local purchases ~riay be made at any
of the five places shown along the chain of supplj~, and sent to troops
in combat areas.
6. Where local purt,hasrs are made hy other illan a regularly de-
tailed purchasing officer, prior aothor~zation for sncli practice must
be secured from Force Headqnarters.
3-8. Requisitions.--a Ilequisitioris for replacements of equip-
ment, supplies, ammunition, etc., are submitted to the nearest account-
able or supply o5cer by the officer responsible, rrsually company
commanders, t o and through Bn4' s. Sufficierit forethought must be
employed to permit procurement and distribution by the required
time.
b. Close teamwork should exist between the Quartermaster De-
partment and t he field commanders. It is essential tliat the Quarter-
master know what supplies can be procured by the field commander,
and likewise t he field commander should know what supplies can
be furnished by tile Quartermaster.
3-9. Depots, dumps, and distributing points.--a. The Advanced
Distributing Points may br a t Area Headquarters or merely a t a
selected site close to combatant troops. I n countries where the wn-
dition of roads in forward areas will not permit a daily delivery
routine, and such occasions will be common, it mill be necessary
to maintain small stocks of essential supplies a t these Advanced
Distributing Points. I n most systems of supply operating in the
field, there exists the necessity for establishing pennanent and tem-
porary points of storage and points where distribution takes place.
The terms commonly used to designate such points ar e "depot,"
"dump," and "distributing point." The word "depot" is used to
designate a place where supplies in bulk are storad permanently
and from which the first step in field distribution takes place. Such
SWM 3-10
a point requires shelter, security, and close proximity to some good
nleans of trt~nsporting supplies. Thi spoint is usually established
by t.he orgilnization carryingthe bulk of replacement.supplies.
b. The ,wid "dist,ributing point?' signifies a position or site se-
lected f or ttle t.ransfer and disiribntion of supplies to consumirrg
~units. Itis most often used in connection with t hedaily distrihu-
tion of automatic suppliesused by troops a t a fairlyuniform 'ate,
such as ralions, oil; fuel,forage, etc. It simply Inenus a spot or
area,to w11icI1supplies arebrought. by one metuns and turned over
t oanother forpurpose of i~~terorgailizatiorlal distributiou.
c. Advanced supply bases are in reality subsidiarydepots estab-
lished inland to facilitate the forlrarding of supplies to the dis-
tributing points.
3-10. Chain of responsibility.-a. The usual chain of responsi-
bility ofindividuals connec,tedwith procurerneot and distribution
of equipment and suppliesin thefield is:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Force IIcndqonrters
nrlgades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Regiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Battauon8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Companies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F4.
Force QM.
Force Depot QM.
..M.
R4.
Bn4.
Company commander.
Plstoolls or detachments ..................Platoull or detacl~ment commander.
6. I n each company isa company supply sergeant,whose duties
include thepreparation of wmpany requisitionsa ndthrough whom
requests forreplacementsof any kind emanating from squads, sec-
tions, and platoons should be sexit tothe company commander.
When t.hese requisitions are filled, t hecompany supply sergeant is
in chargeof proper distribution of thenew materialto the lower
unitsnndindividuals. Tlilsman holdsthe rank of sergeant and is
entrusted with matters of company supply.
c. Company and detachment commnndess should exercise close
sutpervision over requisitions and t he issuing of supplies. This is
particularlytrue of rations.
3-11. Aceountability.--u. Ordinarily, accountability, u~hen it ex-
ists, extendsdown t o thebattalion i n field organizations where t he
battalions are administrative units. From there on down to t he
individual,responsibility obtains.
6. Thereisno set ruleby which decisionsmay bereached rela-
tivetorewmmendirig thediscontinnanmof all or part of accoonta-
bility. I11snyevent.,suchdiscont,inuancewill havetobe authorized
9
SWM 3-12
sumLr
by tlie Q~~ar t emast er , Heaclq~~arterii Marine Corps, nnd apprmecl
by the Major (;enern1 Comma~~d:n~t.
O. There ill be om:~sions wher~ some iriodifications of this systenr
mi l l be clesirable and necessary, but. nor~lmlly the nd~ninistvalira
rirrits of the force vill be able: t o estnbfish xncl conc111ct the roiitine
of t,heir rear echelons so as t o lxr111it and justify the continuance
of :mountability and proper records involving responsibility.
d.The absence of acco~untability promotes carelessness ancl wiste
ar~cf presents a serious obstacle t o irltelligeilt and eco~xomicnl supply.
Loose hnndliiig in the responsibility for weapous and amrr~unition
makes it easier for these :irticles to get iuto un;~irtl~orized hands nnd
even into the hands of the opposiug force.
a. The exigencies of field conilitious ;u.o rc?cognized by everyone
connected wit11 our service of supply ttnd consideration is alnnys
given to sue11 conclitions. Headqnar t e~~, IT.9. Mn~iiic Corps, is fr~lly
cognizant, of hazards engeiiderccl by field conditions. U~rcler justi-
fiable circumstances, certificates of ~dj i i st ~i i e~l t t o accouutable officers'
aCcoullts will t ~ e acceptable. The &uarternlaster's &partlnellt. rec-
ognizes this f : ~ t and acts accordingly but t,l~e poi:~t is, tlint in con-
tinuing accountability, there must be $1 certified record of 2111 such
unusual occurrences.
f. It may be entirely impossible for an administrative uuit to
obtain proper receipts for its issues, but a record for such issues can
and should be kept in order t hat requests for replacements within the
uni t can be intelligently supervised by the uni t supply officer. If
t he entire nd~ninist;rative unit has taken the field actively, such cord
should be kept by the ncco~~nL?blc officer in t l ~e last step of t,he supply
chain before i t reaches tlie unit.
3-12. Public funds.-u. Public fonds for proci~rement of such
material and services asthe force may fincl desirable and econo~niptl
are usually entrusted, through oficial cliannels, to an officer desig-
nated as a disbursing assistant quarte.rn~ast,er.
6. These officers, when authorimd by competent authority, may
advance public funds to officers i11outlying stations for certain local
purchases. When sue11 purchases nre mnde, standard forms of
vouchers are either prepared by the officer making the purehas., or
ordinary receipts are taken by him and furnished the disbursing
assistant quartermaster concerned. I n order that such transaction
may have proper basic authentication i t has been the usual prnctice
to write into the orders for sucli officers, when detailed for duty a t
SWM 3-13
outlying points, a. specific designation as agent f or the disbursing
assistant qnarter~nrrster conceriiecl mhicl~ becomes t he authority for
advancement of public fi~nds.
c. An officer receiving s11ch designation as agent sl~ould, before
er~terirlg on his new ~ ~ i t h duties, ~ o n f e . ~ tlie disbuising i~ssistaiit
quartermaster in order t11:tt there mill be complete understanding
of how the. money i n the possession of the agent is to be accounted
for when espended. I f such a procedure is impracticable, the matter
sliould be mnde the subject of in~mediate correspondence between
these t wo officers. There exists such a multit.ude of i%g~lations and
decisiorls governing t he expznrlitnrct. of Goverirment. f~unds that no
one sliouM undertake disbi~rsing even to the extent of a, very srnall
surn, without first learning the proper method to ptnrsoe. Such pro-
cedure will avoid e.xplmiation and correspondence later, and inay be
the irieans of saving t he one concerned the necessity of making good
from perso~ral funds a n aniot~nt of pnblio f~unds spent in error, solely
because of lack of sufficient m ~ d proper advnnce infomlation. It is
desired t o stress this point most. eu~phaticnlly.
5-13. Objective.-Tlie objective is the one colnnioii to nll ~ni l i t ary
operations, i. e., success in battle. The well tr:tilled and supplied
fighter needs but proper leadership t o win; themfore the task of tlie
supply officer becomes one of considerable importance from the com-
mmider's point of view.
3-14. Supervision of requisitions.-+. The most important fune-
tion of a supply officer is the supervision of requisitions. To know
what, when, where, and how to get what the command needs, and
then get it nnd distribute it, is perhaps the whole story of supply
insofar as it affects t he one to be supplied. The remainder consists
of proper recording of what has been done; this is known as account-
ability.
b. The requisition is the st:trting point of the whole process. I f
it be wrong, everything else can't help but. be wrong also. Xever
pad a requisition on t he assumption t hat it will be cut down. Soo~ier
or later this mill become knowin and your requisit,ions will be worth-
less t o the one who revievs them. I f your real needs are cut by
someone, find out why and, if you can, insist on what you ask for.
Bnt be sure you h o l v what you want, and why. On the other
hand, a requisition should never be cut without s thorough investi-
SWM 3-15
5-15. Aeeumulation of stores.-(1. Tl ~er e is R dcliente balance 111.-
twcen orersloc,king and nnderstoc:king. Ov,orstocking means forced
issues, wl~ile understocking means privation and possibly failnre.
b. Do not perniit tlie accurnuletion of slow-lnovinp stores, partico-
larly c,lothing in extreme sizes. If i t fails t o more, lwport its presence
and ask for tlis1)osition. Someone, else~vlrere? m;ly v~a nt t,l~e re1.y
sizes tlrxt are in excess of your needs. Arwnge to turn over su~lisist-
ence stores of a staple ~i at nr e at 1n:lst c, ~~co Report. erery 90 days.
your excess rlniuititics lo your nearest senior supply oKcer t l ~r o~~gl l
official clia~inclls,
3-16. General.-(/. The folloning general roles lnay he of assist-
ance to persons responsible f or tlie 11andling i r ~i clstoring of sopplios:
(1) As :I rule, providt? :trl all stored articles. xir s11:lct. n ~ ~ d c r It,
prevents dt?terioration.
(2) I n the absence of buifrlilrps for storage, rt.qncst tli:~i nccess:irg
security meastlres be hken to iafpguxr(1 yc111r stores.
(3) Visit the units that you sopply.
(4) Find kt IIO\\- your sySt(!ll: \r(irks :nld ailju~st it \ YI I C ~ C I I CCCS S I I ~ ~ .
( 5 ) Watcll your stock of subsistence stortss.
( G ) Beco~rle fa~niliar mit,lr the dai s containecl mrtler "IIini~rnun
safekeeping period" for subsiste~~ee stores under article 14-54, Ml~ririe
Colps Manual. (Hate particularly the remarks in tliis table.)
(7) Ask f or an audience from time to t i n e mitll yonr conlmauder.
Keep him apprised of the sr~pply situation. Give hirn your picture,
clearly and briefly, and then reco~nmend desirable. changes, if any.
Ahve all, make your sttpply system fit into his plans.
(8) Keep i n close touch witli your source of supply. Know \~-llat
is there and how long it will take yon t o get it.
(9) Get a receipt for everytl~ing that leaves your contl-01. If field
conditions nre such that t hi s is, in part, in~l,r:ictic:ihle, t l l a ~ keep a
record of all sncli trt~nsactions~ :tnrl set c1ov;n the reavoirs for not
being able to obtain proper receipts.
(10) Keep your own sngply rea~rtls up-to-date and render necessary
reports regarcling tl~em.
(11) Whe~i yon need lrelp, ask for i t ti11r1 ~t u, t ef cl ct . ~. C:~moliflage,
or my attempt at it ill the supply game, is fatal. I f your best jndg-
lnent hns failed, admit it. It is a huma~i cliarecteristic and can rarely
be cloaked by a garment of excuses.
3-17. Importance of supply.-Tlte importallce of the tlr~estion of
st~pply upon small wars is vvell set fort11 in the follov~ing extract ttiken
froin S~rtall Wars by Callwell:
SWM 3-17
SUI'I'IS
Tlle fact that small wars nrr. zenerally speaking, rxmpnipls rather agilirrst
lliltt~re tllilrl ilgsinst 111iStilt. arlnies ilas been :Iirelldy referred to. It constitutrs
rsne of t he rnost distinctire ch;tr:!eteristics of this clnss of warfare. I t eff~ucts
tll(! eonrse of 0lEr;ltiorrS to ill1 extent vnryirlg grentl?. nceordieg to circumsts~leer;,
but so uitally :lt tilnrs ns t o govern the ~ ~ l r o l r course of the eamptligu from s t a r t
to finiP11. It arises nlllmst errt i rel ~ out of the dilfieultic~s as regards snp~,ly wllicll
the tllentttrs of slllsll \r:tre geaerally 11rrsrllt. Ciimr$te effwt s the health of
troor>s, abscSnce of c~l l l l l l l ~l l i cnt i o~~ retards t he 111orenlent of soldiers, t he 51mglc
nnd the bnsll e1nh:rrrass a comelander: but. if it mere not for the difficulty a s
regards food for man nad lieast rvhich rondless and iuhosliitxble t ract s oppose
to the 01Ie1~~tiolls of a 1~rClll:lr ilrili)., gnod troops well led moaid milkc l i ght
of suck1 obstacles in tlrcir y:itli. It is not t h e q!~estiorl of pl ~sl ~i ng forward t h e
rum? or thrr lborse 01. the g011, that i ns to he t:lken illto itcrouot so much a s
that of i l l e ~lrorisinn of tlke necessities of l i fe for the troops hen they Ilnre
been 11ushecl forward.
S E ~ O B TI1
TRANSPORTATION
Far. E'aga
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Railroild tr:rnspvrtiltioli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S19 16
Notor t mns ~<s t at i oa - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20 1 6
~ 1 8 1 5
T~actor-trai l ert r : l ns ~or t nt i ~~i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21 1 6
Trunsportntiorl goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ariation tmnspbrt. 17
Water tra~~sportntion 1 7
Allilnal t m~i s ~mr t nt i o~ 1 7
Iniportant poirtts in i~ncking. 1 8
Pack 111ules....... 1 9
Pack horses......................................................... ? ~ 2 8 1 9
.K22 17
a b u l l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phillips pneksnddl 530 20
fi1cClellan saddle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LZ1 21
Pack equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %32 22
Native packers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %%$ 21
filarines as packers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :X34 26
Bull ar t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?A5 26
3-29 It)
Trains with colnbat col unr~~s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3 0 30
3-18. General.-a. The types of transportation used in sii~all \oars
operations will vary widely, depending upon local conditions we11
as roads, terrain, and distances to be covered. In some cases t he
seasons of the year will be a controlling fwtor.
b. Duringsmall wars ithe past e.ve.q posjbln type of tllmsporta-
tion known to nlarikind has been used, from railroad, aviation, and
motor transportation t o dogs, elepl~art, camel, and porter wnriw,.
o. It is safe to say that the type of transportat,ioh most snitritrle
to any specific col~ntry is bring utilized there. A skt~dyof these local
methods, togetlle,r with the local conditions, will aicl the commailciw
i n determining the t ype of t,ransportation to be usoil by tlm inter-
venino fnrr~s.
0 ------
d. In countries where small wars usually take place, the rands ar e
- "
generally bad and exist in only a few localities. When there is a
sct1a)n of l~eavy rain, it is nlnst 11rob:~blc tlli~t 111.acricnlly 2111 roi~d?
nnd trnils rill become impi1r5nbla fortnleks nnd t rr~ct o~t t vi l er trans-
portation. For that reawn orlier means of transpo~~ari<ni iw' lnllst
utilized. This luiry lnenll t l l nt railroads and air trdnil,ol.t. \vIlt.rr
SWM 3-19
tlrey ar e a.vailable, will 11:lre to be used for very slrort llanls. Aai-
1na1, cart, boat, or porter transl~ortation will llave to be 11sed whtxe
tirere are no pass;~ble roads, tmils, or railroeds.
.%19. Railroad transportation.+,. Xormal pril~ciples of loa,ding
:ntd transporting troops : I I I ~s np~l i r s \\.ill apl~ly a s thry do ilr sirni1:ir
ir~overl~ents elsa\vl~el.e, nr;lliirlg use of n.l~irtevi!r rail f:lcilities tlre
country has to offcr.
6. For the nsc of railroarls for morement inland sce chapter 5,
p~r:~gmlilr 3, &Iovenrent by E~nil.
3-20. Motor transportation.-a. This type of t,mnsportution
slrould be under the direction of officers sl)eci:illy qalifietl in i t s mes.
I t is not nlways knoxvn exactly mlli1.t. road conditiolrs can bc fouiicl
in t l ~ c field, and the 111otor tr:msp<~l.tation oflicrr, knowing tlre cap:l-
bilities and litrritatiolls of tlris t ype of transportalio~r, co~~sicleririg
the erinditio~~s of tilt> yenrl of tllr ro:~ds, tile 1.0:xd uct, i ~r i i [tl~(!SC:IS(IIIS
will 11:tve to list? ingclrrrily ill cnrryil~g out tlrr. tirsli assignc!d t o 11im.
b. Trucks slror~ld be uf rrr~ifonn 1:ype glb~~<~.ri~lly, st,urdy e11011glr I ~ut
to stand lreavy us:qe. Tlre IT. S. llarine Corps eq~riprrrent tables
1ra~ri dc for y2- a11c1 2-trio t,rncks; these seem t o bc best for our
ln~rposes.
c. Motor transport. assignment varies according to the sit~tation.
Motor transportation is attached t o the force by sections, platoons,
or companies, as t he caz may be. In tlre case of an independe,~~t
regiment, a seeti011 or more of motor transportation is usually
sttaclred.
d. Motorcycles, with or witl~out sidecars, are of very 1itt.le value
in srrtall wars. They require good roads n~l d have sonle value for
messenger service.
e. When needed, native-owned. transportation can be nsed to great
~tlvantage. Native cl ra~ffe~~rs, itlechnl~ics, arid ls~borers art? used ~~711en
practical. Sudden dt?ir~ands made on the native type of tra~lsporta-
lion will usually exceed the supply, resulting i r ~ very high costs for
transportation; but this canrrot be avoided.
:3-21. Tractor-trailer transportation.--a. 111 certain loenlitics it
is likely tlrat where the mads stop, there will be trails and terrain
611at ar e passable for tractors with tmilers, where mot,ortrueks will
be uitable to go.
"
11. 'I'ractors I I I ~ I Ybe nvuilr~t~l' ill f our sizes. The iigl~test \ r, i l l weigl~
r t p~mxi ~~~a r s l y 2 tolls at111 L. IIII 011 \vIreels, I I S~I I K"Ju~nhO.' tires, wit11
.-11la11vl~(%.els ill fn111t 111111 111rgeones ill rear. T l ~ e otl~rr three sire.:
SWM 3-22
will xe,iglr approsimately :I tons, :i tnns, :~nd eitlitxr 7 or 8 tons. Al l
of tlrese are to be tho track-laying t)]x?s
3-22. Transportation pools.-12.. Ii:~bitrtally Certain orgt~nizatior~r
requiring transportt~tion hnve vehicles long witll their operators
and supplies attaclied t o them as e par t of their orgturic organization.
Other organizt~tiurrs request. transportation as i t is i~ecded.
b. I n some iirst:lnces i t will be more economica~l to oyevatc a trans-
portation pool. This is done by placing all tmnsport:itior~ in t,he
force nuder the Force Motor Trrulsport Oflicer, ~vlro \rill assign the
(lifferent vehicles to the different tasks as tlrcy arc reqnirc!rl.
3-23. Aviation transport.-For transportetio~~of e~~ltl)lies and
troops by :~iroraft, see oliapier I X ("Avirltion").
5-24. Water transportation.-a. 111 sane inst:~~ices rircr Itoats and
lighters can be useil t o transport troops, :ininl:rls, a nd snpplies from
the port of (lebarkatiuz~ inland.
b. Wl ~erclakes or other inland ~vaternays exist witl~iu t.l~(? Llreater
of operatiola, a. most val ~~: ~hl e methorl of trnnsltort:ttio~i nrtiy be open
t o the force., and every effort slroul<l Ite made to utilize all water-
tr;tnsport.ation facilities available.
0. Boats for tlris purpose ir~rd o11t11o11rd motors sl~oold 11e carried
if i t is expected that they will Ite rreecl~d. (See clr. X. "River
Operations.")
3-26. Animal transportation.-a. 'nre use of anirrlals f t r the pur-
pose of transporting supplies l:as bt*n one of t he most generally
used methods of transportation in small-wars operations.
b. Without the pack animal, operatio~ls far into the interior of a
mountainous and unsettled area, dovoid of roads, ar e impracticable if
not impossible. However, the use of pack :~nimsls is not a simple or
always a satisfactory solution of a transportation problem. Crude
or iinprovised pack erlt~ipment, nricoi~ditioned anirn:~ls, and tlle gen-
eral lack of knowledge in the elementary principles of animal man-
agement and pack trirr~sportation will tend to make the use of pack
transportation difficult, costly, and possibly unsatisfnctory.
6. The efficiency with wlrich the pack b i n is l~anclleil has a direct
and material effect on the mobility of the colrimn which i t accomrno-
"
With an inefficierrt nack train the hour of startine. the route
of marcl~, U I I ~t l ~ r anlorlilt 11f (listirn~(~ are 110tire1111l~.
dates.
,..
C O V C I . ~ ~ ~ i~ffccted.
On tile other 11:rntl, with conditio~~(~(l e(jtlil)- :rlrii~rals,grw~tl111o(ler11
inent, and prrsonnc!l \vitlr a i~ioclic~in~ packs, of t r ai ai n~ i n i~antllii~g
the nack train can accommodate itself to the march of thecolumn
and not materially hamper its mobility.
SWM 3-27
3-27. Pack mules.-a. The niule is tlv f or irleal pack ar ~~ni al
supply tmirrs, pack trains with foot patrols, and pack triuns ~vi t h
detachments mounted on mules. Tho rnl~le h:~s crrtaiu ailvantages
over the horse nlrich fit l ~i mfor this work, ilanlely:
(1) 'The mule withstands hot weather better, and is ICSSSIIS-
ceptihle to colic and founcler than the horse.
( 2 ) 9mule. takes better carc of himself, in t he I~i~rrcls of a n
i ~~coml ~et ent driver, tlitln the horse.
( 3) 'The foot of t he 111nle is less subject to disortlers.
(4) Tl ~emule is inv:lriably : L ,good Ivalker.
(5) Age i ~nd infirlnity cot~nt less i~gi~ir~st a ~rilrle than a Ilorse.
b. I'aclc mules are l~nbitually driven and not led. . pack Ho~vever~
mriles carryitlg weapons and ilni~nunition vrill, for pnrpii3es of safet,y,
be lei1 i n colunin by having the lender of each mule drive. tlie mi ~l e
that precedes him. Hi s n~r ~l e xill, i n turn, be driven hy the man
uext in rear of it.
3-28. Pack horses.-a. A~iv goor1 ri cl i ~~g liorse of ilonrltd c o~~f or -
m:~tion, good disliosition, a~id nonnal pi t s can be used as a pacli
horse. The paclr aninials of a detachment niounted on horses sl~ould
always be liorses. This is necrssary in order to ~nairltain the nobility
of tlie mounted detachment. Each pack horse is led itlongside a
ridden horse. On very narro~r trails and a t :my time when i t is
impossible for two horses to truvel abmast, tlie pack horse is led be-
hind the riddeir horse.
6. Horses properly packed can march at the. samegaits as the ridden
liorsr.
3-29. Pack bulls.-a. Under cert:Gn conditions, bulls mn be used
to good admntage as pilck animals. A pack bull with its wide spread-
ing hoof can negotiate rnnil in which a mule with its small hoof will
bog down. While slower than mules, hulls can carry lrenvier cargoes
than the mules usually found in most small war theaters. Good pack
bulls can carry from t wo hundrecl (200) to two hundred and fifty
(%O) pounds of cargo. They can make about fifteen (15) miles a
day loaded but, after 5 days march, t h y vill require a rest of f r om
five (5) t o seven (7)days if they ar e to he kept in condition. I n
employing pack bells it is advisable t o hire native bdl keepers t o
handle them.
b. IIixrd pack t n~i ns of 1111lls 811~1I I OI *~ do 110t 01~' ratr SIII~WBIIIY
due to their diffr~rnt characceriativs.
SWM 3-30
3-30. Phillips pack saddle.-n. The Phillips pnck saddle vas de-
velopeil to supply t l ~ n need for a n~ilitnry pack saddle of simple but
scientific design-a silddle that could be handled b y nun.ly organized
troops with only a short period of t r i ~i ni ~~g. The cllnracteristics of
this sadcllo make it iileally suited for sn~all wars operations. It is
manufact,ured in one desi p~ in four sizes, inld al l shes are snit:~bl$
for ei t l ~er horses or mnles.
( 1) 6'a1yo-clrtilbryt,ype.-72-innn. pnck howitzer units ara equipped
wit11 this size. U i s designed for t he large American pack mule.
(2) Caualry type.-A size designated for the average American
ciwalry horse.
(3) Pony type.-A size designed for the Philippine arid Chinese
Pony.
(4) Ca1i66enn type.-A size clesigned for t11e Central American
mules.
b. This sndc1le is designed for either hanger or lash loarls. Hang-
t7rs fop :111 sts~i<lirr.<l ~irarltitit,~ I I - t,ijl~il)nrcnt slicl~ n i l11r tlr.ri~srii~ig
tho :ii-rnrci. gun, : ~~~r ~~i i i ni t i on l+osesl soine nitlio sew. in n~acl~i~~t:-gtitr
:i11<1 tlie p:irl: C:III ' ~ I I CW kit1:11~11 lm ol)t:ii111:i1 isii.11 t h~va s ~ r ~ l ~ l l t ~ ~ .
Imngcss c.<~risist of nttncl~~rrcirts can ~r-l ~i cl i ilt. quickly arlrl <*axil-
attnclicil to t l r ~ snd<t l ~. 'I'hc lon(ls for \vlticl~ th(.y :we tlr.;ip~ir<l nt'
si111p1~' 1'l:lcrtI ilr tht3sr I~:ingcr-: rilr(l lirlcl tiro~ly atld rigidly i n plnct*
wi t h gooser~t!<:k cl:lrnp~, ssliicll ciut Im iilietit~~liy . i ~i : l t i ~! dnr reienicci.
:I-.:$l.. McClellan siddle.-In rrtldition to the regular. pack ur~dtLlcsn:
McClelliut snddlt!~ rnrry usc!il in ernerg(!noy for prrckiap. Tlitr trra
of a BfcClellao srtddle ltns most 04 tl~tr cl~urwctcristicii C J ~ 11pii~Ii-s~t<ldl?
tree, n t ~ t lfair results altky obtainecl fry t y i r i ~the twci side lnrlcln
qnarter straps),or thequarter strttpI)-ringsto 1101~1 tllcload c1on.n.
3-32. Pack equipment.-a. The types of pack equipnient in corn-
mon use by the inlutbitunts of counteies where pack trzinsportatio~l
forins sbasic part of the transportation system vary in tlifferent
countries, :nid solnetimes ~ ~ i t h i n a conntry in different areas. This
~~at,ive. eqnipment, thougl~ crude, can be. converted to inilitary pnr-
W~ O N N ~ S U &C*CHLSE Glix LOAD PACKSADDZ.&, OX I'zzII.L.~~,s POSYSI%E.
d eornpletefighting uni t of go", tripod, ammunition, and spare parts roll. Quick release
devices urr <!itch itealof loud.
posesand,aliennootherequipment isavnilable,mustbeused. Such
nativeequipmentinvariablyhasoneormoreoft hefollowingdefects:
(1)Highly skilled sl>ecialistsare required Lo use i t satisfac-
torily.
(2) Due to its crude construction it is very injurious to
animals.
(3) Itcannot beadjustedeasilyonthetrails.
(4) Manymilitarylonrlsareextrenielydifficulttopackonthis
equipment.
(5) Th e pads, cinches, ;111rl otherattachmentsTearout.rapid11
mlder constant.usi~ge.
(6) Packi ~i g and unpirclring rcquire a cor11p:lratively great.
lengt11of time.
b. Theadvalltagcsof NativeEquipment are:
(1)Generally available in quantities in or nenr the zone of
operation.
(2) IIelatively cheap.
(3) Li ght in veight.
RaoTvslsc JI*uxrrsr; Our IAAD.
Trimd side.
o. Theso advantages ar etheonly reasollsvhichmi ght justify the
useofnativer)eek enuiomentinrxsferencetothePhillir>s ~ n c k enuiv-
' . . . . .
nlent. II~~wo\ . er, of 11i1tiveN ~ I I ~ ~ ) I I ~ ~ I I ~ the cl ~aapne~, is O I . I ~ ~ ~ J ~ ~ : L I I C P ~
by the high p r r c e ~ ~ t r ~ ~ r vf ilnilnt~ls illcnpacirnterl by its rise; itsl i drt
weigl~t is noi ~~txt.t!ssr~rily an advtintilge :IS :a11 c~tltlnl t t r yrcater. pay
load call he tx>~rrietl 1111 11t~nvi1,r ~ I I I I ~ I P I I I P I L ~ 111wlt*r11 \vitlr v ~ ~ ~ ~ s i d v n ~ l ~ l y
less damaba tothe animal.
SWM 3-33
d. The nlmrcjo, or l~rinritivr pitck saddle, has maux sliapcs, being
tnade of leatlier d l 1 sometimes a ~vooderr tree or b:~clc pieces to stiEcn
i t itnd petlilil~g placed eitllcr in t he leather skirts or betweell tlie
leatlier and the iunirnal's buck, or both. This type is rxtlier linrd to
pack, a s it reqt~ires i~complicirtcd hitch :wound tlie loid and sirddle.
e. Anotlier forrn in general use by ciriliniis is t he savbr~ck type.
MI C~ ~ Z NB 1.01" US I ' Ac ~S.~DDLF, I'USYSIZE. <;us A\LIIUS~PII)IV I'I~ILLII'S
Srvcn hundnid ir~ldBfly rounds on cneh aide with npnca on top of snddlc for additional
enuipmont.
It consists of a mooden tree forrnecl of two bars fittinn the saclille
".
place (betiring stlrfnces) and four stri~iglit wooden pleces whir11
form two crosses, orla at tlie pornmel and orie aL t he cnntle, fastened
t o these b m . This type miry be used with flat straw pads or blankets
or both. It has the advantage of absoli~te rigidity in the frame or
tree, recluires little skill to co~lstruct of materials easily available,
and less skill t o pack than tlie aparejo described above.
3-38. Native packers;-Xative packers lrave been used to good ad-
vt~ntage. Two natives experience(1 in packing ar e generally hired
SWM 3-34
~r i ~~l ~>~s l ~~l I i ' r . \ ~r l ~, - ! >~
for e.verj. l i j x1ril11:11>, sitice (I,-<) IIIVI! : l l ~r i rc![11ivc>c1 eai:ii a ~ ~ i i ~ i : ~ l 10 1~1ci <
I I I I i s . .\ gauil s~-strcl! is ti ) l~irr!:i roinl,ratcnl c11ii.f
11ackt.v alril :ill(,\\. 1ii111t o l i i ~c tlrrr tici;r~ss;ir!. 11rl1111a:r 1)irck~rs. IYitlr r ~ f
I ! : I ~ I ~ I I I ~ , I ;~.il iirilrrs ;11ri1 iiis!r.rictio~is sliooiri bc issued
throriglr tlio i4iii.f l)aclitbl. aiitl for tile 111, s!i<irllri bc lielil vcs~i<i~rsiblc
1i:lliilling I J ~tlrc 1,argoc.s of the al~iiuals.
3-31. Marines a s packers.-<I. Tlio :~i.iwigr? rri;il.i~ic C:III 01)t v:lilit:ti
ill a fai rl y sliort tililt? lo pacli ~~rrilr*s : I I I I ~111c1ro ualrirlly iliim!, s~cr ~r el y
thrur tilit wr(31.:lg<x lialire inrrle cl~.iz.t~r., :111il ill I . F ~ ~ OI I S \ V ~ I C ~ B 1~i1,:kil.i~ll..r-
portation is llse(ll i?\-pry iir:~l.ii~t\ sl~oiilfi l b r ' t:111gIit. to 11iiclz. TIIP use of
~n:~rilles as l!:~clii.ls lins th!? cffci't of c~i'cr,?,:tsilrgt o solile i xt er~t t l i ~
coin'ri:~t s t r r i ~ ~ l l i of tlitl ci,liiiii~i. 11x1 it l !ns lnariy ail\-xlitiig~s.
\I.,CHIsI: GUN i Y\ I CSI TI OS I.,,.,,,.
sl>i.\iincs n a c ~r,n tori of saddle for ndditioirti: w~i i i ~m~e r r i
I,. I n sonie cues it may be ulldesiralsle or in~pr:~ct.ieal~lr t o irlelude
~i at i ve packers i n rt combat iiatlr~l. Tl i e hirilrg of 1l:ttire l~rlckers 81-
ways gives the ]~i q~l ~l ace. ilrat. tlie c o i u ~ ~ i ~ ~ trr Irlrtve n.>~rnillg is abo~~t .
ont.
c. TIE trail] is illore eiXcient.ly lial~clletl by nrarines, t1111ur~bvi:itii~g
the irewssit,y i ~ f issuing o r d e ~ ~ t o t h e trriin in a foreign la~lgu:ig(:.
brnmuni t i c, ~~ loads sl ~oul d a l ~ ~ a y s led by nrari~rrs, and . i veapo~~ be
ratlier t,lmil llerded or t ~ ~ n i e d Tl~t? :tclo!ttiol~ of t h e over to lxatives.
Pllillips pack saddip, coupled ~vi t l l t he ewe and ray!irlitp \\.it11 wlricll
marines ~ I I I I be iaugllt to use. it, will warrant a greater use of ~narines
as packers in future oper a t'1011s.
5-36. Bul1carts.-a. In some localities the bull-drawn cart is the
principal means of transporting bnlBy articles, aud \\-hcn I:trg& wa n -
tit,iesof s~:~)plies are required, the bullcart may be the best means of
transportation avt~il&~I)le. I t is a suitaLlt! rrleans of tr:n~sporl. w11e11
Tsrb: N s : ~CAVA~. XCY Coolirs(; OUTFIT THI: PI<LLLIIW L'ACH ON SAUDLD.
This O U t t i l is madc up of mimy sttrndnrd utensils ncsted t o fonn t wo side londs. Eneh
IIUUI) is to llllre urrt! pncli eoulilllg ootflt. UP ~111~11lry
motortrucks or tractors are impracticable and rrl1e11 the time element
cltas not (squire sr~pl)ly I q t1)e f ader mc~tl~otls. Sul)plius sl ~i pl ~r(l i n
bllllcnrts will ortli~~urily conalitio~~, fo:~cte(l :wive in g ~~o t l if ~~rol)erly
ant1 protected. 1\'enl)011s and niirnitio~~j sl~oulcl br a)tr:~~~slsrrted
constantly under special guard.
b. If it ciln l)oss~bly k!.nvoided, bulls shor~ltl not be purclraserl for
Gove~l l mr ~~t I'~.i\fatc ow~~t*rdlil) r~w~vrxl ~i l ). is Inore feasible aud I ~ S S
SWM 3-35
expensive. F~~rt l ~erl norr: ~u~likt.lythat good i ul i ~ru~l s h i t i s can
piurchased n t a reaso~rnble prim; natives are willing to p a ~ %a i t h their
nged arrcl disabled a.~lirn:~ls, but rarely sell tlleir good ones.
c. Whcrmvor possible, a cl~ief bullcart driver should be secured or
xppoillted. He should be a. man in .ivhon~ the ot.l~er native drivers
have confidellce, and through u;horn goller:~l instructions c m be issued.
d. A definite cont,ract should be draxvn up wit11 the native on7nels
DIA\IOXD IIWCII IX)III) US TIIE I'ELLLILIYY I'ICK SAUDW
Tile lrfiual lasll cinch is not required on this nnddle.
before the movement begins. A11 details of pay, rationing of native
drivers and animals, breakage, aud damage should be clearly set; fort h;
it is necessarv to be assured that the native contractors thoroueldv
" .. "
u~lderatul~d t he rernla of tile 'olltract. IF on Co~ltracts s ho~~l t l 111u(1e
the basis of nrigtrr or bulk delirered at t he destinatio~~, and the na-
tives should not be paitl until the service is completed. Deductions
:an be made for losses or damage to supplies m route. I n Lome cases
SWM 3-35
it ,nay br 1Ircrss:iI.y t o advance h~riall <urnsfor t hefreding of the
a ~~i ma l s ell ~out e,
p. ILlrlclr tbat isassociated nit11t hel~andling of b~dlca~* must be
learned fro111 rxl)erie~~c.c. Tlrefollovlngillfornation,if follo~ved by
t11p inexperienced conl ~~~ai del , lessen his bulli.irrt n ~ l l grerrtly
difficulties:
(1) Thebullcart 15;I iinlpleoutfit,but it ~eqai r es an experienced
ballwhxclter to fitlidoand1ni111it.
(2) T~vothousnnrl l>ouncIsisa mtixirnum loailf or a cartdrawnby
twoyokeofbulls. Iftlrepoing isbad,fl.onlonetbonsand (1,000) to
onetl~ousi~nd sixlrlniclred (1,600) ~)ounrlsis:t sufficientload. Aload
of overt vo~I I OI I SBI I ~(2,000)lwunclsi b da~~gesoui, regardlessof road
conditionsor nunrber of Lullsper cart,f s itistoo g~cst a strainon
tbe ctwt imd will causebleak-downs wl~lch arealmosti~npossible to
repair onthe trail.
(3) IVIICII suclrbreak-downsoccur, new cartsshouldbe secured in
tlio i~nmediate vicinity of t l ~ e break-do-11, ortbe loadof thebroken
cartsl~ould be clistributed amongt herenlaining carts. I f neitherof
thesomakeshiftsispoqsible,sufficientoftheleastvaluablecargoshould
bediscardedandtboload5of cartsrearranged tocarrya11important
orvziluablecargo. Thi srearrangementof loads should be made by
the chief bollcart drivcr undcr thc supervision of the escort oom-
mander, if there isone.
(4) Itisdifficult t otell whetlier one pair of bulls is stronger or
\vealrorthananotlier. Soalecutswillhavetobeloaded lighterthan
others,andonlyanexpertwillbeabletodecidethis.
( 5 ) Itisbetter to i~rrive safely withall carts, cargo, and bulls in
good condition than t ogambleonoverloarls wit11 their resultant de-
lays, broken cargo, andiirjuredbulls.
(6) Tho\veigIrL of 1111 mililary anl~nunition and supplies can be
estimated,and ration coiltninersareusnally accurately marked with
the grossweigl~t.T h u ~ proper loads can be assigned to all carts.
(7) Whenstreamsarctobec;rossed,cnrts should beloadedso that
the t op layer contains perishable cargo, such as sacked flour and
sugar, thus preventing or lessening losses by wetting.
(8) I n loadingcartsthe native car t drivershouldbe permittedto
distributeand lashhisload ashe seesfit,insofar asis practicable.
EIowever,the driver should notbe permitted to szy when he has a
sufficientlylargeload orhewill st ar t offmithaslighta loadaspos-
sible. Heshouldbe given hisshareof the cargo andsuchassistance
as he needs in loading it. He will balance his load with a slight
28
excess ~ci ght . t o t he front to prevnit tlip tongne from riding npwartls
~vl i ei ~ urlder 11-:IS. IIc will test t l ~e Ioncling by lifting the tongue
befor(>. tlie bulls :ire hitched to it: to estimate t he strain on t he bulls
\'11elt tiley are att:nohed t,o tlie cart,.
(0) 011 the first day's 111ar(:l1, the Lrst cart, drivcrs slioolil be noted.
This can be done by perso~n~l obscrv:ttion a.11~1 crlrefnl spotting of
tlre carts Illst are slow, trnil thoso that czinss most. delays. On tho
nrorzring of the seci ~i d d:t.y, o~ sooner if it c:ul be do~re ~vi t l ~or ~t undue
<lclt~yor conf udo~~, :tt the lread of the p ~ o r carts should be pl:iccd
train, leaving the best. carts i~r t,hr rear. This will assist in keeping
the c oh~no closc.~l ti]). tl111s nnlt111i11)r s:cl)crvision, protection, a nd con-
trol of tho t nt i ~l ~ r u s h less (liffirr~lt. Wl~rlr tht. tl.ain consists of so
nra.rry c:~rts I11:it 11 11lentt11 list of the drivers is iiifficnlt, the? carts shoolil
be nulnbered with painted nun~erals before. departure, and a written
list mado of eacli car t by number, driwr, nlrtl owner.
(10) By having :I fe\r officers or noncotnn~issioned officers mounted,
much time can be saved in checking up nnd clearing delays on the
frail. If nll trouble Ires to be cleared on foot, needless cleli~ys will
result.
(11) Trnin g~mr ds must keep a careful watch on cargo to prevent
drivers from breaking containers and consuming unauthorized ra-
tions en route and i n camp. 111crimp, citrts sl~onld be ar mn~md in a
park convenient f or pnrdi ng and for t,l~e next clay's departure.
(12) Extra bulls should be provided for a train, especially i n hot
xveather, to facilitate getting carts out of difficnlties, advancing carts
up steep gades, a nd replacing casuslties >\rnotlg the bulls
(13) Any interference on the part of n~arines with the function
of t l i s native drivers, other than that absolutely necessary, will pwb-
;ibIy work i~nt, ilisadvar~tage.ously.
(14) Cargoes, especially those of mtions and an~rnrtnition, shoulcl
11:ire e protective covering-such as ponchos or canras.
(15) During hot weather, bulls crcnnot lx ~rorkedin tho bent of t he
day. A good schedulo to follow a t socil tiines is to start the day a t
about 3 a. m., and travel until about 9 x. m., tllen give the bulls a
rest until 3 p. m.,whet1 travel can be oontint~ed ngain until 9 p. m.
In t hi s wny the carts eun cover from 15 to 20 miles per day, depend-
ing upon the eonditic>ns of the roads.
(16) ilmarine officer in charge of a train should cooperate t o the
frdlest extent with the native chief of the bull-cart train in allowing
him t o set his own schedule. The trip can be materially speeded if
this is possible, and the sohedl~le of the marines made t o conform
to that of the bull-cart train.
29
SWM 3-36
TI%ASSPORTTIOS
(17) I n traveling tllrurlgh barren co~~nt ry, i t may be necessary to
carry food for tho z~nirnals and, if t hi s is t he case, t he pay l o ~ d rnust
118 lcsset~ed i n proportion. iis soon as respo~isible ilatires cart he,
founcl and nlierl tile 'oute along which the supplies have to be t rans-
ported is safe, i t i s wise to allow t he train toproceed aitliout escort.
The natives, if held strictly responsible f or k)sses, will probably riot
proceled if tlinro i s danger t , l ~nt t he train will be captnrecl, as they
vi l l have been -warned of this clanger before the marines. Escorting
snpplies by s ~ l i a s l ox~ method is very tedious and costly ill men.
Ho\\*ever, iln~mrniition and wenpolls must be escorted.
3-36. Trai ns with combat columns.--n. Yrtck tr:lins nhicll carry
tlie supplies, baggage, ammunition, and weapons of cornbut. columns
should be ni:~de as mobile a s possible. Both the nu1nbt.r of animals
and t he cargo loads should be ;IS srnall as is corisistnit wit11 tlie
i~bsolute nrecls af tile column, If tlre,re, is a choice, it is better to in-
crease tlie nnlilber of :~ni~nals tlian t o i~lcreasc tlie i ~~di vi cl l ~el cargo
loads.
6. 111 gaieral, the pack 1o:~dr; acco~npanging a combat column
shonld not exceed tw-e~lt,y-five percent (25%) of t he aeiglit. of the
pack animal \r.lrich, for small mules ar ~d horses, would mean 21
maxirnnm pay load of a b u t one hundred and t hi rt y (130) pounds.
One hundred pounds is considwered an merage load. This is a gen-
eral r ul e and the load must be varied to meet tlie condition of t rai l s
and tire coldition of t h e individual animal. Some combat loads mill
exceed t hi s percentage, and it mill hnecessary to select the strongest
and best ~OllditiOIIed animals t o carry these special loads.
0
SMALL WARS MANUAL
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
1940
CHAPTER IV
TRAINING
4wwRwmm
UNCLASSIFIED
&. . .
I \ I I ED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTISG OFFICE
WASHINGTON:1911)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Tl~c: Small Wars Mt ~l ~unl , ('orps, Unitcd Stnlrssh, l asi ~~c 19401 i s
j):~blisheil i n15ciraptersasfollows:
(' AAPTEK I. INTHODtiCTION.
11. OILGAXIZATlOiT.
111. 1.OCISTICS.
IY. TKAINING.
V. ISITIAL OPERATIOKS
VI. INFANTRY PATROLS.
VII. MOUXTED DLTACHMEh-TS.
VIII. CONVOY8 AYD CONVOY ESCORTS.
IX. AVIATION.
X. RIVER OPERATIOKS
XI. DISARMAMEKT OF POPULATION.
XII. ARMED NATIVE ORGANIZATIONS.
XIII. MILITARY GOVERNMENT.
XIV. SUPERVISION OF ELECTIOXS.
SIT.WITHDRAWAL.
SMALL WARS MANUAL
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
TRAINING
SECTION I. CHARACTER AND POIII'OSE par. OFS~IALL Page
Wans TRAIXIXG .............. 4- 1to44 3-8 6
11. TRAINING UUIIIXG CONCENT~L~ITI 4.- ON. 9 7 to4- 9
111. TnarN1NG ENROUTE:ON BOARD
SHIP....................... 4-10 to4-17 11-14
IV. TR~I NI NG OFOPER- INTHETHEATER
ATIONR.. ......................... 4-18 to4-23 15-17
V. TRAININGPROGIIA~~~Y SCHED- AND
ULES.......................... 4-24 to4-26 15-25
4-2
CITAR~CTRR P ~ RP OS EOF S~IALT,m.ins ~ n ~ r s r s c ;
(11) Meqsing. To inclu(1e the feeding of troops on tlie trail and
in smallgroupsi ngarrison.
(12) Laying ambushes.
(13) Attacking a ]louse.
(14) Streetfighting.
(15) Riot duty.
(16) Defense of garrisons.
(17) fhrprise attackson ent.my c~~lcaml)ments.
(IN) Stratagemsnnd ruses.
(19) Scouting and patrolling, includingtracking.
(20) Combat practice firing.
(21) Sketclring n~id aenalphotograph map reading.
(22) Marching, vith nttention paid to marching over
rough, ~voodedtrails, both di r t and rocky, under varied ~wnt hrr
conditions. Trailcuttingthroughclensetmderbrush andc011servation
of drinking~vat er tobe included.
(23) Ri\rouacs andcampi.
(24) Sanitation,first aid, andhygiene.
(25) Hnndlir~g of small boats on inlaiid waterways.
(26) Air-ground linison.
(27) Trainingof officersas aviation observers.
(28) Rulesof landwarfare.
4-2. Tacticaltraining.-The currenttminingmanualsdescribetho
combat principlesforthevarious arms nnd ar ethe basis of tactical
ilistvuction for units preparing for or participating ina smallwar.
Thesecombatprinciples inaybesupplemented orr~~odified t o conform
with the requirements of anticipated or existing conditions. l' he
usual enemy tacticsencoiurtered in small varsare those associated
withtheamb11s11 of patrolsandconvoys, river fighting,and surprise
attacksagainstgarrisonsand towns. Tlieseoperationsare described
i ncllaptersVt oX,inclusive.
4-3. Rifle company.-a. The rifle conipany and its subdivisions
nre often called upon t o perfam1independent mission. Such mls-
sionsinclude t he es(ab1ishmentof small garrisons in isolated com-
~nunities ai ~d a t strategic points along lines of communication and
supply,patroloperationscoordinated with t heoperationsof aviation
andother patrol units, and independent operations that maycarry
the rifle company and its subdivisions beyond supporting distance
of their bases o r friendly patrol units. Training for small mars
operations,therefore,mustbe conductedwith aview tothe probable
assignment of theriflecompany and itssubdivisions toindepmcle~it
4-3
CHAR.4CTER AXD PURI'OSE OF SMALL 'IVdRS TR.4IBISG
missions. 111 tile larger patrols, the pat:rol leader mill usually find it
impracticable, if not impossible, to direct the actioris of each sub-
division of his patrol during action against the enemy. I n ~11~11
cases, the leaders of tlre several subdivisions of the patrol-must con-
trol their units in such manner as will best promote the known plan
of the patrol leader. Upon contact. \vith tlae cnemy in t ho field, there
vi l l often be no opportunity for the leaders of the several sobdivi-
sions of t he patrol to consnlt with and receive, orders from the patrol
leader prior to committ.ing their units to action. They inust know,
in advance, his plan of action in case contact is inacle with the eneiny
2nd must be prepared to act indcl~cndently \vitl~out the slightest
hesitation. In the training of patrols. tile independent control of
subdir,isions should always be stressed.
6. The principal weapon of the combat organiz;itions is the riffe.
'I'l~e rnilrt so armed inust have complete confidence i n his ability t o
hit bzrttlefield t ~r get s and must be t2loronghly imbued with the "spirit
of the bayonet1'-the desire to close with theenemy in personal combat
and destroy hiln. The fact tlii~t snrilll wars operations mny be con-
ducted i n localities \shere the terrain and vegetat,ion will often pre-
vent engaging the enemy in hand-to-hnnd combat does not remove
the necessity for trai~ring in the use the bt ~r o~~e t . of It is only
througll such training that e:mh individual of the combat tea111 is
irr~bued with tire "will t o nin." Every man attached to a combat
orgimization mnst be trained in tlre use of the rifle grenade and hand
grenade, both of 1~11icl1 are important, weapons in s i ~ ~ a l l wars opera-
tions. The rifleman sliould be given n course of training in the other
infantry \veilpons in order t ht ~t 11e may know their employment and
functioning. Machine L-IIIS~ mortars, and 37 inm. guns may, at
times, be issued the infantry coinpany to augment the fire power of
its rifles. Since additio1i;rl trt~inecl personnel will often not be avail-
able to man the i~dded wenpons it becomes the duty of the infantry
company to organize squads for the operation of such weapons.
c. The rifle is an extremely aocurate shoulder weapon. I n t he
hands of an experl rifle shot (sniper) it is the 11rosL i~nporlant weapon
of t l ~e combat units. Other infantry ~vec~pons canilot replace t he
rifle. The rifle is exceedingly effective in the type of fire fight con-
nected with small wars operations. A course in sniper firing is of
great value in the development of il~dividuals as snipers. Such t~
course may be readily improvised by placing vegetation before t he
line of targets on any rifle range or by using growing vegetation,
provided its locatio~i makes the method practicable. Silhouette tar-
gets are shown for several seconds at irr@gular intervals and at differ-
ent locations within the vegetation by the manipulation of ropes or
wires from a pit or other shelter in t,he vicinity of the targets. This
type of trgining develops fast;, accurate shooters.
d. While the development of expert individual rifle shots is highly
desirnble, it is even more important that comb& units receive R course
of training in t,he appliwtion of musketry principles to t,he eondit,ions
of combat ordinarily encountered in small wa~s operations. Wheel-
ever facilities are wailable, the training program sl~ould devote con-
siderable t,ime twombat rang6 firing. Every phase of netual combat
shoul,d be included. in t,his trsining. To make the practice realistic
will require much ingenuity and skillful planuing but. there is no
other method of training that mill develop effective combat tenms.
Combat practice firing present,s the nearest approach to actual bat,&
condit,ions that is encountered in the whole scheme of militsry training.
Exercises should be so designed that leaders we required t,o make au
estimat,e of the situation, arrive at a. decision. issue orders to put. the
decision into effect, end actually superviee the execution of orders
they may issue. The degree of skill and teamwork of the unit is
sl~omn by the mamma in which the orders of the leaders are executed.
The conser%tion of ammunitior~ should be stressed in all combat
practices.
44. Machine gun company.-The mschine gun company is or-
ganized as a unit for administ,rative purposes to effect uniformity in
instruction, and to proltwte efficiency in training. Daring act.ive
operrttions in the field, however, it will often be found necesswy to
assign platoons, sections, or even single guns to either permanent or
t,emporwy clut,y with gzwrisons, patrols, or other units. In some ,CILS~S
it may be necessary t,o arm the personnel as riflement to augment the
number of men avnilable for pat~rol duty. Machine-gun personnel
are, therefore, given the course of training with the rifle as outlined
in paragraph &3, G and d.
4-5. Mortars and 37 mm. guns.-a. These ~~~espous we eml~loyed
to augment the fire power of other weapons. They we of particular
value in t,lre organization of the defensive fires of small garrisons.
J3ecrtuse of their bulk and t.he difficulty of effective employment in
heavy vegetation, they are not normally carried by small, highly
mobile~patrols in the field. In an attack on BII organized position, the
need for both weapons is apparent.
b. The 37 mm. gun is employed against definitely loei& automatic
weapons and for the destruction of light, field works. It delivers
6
P-6
CMAIIACTER h S T l PUILPOSE OF $li2\I,I, l i 7ARS rrR~lsIXG
fir% frorn a e~askecl position by useof tile qoitdrant si gl ~t . IVhen t i r t ~e
is an innportn~lt element, direct laying is used (11. fire ir~iig he cond~wt ed
fmm a. rr~asked posit,ion h a ~i n g siglrt defilacle only. Since i t s ti~ctical
employment in s~nal l \Tars does not vary fro111 its 1urrmt11 use i n lrri~jor
rvsrfare, there is no need for special trairiing i~pplict~hle orrly to s~i l al l
wars situations.
c. The ability of t he mortar to five fro111 n-ell-concealed positions
itgainst targets on reverse slopes ancl under cover ~rlakes i t a vi~lunble
weapon for smt ~l l wars operations. Rec:tuse <of i t s mo1)ility it wi l l
often be used as $1substitute for light artillery. I t can be used ngi i i ~~s t
targets t hat can not be reacheil1)y otlher illfantry \~-t-et~pons. No special
tr:~irlirlg i s req~~irecl d 1011s. f or small r~itrs op?r' t '
L 6 . Troop schools.-a. ' fhe t roop schoul is all i1111oortant agency
of the uni t commander for the training of bis own persor~nel tu meet,
the rcqnirements of t l ~ e trair~ing program. Troop i;cl~ools ]nay t ake
ally f or m that produces effective resxllts, i ~k~l udi rrg irrfornial confer-
ences or lectures, demonstmtions, sand table or squaclmom instruction,
as well as the formal organized sclrool ni t h its staff of instructors,
:I definite course, and fixed periods o f instn~ction.
b. The object of t he troop scl~ool is to train personnel for combat
and t o coordinate s ucl ~ training. It insures uniformity in t he train-
ing of t he elltire cc~mmnnd. Cr t i ~ i n techr%icul subjects, in wi ~i ch a
comparatively small number of 1rle11 from each organization ar e to
be qualified, can frequeutly be taught more economically and
thoroughly in classes or scl~ools condr~cted by a higher echelon.
c. I nst r ~l ct i oi ~ in centmlized elas%s, whetller they company
classes or those of n higher unit, does not. relieve t h e subordinate com-
mmder from further training of troops nnder hi s command. It is
his dut y a.nd responsibility to so organize his anit t hat each individual
is placed mhere he may c(~ntrib1lte 111ost. to the efficient working of t he
combat team. Tllos, 21 scout. mag receive instruction in scouting and
patrolling in a centralized class, returning to his organization upon
the completion of the course. Upon his return, his training i s con-
tinued under his squad leailer and officers of his o ~ v nnnit. in order t hat
t he nni t may gain t he advnntage of t he training be 11:~s received while
attending the centralized class for scouts.
d.A course i n a troop scllool is planneil wit11 one of the two follow-
in_nobiectives:
4-6
CHABACTI~IL,\XI1 I ~JI LPOSI ?OF S\ISI,I, WAR'S TR, \INIxG
battalion or higher echelon.
Graduates of suc.11 classes are particn-
larly vt~luahle as instructors in ne-\rly organized units.
(2) A course conductetl for t l ~ e XJUrpose of teaching troops the
mechanics and techniqoe of their work ar d equipment. It does not
concern itself with the developnlent of qnalified instructors. As a
rule, tl~ese classes will be condocted by companies, the course being
soine\vhat shorter than tilo course designed for developing inst,n~ctors.
a. The group method of instrnction may he used in the tmining of
any group, rgarclless of its size or orgmiization. I t provides care-
ful systematic instrnction under t l ~ e direct supervision of an instructor,
and cer~tralizes co~~t r ol \vithin the group for t l ~ e purpose of teaching
the ~necl~ai~ics The group method of instruction is of any subject.
preferable for introiluctory training and is especially adat~ted to ill-
strtrctiol~ in basic military subjects. It consists of five distinct steps,
as follows:
(1)Expl a~~at i on instructor. of the subject or a(>tion by t l ~ e
(2) Demolrstrat,ion of the suhject or action by the instn~ct,or intd
assistants.
(3) In~itation (~~l)plic:ttion) by :dl undergoing instruction.
( 4j Exl~ltmation n1n1 de,monstrtltion of colllrnon errors by the in-
structor and his assistants.
(5) Correction of e,Yrors by t he instrl~ctor and his assistallts.
Instruction should be clear and precise. Every error made by the
st,uclent doring the applicatory step should be, corrected immediately
in order to p r e w~ ~ t tlre formation of faulty habits and wrong im-
pressions. I t is often easier to instruct a new recruit than t o clxinge
the fin11t.y Ili~hits of B man who has been longer in the service.
SELTI~N I1
TRAINING DURING CONCENTRATION
1'8tc. I*?ec
Trainir,r objretir n
S C ~ I ~ F of tl'.airl ! b
Uireilllinnrs t r .-... --. ... $4
&7. Training objective.-a. of tllc! training coil. 'The c,ll:~r;~ett?r
ducted during eoncerit~atio~~ depends upon tho time svailnble, t he
state of t r i ~ i ~ l i ~ ~ g of the inttividi~i~l nuits ~o~~centratocl, tile niiture of
the country in \vhic11 operations are to lie conducted, tho clrarncter
and armament of the forces likrly t o be e~~cou~~t er ed, and the type of
operations that may be necessary.
b. Training doring co~rcentration is primarily concerned with
preparation for tlre follo\~iogoperations:
(1) Sllip-to-shore moventent, agtlinst organized opposit,ion a nd
without opposition.
(2) Iteurga~~i%:~tiorr prelirninnry to move~nenti rrl a~~d.
(3) Movement inland, including the seirure of defended cities and
to\ms, and operations against guerrilla furces wlrose tactics include
surprise attacks and ambushes.
48. Scope of training.-. 1')uring concentmtion it is necessary
t o verify the readiness of troops for t he conduct of small wars opera-
tions. Deficiencies in training nlust be corrected, particalarly if t he
deficiency is socb as t o hazard the successful prosecution of con-
templated operations.
6. For subjects to be stressed during training for small \Tars opera-
tions, see paragraph 61, 0.
65).Disciplinary training.-Wherc ti~rreis $11ol-t, a11 training i n
ceremonies and close order drill should ire rednced to :I minimum.
The. disciplinary value of close order tlrills rnay be achieved throng11
the efficient con$uct and close sul>ervision of field exercises, during
instruction in bayonet fighting, and i n training in t he ese, function-
ing, and care of \verLpons :u~de~~ttipmne~~t.. Smartness, prompt c t k d i -
ence, and orderly execution can he exacted of troops during st ~ch
exercises, thus increasing the value of the instruction as well as cle-
veloping a higher degree of battle efficiency in the individual.
S~c.rros111
TRAINING E N ROUTE ON BOARD SHIP
I'itr. l'we
G~nc r nl . 4-1il 11
4-1 1 11
Time itrnilneie for 4-12 12
4-13 12
Sire of elrau<'s 4-14 12
81i1tnp18 of ill. 4-15 13
si~bjvctscovered 4-16 1 4
Il:~se~ltiaI training -- 4-1i 1.4 ~
4-10. General.-a. 'l'lre relative x.:~luo of training conrluct'd ;~bo;~ril
ship depends on the necessity for t l ~ r training. The inore. an organ-
izat,icrn is in need of training, the more it will profit from every hour
(levoted to such training. The more adva~rcetl an 01-ganization is
ill its training, the more difficrllt i t is to prepare a profitable schedule
that can be carried into effect on board. It must be reme~nberecl
that one of tlre main features of a system1 of instruction is tlre ])re-
vention of idleness and resultant discor~tent. A schedt%le that t~llo~vs
practically no time for relaxation, however, is always t o be avoiiled.
6. The total t h e availitble for instruction is a factor to be con-
sidered mheru formulating the training schedule. Sorne organizu-
tions will be on boarrl only dnring the period spent cni-oute t o the
scene of operations and will disembark immediately upon arrival
t,hereat. Other organizatio~~s (sometimes ci~llecl "floi~ting" battal-
ions) may be qnartorecl on board for varying periods of time, pos-
sibly for several months.
c. The thorot~glu~\ess of t he instruction will be depenclent upon the
skillful plimning of schectnles, the ability of the instructors, the
lime allotted for each sobject, and the facilities available.
&11. Ship routine.-a. Any trairring to be conducted on boirrtl
ship must be fittsd into t he ship's ronti~le. The troop commt~ncler
is in conirc~ar~d of the troops on board, but the com~nanding officer
of the ship is respor~sible f or all the activities on board. ' l l ~e troop
activities must not interfere with the normal routine of the ship,
without specific pernrission of the commanding officer of the ship.
l i s ~ ~ ~ l l y , the ship's routine will include breakfast at 0730, ii~spectiorr
of quarters at 0830, quarters at 0900, dinner at 1200, and supper at
1700. Fr i day is normally given over to fidd day, with Saturday
morning reserved for inspection of living spaces and personnel by
the commanding officer. As a result, training is limited to 4 full
clays per week:
11
4-12
TRIIISISG LN ROUTE OX BOiil3D SHIP
6. Mess facilities on board ship are usnally limited. Troops ail1
j>robtbbly eat ctrfeteria style, using them individual mess equipment.
Xonnally 1Ilour u-ill be ample time for tlie troops to be served and
to complete any nleal. This includes sufficient tirne for thern to
procure their nless p a r , be serretl, ~vash their mess gear, and stow it.
c. Working parties will be required for serving the food, work in
the galley, tu11d lian(ll~ng stores. In order t hat i~~terference with
training 111t1y be redlleed to a minimanr, i t is desirable that a complete
unit, s ~~cl i as a pIato(111 or company, be detailed daily for such duty.
The duty sl~oulil he assi,mled to troop u ~ ~ i t s in rot a t'1011.
rl. Emerge~lcy drill5 \\ill also interfere with tlie ~rhedule of tmin-
ing. These clrills i ~r c an important part of the routine. They
include a h a ~ ~ d o ~ ~ dr~lls. ship, colli>ion, fire, iln(l fire a~id rescue
Everyone on board will participate in these ilrills.
4-19. Time available for troop training.-'l'lrv t111ie nrailable for
which dofiriltr scliecl~~lei may I I P 111:lili~up ib lin~ited f r~ttrool~ trai11111g
lo two ihlll) pei.io~lh, 0900 10 1130 &lurl 13i10 L o l(iOi1, :I tut:~l of 5th
hours. 811iro olrly 4 full days per week can be (lefi~ritt~lj srlredaled,
the wc>ekly sclredule is lmlited to 22 hours vf instrr~ct~oii. If Fri dt ~y
may be used for training, another 5% hours will be available.
4-13. Troop schools on board ship.--a. Classes are organized to
cover instrut~tion i n such subjects as may best prepare each member
of a conrrna~ld to become a more proficient member of his combat
team. Due to lack of space and facilities, the establislvner~t of troop
schools, employing tlie group rtletlioil of instruction, is the accepted
metl~od for shipboard training. Classes covering essential subjects
are organized for officers, onco commissioned officers (iuclnding selected
privates) and privates.
b. Formations ar e usually limited to assemblies for quarters and
inspections. At such formations, it is often possible to carry out
exercises such as the manual of arms, setting-up exercises, and physi-
cal drill under arms.
4-14. Size of classes.-Training on board ship is generally at-
tended by a liunrber of distracting and a~inoying features such as
seasickness, wet paint, scrubbing of decks, heat, etc. It is, thel-efore,
desirable that classes be orgarrized in small groups. Groups of 20
are t he largest t hat one able instructor can be expwted to handle
efficiently. I n the instruction of groups in t he mechanics of the
several types of weapons, care should be taken to avoid assigning
too many individuals to a single weapon. Not more than two mexi
should be assigned t o one automatic rifle and not more than three
to a machine &all.A nian learns very little about the mechanics of
12
il weapon by ~vat chi i ~g someone else assenible aiicl disassemble tlie
weapon. He rriust 11avethe weapon inhisown liands unrl perform
thevor kliinrsdf its itisonly throughthisnietlxorlthatlieaata.ins
proficiei~cy.
415. Assignment t oclasses.-a. ilnextui~ple of the assignment.
of thepersonnel of a riflecompany totlre several classesof a troop
scl~onlonboard ship istrs follows:
class St'percision . t t e # Ba n ~ e
.%ntonlatic rifle (:<,~rnl~ans-. 2 ]!rr sqltad ( MI , lrlus instructors.
Ainelrine gun ~~ 110.
Rrermdcs...- ~~~ I)o.
S ~ ~ l l t ~-~ DO.
Sigo:sl (:onip;bn.y, :if ro~uc<i.hdritrs. iuld 3~ e r i,liitoort hdqlrs.
i l"1. ~, l ns i nst n~ct ors.
Com111llllicatiol1l l . . . . l . . . . BilttilliOIl, 2 (.orlil)i&l$j ! "Signal" nud ~ ~ v t .
"Agent'l (8).
71. Classes organized as slionrr above a1.e of a convenient size.
Qualified il~structors areassiped t o each group, tlie lliin~ber of :IS-
sistants depending u p o ~ ~ the typeof instruction nild t,lieavailability
of qvalifiell personnel. The iianie of tlie cliiss iiirticatesthesubject
i nwhichthatclassreceivesthetiiajor partof itsinstrtlction. How-
ever, each class receives iiistructioii in such other subjects as rnax
be considered necessary.
c. An exampleof a day's sclredole for the antomatic rifle class is
asfollows:
O!I.10-1K<O Fonctioning of alltomatic rifle. Lieutrnent, Arst platoon, senior
isstruetor.
104.7-1130 Stoppages of antomutic rifl;.. Lirotenant, first lattoon, selrior in-
structor.
13<&1:B0 Uasonet training. Lieutenant, hilgonet instructor, a rifle company
offirer designated by tlm battalion commander, senior instructor.
Ile coordinatesall bayonet instruction within the battalion.
3345-1430 Tnctics, street fighting. Comjrany eomma~bder,instructor. Scout
class joins f or thisperiod.
144:+1.5iiO First aid, a11piicatiod of tonrniqnets. Ratfalion SlllgCOD, senior in-
structor.
1,745-1600 Talk, racial characteristies of conntrg of dcstirmtiol~.Cornpuny com-
In:nlcler, senior instructor. Entire coml>aj;tllyarsembles for this
period.
d. Division of personnel of machinegun nnd homitzer nnits into
groups forclassinstructioniseffectedsimilarly totheoutlinesho~vii
fortheriflecompany i nparagraph 4-15, a. Thedailyschedules for
thedifferentclassesar emadeupinamanner similartotheexample
shown forthe automaticrifle class iri paragraph 4 1 5 , c.
- - -
4-16. Subjects covered.-a. I'atagral~h 4-1: c, lists a n~ullber of
subjects that are suitable for sl~ipbonrcl instn~ctiolr. Deficiencies in
training of the troops on hoard, as i~rfluei~ced by the tactical sitna-
tion likely to be encountered, will govern the selection of subjects
t hat are t o be stressed. Having determined the tr:iining 11eecIs of
t he several units, the subjects t,o be stressed mrky be selected and
schedules prepared sccorclin,ply.
6. In addition t o the sobjeCts lister1 in pamgr:tl)h 4-1: c, t l ~n fol-
lox7iirg subjects :ire particularly inrporta~lt anrt should be emphasized
enro11te to the theater of operations.
(1) Information of the country of destination; its ppoplr, lan-
guage? topography, political arrcl nlilitary situatio~i
(2) Enerily tactics likely to be encountered. Tactics to be ncloptecl
by our o~r n troops.
(3) Relations with i ~~l ~abi t ari t s of tllo co~llktry of (lestination.
6 1 7 . Essential training-a. St.\\.ly organized units will often
inclurle nlen ~ l r o are only partially tlainecl in llnndling their weapons.
Aft er forrr~atioit of tlre i~nit, there inay he only a short period for
instruction r~rior to embarkation. In some cases. tht?re will be no
time for any instruction nhatsoe~rer. While enronte to the country
i~~.eapon with which he is arn~ecl, thcfs increasing his value to his
orgainzation :IS a member of t he con~bat team. Permission may be
readily secured from the commai~ding officer of the ship to fire
t l ~ erarious infantry weapons from the deck ~ ~ h i l e the ship is under
way. Targets may consist of articles fk~ating at or articles
tllrown overboard (tins and boxes from the galley). For safety,
shootinz is condilcted onlv froin the stern of the shin. I f there
c,
are no articles available to be used as targets, "white-caps" may be
used as aiming points.
6. Instruction i n tactics should be sufficiently adequate t o give all
enlisted r~ersonnel r~ knowlcdpe of sco~~tiup, pr~trolling, security meas-
ures, andtroop leading problems, apluropna& t o their rank. Methods
of Instruction include sketches on blackboards (the best method),
chalk rketches on the deck, and matchei; laic1 out on deck. The
i t ~s t r ~~r t or e?tpl:~il~, tlte sirlr:ltion or (cling~.i~lr~sketvh) iind ~tsk: di f-
ft.re11t I I I ~ I Ifor t hr i r (lecisi~~ns for tI>vir 11ecisions. a11t1~ ~ HS I I I I S Initi:~.
rive : I I I ~cliscossioi~ sl~o~rltl lx el~co~lrage.rcl. I11 ilnull wlrs situations,
t l ~ eno~~conin~i>sio~~t*cl offivrr n ~ l dl~ri\.:lre are often fitc.~.(l with prob-
It111rj reql~irillg decision and subse(jl~t.~~t ilametliute rxecl~tion.
SECI~OXIV
TRAINING IN THE THEATER OF OPERATIONS
l'itr. 1'11pc
I d
15
15
13
I F
li
4-18, System of training.-a. I;~)OII arrival ill tile tlreater of o11-
eratiorrs, i~nmedinte steps xrtr t:~lrrrr to continue tire t r ai t ~i ~r g al011g
r~ietllodical tlnd 1~rogressive. lixles. The tr:tining is gorererlerl by t rai n-
ing progr:lols tlntl sche(l111es prepared by the \-arious o~pnni zat i o~l s.
b. F o r each t r ai ~r i ~r g 111rits (sq~titds? slibject f~rr~ctionttl sections, a 1 ~ 1
platoons) are 'I'l~is pli~ces tlre res1)onsibility e ~t ~pl oyt ~l . for t rai n-
ir~gp m g ~ s s all t rt ~i rri l ~g S ~ I ' O I Itile 1111it l ct i d~r. l : ~~f i ~r t ~l ~t at el y, SIZIJ-
jects cannot be so hilndled. I n I I I ~ I I ~ illstances, s~~bj ect s IIIIIS~ JX1
t ungl ~t by "asses ~ m " ~ l o ~ " d froxn s e~er al s u b d i ~ i s i o ~ l ~ of i ~ t d i ~ i d ~ ~ t t l s
of :I i111it.
4-10. Facilities.-As early as possible after t h e force is estab-
lisl~ed on sllore, orgn.niaat,iol~ corn~nanders of 11igl:ller eclrelor~s sl ~oul d
provide their respective corr~mnx~ds x i t l ~ tile facilities necessary for
the conduct of training. IVhencver pracricttble, these f:tcilities
should inelode the estahlislrment of trt~itiitrg centers, troop schools,
ranges for ltractice and record firing of infantry wetrpons, ri~thgcs
for cornbut practice firing, til~d terrain suiliible f or t11e cotrdltct of
field exercises.
4-20. Subjects covered.-+. P; ~~. agnt pI ~s b, 6 1 , e, and &it;, list
s~lhjects suitnblt: for training colrdnctrtl i rr tlie t11e:tter of o1)eratiolls.
O. Al l training slrotrld it~clu(le field erel.cise; i ~~vi >I ~i r l : r tile titctical
employment of troops in ~rlilitary sitnations pec[~liar to the t ermi n
and ellemg resistance likely to bc e;~couotcred in differelrt seetiot~e
of the country.
4-21. Training centers.-& irrlproving lVc?nl)oirs t~vc. c<~nst . a~~t l y
and minor powers u r e progressively arrnilrg tl~c!lnselx.es with s greater
nn~nber of improved ~eiiporrs. 'J:liiu indicates the necessity for
tnriliect t mp s if our operations ar e to stlcceed ~ritlror~t excessir7e
castullties to personnel. Wllell partinlly trairted troops composc
IL large part of t he units of the force. tlre estoblisl~ment of a training
crwter is highly importaut.
15
b. Tlre nstablishn~rntof a tr;~inirig c ~ n t e r offers tho follo1~-ing
ad~xnt ages:
(1) I t proriclcs for ~~l et l ~ml i csl , ant1 l)rogressive! coordi~vate~l
training.
(2) Iti sthe central agency for the receipt anit clisse.miuation of
information ~vit11 respect t o t he u~rnst~al features of the canrpaig~l
a s tbeydevelop duringoperrttiousintlrefielcl.
(3) It may b e made snfficie~rtly estensi.i,e to include terrain for
fieldexercises a ndranges for comnliat.practice firing, tlrus providing
facilities that snig11tot l r er ~~i se be denied to iletnched companies and
battalions.
(4) Itis nn ideal agency f o r the training of replacemc?nts. All
replacenierlts, bot hcrficersand Inn:, d~oul d beput througb a n inten-
si vealnrseof trainingbeforetheytlre as r i g~~ed to tlctive ml i t sin the
field.
(5)I t suppliesalircatiorr f or trf:s~psrlrools.
(6) I t prr~vi(les tilo ranges necesnry for tlrr record firingof all
infantryn-eapo~ls.
c. A trainingcentel.incluilrs thefolloving activities:
( 1 ) 1<:111ps f'~oi,I I ~ . , , ~ X I l,r.:~<ci<,*,: i11t.lt10,~ ' ~ I I v ~ v t11er:ilrgtJs,co~trses.
; I I I ~ ~ ! I ) ~ecorcl [)ritctice\\.it11all \vf?t11~11.. ct811rt.:nr<.tbsn:trj vun<l~rcl
( 2 ) Kangt.s f or <:w1111at I I I XCI icefiring: 'Tllrit. rnnge;islrouldI,,, ,nf-
licit.t~tly estt.~~si\.c. t o pvrmit t he m: t ~r t ~~~v e r i ~~g :~rl(l tltet i r i ~ ~ g of ~ r l ~ i t i
( ~ f r t l l tvt.:tl~olti1111tlr.r conditio~rs i l ~l i l i ~r tho* i l l l l ~ e TU ~ I I C O I I I I ~ C I P ~
ry[w uf cort~bet1x.c.ulinrto tilt? vorrnrt:).ill n.lric.11ol)eraring.
( I Tbc urrir i n c11;lrgcof thefnt i r~i ~rg C I O : center \\.ill
h e better able to coniluct classesin special subjects than wi l l other
uni t sof t heforce. Units of t heforce are thusenabled to wnd so-
lected uersonnd t o the training center for a n intensive course of
&.
training i nu particularspecialty.
4-22. Troop schools.-I<ach theater of operations\\.ill presentdi f-
ferentproblems tli:tt ~x.ill requiren kno~vledge of sl~ecial sttbjects. 11
t roopschoolist heideal agency for such instruction. The f ol l o~~i ng
a r e a few of t hesubjectstliirt maylrt~ve special applicntion:
Sco~~t i ng aitcl pf~trolling. ( To i~rclode tracking.)
Sninins.
- . -
H:rndling snlall I ~a t s . ( Li i ~~ncl ~r s. 1-tc.) rti~tivcCI I I I O~, ~.
Ln11plug12uf tlre wuntry.
T r : ~ ~ s ~ o r t t i t ~ . (Oxcarts, s~nnll I~trnt.. r11ri111r1.i.)
Care of nrliolals. ricling a~rt l tlri~ft.
: i n (I'uck ut~irnals, 1):tck-nd(llvs.arid thrir v:~rgcx!s.)
Firstaid.Ilygie~~e, fielcl sarritatiorr. (AIL ai l ~~: ~~t ~: c( l course.)
IIorseshocing.
Saddlery. (Leather norking.)
Cooksand bakers. (Toinclude hutclrering ancl cooking for small
units onthe~ I R I ~ I I andin garrison.)
Aviationobservers. (Forallofficers.)
423. Organization of troop schools and training centers--a.
Instructorsfortroop schoolsthat ar econducted bythe various gar-
rison units aresuppliedby the unitsthemselves. The st,udentsfor
such t,roop scltculs i ~ wtire members of tlie unit. anrl duties areso
:trranged that the tmop sclrool doesnot. interfere~ritlr the normal
routineof thegarrison. At times,theunit.willbecalledopont oper-
formsomeemergencytypeof dutythatmaynecessitntethetemporary
suspension of the troop school. Instrnctors f or a tmining center
comefromtheuniti n cliarpof thetwiningcenterand fromthennit
orunitsundergoing instruction. Ordinarily, unitssuchascomplete
colr~paniesareassi g~~ed Inaddi- to t.rai11ingce~iters forinstruction.
tion, inplacements areorgnnizod into casual units in the order in
which they arrive f or duty fromt heco~itinental United States. At
t.imeq it.>sillbe ndl-i~nti~geous individuals toassign certain c~u;~lifit!d
among the replscements to receive spcciitl ilistr~~ction in one of the
troop schoolclasses conductedat trainingcenters. Troop schoolin-
structors :we me~nbe. ~s of thennit in charge of thetraining center.
6. The t r ~~i ni ng unit is the. company. Instructio~l may be by
~~l at oons, Companies uliderf<~ing training at a sections,or squads.
t rai ni ~i gcenter fnrr~ish many of their own instructors. Specialin-
strnctors are furnished by the uni t operating t het.raining center.
The supervision and coordination of training is a function of the
staff of the trainingcenter.
c. A list of suhjects suitahle f or tlie troop scllool method of in-
struction is found ill paragri~pli 4-22. Classes areorganized from
amongselected personnelsenttot het,ritiningcenterfromthevarious
nr~its in the field and from arnorlg qnnlifiecl ~eplamment personnel
\vlio have just arrived. Upon completion of t he assigned courses,
men aresent to active units in t hefield. Providetl existing condi-
tionsdonotrequirecrtherwise,Inen whohavebeen senttothetraining
centerforspecializedtminingareordinarilyreturnedt otheorganiza-
tions from which they were originally detailed. Replaceme~ltper-
sonnel who have completed a s~.)ecial course are sent to those
organizations where their s~xcialized trainingwillbe most valuable.
S ~ c r ~ o x 1 '
TRAINING PROGRAMS AND SCHEDULES
Far. 1'nf.e
Training
'Lir:lining
i nstru~tl ons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
proprnms...
.
l r ai ni ng
.
schedules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-24 19
4-2.5 19
4-26 2s
4-24. Training instructions.-Trailling programs and training
schedules are the means generally user1 to orlt,line tlle training f or
the. various nnits, thus providing uni f o~~ni t y Training in training.
~~l e~nor anda supplement programs and training ]nay training
sclre~l~~les.
6%. Training programs---a. Training pi ngra~ns are issued by
all cnrnmands down to and including the company. They express
the general plan of training of the command over a considerable
period of tirne, usually a training cycle of 1year, but may he issued
to cover periods of 6 months, 3 months, or 1month.
b. The essential elements of the training program include t he
training objective or objectives, the time available i n which to ac-
complish the mission or missions, and such special instrl~ctions relat-
ing to the conduct of t he training as may be necessary. A feature
of the training program with which unit commanders are primarily
concerned is the total amonnt of t ~ me allotted for the training of
their own units. The authority issuing a training program should
indicate clearly the time available, allether the training period
covered by the program is 1year, 6 months, :3 months, or 1month.
c. Pri or to the preparation of a training program, a carefnl esti-
mate is made of the entire training situation. The following factors
must be taken into consideration: (1) Analysis of order from higher
:l.uthority; (2) mission (training objective) ;(3) essential subjects;
(4) time availahle; (5) eqsipment and facilities available; (6) per-
sonnel; (7) local conditions (climate and terrain) ;(8) existing
state of training; (9) organization f or training; and (10) obstacles
to he overcome.
(I.The amormt of information that should appear i n the training
1)rograrn(ur(ler) tlt.prn(ls I I ~) I I I Ithe size of tllr 1111it and the p:1rtic111.1.
sitnatiol~. A d ~ ~ u l l :I training imocranl in lntlre clrtailrcl unit req~iires
. . .
forln than clue, a lal.ger unit. A sitl~atiol~ nlobiliza- pertui~lingt u u
I I clen~antl nlore crntralin.d control t l l u ~ l i l l a si t unt i o~~
nori nal to peacetime t rai ni ng. Dor i ng peacet,inre t mi ni ng, brief
or der s cont ai ni ng only esselitial inforinr~tion may be considered satis-
factory! since tlre vwious units ~vi l l nsually contain a i r ~r i ~r ber of
experienced officers.
e. It is assunled t hat the First Battalion, Fifth Marines, 118s re-
ceived tlre r egi n~ent al trainin<" 7rograin ( or der ) , nit11 alrnex shorring
- 1 .
regi ment al "losses" for t he training period, October 1, 19----, to
r c 1 1 9 . Tlie battalioii twining pr ogr am is tben prepared
nnd is sent to t l re var i oi ~s c, oi r~pt ~ni es of tire bat t al i on and such other
units as i nay k,co~icerned. Ari anires s l ~ o wi l ~ g bnttalion "losses" ac-
cnn~pani es tlre battalion training program. The followiirg is an
exampl e of sncli a battalion training program (order) :
GENERALORDER REaDqo.4E.rms 18T BN 5TII I~ABINES,
Xo-..-..-... ~UarCzrBarrackn,Qsu,,rlico. Va.. 10
I
.Isyr~at20, 19.-..
1. Tile follo!virrg trailiing ymgrnrn govenrilrg tlle traillinl: of the 1s t Bn 5tll
31;lrincs doril~g the period, 1O~tober,I!)---.., to 31 i\lnrch, 19-.-., is l,ublislled
for the iuforrnatioil arm xl~idance of ill1 cmrcerned..
2. A co~tfe~w~ee, a t \%-lrich ;~i1 officers of tile battalioo will be yresent, will
I,e held at hattnlion Irrndyuarters ;it O!l.%, 25 August, lo-..-, to discuss thiz tmin-
ing progmnl. All omerrs rt-ill make n cnvefui study of the trnitlirr~ i,rograzn
prior to tile conference.
A--_-...------... B . C
Liealenulrt Coloiiel, U.8. Mn,-i~roCorps, C'on~mandi+~y.
Olliciill :
D.-..--.-..--.--- E'F---.---....--.-.,
Firaf Lieutcnarrt, 11. 8.rllctrirrc Corps. 1 3 1 ~ 4 .
ni..t ;. ~l but i oi ~ : A. B, S. .'
TB%ININ(iI'ROGRSM
H ~ ~ ~ u ~ u a e m ~ s B v 5 ~ n ~IARISES, l n ~
,U,wine Rap-raclca,Qr~nntico,Va.,
20 duyuut, 19.-
1.Tnnmrxa 3Irssrors.-The trninini: ni.isions of this bnttalion are:
a. To secure in this eotnlnz~nd n lrlnxilr~l~n~ of cffleiency for the mzrrcll, eillup,
and bnttlrEeld, ~ ~ ~ i t h to possilrle active service at ally tillle. u vie".
0. To prepare orgu~~izatior~s for expnnsion to war strength.
c To develop instructors far trailling rt%ruits In eilsi! :in enr,!rgcllr:y should
i:rise.
d. To provide nersonnel (individunls as well RY g1.0nPs) for increasing units
t o war strength and to provide personnel for llewiy orgalliznd units.
c. To rieuelop the seie~lce tuld aytof war.
2. TIMEAv.\rL.mLE.-!. Trairiiny period.-Six montbs, 1Octoher, 10 to 51
Mnrch, 19-._.. (botll dates inclusive).
b. l'roiring tcacli.--Six days, except whet, sllortened by holidays, guard duty,
~ol i c edetails, alld working details.
4-25
TIIAISISG I'ROGRAllS '\XI) SCtlE11TJLES
c. Trai ni ~t g dog.-Nonually, 4 lronrs, 0730 to 1130. Dirring Fr i ods devoted
to mrrrks~nassl~iy, tire trairiillg wiil bc 7 hours. OiW to 1'200 and 1%Klto 1500.
No limitinghours areprescrikrl for field exercises. Cnl cuht i oi ~sfor field <!ser-
cises should be based upon i~ 7-hour day. No iustruetiolrai periods will bq
schedulMl for lnorrliugs t l mt follom nigllt o~lerati011s.As a g~ller:iIrule, :lftk:li
noons wi l l be ar:rilalrie for adrniuistmti\.e work, n(lditiol~ui tlninillg for defi-
cictlt nle13, at hl et i ~s, t roo~> scIIoois, andceremonies. Rifiecour&~uies wiil derot e
one afternoon each week t oiostrnctioe ill rifle alarksmanship. This luay toke
tile f m n ~ of gallery i,ractire anil eotni*titions. No t rni si ng will be scheduled
for Wed~lesdayor S;tturdar afternoons, except t hat duri ng marksmanship
;trkd field cxerrisc i,eri<rds,training n.iii be srlleduled for Wcdnesdny aeternoolrs.
Sitturday lnorliings11-illbesetitside fur irislwzctionexcept dnringmnrksi nnnshl ~
pwiods or 1~1161~ llns been orderedby the battalion commarider. other i ~~st rnct i ol l
d . Trai,rilcg 1oasea.-(1) One cornyens mill Ire dst:~ilcd eacti day t o wr f or m
tbe neeessiiry gunrd duty atid Penlish rmlice and TorKing pnrties for the rrgi-
Inerrt. The Regilckclttai Headquarters Compalry alld itegilnnltal Sel'vice Conr-
Ijnny wi l l not k so detailed. Guard sct8ednles will be issued every 2 wccks.
Therrornrai order of detailTillbe A. B. (.:, D,E, F,G, H, I, K,L, andhl Com-
pany. Doringregiulecrttll nlld battaiioll fieldexercises the rleeessary guard dut y
will be p?rfol.lllcd by tlle regilneotal band. Gliard mounting will be held at
1145.dai l y, roi~rn:e%~cing A will t ake over the on30 Septcxnher, when Company
duty a s gnnr(l co~ni ~an$. Fnrther details relative to guard uronnting will be
issued later. Illstrnctioll i niliterior guard duty mill be carriedon during the
dayseacheolopnlls isdctniled toperform guard dnty.
(2) Th e followingiaoiidaysareamonneed: 23 Novernter (Thanksgiving Da y) :
24 December to 1January (both inclusive): 22 February (Washington's
Birthday).
(3)Regimental losses a r e shown inannexA.
(4) Battalion lossesnr e sttown in annex 8.
3. SCOPEOF 1Ss'rRUCTIoH.~.Trailzing afcbjcctn and references.-The sppii-
ador ysystcwof trliining wiil be employed. Training of uni t sa n d individuals
will be colldllcted as prescribed in the following orders a n d ~ubi i eat i ons, as
applicable:
hIarine Corps Order No. 146.
Landing Operutions Manual, U.S. Navy.
1,:lnding Force ,\lilnu:~i,U. S. Navy.
Fi el d Xnnuais, U. S. .%my.
Smal l Wars JItlnutll, U,S. Marine Corps.
B. Uxe of achooE8.--Schools will be establishecl and conchlrted. $18follo&vs:
(1)MRcers' school.
(a) Advanced course.
(b) Orientntion course (current trilining).
(2) Ei~iistedmen's schools.
(a) Basie coursc.
ib) Specialist courses.
(0) Drills a nd tnctical trail)ing.
( 6 ) Field training.
.3. sehrtl~llr of inslrnrticnn ftir tifir.afflct-rs' school ,,,ill be icsrled by t hi s
Ite;td,]onrtrua ex-cry 2 !?--eelis. The n:lures of offlccrs who mill act :is instrlle-
t or sit, the strveri~l subjwtswill he i ndt t d~d in the schedule. Sp+rialisteollrsrs
f o r erllisted l ~r s onne l will be ronductrd I>? thc heilds of tht'ir respectire sr r -
tiells; tllilt is. eolllmuriicntinll ofneers will eonrfnct tire hlstroction of commnl,i-
ration persolieel, giosecr offirers will eolldllct tile instmetion of giolwer ilrr-
son11~1, etc. With t he esrcption of tile sl,crialist conrsr?, all "tiler Caltrses of
instructiou for enlisted ~rr~rsonnei mill be condnctcd nuder the direction and
sujxrvision of contpany eo~nmnodr:rs.
c. stun(1ordr of profirio,c~,.-AIl mnteriai to be inspected shall be complet~.
i mmi rmi at el ~ clenn, :lad servicPitble. I n :r11 trziining covered hy 1111blisI~ec1
r~xulittions, tllr stillldi~fd for rill rauks i s :I(!CIT~:~CP its to krrowledgr nnll irrts-
c i s i o ~ ~ :IS to executiolt. I n tactical trninil,g, the objretive is the dnvelopnlent
of the tacticnl judgment of all lertdrrs nllrl thFir replilerments by the appli-
cntion of ;~ret.pted tilctieztl principles n r ~ l mrtl!o~I; to it wr i et y of t;$rtic;ll
situations.
(1. Il!sprefiotl.--A proticit'rrrg t rst rviil bc held nt the conclusioo of eaell
[rhicsc of tricining. It isto be csprctcd tlint tile rer(nilmst nndnr~l of 1~mt i c l r r ~r ~
willhaire ~PPLIdc' i . el ~~~x~(i 011 thel nst d;!!- of t wi ni ng in ilny gi r msnbjectandit,
i s OIL tbilt.day t hat the fionl test will hi? ronduetr~tl. Hurpel'rr, iustrurlion ill n
gireri sr~biect. lnny he diiicuntitrur(1 at :>1rrtinti. t hat it beconren ;rr,p:~rrntt hat
HIPdesired itmr(l;lrrl ltils ilel?11rc>ncherl. Tllr tirrle tbns .;;ired nt;ly be utiliat3rl
f or other instruction. Uoit ilrogrcss Chi~rts Will be kept by eiicll eotnl,ali).
comnmnder. I ~ i s ~ n ~ t i o o s t o test prrlfieiellcy in n subject will be 1lmctinIl atid
i nf owal iu niltuzeallrlwill not interfere with thetrailling.
4. SI~xom~.~lr~aus.-a. Progranbn and schedules.-(1) Tvni?~i?,gpro(,rnrnff.--
Cornploy c<,mmnnders will prepare ounp:I~~y trrlining progrnms f or the period
indicated and wi l l submit them to this headquarters prior to 15 Septelnkr.
Thecommny truinillg progrXlll i s 1lot t o be r%arde(l $IS n rigid srhertllle nf
execation. I t Is merely tlre pl an of t he mm1I:ruy contmnnder, showillg tire
itpproxirnitte allot~netlt of time :rnd the $enrrnl scllen~e for using that time.
Itisir!tet~drd to heflexibleiindnlrxst.ht! soconsidered.
( 2) l' miaiag s<;hedfrlas.--TVerkly training scheclnles will be submitted t o
t hi sheitdgunrtern before nouri on the Wednr!sd:%ypreceding the training week
covered by the sclretloie. Alternate irlstrrretion f or 1(lay will be added t o
weekly schrdolrs t o i~rmirle for ptssible il~tcrrnption dne t oinclement rreirthpr.
0. dltotdo,rrc.-Slrw detniled to spr,ciill duty will rect*ircnot less than 8
hollrs illstl~llfltio~~ eseellt doril,i: n%t:ks shortencd by holitiaysor gnitrd 11-<~6,klg,
d11t)-. Conr~,:nIy ColllnrillldeFs will submit requests to t hi s beilrlquartern, 1
week in fldvnncc?,when Ore uttendnnee of siari:~lduty Inen i s desired for ill-
xtrnetionnl rrcriods. ddmi si st rat i r~e details will te so anaeged tbnt er7er~v
mzul perforlllillg s1miai dllty will rrcelve a t let:(it 4 ho~lrs t r ai l ~~ng. eaell week.
G. Cerotollies-\Yeatlie Exrmittrt:g, there n'lll be one reglluental ceremony
and one ceremony for each battalion weekly, except during. t he marksrnanshil,
mriod. All uni t s mill normally nartlcipatr 111 t hr rrpirnent:rl cerrrnt~nzDays
f ur (l.r#~nl~ltic.i 1t1.P :lisixllt'tl in$ fullalb*: >lllz&dil).. F1lrsI 1Plft:tliott: l.ll(..slfit?,
%~ v m~ d Tlk!tr*,l>t.v,'Third l ~t ! l l t ~l i ~~t ~; i %~r l l ~t l i ~o~t ; Vri~l:ry,Fifth > l ~ ~ r l ~ w %
d. .ltklrt i vn. - I ' i t r l i r l ~n~f l ~~~~ 11, (' ot al u#~~y 111I~lvrlri I* ~t sl ur~t i t ry. cr,rm$r;ti>(lc.r*
will t~licsuruyr i ~ ~ t v r c u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : t u y itlrd Tier bnt- slu,rla cum~,uu). vumpriliu~r.
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taliorl athletic oilirer \r.ill <,ctordin:itethe nst?of rlre vzrriouii athl~~llc f:icililicr.
c. Jurior ofln~r.s.-I~:acrpt:$s otlir~rrvist!prescribed i n regnltrtiess. each lieu-
telzarlt will be givcll a ~erru;ulentitssigrlrrrt.111to 11 cl enr l ~ dcflnud dut y pcr-
t i ~i ~r i ~t g t o the dirily eommal~d trailling Z L I I ~ i~dministrativenctiritics of Elis
orgc~ni%:$tic,Ii.
f. Is'zcrciaes it! leaving poa1.--0rgeniaations lvill be prelulred to le:tve the
lost at ;u,y tier? npull order of the regimental commatldrr. Tlic? order f or
the exercise vill i~lelude instrrtctions relative to the amoulkt of equit,meot to
he carried alrd whether yre]):~rt~tioas will be mude for 1)rolollgcdfield sprvice
or foronly a Short DrriOd of tillle.
g. Ti,~if~r,~,.-l'ost, rrgnltltions ilrrscribe t heuniform of tlle dnr for differerlt
S~:ISOIISof the yl.ilr. 1)lll~illgtwillillg,the nniform of tlle d:ly lully be modifled
at tltc dI~crr?tiorr of cunlparrj o~rmo;n~iIerti, dcpr~~diax tltc uilturc of npoll tllr
tr;tinillg; i. o., dnllgarcl:~l r u q ha mnrn b~ ('ornllicltg 1) tl~tl.ioggun drills ;ietl by
ill1 c~nllji~nies dm'ill:: il!stl.llCtiou ill sro~lfillgillid l,iltroiling; slkimtiug e ~ a t s
,nay b t ~morn during m:irksmitoship trnining, elc.
k.Ijtstr-uctioanl ~ ~ ~ e t ho ds , - I ~ ~ s t r ~ ~ c t i o ~ ~ s i n oral orders. messnges, riirlge esti-
~rlatioa, target designlltioll,hasty sketelies, care arrd tlis~)lnyof rrlnipelent, and
sinril;tr subjects,mill be carriedorr eui~eurrt*rtt,ly wit11other tmiziisg.
2 I <' -.--....-..
I,i?rrtc,raltt Co l u n ~l .1'. 8.Itarir<c (,%r,,s, Car, ~, no, i di eg.
Ol l i ci ~~l :
1 ) . I:.
i t I , U. 8. JIm.i,te Curgr.
1111-3.
AI I I I CX~S :
A-R~giment:,l losses.
B-Battnlion losses.
1)istribotion: A, I:, S.
f. Companyt r ai ni nn programs a r e or dn~ar i l y ma d e up i n t abnl ar
9
for111m ~ d listthet r r ~i nl r i g subjects, theestimate~l,nnmberr of hour s to
be devot edtoeachsubject, andt healloc:ltion of t hesehoursbyweeks.
These f or ms a r e convenient a nd nsefnl , yrovided t he y:ire r egar ded
a s flexible. At best, t l l ey only est i l nat ethe til::e f act or : ~ n d i ndi cat e
a ~xopos ecl schen~e f o r enrploying that time. Tlrey are understooil
tobe t ent at i vepr ogr ams and shoulil be so considered. Iti s assumed
tllitt Company13, Fi f t h 1\I:1rines,h:rs received it copy of t he t r ai ni ng
pr ogr am of the Fi r s t Bnt,tnlion. Us i ng the bat t al i on t r ai ni ng pro-
gr a mas:L guide, t hefollowingisanexnmpleof t hecompanyt r ai ni ng
program r".ep:~red t o cover t he per i od October 1,19----, to M:trcll
31,19--..-:
4-26 Tr a i ni ng schedules.-'Pntining sclrednles a r e issued by a
c om~ua nde r f or t hat part of t he t r ai ni ng of hi s unit t hat is to be
acconiplished under h i s direct con1ma.nd. They are based upon the
t r ai ni ng programs a n d orders of hi gher comnranders. The amount ,
of t i medevotedt o t he seven11sttt)jects isdependentupont he stateo f
23
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SMALLWARS MANUAL
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
1940
CHAPTER V
INITIAL OPERATIONS
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRISTING OFFICE
WASEINGTON:1940
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Snrall Wars ~I \ . l ; i ~~u: ~l , Curl~s, 1910, i s poblislied ill U. S. AI;~r.i~ro
15 chapters as follolvs:
C'I~APTEBI. 1NTRODI;CTION.
11. OIlGASIZhTIOS.
111. 120GISTICS.
IV. TI<AISISG.
V. ISITIAI, O1'b:IlATIOSS.
X. RITE11 OI'ERATIOSS
XI. I)ISAR>IAXEAT OF POI'L'I,ATIO1\
SII. ARi\ll>I> NATIVIG OlI(~ASIZ.I'~IOSS.
SIII. hII1,ITARY G0VB:ItNhlNjNT
SIV. STJPBRTISION OR ELECTIOSS.
XI'. \VITIII)RAWAL.
UNCLASSIFIED
-
SMALLWARS MANUAL
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
INITIAL OPERATIONS
Par. Pa@
SE~TIOX %xF.@--------------.-- to 5-6 1-4 I.NEIJTRAL 5-1
11.JIOW,~SENT ----..___----- to 5-12 5-12 ISLAND 5-7
111. MILETABYTERR~RI AL ORGAWUA-
TIOX..__------------------. 5-18 to5-16
13-16
IV. MLTIIOUS OFPACIFIUAT~ON_----.--
17-20
j 1 7 toTwJ.5
NEUTRAL ZONES
I'#,c, l>:bR"
Gencml-----_--.............--. 1 .
2
Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . orders
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Instrllctions
3
3
7,ne force comls:tnder's 3
.............. .1
5-1. General.-a. h ueutral zone is an tur.a in \\ll~cll 110 liostilities
arti permitted. The establisli~nent of neutral zones is not of ~r ~cent
or~gi n; the system has been en~ployed not ouly by civilized nations
but also by early American Ind~ans and by African tribes. The
procedure at the begiiming of :i sn~all war operation often follows
a sequenw that is more or less tt matter of routine. First, oue or more
of our cruisers arrive off a foreign port in consequence of actual or
potential danger t o our nationals and their property. Then if the
situation requires it, a ship's li~udillg force IS sent asliorc at this port
to suppress d~sorder, provide a goax1 for our nationals and their
property i n the port, including our legation or co~iwlar buildings,
and, in addition, certtiin local government buildings, such as custon~
Ilouses. I f t l ~ e ~ e is a prospect of fighting bet\veeil the local factions,
the cruiser's comn~and~r ( or seuior naval officer in comma~~d locally)
forbids combat in areas where the lives and property of our nationals
nligllt Iw erld;u~ge:ered. Thi s ic, done by the establishment of neutral
zones; tind this procedure frequently results in the cessation of 110s-
tilities; the ~~mtually destructive strife may become so %rere that
i~bsolote chaos is inlminent, and neither faction is capnble of par al l -
teeing the security of life arrd property. Then the ~~e ut r a l forces may
be fomed to enbrge their sphere of action by a movement ialand.
b. The foreign policy of the United States relative t o dornestic dis-
onlets in unstable countries is oue of nonintervention. H~\ ~ever . as
:I nleilslcve 10 our n;~tionals t ~nd, i ~~( . i d~~l t a I sdf e~q~i ~nl tl~rreto, other
foreign nutio~c:tli, I~nvens of rvfnge \\.ill 110 clo~rhr I)e r~tnhlishrd at
certnil~ ~eupuvts of 1111 ~~nfi t i ~bl e \vl~t~tl(!\.er C O U I I : ~ ~ 111e don~c,stic ciis-
onler r l ~r pat e~~s To pruvide prnrectiul~ r l ~r lives of r11c. s ~ ~ s t i o ~ ~ a l s .
SWM 5-2
SEUTRII, ZOSES
ell mute to t l ~e l l i t r c~~ of refuge, certai~r route-5 of evacuat,ion, sucll
a s rail~:onds, lrigIi\rays, and rivers leading t o tlre seaports may also
be designated as a part of the. rleut,ral zones. I n socll cases, a defiuite
t i me limit may be set for refugees to clear tlre routes. Situxtiolra
n~~iloubteilly will arise \\-llere our individual 'rntiorrals mill not seek
safety mithin tlie i~cntral zone establisliecl a t the seaport, but. mill
elect to re~nahl wit11 their property and goods in t,lle interior. I n
sllch cases the respr~llsihility of the colrl~naniler of the United States
forces at tile seaport neutrill zone sl~ould be considereti to be at an
e ~ l d 1vit11 regard to any protect.ion t o be irfforded these. nationals.
Slrould ally lrarrrr coule to tliese nationals ml ~o elect to remain ~vitll
t hei r 1)ropert.y and goocls in the interior of the corcnt,ry, recourse nlost
be had later to diplomatic actiou for redress, and recompense for
loss of goorls and property lr~ust be rnxcle ill the case of those nationals
\\-I10 seek safety ill t l ~e ireutral zone seaports and al)anilon their
px'operty in the interior.
(,. Tlie estahlishmt~~t :L ileoLral zone, 111ay not, rrecessarily \E fol- of
lev-ed by furtlrer inilit:~rg operations; lio~verer the prolongation of the
l~lisettletf co~itlition in the country ,nay ~~ecessitate such action, i n~~ol r -
i ng a moven~ont inland fro111 those zones. Accordingly, Neutral
Zones and Morement, Inland are presn~ted i ~ r that order in this
chapter.
. i 2 . Purpose, occasion, and circumstances.-a. Z4.crpose.-(l)
Protect treaty rights.
(2) Assist in maintaining the e xi s t e ~~c ~ of, o r the independence, of,
21. governrne~lt ill accordirnce with treaty provisions.
(3) Protect lives mid property of our natiol~als located ill disturbed
:Ireas and uufortified cities.
(4) Further t he provisions of our national policy.
(5) Protect and preveilt depredations on ite~ltral tex~itory of adja-
cent com~tries.
6. Occaxi m-(1) 111time of revolution, during riots, or when the
local governrneut has ceased to fu~rt i on.
(2) 111time of war between two nations.
6. CCi ~cumt ~wxa. - ( 1)At the request of n recognized goverllment.
or a t the insistence of regular local offioinls.
(2) At the request of the opposing factions.
(3) By forces of xnotlier power, or group of posers, mi t ho~~t the
invitation of any faction.
(4) By agreement between contending states or forces.
SWM 5-3
SE[,'TII:LI, Z03ES
%:I. Basic orders.-Tl~t? tlrc establisl~n~ei~t n or(lP,rs (lirecti~~ii. of
neutral zone sllonld be brief :~nd colicise? and shonld contain the fol-
lol~ing information:
(1) Desig11:rtion of the militacy force t o be e~nployecl in the estnb-
lishment nncl innir~terlt~rice of the zone, nncl tlie zonc force commander.
(2) The mission of the force.
(3) Information relative to the purpose, occnsio~l itnrl circumsriu~ccs
necessitatirlg the estitblislnnent of the neutral zone.
(4) T11e emct time after 1rhicl1 xi1 are* shell be coiisiderecl as a
Itcut rill zoile, ~.t.lntire to n~o~c~lrnirts by lnird, \rater and air.
( 5 ) The liniits of the ncutl.i~l zoire.
(6) Logistic provisions, includiilg tliose pertai~ling t o the require-
ments of refugees.
(7) Reference t o tlie commtmicatioi~ plan and notification of the
location of the zone force commarrdt!r.
6-4. Instructions-i\dditional infor~nntion required sl~lloulil ac-
company t he Basic Order in the form of an allnex, or if there are
exisf.ir~g ge ~~e i ~a l instructicms reletive to tlie establishment of neutml
zones, reference should be made to them i n the order. Theso instrnr-
tions s ho~~l d contain, \~lrerr nl~plicable, stipulations covering the fol-
lowing matters:
(1) Cont,rol to be exercised by t l ~e zo~re force cornmander and the
local civil authorit,ies.
(2) Restrictions placecl on opposing force(s) within limits of
neut,ml zones at the time of establishment.
(3) Instructions relative to local authorities and civiliarrs bearing
arms mithiii the zone.
(4) Acts to be prohibited, such as t he delivery from, or passage
through tlie zone, of supplies destined f or the contending forces .idlo
are prohibited the use of the zone.
(5) Type of .ixeswls and also laud and air transportation c:~rriers
prohibited elitranoe to or passage t hrougl ~ the zone.
(6) Rest,rictions upon tlie communication facilities.
5-5. Zone force commander's order.-The operation orders of
the zone force cornmander sht~uld contain so ir~uch of t he infc~rmatioii
f~~rnished him in his orders from higher authority ns will be of value
to his subordinates, ttnd also any additional illformation that mag
be pertinent. The order sliould contain detailed instructions for ench
task group of his force. I f general instructions for the establishment.
of neutral zones have been iswed by higher authority, those parts
that are applicable to the immediate situation sl~ould be promulgated
SWM 5-7
SECTION I1
MOVEMENT INLAND
rar. Page
j
1,ui11t of d ~l ) s ~r t ~~r e . . . ~~~. - . -..-- ...---. . r-i ~~
Mobile eolulrllls alirl tisilrg ralum
-
I'rotectivr nleasures eovoriog movrlncrit 8
Establishment of ridri~licetl bases I)
Slurement by rail.^ - 5-E 10
5-7. Point of departure.-cr. 21s in :ill forms of \nufare, logistic
reqoirements irmst be given carefill corlsideratiorl in preparing st.r;1-
tegic and ti~r:tic:tl plans; in fact. snch r'qui~wnents are frequently the
tletennining factor. Before :I inovernerlt inlt~nd is undertaken an
analysis and estimate of the local transportation and supply facilities
most be made in older to insore n ieasonable rate of :idvttnee with
~eplacement of supplies.
6.The movenrent inland will not ulways be a movement from a
seaport to the interior. Frequently the movement mill be made from
the capital or principal city, located at the termir~us of a railroad at
the hettd of navigation on the. upper part of a lilrge river, or on a
~vell-developed high~vay, with well-defined lilies of comn~u~licatio~i
conilecting it vrxith the seacoast. In any case the point of departure
becomes a base of opevatio~~s as well as a base of supply until other
bztses Inore ttdvanced are established. Should the small-war opera-
tions be initiated by the establisllmerlt of neutral zones, one or more
of them may later become n base for extended operations.
c. I f the point of departure for the rm~vernent inland i s t o beother
than a seaport, the movement to the point is made by the most con-
venient means. The ~novelrlent \vill be of tlle same general nature
as an advance in mujor warfare in the presence of the enemy. The
special features of nmovement by inland ~~at ermays ar e presented
in chapter XII.
5-8. Mobile columns and flying columns.-a. When, t he success-
ful prosecution of the campaign requires the execution of measures
beyond and/or supplementary to the establishment of neutral zones,
the control of seaports, or key cities along lines of communication in
the affected areas, mobile colunms must be projected inland from the
SWM 5-6
t o the task groups of the 1oc:ll zone force either in the zone force coln-
mander's order or as an annex thereto. Logist,ic pro~~isions, com-
lnunication plan and location of the zone force coln~nauder should
complete the order.
5-6. Proclamation.-The civilian popuh~tion of the neutral mne
:tnd its r~ieinity, as well as the factions to be prohibited the u s of t l ~e
zone, sl1o111d be illformed of its establish~nent as early as practicable.
Thi s may be accomplisl~ed by t he delivery of a written ~nemornndurn
t o t l ~e local authorities and to the heads of t,he contellding factions,
o r by the. publication of a mod am at ion in the locnl newspapers nit11
a delivery of same to the local authorities and to the. lieads of the
contending ft~ctions. Snch memoraitdnm or proclamation sl~ould be
~)ublishecl both i n Enpiis11 and i n tire locnl language. The delirery
of the menlorartdurn or 1>roclamntiuii inay be made direct or through
t he diploinntic agent of the country represented by the zone force
cornmarrder. Regardless of the. rnetllod of transmission or its form,
t he proclamation should contain stipulations rr.prdi~~g the follorring
iilatters :
( 1) Precise clat,e and hour at which the establishnrent of the neutral
zone becomes effective.
(2) Area included in the neutral zone,, wit11 the t)oundaries or
limits clearly defined by terrain features.
(3) Relationship of arn~ed forces of contending factions with the
neutral zone.
locnl authorities within the zone.
(8) Conduct or status of urnled vessels within tile zone.
(9) Such other information as may he necessary for a clear under-
stailding of the exact circurnst,ances upon which the establishment of
tile zone is based, the purpose t o be accomplished, and the means to
be used.
SWM 5-8
~ ~ O ~ l ~ > l F , X ' ~ i s I , . ~ ~ l ~
points of depart nre, for Lll~ pnrpose of pnrsuing, rouncli~rg-up. c a p
tltl.iirg, or ~iisl>rr.sillg :ill)' existing irreglililr forces; of c~vt ?r i ~i g 111.0-
ductire areas; or of establislling ch;lins of protecietl ad.i-:nrcecl l~ascs ill
t h e interior.
6. Mobile columns as snch difie,r from t he so.callc~l flying eoln~nns
i n ~ I I Pgreat essential-supply. A flying columo i s clefinecl as n <It%-
taclrment, usually of all arms, ope~~t i r i g at a (listnnce from, aucl ill-
clependent of, n nrdiri body or supporting tmops, liglltly eqtrippril to
i nst ~re lnobility and sufficiently st n~ng to exelnpt i t froin br.ing tie11
t o a. base of snpplies t hr ougl ~ a fixed line of connnnnications. A
nrobile. colnn~ir is clf the salire clescription a s the flying ccrll~mn .ivitli
t he exception t hat it is self-supporting to a lesser degree ntid is de-
pentlent for its existence on i t s base of snpplies.
c. The moren~ent imry be made by a l arge force operating along
n well-defined roate, but vi t l usitally 11smaile by %,\.ern1 mnolile
coln~iins operating e,itlier along sep:~rttto lines of ttdvm~re o r follo~v-
i ng each other indepemlently along t he strrrie route of advance at. :tn
i n t e r ~ ~ i ~ l I n some sitnations, columns may start. fro111 of ailout 1day.
different l t oi i ~t s of departure and converge on a city or prodoctire
area. Tlie col nn~ns 1rra.y vary in size from H reinforced company
to a reinforced regiment, but t he size best acl apt ~l to sac11 ol>er:ttioi~.;
has been found to be a reinforced battalion.
d. When fortified posts .ivit11 permanent garrisons are establisl~r(1.
flying columns should operate therefrom. Tlris is tlre most ar~ln(ms
of all operntiolls; the idea being to combat t h e native guerilla at his
own game on l l i s o m ground. At t he beginning of sucl ~ operations,
t he colum~l may be of considerable strengtli-a company of iiifnntq
accompanied by a machine giul and ilomitzer detacl~ment. precetlecl by
u lnomltecl detachment. As tlre gl~erilla forces are dispersed, combat
patrols (mounlted or dismonnted) consisting of two or nlore squ:111s
may suffice. Tl ~r mission of t he flying column %ill be t o seek out the
lrostile groups, attack them energetic:tlly, i ~ n d then pul-uc tlle111 t o
t he limit. Therefore, there should be nothing in its composition or
annament t hat mould tend t o reduce its n~olr~ility or indepe~ldencc: of
action beyond that: absolutely necessary for combat and subsistence.
Except for supplies which can be carried t)y tlre men, tlre col ~~mn as
a rule mill depend upon the permrtnent gnrrisons. These. posts mast
be established i n sufficient numbers t o permit of soell sopply-a post
always being mitliin 1or 2 days' march of i ~~~ot i i e r ~ o s t .
e. A flying column slrould never ho dispatclred t o rlrly uren n~llesc;
it is amply supplied with CARII. \\'it11 avtlikable fullds, not ollly ma?.
JIOTEJI1:ST ISIANU
s~~lrsistence be yurch:rsed, but often illforxrrat,ion of the hostile forces
;111(1 the terrain (guides and interpreters). The i~loney supplied thrt
flying cohunn should be in Shr.1~1, (lt!~io~~~iiiatioiis, principt~lly sil-
\.er; it is rlifficult, frequently inrposible, to e1l:lnge hills i i r rural
communities.
5-9. Strength and composition of columns.-a. 'Tile strcngtl~ a~t d
eornl>ositionof mobile col nm~~s vill depend npon the probable resist-
allice to be rtncountered, t he terrain to be traversed, the t,ype :lncI
co11c1itic)n trf cxisli~rg t~~:tnsporlation, ttild the rrle:tns of con~m~urica-
tio~r. Ni~~.nr:rlly, (Ire addition of ~nounted deti~chrr~ents, :tnnored cars:
:111cl aircraft is de.5il.ablc ill s11c11 colu~~lirs. If n inercli tliro~lgl~ ail
extensive. :rroa of u~r~lc~~elopecl an engineer couiitr.,~ i s cc~~~templnte(I,
1111it should be iilcluded. Tlre use of liglrt fielcl pieces 11::s bc<en linl-
ited ill the lj:tst, but with tile illcrease of armarl~ent by all cl:tsses of
1)ci~i.crsa11dthe iilnproveinent of defe.~lsive means, they eainlot be
(lispensed with unless the,re is every assurance that tlley will not be
i~eeded. However, as a general rule, nothing should be added to the
mobile column that wo ~ ~ l d tend to clecreilse its mobility and wliicli
is not irbsolutely nt:cessary.
b. The column should be of sufficient strength to enable it t o cope
with the largest force like,ly to be encountered. While li-eakness in
the strength of a column i q dangerous, get excesirc streiigtll should
be avoided. The supply reqnirements of a large coluinn necessi-
t;tte considerable transportation, and resnlts in a proportionately
larger train y a r d as the length of the column increases. A larger
train also decreases the mobility of the column.
c. If the movement is made over broken conntry with poor roads
and trails, the column often will be forced to nrove in single file. A
column of excessive strength for its mission will inarch irregularly
due to the elongat.ion of t he colnmn. Such a column will arrive at,
its destination in a more exllnusted condition than n smaller force
wllicli is able to maintain a regular rate of march. I n case an opera-
tion necessitates a large column with the, corresponding large train,
the train may be broken u p into two colun~ns in addition to separa-
tion of the combat force. This will prevent elongation of the column
and allow a myl a r rate of march.
d. The numerical strength of a column may be decreased by the
inclusion of an increase of automatic weapons and sopporting infan-
try weapons above the normal allowance. The increase of ammuni-
tion necessitated thereby will not be proportionate to the decrease
irithe atnouoi of ntlrcistcncc. Sttch n dt~rt,a%a wi l l : i l t . ci i\eerrnst.
t irts :~nt<,lrtttrrf rr:rns[r~rt:it imt vccl~~iretl.
c. Bytrirnnn o f ill?i r i , wl t ~r 11~rttrtni ~l i r l i pl i t 1-ire1iosets (one of s1tich
a t It.tl~t~ ~ l l l t l l t l ~ 0 ~ ~ 1 1 1 1 1 ) (.Ollt~lCt]ll:lll~~. ~SSipllt'dtllt l l ? t l t l d il
colttmtr cart l,i% ~ ~ l r t l ~ t CO~~IIIII~S 1110villg ~r vnl i l yIP~IIF~)I-C(VI II~*I:~PSIIV~.
in11168 8:tnrr gei l rrnl nrts:iti rt*krc1tt.r :lblc, tl ue tot b t ~ , rrrcsnnof root-
IIII~:I~~II. k c II s s ppr t I t11ur11and to reader rn~, ~t t l : i l
t l ~ut ti~: tllr tit. ' i i i t tht- r,tfcnsivt* sl l pl n~rt. nv:1ilrrble frol o
v i ~ t i , I I I ~ sicin i l et ~r n~i r t i t r g a~t rr~msi t i cr~r I ihe n ~ ~ d
strc~rigtli of tin:cci l t~~nn.
f . Hndi o r n l r i t.ont:ict 1tl:lnt~s rliny ltc the otrly relinhln lirrnris o f
c ~oni t ~i u~~i c nt i t ~~i ofii I.Ioxv~vt-r,id1I I I P~I I I S at thei w g i ~ i n i ~ ~ g IIIOI.CIIIP~I~.
of c~r~i i rrr~rrri t~ati on hc c;r~rrsi tl t~~r~l , only in deri cl i ng tr~ni rl ntost trot
ttrnstr<?rl ptl ~ l rut rllii, t l r t * rol l t ei nbi, f~rlle~r\.erl.'Felt'- o f t l l c L c~r l r i ~l l l i
gr;il~lrant1tt~l i .l )tt(~w 1itrt.s III:LY IR t I wt r. i ~y~t I . arid i t 1 tlrt. cnr l yst i ~grs
c v f the opt ~n~t i or r s 1 ) ~ r ~l ~i l t , . n t a i ~ ~ t t ~ i n i t tiin? IIO~ ITOI.~IItor t y~i l i r iii~l
t l i e~n. If 110t irltt~?f(-retI a-itlr. or. 'ivlit~trrittrtrol i s ~rtnt,l i sl rt~,l ntl tl
vr.p~ir.;elf~hctrtl. thest' latid li11i.s sl r~~i i l cl I)i sprrtcl ~ villcrs i w nti l i sr(l .
(I.~IIIII~I:+. font III~I~ tsf n r ~ t i l or t11ot1111t~~l) not rnr11:11Y:IIIII? r or r ~l i -
t i o ~ ~ s beconit: f ni r l ysrtilt-11.11nt:it ti ~rrr-stl l i ' y rnny 111,. the ori l yrltrtitls
ilvailtible, or t l t ey oiiiy he 11st.d i n srt l q~l err~er~t \Vli~vrt. otl i o~. IIL::I~IS.
t k ~ ~ of snnnretlcars. tliey n r i l ~ eoorrtry It!nrlu itslftotin!r ~~i pl <r y o~et ~t
I,u t t s c l ti i ne for cca~ri er ~cr vi nr . Any ~:ont.icrservice on nragy~l a~r
scbedulcar ~t l vi arcsl ri rtetl rr~nt ex i;i ilitrigcror~n.
:c,.lo. Protectivemeasurescovering movement.-a. 1IThenn eol-
ltrrrrl strrrts i t s rnori !n~t~nt, i t i: i1i:1tiwli:ttt4y C~IIIC~:~IICC~ 1 v i t l 1 tlic ge11.
f ~r nl tncintr.; t i t i t s rttlv:n~c.~* 111,still. i ~ ~ s l ~ r i r i gci t r i r i t er r t r ~~t t ~~l t t ~ r n t ~ p l i
tc*rritcrry. l i m.~;rl l y ul l [rnrts of :I colt~rinrnr evti l ri r!rat~l t~ t n t~ttack.
IIIin:ljor wt ~t f nr c :to arti l y irsr::lllg s11c11irn caxteritof f ~**l t t i l l at li:~.
i f xnvl rnntl t12t31?tire r i ~ : t s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t l ~ l y :1rc61111111el1i~dby \-f*r~~rc', z111r1i ~l t t ~( ' ks
1 i t iI f 1 1: I f i t I r : s o ~ r ~ l l rvairs.Ircr'ivavcr, t , l i c a front.,
a*.+:( i f tlitr r i * g: ~l i ~r z111di l i e~ o l t n ~ r t i rcynlut. fr~rics isrvlnlivtfily~t i i r r ~i w i ~ f
t r ~ ~ o l ~ s i s tlc~iaohn~arrts li:il~lntci~i tttrck 11y c t ~ ~ c i l r l i ~ i g ( ~ f t he irrrgitlur.
forc.cex. Tl ~er ef or a t~nrtit ili$nroi t sel f Im~ni r ~ ~ tllccr ~l nr n: ~ nttnekfram
SWM 5-11
> l O ~ ~ ~ < h l ~ S T lSI,:%>"l~
~ ~ ' i r i t g lrcr?filc~ ngfiirlsf flte is t o pw~rnntt l ~ c l i re frorn twingo f f ~ c l i ~ e
n1:rirt t x dy of 11 rr~;trt:ttcol a~rtrt.'Tlrc ttnrl rryslioitlcl b i b r\cxr~iccl al l trr-
v:ti~rfrrtrt~ wl i i cl i ltc IIIII~i11tiic.tIo-,:cs (I~I~I~II~II. 1t1io11t l t ~ arid tl ti -ntl -
vantage of sri l t rri <~r ar.ltratrrct&t: t r i t l :rrr.rir;tc!. of fin, r~r:,ixtt!iinrrl 111
1 wc i i t ttlli*r qq~v wnt frr~rrrc,lrr,*irryi i r t o t*ffi cti rv r:trrgtx (of Itis orvtr
\\~~:lIKtll1" ~t.t.rtt1tt111glrtic!. t ~ . ~i t r ~r r i ~~. i ~: ~l l y . SIIIM~T~OP
/I. l'ltc ti i ~tl i re,uf tire t er r zi i l ~ ~ I & S:I ~r ~t t r kt ' d OII i ~r i l i t c~r i ~~eveci ~ri ty
trtc~n.ii~re$. Oftrsrr i r r ttrc, tlrctrtrrsi t f operntiolre,t l ~ i c k l o\r hr~rsl~ i nt er-
nlerwi'l wit11 cartils extclril.; :%long tlrr! t n ~ i i r rtvnils n ~ l d roncls a r n k i r ~ ~
nrr trltrrost itrr~~c!trrtrntrlc. f or tltc- trlovrrrlc*ritit ht ~r ei ~r j l ~l rgl e, t l ~ o thi ck
of IW~II sol nl l c~intl):ttgrorqis. Irr ~II(I~I v:rst.i tlw trsnof flnnk gunrds
fors ~ri ri n.l ri rtgcrolnrnn i s11rncticnllyirlrlicrssil~le: tltrs 1:tr:h- of i st l i cl ~:rt
~ i t r t e ~ r ; ~ ~ ~ r r i r i l s :ilonir tl trl i oi i l i l i ?forcel oostal ~l i sl r S:~vr,~xl,lr : ~~t r i r i t s l ~~~s
~IICII :Irolllc!.
d. AII nr t i veilostilo forc.t. bcrrt.onstnal l dcl ~rr(l :tti ni i s:rnil arotctl
wit11 riHc,s i trrtl it~itoettrticv.erltlars wi l l 11:rve rt~i tl .~l r: t o 011p1irt1111ity
nntbllslt tlre rnni ~rkx~lpof R CO~I ~I I I I I af t er tlrc R~T:~IIC<! gitiirtl ht i ~
IILIS~!<I ttrtlcss~ri rtrol s nna kcrptmrrti ntral l y ~i r t l vi r ~g t Iltrr~riytr tbt! rt n~l er-
Irrlci;lr oni x ~ f l r sidesof thoro:id :tt t i ilistnrreufrr~rtt \vlriclr tile~rnl.ruxlt
[ x~si i i c~n wor ~l d t ~ u effvc:tive. (tiorrn:~lly:tbotit 10 l o .10 yards). 'Tltc
IWO~R'FFof s11c11 fl:tlrk lr:itrols, I~r~rr-ibvrr, wi l l i ~t :slower t l r: t rt tlutof
111ei l ~: i i n hcnly wi t htltt. rcsti l t tl ttl t tltc*sr> j ~r ~t r ol v \\-illlit.arr~tiritr:illy
fni l i i rgkn*Itirrcl. 'I'llis rtecessit:~tessw~dittporit f ri ~l t l (t rl t patrol s f1.017r
tlts l r wr ~l rrf c~;lclrr i r gs~t i zat i ( ~n. 'I'o ( ~r cr vt i t eocovcri ng the he:d ttf
c:rclt org:~i i i z;~t i t ? tlrertb dt~taehrt~enttbrrt?fnitn, the pntvols iort s
slt(1t11d1 ~ . s t ~ ~ r t e d nhci~cl o f the: or gt ~t i i zct t i o~~ i118t. ' 1~1tl 1 wltc?rtopposite
tit@ri:tir.
0, . f111~r~orrrrl ai rr t nt i l n wi t l r ht?nvygrt ~t ct l r o f l i rusl r :II~t,irnhc!r
wlliclr t wt t i ct surp~ol t i bi t s tltnit*:tA off i i i nkpntn~li;? t i ~t t l t l l l l l l rirwy In,
ctl~ligtal10 r nt ~t cl ii r t sirrglc. file. I t s o ~ t l g sc~ctrrityin t i t i s ctrsc5 t vi l l
i l c~[ ~~r st l I I ~ N ~ I ~ 11 ~rutri 11t i ~ f ht ! r~ry vol t ~n~c~ r ~ t r i r i ~81 of fire fro111 ti l e112rr.l
ofthecolttrrur nttnrke<l. \VItt!t~tltt! c c r l t ~~s ~~r i t 1 its111:lrcIr i srestrit;tt!d
f t ~ r ~ t ~ a t i o ~ ~ , Ilotliviclc~rl i ri l os r~rtrr~l rc~v teirllis, it.shc~t~l tl of al t al l eor ~r t ~at
c-act, I ~ i t r g crrlr;rl~ltrc ~ f irtclttl~ctrtl~!rrt nctiolt.
r-11. Estrrbli8hmcnt of irdvanred bases inland.--a. Af t or the
SWM 5-12
JrO\'li\tllST ISI, I\ SD
(I) To afford protectioo to tilt: local poljc~latio~l i l l tll:11 area.
(3) To form a brtse of supply, rest, replaoement, tu11i1 i~lfor~rrntion
for flying coluirl~is.
c. As z t general rule, these ljosts s110uld be located a t the heads of
rallc~,yson mailr ro:tds 01. lendir~gfrom seaports, a~i t l \~.:~ter\~:tys at tlre
t?pe.uc>s of valley n~l d interralle,y roads and trails leirdi~lg to the 111ore
cliffic.r~lt. moodnil and 111ou11tai11 fi~r:ll tl1e:lter of operatio~ls. regioni-the
cl. 'l'l~e site of the 11ost should if possible have the follo\ring
~:liaracteristics:
(1) Be capitble of defe~ise by : L relatively small detac.hment.
(2) Be of sr~fftcie~it. extent to pennit the bivouac of :t flgii~g colurn:~
of ~i ot less t l ~t r l i100 lileit \ ~i t h:I irrou~lt<?d detac1~1ne.11'.
(3) Be SO sitlrated a s to control any ton-11 in the vicinity and al l
n~iproaclies thereto, <:sljecially roads a ~ l d ravi~ies.
(4) Be located 011com~~xlnding groulrd orerlooking the surrouncling
rount1.y.
( 5 ) Be accessible to wtter supply aliil main roacls.
(6) Be locr~ted near terrain suitable for :Llanding fieltl.
e. In many cases, old forts, redoubts, or isolated mtsoilry buildings
\vit11 con~pounds can be orpnized for defense. Often however it will
be found that conditions mill warrant the construction of an entirely
new fortified post frorn the. material available in the vicinity.
f. The main requirements of a fortified post, garrisoned as it will
be by only a few men is that. is must not be vulnerable to a sudderi
:~ttackor rush. This requirement can be met by the construction of
a double line of defense; an outer line of defense (occupied only when
the flying column is present) to inclose the bivouac area, and an inner
line of defense to inclose the depot facilities aud permanent garrison,
provision being mncle ill both lines f or free use of automatic weap-
ons and gronacles. ( For forther details concerning the defensa of
towns, etc., see ch. VI.)
y. Commu~~i cat i o~~ wit11 fortified posts should primarily depend
upon radio and aviation. All such posts should be equipped wit11 a
radio set capable of com~nunicating not only with its headquarters
and other nearby posts, but also with the air service. A landing
field at times may not be available in the vicinity of the post so re-
course niust be had to t he use of the pick-up and drop message method
of commonicat.ion.
:*I?. Movement by rail.-a. If the mo~enimt to the point of d s
~ ) ~ I T I I L . ~ i s ul~posed, or the adjacent tel.ritury uot nuder complete con-
. a ~no~r mr nt by I 1 illvoll'e Illally tuc'1ic11I fealllres not
SWM 5-12
3IOTl <l l ES' T TSl.AS1)
enco~cnterecl ill a sinrple ail movmnent. E\-I.II after the. railroad is
So~rctio~ri~rg autl the hostile forces disperseil, r;tids and other opera-
tions by gtlerrillas ~xii~y trains \ v i t l ~tl.itin reqt~ire tlre use of LPLIXO~BC~
guards. Gui~rds may he llecessarg at, statiolrc, bridges, j t ~~l ct i o~l
points, and other critical poi ~~t s t he rnilro:ltl. :~loug
b. 111case a country, or an extensive part of it: co~~taiuing railroads
is to be occupied as a part of the ciuupaign plan, the11 the operatio~r
order fur t,he seizure of t he seaport. terminus of tlre railroad drcrulil
include instrnctions directing tlio seizure of the rolling stock turd the
terrriinal and slwg facilities. Tlris action ni:ly 11r~?re11t tlreir de-
struction or their rr~noval fnnn the seaport area. Rolling stock
liaving been seized in accordance wit11 the aforesaicl instroct,ions,
measures rnnst be taken t o continuo t he operatio11 of the. railroitd
service, provided the strategical plan izlvolrcs the establisl~ment of
:I poilrt of departure at. some place along the r:~ilroad line or at some
inland terminus thereof. Opposition to soclr use. of t he railroad nray
Ix c!ncountererl in the for111 of orgi~nized ~nilitary resistinrce, or by
sabotage.
c. The first step taken to operate a railrray train over the lins
wliere "opposition may be expected, i s to provide a pilot train. The
engine of t,l~is train should be protected by placing armor, usually
unprovisecl, over the vital parts, supplemented by aclditional pro-
tection of sandbags or similar material. Several cxrs loaded t o full-
weight capacity, preferably flat cars or gondolas, that clo not obstruct,
the view from the engine and rear cars, sl~onld be placed ahead of
the engine t o serve us a buffer. These flat cars will then serve as
a test-load element., over rnines laid in t he road bed: o r over bridges
and viaducts that have been weakened through sabotage. The car
immediately in rear of tlie engine should be a box or cattle car
from the top of mhiclt rifle and machirle gun fire may be directed
over the engine to the front. The remaining cars in t he pilot train
should be flat cars, gondolas or cattle cars, from which troops pro-
tected by sandbags or similar material may deliver all-aromrd fire.
Some of t he personnel accompanying the pilot. train slrould consist
of engineer troops to be employed in counter-clemolitio work and
in inspecting the roadbed for mines and the bridges and viaducts
for structural weakness. Where such mines are found, these engineer
troops should accomplish their destruction, and i n the case of
weakened bridges, eto., shodd make t he necessary repairs. The
main body of the troops embarked an the pilot t rai n should con-
sist of sufficient person~lel to protect the t rai l ~ and tlie working
parti es of c~npi1ict.r.. n11(1 i;rlx~n.ri. h t l rr~nl i cr of v111i111tec.r l(w!lk
ci \-i l l ;tr~l:~lir,rt*r.iI#I:I! I*': t d t l t ~ lt o the vi1t11~111~11r~~tat ill order 10 dzti:ttv
~III!rleccs~ity{if i l ai l i g t l i ~ t r i ~ ~ pw-c~rki ~t g COIII~>;I~ :is 1) ar t i ~s wit11
tl l c~ e~i gi ~tet~rs. 'rlrc. r r ~ i ~ r l ~ i ~ t antietl wi t h a large t r oci p sl ~oel t l l i e
11r<?pi?rti<?11 of :III~IIITI:I~~C IVI~;I~?OII$. Ii gl ri III~I~~:II'S IIII~$7 IIII~I.gtttts,
Soir-113 fin,-figlitin;. t ~ t ~ ~ r i l i n ~ v ~ t t sl t cr l r l i l : ~ l i o Ix! 1.xrriv11 wit11 t hi s pilot
t rai n, h frrr- l i pl i t i cl ~r ~~r i v; ~l t;rnks. \r:att*r li:~rrr.l.; itnil tw>l.: for 1v:rt-
i t r g out :I fire. s11<,11lcl l i e [>l :~cr(l i n rlrii, of t h ~ I r r egr r l r ~r fontsa cni r .
riot pmri (l e(l I I ~I I I I I ~ rvsc~rt t o r r i t l ~I I I I ~ ~ ~ I I \\.illpro1):lhly
IIII~II~II~11ridg1-s :r11(1 r:ri Iro:~~l trest,lt,s IISII:III~ tl~cs~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ I I for111(1~II
t l i ~. t l i r ~: ~t r ~r Jfnte~,iaI nv:ril:~lrIr f o r 11t1t- of ol rrnl ti ons i t 1 .srrrnil rvnxi,
t i t ~ g0111 i t t i w of this r r i ~ t i i r ~ ~ i t s i l ~i t i i l l ~ t i ~ g t * gi ~i nrtlillty i r i \si l l
I I1 :IIIIIII I I I I V I I ~ I I I ~ I . <\ t ~i 01t t r l ~i r l ~11i11111.l
f nl l o~v t1i1. pi l ot I i t i I s ~ r t i ~ ; . I ~ ~ I I I : i t i l ~ c ~ ~ ~ l d
c o ~ l t l ~ i n ~r t f f i ( ~i t ~~i t r o . I I I I I I : r i ~ I l tof dis.
r~~<r! si rt g I~osti It, forvci: 11t1tiIt l i t , ;trrir.:il of : ~cl ~l i t i or ~i i l t rni l ~s. : i t , \ t r c m ~
i f t I t 1 3 I:SI. i s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t e ~ ~ i r ~ ) l : t i i ~ l I of ; ~r i i l l r s y l i ~t f ' r i n t111. t~ortib:lt c ) ~J ~~~I I ~~~I I s ,
srrrrlcn of i t i l i ~ ~ r t l ~ lr;~rric><l this ticinn t r ai n. l i t . (JII
rl . 'l'lli;: t r v o l ~ t r r ~i l r sl ~r~t rl d i~lieird l trrrc~ wn ~ c flnt cars or p ~ n d r ~ l n s
c t f i t s t ~r l pi ~~c arid sl i i >r~l d :rl.;o wit11 i t t ~ ~ ~ ~ ( ~ ' i . i s ~ d be* i *cl i i i [~[~t*(l i ~r ot t ~( . t i v ~~
rn:&teriitl f11r tltc. tvoola. 'Ilre t r~mrt s1~111 titi' fi ~r\ri tf.d fI:rt et1t.s or
gorrcloli~s nl i o~~l i l l ~ e~t r s ~e~d ~I I I ~ ~ r i t t l nl;u.ltir~c ~IIIIS 110~viIzei. 1?1:xt1m
.irc.al~on% "Tie n%~ni ~i l ~dt . r tlrcr r r ; ~i r l s l ~r ~t ~l c l c,F r ai l - of be n,mpoyc!d
rctnd cum re: ~di l y rttltrptr~el i e t rrll-:rro~~nel il~bfenseslid of soch type
31s to ricirrrit tl i c rrtjtirl d~11:1rkitti(nt t l ~~r t af r or n of the t,roops. I>(:-
per ~cl i r ~g t11v et ~l , i ~c i t ~ t11s tr:rirru :~\.ai l nbl r, tlet:u:lrttrt*nt.; o i on of
t roops frtnri the fi rst t ~ ~ ~ o p :~l tother cl os~l y fol l o.rvi l ~g it t r i l i ~ ior
sl~c,rlld 11e tlr4rarkpil at critictrl pctirrts rrloriy tl i r. rrri l rt r: ~<ll i tl o f or i ts
~i rotecti (rr~. l'l~c.sc. ~t r nt t r t i ~c * n system tlrtnc,lirnt:nts r;l ~ori l (l irtstitrltt!
trf' [~ntrol swl r >~~g [>rev(srtt swl t i t t i ~p r r t ~ ~ l of tl 1c1 l i ~ l c ! to i i t t nr r ~~pt i cr n
t l ~ e r : ~i l vos~i l i l r c * :rt {ioirtii; i t i t cr r i , ~i ~t l i i ~r y l at n. rcn tllc erit.ic.111 p ~ t i ~ ~ t ~ .
, \ vi %~t i ( ~r t IIIOS~ :ti11 t o t l i ~ s e t,rtti11s i n t l i v i r ~i t i t t l n~i t y re11i 11~ r:$l i ~:tt~l t>
~novt.rrrr~rrt ir11:~ncl :ts tlrt: of tile r wl l 11s ( l r ~ r i ~ ~ g~ri *ri orlof opc~rnti nr~
line. 0 1 1 t11o i ~l r[wo~rt!l i t o IIci ty, tlr-fill:l or ot her criticiri poi rl ts, 01t.
t r i ~~f o t r : h sl ~ct ~i l ( l 111~tit<: 1iilot t r zt i r i cli~$ta~I[I t111r1r i r c<: o~i ~~t t i sst r ~~r * ~
sl ~ot ~i cl 1112 rriatlr 1,). irtti>f,r to st ~l q) l t ! t r ~t r ~~t : mj r ~r ~i l tile irrfonrratiorr
f ~ r i l ~ l I i ~ i nf i ~vrnai i ri rifrom t l i c 3 nvi nt i c~n y i r I'cr$itiw
c:titr tlsually be :~ctt.tl I I ~I CI I I ; ltowesc:r, rl cpt,i ve i l ntrr fronl tlre uvi ui i nn
rni ty En: rr~ir;letrding atltl i f acted II~OII, nr:ty l ead to fntrkl rcst ~l t s.
r:. Wbt3rcr a goctd i o:~tl ~rarnl l el f; clr~skly 11 rrrilrcrutl, rs f l r i l ~kcoverirrp
dctrscl~n~t.r~t rnc,vemurrt. irr trrccks trcay t*sri+iliic. the tntirr
SWM 5-13
SE(.TI~IS IIi
MII.ITARY TERRITORIAL OR(;ANI%ATION
-
I$,. I ' ar r .
E'ar[m%'. .. .--. . ., . 1::
Ic,tllrt,lrn-c 8 f Ilk? ~tli-isi I 3
Asaiprtrt,c.!jts ($1trolqt 1.4
Six,! :red l i c s ~l t aof ;ir 14
,5.-18. Purp0.w.--u. i t , rri t ~~ri ; ~l is rlcc- I I I :111 n.:~rf:~r<q. orgin~iz:ttior~
~!h';ar*yt c r fncilitatc tlica, o f tticticitl. :tti<l r r f r i ~ : ~ r i t st l . ~t t yi ~i cl .
~ i ~ i r r t i r r i ~ t , r ~ ~ t : i t ~ e ! by :tIloc:ttii~gt111propri11tt: t ~t sks to vt~riolw ~ I I I I C ~ ~ ( P I I S
~rrliis.
7 . r l I i 1 ir1t.rr111 t ~r r i t or i i ~l I I I I I I I I I I ~ t 1 s1111-
(livisior~s tli:~t: t l r 8 t~tilizc*<l to fi~cilil:rtc- t11e ese.rntii~riof rlumenrus
gown~~nt ~r i t : ~l lirrliis of t l aa. subili- far~etior~s. 111111ariyc*tises 1111.
rixiolls \\.can1 ~~n~cl et c~rr~~i ri t . d the riw;rssitit*s of gorrwrrrierlt. Irp
ETs1t:rlly orre or n~rlreof tilt' f<~llo\ririg f:v.tors Il:lvr fis~iltlir. @-(I-
g~~rpiticnl 1i111itsof t l ~ c xi r t t c ~ r . t ~ : ~ l i;ril~clivisiorrs t t ~rri t <~ri al of $1cotlritrg:
Ikn1n1t.v of lurptlntiw,,
itonrrr rrf c~otnrallllirrrl lot,.
&?rnntslccetlclltionn.
<;~ol ;ntri ttl ~featlire!.i.
Itrtcirrl extrllctlrlrr.
Militrtr~ rtqtiln~alenia.
n 'I'ht~Itrt.g(!orrirrlriliviaioruof a countrylregi~r~lles.; crf Ilsrnc! (I)*.
prrtxrtottt, I'rovi~rr.~!, St!tle, tatc.,) src! nr11:111y the ~r ~l i t i osl , r!l(~ctiirnl.
:cc~rnirristrntivc, jrtclicinl, i i i l t l tttilitnry rlistviets of tl~c?co~~nt r g.
ip-14. Influence of the misl~ion on territorial org.animtion.--.-,I.
'file nlissi<~r~ of the: ir~tr!rvarrirrgforce. will ~tuurrlly come ttndcr ( I I I ~ .
of the fr~l l oai t ~g l ~ei ~t l i r~gs:
(1) Itt-storation of la%\" nrrd oriler., (r!itlrctr by fur-niiibisl): rticl t o
tl i a rt:c.r,g~~iat!d &wivcrvc.x.nlllrt~t <,rt ~ y t!stt~lrlisl~i~rglt!ln[rt,rr~ryrrii1itar.v n
11ief1t i 3 org;jtbizoL! :1ri11 i t r<v~>gz~i z, - ~~I I ~vI ~~>I I ~I I ~, i s :1,l\-isat,11~ t t > i111,
~t ~~1i t i v : r l sr ~t xl i vi si or ~s of 1111, <:~t~ri i try. iVl1i111 t l ~ i ~ ~r~iIit::r?' sitt1:rti1111
rw[ti i rt>s i1111t :III :&rl >i ttxr)- d i v i ~ i u ~ ~ II~ i ti t<>IIV~,;IS t11r I:O~ISI~~.V l>t*~~i : ri l v,
t . ai i l j rrvngl i i zc~i l toplrgl.;~l~liit~;II ft::l ~i ~n>s sl r o~i l r l 11c rri ci l : I S I w~r ~~i i l : ~r . v
iirw-i. 111: r r i ~r sof !rri!it:rry ?11<>11l(l : ~ci i i . i t y. I ~~~r 111~1: r r i vs r l ~>i s l ~ l i t t b
lew?:31ity #!%<:+I #I> (i<.rlst, fltr<+sts : r! ~<i 1'11gyt~1 !c?rr$&irr, tirgrt t':rvors l i twti l i *
i ~~w* mt i or i s, f c: t t r ~r t ~i C~III~III:III~~ 0r1t st ~or l l <l i t i cl rri l r~ SIIVII in :I >i ~~gl i >
:i rrta n.lrt311 ~ir:tctic:~krIr.
T. 111 si ~p~: r vi si i t g l >oIi ti c:t! s ~ r k ~ ~ l i v i ~ i ~ ~ r ~ s IIV 1~1c*rti<111>. S~IOIIIIIrt%cctg-
~: i z v ( I t1r111 f ( t I 10~1~i l i r ~tIr(%:IS.-~~!IIIII*II~ o f ~1r~rxo1111e1.
aor1r.s wt ~r ~r ~f i ~l l ?; rl'. Y1~1rtfi11 :IVI% :IS l i rt~i tcsi l nr-; tht- nr ~. cnr n[ r l i sl ~~r r a~~t
7
~ , f t11t~ '~'IIIIS of srt(.ll Y,I>I>I>.S wi l l r11issior1 w i l l [II.VI~II~, 1Iri1 I)<nr111111ritv
r b f i r r l IIP: ~u\ ~i t r : i r y:rnrl a t otlrt,r 1i111r~swi l l f ol l ow SI>ITN~ di st i i wt i vv
rrl -r-; ~i ~r fvnt r~rr..
;i-I:,. As s i g n n ~ e n t of t r oops t o ;rrc;ls.~~~~AI $rj <w t ~*~, r , i t i ! r i : t l ( 1. t l i vi -
I . s 1 1 I : : I I I I I !I:IVO i ~or ~~l vl l i ~t n ~IIIII t ndi or l :I<~III~II~S-
l r n t ivtb ~ r t r ~ t i t 1 1 i 1 t l r l l i r t o ~ o o ~ . i , I i ~ ~ i ~ t , i ~ ~ g ~, r , l it SI I I , ~SIICII
i t r i r ~I i ss1i 1 I 1 i 1 1 : ~ ~ t I r i t y . rrcr*\r.ssitttti-s tlrc, I S 'I'lris
~IFS~~IIIIIPII~. o f ~ l ~ t f i ( , i t ~ r ~ t . it1111 ~{ ~r ' ci i r l t o tm- ~ x e ~ ~ r t i v f ' st i rt l l >i ~~o1111e1
:~lilr,t l ~ c r l r ~i t to f ~! r f or ar al l of i t s f ~ ~ ~ ~ r . t i o n s ' Tt r t a t l re rffieierltly.
assi g~r n~eot . s rt.gi rr~ent, i ~ i t l c ~ n ~ n ~ l c r r t tt1etin:l rrf t mt t i rl i on, r t r ot her
:irlcl a(l n~i ni i ; t nrt i vc uni t t o ::n appmpri :rto ar es i s i r dv : r ot ~~~ot i s .
S~~r zal l ursi ts most Irave udr ~l i ni st r l t t i ve ~ t a f f hct i ct r l t l ~ a i rt ~ci : wn~-y
ilrrsiglred to them.
6. 1~1r ~p rtrt\ usrrnlly sntr<liviclecl fur. t.ll(! rt>nwrlrs stated i n aretrs
I'rrragraplr :b-.l:L SIIC~I rrti i ror clivisiorre; IISIIIIII~ dspnr t - r~m e:illed
tnt:r~ta, districts, or stttdist.ricts, t l e ~ w ~ ~ r i l i ~ l g on t h e sire ilrrri i mpor t nr st l
of ti10arc:::. C' r ~r ~t r r r a~r t l st ri f f n ~ r [ ~ r i , r ~ r i r t t ~ ~ :u~cl to tkro tnsk sru i i l l c x ~t e( l
to C~IHS~: ~ : r r l ~ ~ i ~ i s i ~ ~ t ~ ~ .
.%-if;. Size and l i mi t s of areus.--a. I t i s riot rlcreiisitry i l l nt : nrena
l m c.rlu111 ill i r r i l i t i r r y sl r ~! r r gt l ~, or. ext ent , i r l ~ t f or renw)tls [ >( r ~wl ~l t i or r ,
crf or p: ~~r i zr t I i or ~ ~11111COIIIIII~IIII~ 111.nvio11~ly clini.:tssr~l, IIIOR~ 01. l ess si r r ~i -
l r r r i t y i r k tlrftso features is cl i -si fi ~l rl e. S~IIII~ t l ~ i ? tlrnt n ~ r : s i ~ l ~ ~ r r t t i o ~ ~ s
s l ~ o t ~ l d k ~ tl~r,r.re i i r rrrlr~cl %VIII%II of i l r f i r ~i r r g tl ri ! si zc 1rr1(1 l i l ~ ~ i t s q~r c i t i c
>I l Vt l ~ ILI'C:
( I ) Av:iil:rLle trcntps i n ti re t l ~errt or.
(2) Id%:ttion itndstreagqql~of i t ont i l + force(s).
(a) I ' wwnt hor~ncl nri exof sri ti ci i vi si ons of the count ry.
(4) I1olit,icul ntfili:~tior,ii of thci i al ~abi t . i ~r ~t s.
(5) (icr~~ru~~Iric-to~~rgca[~ltic fctut~lras.
(G) St ~ppl y.
14
( 7 ) ~~~>l l l ~~, l l l l i <~~l l i ~~l l .
{%) ' l' r:ll!s~,<~rt:!l i<,l,.
(!I) i >i st ri I ~: , l i <t : :of jxqt11lf1li~811.
(10) I~>(~~~II<I:I~~~.I~OII~~~I~<!I~~,.
' l ' l c ~ ~ I~II,I,~+ i ~~t l zor ! x~r f ( r f :IW ~II i l ~c><, I I ~. ~I I s~I I<)rilez*illtilt: et1tz-
~ ~ : l r ~ l ~ r ~ l ~ , 1 , s I ~~l l l ~~.
11. 11: r u ~ l s i d < * r i ~ ~ g i t wi l l :1~11stI!yI",fu11111l t11c ~I , I N~I S II~$I~IIIIII<:,
t11;rt :I c o r ~ s i ~ l t ~ r : ~ l ~ l t . p:l rri .;ol ~i ~l garcns \vht,re t~:rr:rl ~rrrlrv r.c.qr~irtxrlk ~ r
I i t i r, ct vsists, :III'~ ]II.II(IY.~~(III of v , ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ l ~ l l ~ i c i : t i t t ~ i fti:. ~I I C o f it:%sfvi.I~IIC
IIII(~1111. lil.ir~. 0f t r . 11t l ~i - . cli:ty OIII :IS n-st 1 f t ~v 18%~t t i l i z<~r l
t r ~ ~ t ~ ~ w l I ~ : ~ I ( I,~TII c.lig:lgerl ill:active crllerstiolls. i\ <lecii;ion as Ii:;\.tl
IIIc* s t r t ~ ~ ~ g t 11 of i n vt ~r i ol l s l o ~ ~ ~ l i t i e ? itw<,~,s r t ~ q : ~ i ~ ~ t ~ ( l will< I t ~ t t ~ r ~ ~ i i l ! f ~
tlll. Ic+i::lt.io~lelf t l l o : t d~~: i ~~i s t i . nt i r c t:lctic:ll ::r:d n t ~ i t i of tilt! li' <~rc(l.
'1'l:is i t 1t i l r l l sl t~)l :l rl ltc c o ~ ~ s i ( l t wi l tl11: sizeo i ~ l i i l i t : ~ l ~ y ill~l et c%r . ~l ~i : : i ~~g
llrl'ils.
c. I f II~I~VI, i s l ~ m ~ ~ i l i z ~ ~ ~ l , l w( l ( >si r f t l ~l t * f~*rtcl oi ~l r <t si t i or ~ i t III:~~ 10 1111
III~.:I [ i f IIII:IIII~ $0 ill+. zoric. il: (:rrlt*r 1 ~ 1 co~rtr:rlizet i r e colrrlll:rntl
i r~r :I? ::cti\-itit.s IIIY. (.1111(,<~r11ed. 'r11t: :I~I~:I~Pof tilei q ~ j ) i t ~ i t i o ~ i ~ , r ~ l ~ l l i ; ~ l
1111st i ~ r r ~ i ~ l t v ~ : t ! ~ l ~ ~ i ~ ~ f l t l t ~ ~ l r t ~ OII of t he t he c i ~l npo~i t i nl r fctrce as s i g~~ml
t o :III II~<!:I.I\ Itrrgt, :I~.I~;I t er r z~i ~r c i ~ t ~ s i c l ~ ~ r ~ ~ l t l k ~ t ~ i t l lr:irit%I ~I I I ~ rt3-
sisl:t~~(:t!~ I Io v c r r o ~ ~ ~ e 111igIit.II:IVI~:b f ( ~ r c t ~ fur 111~1 ejf :ill:I~IIIS t;~sk.
..
I l l i s for(:o? ill ~II~II, II sect i ol ~ i ~i ~t t i ci ~l i r r l ! . tlrt: 11111~/IIIV(& ;rtllrl~tt.tlt o
~[I~,I~:I~~<IIII I ~ I I VI I I IIII~~, 11 l i $ ~ r t i ( , ~ ~ l ; ~ r (III<IIIII~I-~~ UII~~.?.111tv11$111izt,(l o r
~111~:i sl riv<%.c.u irr nl r i cl r c:lsr, tile ~ ~ : ~ r t i c l l l ; l r p:rtrr,l), arrl l , i f :rvnilnblcs,
111ig11t \vi*,ll C~IIIII~IW II(l i st rict,g t t r r i s < ~ ~ ~ ,
11. O t l r t ~ c o ~ l s i ~ l ~ ~ t x t i ~ ~ r ~ s r o t t * n f i o ~ ~ f ~t >l ~r l ( I - lni:ig~?(I I I PI ~, o f e x i i t i ~ ~ g
nl.ic*ii n. hrr~c l e l i i ~ i ~ ~ g ti re l i t l ~i t sof cc~r l ~~r l un( l i s :twits clesil;~l~la for.
uc\sc~r~d IIIII<:II~ :~rt:: ~<~:ISOIIS, ~ 1 1 i c l 1
I ) I' ~l i Ii :~l n l ~ d :i cInl i rri strnti vt~fllrrctiirr>s ;IS j ~ l i i : , (i l l sofat.
~II(* i sccorrcc~ri~e(l) ci \ . i l l t c ~ l ~ ~ l : ~ t i r r ~ r artr iw.lter co~r r ~l i r ot t ct l .
2 ) ' I r ot ~t i l r ( ~ l , t ~~r l ~l r t i r l i s I ~r t t r , r ill- of tllc. i s 1t~s.r(Iist,tir\,ccl;
II~~IIIII~~GII :III~:I~OII~SIII III:I~r('~111t. i tl l dli".~
( 3) Cf f l r l l SIIYIII r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d r r r i t ~ s r ( ~ i l l r i ~ l e I l l r ~ ! I I ~ ~ s i t h rlict;rtr!d st l i t t t *py
t1t111tilctics.
i.9. ~I I TI ~I I I ~ t.011- \Vl~(!tr politi:.;~ I o r t,itircr~ i ~ i t n g o ~ ~ i s ~ n x t i l t * ~II~IIIII~I~III~~
t~si htrl e t n n t e r i n l l ~ to l l t e ~l i t l i c ~r l t i t ~s of t l ~ osi t t ~: i t i or~, f o r f r ~ ~ r l j t'sti111..
l i sl ~r! t l s ~ l t ~ l i v i ~ i ( ~ l \ ~ III:I~IN' i r ~11 t l i vi t l et l or co~l ~bi r l ct l IIIIIII~I(?I.bwt
c nl ~~t r l r r l ~. ~l 111 c11so8wi r er eis sl r [ ~- l g' - t,o netc~lllpli.iht11ctcicrirt!tl ericl.
~ t ~ r l t r,t!cn[)titior~ 6 t f t hecc,tlrltty i s ~~t:cc?*s:~l:\',b r r i t o r i a l c~r gi i ni a~l i i o~r
tllny r r cr r ~f or ~n fetlt11rn.r \vllictr co~~t r c, l tot hogc ogr a~t l ~i c : ~l i befittcci!saive
ottjeotives.
15
SWM 5-17
Smcrs I\'
BfE'I'tIODS OF E'rt(:IFICr\'PION
i ? l i . l'<,FC
'I'ta li:!ttirc* .I tlrt, prr,ltit,rr 17
> I ~ ~ l I ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ . . . 5.18 17 ulx~r$~:i<sk8 ,.
<hu:l$tiit:i~trl c$r : # t i :~n.:i .. , . .. .*,. I!) i i
I' (, *~<!IS. . - . , . ..?-LO 18
EI~!viltn 1 1 . . . . . ... .. . . . i . 2 & 151
Zorit~rof whtnt,.. . . . . . T.'" 151 ~ ~ ~
'rl,~, col.rlau .).alt.trl 10
111
Si",<,l6,1,,,<,lll<*<i 'Mi
',-li. 'I'hc nature of the problem.---'l'lrc ~r. )rnl , rr.frrri.~-j i i r this t ~11e
of n.trrf:ira ~ir;tt:rlly : ~rv c g f i t ~i l d~i l r~i ~l t . s f ~. e ~~gt l r i i ~ r ~ l i t ~ r i ( . ~ ~ l froitr tlic)
oievi.l>oilttof tsxlrnt of tc.rririir irl I)<* c ~ ~ ~ ~ t l * t l I ~ ~ l . 'Tlik~s tlie rlccisinn ,IS
to i 11~ of (lisl~cr.%i~~tt fr>r(~*.d (1.1 : I ~ I I I I I ~ I ~ ~ o f r(*gttl:~v t11;rt t11:ty t w z~~sortc!d
i i ~ i i t r : ~ i i U~~: I I , ~I I I I P: I ~S is I l 1 1 c 1 1 . !sitit ofTt:ir~ivc I I I ~SS~OI I R
S I I ~ I I I ~t t ~ ~ t i ~ r t ~ i i t i ~ ! ~ l strei~gtir10 iirstiri> t11cCr tibility to 111 stttfivic~~t
ovor~~rrnit> tllc lrrr~c~st t~rtrrt'd 11:111cls likrly tr, In, ei i ~o~t i ~t crl e~l . I)c.t:rclr-
s i t e ~ ~ t ~ wit11 scriirity rxri.;sio~rv, sliclr as tile g:rt.vi.;oit of n tow11 or tho
v~cortof uCOIIVOY. ~ I ~ ~ ~ r i l c I ~1sst'trt in1 t o tb13 XCCOI ~I - lw of t111: st1'1-11gt11
~rlislr~iwiit of t trc! task.
&IS. Mcthods of oyenrtinnx.-httrot~g t l ~c rrli.ioos toetl~otlii t11:~t.
21:~i.1! of :III kc-11timd for tlic ~~;irilic~:rtio~r atwr illfcsted wi t t i irrc!gnirrrs
Ibt'C! ;
(1) Oct c~i ~~t t f i ~t i ~I I ~ C ~ I . of 1111
(2) Ptttrols.
(8) 1g~1oi11g l~:rtrol*.
(4) %osi:s of rt'fttpc'.
( 6 ) (:onlorr systtsnt.
( 0) Rlrrkl>orse xystwn.
(7) Bp~: i i ~l ~rtr!tltods.
Ertc11 of tirc+sr*wi l l kt nrdicjcussxi i n tiis strceeecling peritpmphs.
&..I,!). Occuptrtion of m area--.-,I. 'l7bis rr~llaista of ~lispersinp the
fcttcc. i s as munqtsttiirll towns tmd i mpr t ar r t I~xnlities' as the security
cirrtl ~~t t ml l i t t p It {nu.lrrk~% rtquirrd of etch g~trriwrrwill pevmit.
of tlkr!. r~ntiirr. of ari uotivo dskrtse. Wlreri con~rnnoictuiu~~s nre &d,
:i rnnniin:ltcil ~:oi i i , ri ~r~-t~tfr~~i si ~-c I : I ~I * I I I*ct.a~rw rriay IN, lip vnpidly.
~ > : r t ~ ~ ~ l s ~nri<>1i5 ,qwr,:it ion <triIt3rs, ~ ' ~ C P T I I g:trriso~is \%-ill rk*ccisv pr<.11;11it
A. Sttntc~til~it.~ t l r t ~ ! wr t : i i ~~ 1x9 t Ire rr%j~iit.t~~~;rrit~s Io~&~Ii l i wc l t ! f ~ ~ i i ~ l ~ ~ ~ l
~rt~cc~s$it:~ttv tilt! ;111plivoti<111 c ~ f Oiis 11tc~tli(~t1: ;ri {!t11er iiiries 1~11vsii11~
frwr~r tlrv ~111tsidt~ w~rrri ~s t u pr<>tt,<,ti(t~~~ ~ ~ ~ I I I ~ I I I I I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s~v~i i r i ~ for ?IIKI
i r ~ i v i c l ~ ; l I 1 1 t l 1 1 I I ~ I I I I ~ . tniraehtos I I Iri c ~ ~ r a l ~ l i ~ l r i r i g
ti xe~l pc*sts. i,i,l~ii~lrr:~ti(sn 1x1 gi wn to thc 1;1ct th:ii rvitlrclr.;~rn~l ~Il<,lrlcl
t . l ~ ~ ~ r ~ t ~ f r o r ~ ~ 111iri11;:; l , : t i ~ ~ <q~t,ra~tio~l$ prx>tt~ts i r ~v<~I s t *s fro111 ilii,st$ pro-
i r . r t r ~ l<lirr,ctly ctr ilt<lircctly, 1118s of j~reriigc, nrrd inererrm:d tltrrrger
10 tlrt. or irrtlir-ielrrrrls ilrttt \vc,rt, ptotc~tt'tl. 'Il!ts i~ritaIl;rti~,ris grr!tit.r
tlrt- I I I I I I I ~ P ~ T loct~liti~~i. are ptrrisorred ~ I P ~ I I I R I I ~ * I I ~ ~ ~ . t11r 1c~' i' i of flint
i s t h ~ nird~ilityof tllc COI I I I I I I I I I ~ :c~~rt st ~: t ~~~rt ~t ~t l y, s l ~r ~t t l ~l P ~ I I . ~ ~ tn t;rkeu
tci rc~trrir~ s~rfiirie-rrt rru3rvir pr op~r l y Itvntcd tci irrkr "11 t he cot l ~~t rr-
c>fYeo.iivt$ :ti rsory ol ~[~ori ~~rri t y.
r:. ' ll~t.I I C W S S ~ ~ ~ i11cIic1rtes llirrt t hi s ~i~ctbotl for I I ; I ~I *Sof oprr.n!iori
will 1w 11st~1 t,, :I ~re;ltc%r. i l l ever!. cllrr.rnti~t~r. or less t.xicrrt ilr:it is,
i rwl ~c~: t i vc el f t i l t , :~rloptc.~l, i r t lt>ni;t ~ t l s r ~ I his ir1ethn1;I wi l l IJI. rrst-d
irr 1~wi . 'rli<*, cl i sct ~~si ~~ri i s ~1~11firtr1:rrIy i n t hi s ~r&r$~gr>ipIr :s[~~iIic:~l~le
tc, t l i o. ~ sit ir;rtiorr?i al~etur tlbis $,Inn is the fut~tlnrnvrrtirl otte f or ~tceoirr-
pl i d~i r ~g tlw [~:wifi?:itie~~~.
d. ;\lcrdifii!;rt i or~ of this ~ h w n c wherein rnnny detnclimonts of rc(nr-
lnrv :ire c~r~snrr~lx~rl rotrtc~ i n itrteeteil ImnLil.i(~ii iirid otr or I I I ' I I ~ Iro~tilt'
of ruovenr<~at, h:hs been ust*cl at~cc~s$fully in corobitrnt,ion with otllrr
cc?rtruis of i~ction.
?+%I. t'atro1s.--n. enpnt)ln of: operating for Tirest! trra iiet~~chrnonts
only n ccn~rpnrnt ivrly lirrrited tirne ~vithotrt rettrniir~g t o :I base. 'f'ltrg
vary :~riywI~<~rc: frcirrr porverfrrl ecrrrrt)%t patrols ~ I I i;rnnIl rictrrolrroents
yic.r.fur?nir~g policu frrr~ctior~s to tlre sitnt,tiorr rirrtl rrrission. r~ccc~rrling
'I'liey aro I . I SI I I I I I ~c~i r ~t r ~l l f d ~' "il)(lnsiblc liy tlte ( ~ O I I I I ~ I I I I ~ ~ O ~ ~ for tlie
:trm irr ahi rh ilrey ~lpc.,.;~tc. t ) r ~t i n c,perntiorrs t~gairrst well clefned
objcvtivtas t11e.y are often coor~linntcrl by Iiiglicrr n~nt t ~t t ~ni l rrs.
I,. I':rtrolliri/r i s c~x~~rtiinlly offi~rliliv~: nction. i \ r aor ~l i ~~yl y its use
i n srn~rll-wnrs rrjxwtic~ris is i~r~ivoraal evert orrtler conclitioris t hat
rr!cloir.t: i l ~e iir:itcgieitl ~I~f~:rt~ivl;!..
c. \l.' l~rr~irrfort~rutiorrctf forcc!s is lackirrg or rnenpt!r, re- i~t>stit.il~
totirat! to ~ratlr>llirrg for 1110 ~xw~, e~se d~~rryirrg forces ( r f the (rprmsi ~~g
terrain and frc~t~tli~rr~ [ i f rricrverrx-nt rrriiy lte t he oirly efft8etive form cjf
rrfFensive uotiort c~porr to tht! ccsrrtnrr~~lt?r. Xr i this film, pnt>rolxb(bcorne
~rlovilig g:irrisor~s rrrrd dsrly t he ~,p(~osirtg fot.ct!s s~tch t%!rrnin 21s thuy
can <:over by ohor.vstii~~t, nr~ci fire. ~ ~ ~ ! s i ~ t i o t t s rr~ovr?rrierrt, E: st ~~t t ~i ve
of this trnturc exliunet tire cornfriual, but 011 tlu! oilier t ~ n t ~ d ,Ire c~ftetr
I H
SWM 5-21
s i v r i ~ o i t ~ ( I F r ' . t <~i i ~( ' , \ . r r t >s
rriori' f.ITt1~.iivt* ill tl>i\ i ~ t ( 8 i i s III:III ficst i ~pp( >: t r >~r ~i : e~
irtdic;rtr.
'i-21. Roving patrols.---n. (It,. A\ r(wirr.g pi t t sol i s :I wl f - ~i t si i t i i i i i i ~
t:rcl~rr~erit o f a milre, o r less i r r r l c[ ~mdc- i ~t It usi t ! ~t l y ul ~r r ; i t r *i r i at r i r r .
\\.itlriir : l i t ~( ~I I P: \ I I ~:is :I i-111~ RMI~~IC(L II:ISIIIII(.II f l . r edor ~tof :ictiori.
As ( I i ~ t i i r g r ~ i ~ l l ~ ~ d ~f (111~1-afi11g fro111c~i I t ( ' r titso sols. i t i s c~I~I:~I,IP :l\\.:ry
frcl m i t s krase f o r ti i l ~t l c l i ~r i t c l tirirv. [ ~cr i oi l of >[ i s~i or i s gi ~~xcr: i l l y
:issigilcrl i t ~ul i cdo l ): : ~xt ~i tof gr a~r i l l aignlttp'i c o ~ ~ t i r r t l i ~ t r :I 1~1~11tl c~s.s
r i nt i l tlii.ir t l i w~r g: i i i i zat i l , ~~ i s pr : st i cnl l y cor l r l ~l t ~t e.
h. 'Illis rrlr.tlirrl i s ~t : i rt i cal : t rl y al~plir:tt,lr* n-l l t ~ri i:lrgc?1,aetls :trt3
k ~ r o \ v r ~ t o exi st :III<I (III? dvi ~st~cI:~ti ~l l .:r I ( n. : r l i t ~of t l ~ r i r i s i t ~ ) ~ ) r o ~ i i r ~ : t t ~ l y
I , t ~ r r r ~ ~ l ~ r y e ~ l a~nj : i : r ct i or ~ \ vi l l i o t i r ~ r Si.lc:lt [ ~: l t rol ? arc ~ ~ S t r r r i r ~
rircrtlio(ls o f ot ~t : l ~; ~t i o~r .
!i--2%Tmnes of refuge.-n. 'l'liis %ysirrlrr r oi ~si i t s c>f ~~~t ; r l r l i sl l i r i g
~ , r o t ~ t r t l ill thc. T1ic.i~:rrt.:rs i l r c so sorrrs vi ci ni t . y o f g:trrircrris.
littritocl its In. sri ~ct . l ~t g:trri sol i s i l i l c of prntrr:ti or~i i y t l r ~ vc~~i r cr i ~cd.
1'~~:tcefrrl i ~r l ~: r l r i ~: i i r t s :rr(* ( l r , a\ r r ~ i i i t n t hi s prcrtrcti-,I avva (c~gt.thur wi t h
t i I t 1 i 1 1 r . k I r i ~ v : r I l C~~i r ui l t or i z ed l ~ ~ i i i r r g . l wr -
OIIS fi,rriril r ) ~i l si ( i r o f thr~ub, :ireas ar c l i a l ~ l e 11) firrest, ni rcl [>rt1110rty
tIi:tt C<IIII<I forces i s 1i:tt)Ir ~i st ! (l 11.y i i r s r ~ r g ~ ~ i r l t o ~~~~i r f i sc: t t i o~r .
6,' I' f~is [~r(u:~rliir(! i~ t11ri111gli s y ~~pai t l t y ;i11pli<;:il1lo at, 1ir11<!s IVIIPII,
wit11I I ~ i ~ ~ t i i r r i ~ I : r l i o i ~ 11y i r ~si i i . gt ~i ~t s, ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ i r I : t t i i ~ i : t l i t ~r : t r ; kl i s f i : r i ~ i s l ~ i ~ i g
.iliclr r ~x t t ~r i s i v t ~ to t he rrsistniiec ns l o wr i t r t r i l g hr1m1n.r t i t - solljlr,rb
t<!ri:pts $it. paci f i ci ~t i oi r. 'I'llis i s 11 l at i i cr dr ast i c prtcc?durth, wa r l a t ~ t ~ * d
c~r i i yIry niilitary rrecc!ssity.
5-.%6. The cordon system..--if. 'Slris syst ci n i ~i v r ~l v ewi ~ l n c i r ~ g :I
cc!l tl o~i o f trr)ops SI I I i l t f ~st c* d 11rt~:r : i t i ( l l i t i r n ~ l i r ~ t l ill \vltilc+
r est or i v~p or der i t! ti15 itnvt.
h. 'I'lm cor t l on i i i i ry ~CKII:I~II sI:ttiorriir~- wl t i l t ' 1):11ri11s i ~ l ~ c ' r i ~ t c i vi t l l i r l
tile l i i l c: .
c. 'L'llifi syst t w \vlltrlr t l r r t sorrbl t ~ i s 111~1tIiz(~(l t l l t ~ III:IJ 11e IIR~~~I or
regr~l :rr f i ~ c t : i s of r.oiisitlcrrt~l>lt, size.
I)ue 10 t l t ~ l i ~ i t i t ( ~ i I ~~I . CI ~S
rtsiirillg a\ rui l nt ~l e, tile i ~ l ~ l ~ l i c i ~ t i a ~ ~ of t l ri s systrrrt Iiy s rxrnririe fc~rce
mitt i rni rnl l y hc! corrfiried 10 sittriitioris tr.l~c!ri! ~ l r e t r oubl e i s ni t bt r r
I<rnlizetl, or t c r tl~c?t ar i at i oi i c~ftilt: r nct hot l wlrera o r ~ l y ab geueml or
prnrtirrlly cl l oct i ve ct ~l r l or r i s oslr~lllisln!cl.
t-.24. The Blockhouse system.--.'l'la blocklit~trric:syfitotn i nvol ves
tlic, c.sr:tl~lixlrmc:iit of $1l i t i e c ~ f 111 one wi l y i t i s cl cfc~rdctl luertlities.
si i i t i l ar t o the corciclir systt:m :is botl! nrothi nl s df!rry the opf ~~s i ne:
f(,t.ces t er r ai r t iwyotrcl nri rst:~blislic!tl line. 111 i ~r i r r ct i l ~l t ! it i s defcrr-
nivc* rvbi l t? t l i e l ut t er i x otF(!risivc.
:cP:r. Special mcthodx---(a. . l ' 1 1 4 3 pr~riili;tt.ctntitr.ts of 2t11.v "tiintion
rrl:l> rcqiiil.r tist. nl~[)lir:rtioltof utnie sl)rr.i:al nietl~od i n ct ~~rj nnct i o~i
with ci1ti1 111 ac(;~>rrl wit11 t i t <* gtai~er;~i i ~ r pi%?- i>riiieiplt*s ~~iscirsseil t l t v
cc*clirig parapro~rlir. '1'wcr i r t ~~i i ~r t a~r t II~~II-~. . :of ol)t!ratiorr that tii:ry lie
riwtl itr :in? c;uatpaip~ of this xi:~turc: :%re:
(1) Itircr o~n~r;rtii~irc.
( 2 ) Fl j -i ~i gcoltiii~~ts.
h. 'rlw t:tctics rrlicl of river <,pcs:ttinne art- cli~crr;..rt.rl iit (~~cl~rriiftir~
clr:tpicr X,
c. Flyiitc n>lr~mzrs :\re self-i;t~st:iii~inp det:tcluiuents vritlt rperific
otbjwiirr. ' l ~l ~r i i . of rnrbit ei,lrirric)rr rtse is iri IIII! early plmit:s cn~u-
p:riglr r;rrclr a.; tire ol(-rnrrunl iiil:riitl wltrre I:~vgr ct,luiririr \sit11 im-
l,orl:rrrt str;~tr,giv t)l~jrctirc.i; i n ri ea ma?; ti*u~l)trrarily sever their rorl-
~tpcticrir rvitlr ttrt* I)asr., seize t111. olijwiirr, and t11ercnftr.r est:tblisit
I of r t ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ r i : i t i ~ r i . (Set* par. $8. )